WO2001022067A1 - Vorrichtung zum atomisieren von flüssigen proben - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum atomisieren von flüssigen proben Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001022067A1 WO2001022067A1 PCT/EP2000/008959 EP0008959W WO0122067A1 WO 2001022067 A1 WO2001022067 A1 WO 2001022067A1 EP 0008959 W EP0008959 W EP 0008959W WO 0122067 A1 WO0122067 A1 WO 0122067A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- capillary
- tube
- sample
- flame
- pump
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/71—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light thermally excited
- G01N21/714—Sample nebulisers for flame burners or plasma burners
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/71—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light thermally excited
- G01N21/72—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light thermally excited using flame burners
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for atomizing liquid samples for spectroscopic measurements, comprising a tube furnace having a flame-heated tube and a device for introducing a sample into the flame-heated tube.
- the device according to the invention performs in the flame atomic absorption spectrometer ( Flame AAS) to a significantly improved detection capability compared to the prior art, with particular advantages in the handling of micro-sample quantities
- the sample In the flame AAS, the sample is usually introduced via an aerosol directed into the flame, which is generated with the aid of a pneumatic atomizer.
- the usable proportion of this aerosol is generally only about 5%, which means that valuable sample material is lost unused and also that Proof of the method cannot be fully used
- the sample reaches the flame area together with the flame gases premixed in the atomizing chamber, which means that the residence tent in the absorption volume is very low
- the low atomization yield and the short duration of the sample in the absorption volume lead to a detection capacity that for many analytical tasks is not sufficient
- a large number of special techniques are described in the scientific literature.
- thermospray capillary replaces the pneumatic atomizer.
- the length of the heated section is usually between 1 0 cm and 50 cm, with heating taking place evenly over the entire length
- thermospray in atomic spectrometry operates in a temperature range from 1 40 ° C to 360 ° C. Because of the high flow resistance, the liquid is usually transported using a high-pressure liquid chromatography pump (HPLC pump).
- HPLC pump high-pressure liquid chromatography pump
- the aerosol jet generated by the high-pressure nozzle was introduced into a flame-heated ceramic tube over a distance of a few centimeters.
- a lead was used to determine traces of lead about 20-fold increase in sensitivity (H Berndt, Fresenius J Anal Chem, Vol 331, (1 988), p 321 - 323) This increase in sensitivity is essentially due to a longer duration of the sample in the measuring volume than in the usual AAS measurements and the lossless entry of the sample into the tube
- the use of flame-heated measuring cells, predominantly T-shaped quartz tubes, for atomic absorption spectrometric measurements is also state of the art.
- the best-known example of this is the widely used hydride techniques, with the gaseous hydrides of the hydride-forming elements (e.g. As, Se, Te, Sb) in the hot line are introduced In the tube, the hydrides are decomposed and the elements are measured using the atomic absorption spectrometer.
- the gaseous compounds are introduced into the glowing tube via the side attachment of the tube.
- the flame-heated tubes are increasingly replaced by indirectly electrically heated tubes. The differences between the various measuring cells exist essentially in the type of heating and in details of the pipe geometry.
- GB 1 4 25 1 88 describes a flame-heated tube with a lateral connection into which gaseous compounds are introduced.
- DE 26 40 285 C2 discloses an arrangement consisting of a reaction vessel and a heated measuring cuvette, in which chemical reactions (below Addition of reagents) gaseous compounds are formed and then introduced from there into a heatable measuring cuvette
- DE 27 45 1 48 B2 describes a modification of a measuring cuvette as used in the above applications GB 1 4 25 1 88 and DE 26 40 285 C2.
- the tube has a connection in its middle area for introducing a measuring gas
- Flame-heated tubes are also used in the so-called "atom trapping" technologies.
- the sample is fed to the burner head of the AAS spectrometer as usual via a pneumatic atomizer and a gas mixing chamber.
- a slotted quartz tube is arranged on the burner head, in which part of the Flame is dammed up for a short time. As a result, a relatively slight improvement in the detection capacity is achieved for about 6 elements.
- the object of the invention is to overcome the temperature-related problems of sample introduction and to supply the liquid samples to a flame-heated tube furnace discontinuously or continuously with high efficiency
- the capillary in a device of the type mentioned at the beginning there is a sample opening in the tube, to which a capillary leads, the capillary is flame-heated at its tube-side end together with the tube and a pump is provided for requesting a liquid sample through the capillary , the sample evaporating partially or completely in the capillary acting as a thermospray and flowing into the tube in this state
- the capillary and the flame-heated tube are positioned with respect to a burner head from which the heating flame emerges so that both the capillary and the tube are heated by the flames
- thermosprayp ⁇ nzip usable for the flame atomic absorption spectrometer
- both the discontinuous and the continuous liquid sample output into a red-hot tube can be achieved with ease and with high efficiency.
- the entire sample substance is entered directly into the measurement volume and is therefore essential Achieved greater efficiency compared to sample entry using a pneumatic atomizer with atomizing chamber
- the tube is positioned so that it is heated over its full length. It may also be advantageous to lower the strong temperature gradient at the end of the capillary on the furnace side, for example in order to achieve a more uniform evaporation be that the capillary is sheathed over a few centimeters long with a metal cylinder of larger diameter. As a result, the heated part of the capillary becomes larger and the temperature gradient less due to the thermal conductivity of the metal sheath
- a capillary which is resistant to the flame gases and, at high temperatures, also to acids, may be introduced into a bore located in the side of the tube furnace, the best possible contact between the capillary and tube furnace being advantageous
- the end of the capillary is heated both by the flame gases and by a direct heat transfer from the tube furnace to the capillary.
- This type of heating eliminates the need for separate heating of the capillary in thermospray techniques.
- the liquid to be atomized or evaporated becomes the capillary supplied via a pump, the low flow resistance of this arrangement already providing a low-pressure pump, for example a metallic hose pump, with a sufficient delivery pressure
- the capillary and the tube are mechanically firmly connected to one another.
- an additional heating source for example an electric heater
- the capillary should have an inner diameter between 0.02 mm and 2 mm and should consist of a chemically largely resistant and temperature-resistant metal, a chemically largely resistant and temperature-resistant metal alloy, ceramic or silica glass.With cylindrical capillaries made of silica glass or ceramic, it can be advantageous if they are surrounded by a cylinder jacket made of metal or a metal alloy
- the flame-heated tube of the tube furnace should also be made of a chemically largely resistant and temperature-resistant metal, a chemically largely resistant and temperature-resistant metal alloy, ceramic or silica glass
- the burner head is as
- Slotted burner and the pump is designed as a continuously demanding single or multi-channel pump, as a gas pressure pump, as a piston pump or as a diaphragm pump
- a very simple pulsation steamer can be made from a highly elastic silicone hose with a volume of approx 1 00 ml and a downstream residual reactor of 6 bar counter pressure, e.g. a fine capillary tube or a valve, were tested, e.g. a diaphragm pump with a delivery capacity of approx.
- thermospray system 100 ml / mm at a delivery pressure of 6 bar a return flow over the silicone hose and the rest of the (acting as a working resistor) pillare returned to the suction side of the pump
- a further residual gate also, for example, a piece of capillary tube B 1 ml / mm, prepared
- a sample application device in the form of a manual sample application valve or a sample changer with an automatic sample application valve is arranged between the pump and the capillary.
- the sample changer can be coupled to a control circuit for time-controlled sample change
- a separating or enrichment column can also be inserted between the sample application device and the capillary.
- the flame-heated tube of the tube furnace can be provided with at least one further opening oriented in the direction of the burner shield the flame-heated pipe has, in addition to the sample opening and the two end openings, at least one additional opening, which faces away from the burner shield. Partial flow through the pipe with the flame gases is thus achieved
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic structure of a tested, automated thermospray sample entry into a flame-heated tube furnace.
- FIG. 2 shows an arrangement similar to that in FIG. 1, the sample on the pressure side of the pump being injected into a carrier stream with the aid of a sample application valve.
- FIG. 3 shows The replacement of the manual sample application valve by an HPLC sample changer for an automated sample application.
- FIG. 4 shows an arrangement in which the sample liquid is injected into the carrier flow with the aid of a sample application valve, a gas pressure pump being used for the liquid transport 5 shows an arrangement similar to that in FIG. 4, but using an HPLC pump.
- FIG. 6 shows a detail from FIG. 2, 3, 4 or 5, a (low pressure) separation or enrichment column being inserted between the sample application valve 7 shows an embodiment of the flame-heated tube with additional bores.
- FIG. 8 shows the signals of a cadmium determination from small sample quantities with a
- FIG. 9 shows a sensitivity comparison of a lead determination between a measuring arrangement according to the invention and the conventional flame AAS
- 1 shows the schematic structure of a tried-and-tested, automated thermospray sample entry into a flame-heated tube furnace.
- 1 denotes a standard gas mixing chamber of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer
- 2 the associated AAS slit burner head with a burner slot 3 of approx. 10 cm Schhtzlange, on the two sides of which an adjustable holder 4 is mounted, which in turn carries two pins 5 each.
- the bore diameter is, for example, about 1.6 mm in this Bore 7 is the end of a standard high-pressure liquid chromatography capillary (HPLC capillary) 8 which is approx.
- HPLC capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography capillary
- the capillary end can be flush with the tube or but protrude approximately 1 mm into the inside of the tube
- a favorable inner diameter of the capillary is 0.6 mm.
- it can be a e HPLC stainless steel capillary act
- the capillary is heated directly by the flame of the protective burner head and by the heat transfer at the press fit. As a result, the end of the capillary reaches the same temperature as the tube furnace.
- the rest of the capillary is heated by the thermal conductivity of the capillary material (thermal conductivity), whereby The liquid transported inside the capillary acts as a countercurrent cooling.
- this capillary 8 on the side of the liquid inlet only has a slightly higher temperature than the ambient temperature.
- the liquid is heated and partially or completely evaporated and arrives as liquid. Aerosol or as superheated steam in the tube furnace
- this capillary can be regarded as a special embodiment of a thermospray, characterized in that the heating takes place only at one end and not over the entire length of the capillary as is customary gt that no separate heating device for the Capillary is required, and that temperatures well above 500 ° C are reached (e.g. approx. 900 ° C).
- hose connectors (1/1 6 " - 1/1 6 "), thin plastic tubing) 1 0 denotes a typical laboratory peristaltic pump (pe ⁇ staltician pump), which is connected on its p ⁇ mar side via a thin tube 1 3 with the suction needle 1 4 of a commercially available sample changer 1 5 Stung is determined by the speed of rotation of the pump head 1 1 and the diameter of the pump tubing 1 2
- the needle 1 4 of the sample changer is immersed in the sample vessel 1 6 in a time-controlled manner.
- the amount of sample taken is determined at a predetermined constant delivery rate of the pump via the immersion time of the needle
- the individual samples are separated from one another by an air cushion runs (segmented flow technique), whereby the samples reach the (thermospray-) capillary 8 undiluted (without dispersion in a carrier stream).
- the connecting means 9 can be omitted if the cold end of the capillary 8 can be pressed directly into the pressure-side end of the Ford hose 1 2 of the pump 10. This was the case with a tried and tested arrangement
- a more easily exchangeable connection can also be selected.
- a capillary with a sealing cone made of metal 2 mm from the capillary end HPLC standard connection accessory "Ferrules') was tested, the diameter of the opening 7 des Tube furnace was 2 mm and widened conically.
- the capillary can also be inserted into the tube furnace without contact. This is achieved, for example, with a 0.9 mm capillary (inner diameter 0.6 mm) with a tube opening of 2 mm act as a fixed connection between the tube furnace and the capillary (T-Suck)
- a highly acid-resistant capillary 8 made of a Pt / Ir alloy for example 75% Pt / 25% Ir in HPLC standard dimensions (for example 1/1 6 "outer diameter, 1 mm inner diameter) is advantageous.
- Such capillaries are manufactured, for example, by Degussa, Frankfurt a M and Hereaus Hanau manufactured (tried and tested version) Capillaries made of silica glass (“quartz glass”) are acid-resistant, but they deform under the action of the flame gases.
- TS arrangements with silica glass capillaries are known in which the silica glass capillary is surrounded by an electrically heated stainless steel capillary (the above-mentioned review article by Koropchak et 1)
- a silica glass capillary can advantageously also be used for the arrangement according to FIG. 1 if it is coated with a stainless steel capillary for protection against the direct action of the flame gases and for heat transfer.
- the coated (outer) capillary can be a piece of HPLC - Act standard capillary made of stainless steel (eg 1/1 6 "outside diameter and 0.3 mm to 1 mm inside diameter, whereby the inside diameter of the jacket capillary is determined by the outside diameter of the inside silica glass capillary).
- the capillary can also be made from a high temperature and highly acid-resistant ceramics consist of such K Apillaries are used, for example, to wire thermocouples.
- the ceramic capillary can also be coated
- a manual sample application can also be carried out.
- the sample is sucked in directly from the pump 10 via the hose 122 from a sample storage vessel
- the sample application takes place with the aid of a sample injection valve 1 8 located between the pump 1 7 and the capillary 8.
- the pump 1 7 continuously sucks in a carrier liquid 21 from a storage container 1 9 via a hose connection 20 and transports it pressure side via connecting means 9 to valve 1 8 and then further to capillary 8.
- Carrier fluid 21 is, for example, water. However, organic solvents or their mixtures with water can also be involved.
- the sample contained in sample loop 22 becomes the carrier stream is embedded and conveyed to the capillary 8 with it.
- the aerosol produced in the capillary flows into the tube furnace 6, in accordance with the explanations for FIG. 1.
- the sample amount is determined by the size of the sample loop 22.
- Low-volume connection means 9 are used, for example HPLC-PEEK. Capillaries with a small inner diameter, so the sample can go far d undiluted to the capillary 8
- valve 1 8 Between the valve 1 8 and the capillary 8, typical feeding projection accessories for sample preparation, eg microsaules, can be inserted.
- a multi-channel hose pump can also be used. However, two can also be used or several single-channel pumps are used, the liquid streams of which are brought together in front of the capillary 8.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows an arrangement in which, instead of the manual sample application valve 18 from FIG. 2, a commercially available HPLC sample changer 23 is used, in which there is an integrated, automatic switching valve 24.
- the sample loop 25 of this valve is opened with the aid of a syringe pump contained in the sample changer filled
- the carrier flow passes from the pump 1 7 (FIG. 2) via connection means 9 to the valve 24 and via further connection means 9 to the capillary 8.
- the arrangement was tested with an HPLC sample changer frommaschineliche Geratebau, Dr Knauer GmbH Berlin.
- the sample changer also delivers Electrical signal with which the data processing of the spectrometer or other processes can be started.
- Fig. 4 shows an arrangement with a gas pressure pump 26 With this type of pump, a higher pressure than with a peristaltic pump and a pulsation-free delivery of the liquid can be easily achieved.
- the cylinder-shaped, low-pressure container 27 made of plastic is closed with a lid 28 via the closable opening 29, the carrier fluid 30 can be filled in.
- the compressed gas is supplied to the container 27 via the pneumatic valve 31. In the simplest case, this is compressed air.
- the pressure is checked via the manometer 32.
- the valve 33 is used for venting.
- the carrier fluid 30 passes through a 1 / 1 6 "HPLC capillary made of PEEK 34 to the sample injection valve 1 8 whereby this manual valve can also be replaced here by an HPLC sample changer 23 with the built-in valve 24 (FIG. 3).
- the liquid passes from valve 1 8 24 via connecting means 9 to the capillary 8
- a simple, commercial 2 liter or 4 liter liquid pressure container made of plastic as used for example in ion chromatography for the transport of washing liquids, was tested (DIONEX Corp, Sunnyvale CA, USA, item no. 391 63 or 391 64, max pressure 1 0 psi (0.07MPa)), as well as a self-made gas pressure pump with a liquid supply of approx. 2.5 I and a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa, as shown schematically in FIG. 4.
- a higher gas pressure is advantageous if by Add an analytical separation column between the valve 1 8, 24 and the capillary 8 a low pressure chromatography is to be operated
- FIG. 5 is identical to the arrangement according to FIG. 2.
- the manual sample application valve 18 can also be replaced here for automation by the HPLC sample changer 23 (FIG. 3).
- the use of an HPLC pump is useful if the arrangement according to the invention is to be used simultaneously for an onlme HPLC separation combined with a more detectable element determination
- FIG. 6 shows a section from FIG. 2, FIG. 4 or FIG. 5, in which an analytical separation or enrichment column 36 is additionally inserted between the sample application valve 18 and the capillary 8.
- the manual valve 18 can also be inserted the HPLC sample changer 23 (FIG. 3) can be replaced, which enables automated chromatography
- the inside temperature of the pipe should be as high as possible
- the inside temperature of the pipe can be significantly increased if the pipe has, in addition to the opening 7 and the openings at the two ends 37, additional holes 38 aligned with the burner slot 3.
- a tried and tested arrangement had six holes of 3 mm each Diameter Instead of the holes, it can also be a (or more) slot (s) for the entry of the flame gases.
- the flame gases not only serve to increase the temperature but also provide a reducing atmosphere inside the tube.
- the tube can also still further, upward bores 39 or differently shaped openings such as slots, to achieve a partial cross-flow through the tube with the Flammenga sen.
- the tube can also be a quartz tube with two slots as used by Va ⁇ an, Australia, for stopping the flame gases. This quartz tube has an additional lateral bore of 1.7 mm, into which the capillary 8 then protrudes
- FIG. 8 shows, using the example of cadmium determination with an arrangement corresponding to FIG. 2, that an AAS signal that can be easily evaluated is also obtained from small sample quantities, for example 2.5 ⁇ l, and at the same time small concentrations.
- a cadmium concentration of 10 ng / was measured in each case.
- ml A time axis in minutes is denoted by 40
- a sample volume of 2.5 ⁇ l leads to the signal 41
- sample volumes of 10 ⁇ l, 50 ⁇ l and 200 ⁇ l lead to the signals denoted 42, 43 and 44, respectively.
- the absolute sample amount for generating the Signal 41 is 25 pg
- FIG. 9 shows the gain in sensitivity in comparison to conventional flame AAS using the example of the determination of lead in water.
- 45 denotes a time axis in minutes.
- Signal 46 was obtained with an arrangement corresponding to FIG. 2, the sample volume being 10 ⁇ l and the lead concentration was 0.2 ⁇ g / ml.
- 47 denotes the signal of the measurement with the conventional flame AAS of a sample with the same lead concentration (0.2 ⁇ g / ml), the 1 0 due to the larger sample requirement of the conventional technique times the sample volume (1 00 ⁇ l) was used.
- Signal 46 corresponds to an absolute amount of lead of 2 ng (10 ⁇ l sample volume with 0.2 ⁇ g / ml Pb).
- Signals 47 and 48 measured with the conventional flame AAS correspond to an absolute n lead amount of 20 ng (1 00 ⁇ l sample volume with 0.2 ⁇ g / ml Pb) or 200 ng (100 ⁇ l sample volume with 2 ⁇ g / ml Pb)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00962485A EP1131620A1 (de) | 1999-09-17 | 2000-09-14 | Vorrichtung zum atomisieren von flüssigen proben |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19944650.4 | 1999-09-17 | ||
DE1999144650 DE19944650C2 (de) | 1999-09-17 | 1999-09-17 | Vorrichtung zum Atomisieren von flüssigen Proben für atomabsorptionsspektroskopische Messungen |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001022067A1 true WO2001022067A1 (de) | 2001-03-29 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2000/008959 WO2001022067A1 (de) | 1999-09-17 | 2000-09-14 | Vorrichtung zum atomisieren von flüssigen proben |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1131620A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE19944650C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001022067A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6682638B1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2004-01-27 | Perkin Elmer Llc | Film type solid polymer ionomer sensor and sensor cell |
US6932941B2 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2005-08-23 | Perkinelmer Instruments Llc | Method and apparatus for improved gas detection |
US6929735B2 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2005-08-16 | Perkin Elmer Instruments Llc | Electrochemical sensor having improved response time |
US7404882B2 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2008-07-29 | Perkinelmer Las, Inc. | Film-type solid polymer ionomer sensor and sensor cell |
US7013707B2 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2006-03-21 | Perkinelmer Las, Inc | Method and apparatus for enhanced detection of a specie using a gas chromatograph |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1425188A (en) * | 1973-11-02 | 1976-02-18 | Shandon Southern Instr Ltd | Atomic absorption apparatus |
DE2745148B2 (de) * | 1977-10-07 | 1980-12-11 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co Gmbh, 7770 Ueberlingen | Meßküvette für Atomabsorptionsspektrometer |
DE2805137C2 (de) * | 1978-02-07 | 1984-10-04 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co GmbH, 7770 Überlingen | Vorrichtung zur automatischen Zuführung flüssiger Proben zu einem Brenner eines Flammen-Atomabsorptionsspektrometers |
DE2640285C2 (de) * | 1976-09-08 | 1984-11-22 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co GmbH, 7770 Überlingen | Vorrichtung zur atomabsorptionsspektroskopischen Bestimmung von Elementen |
DE3521529C2 (de) * | 1985-06-15 | 1987-12-17 | Harald Dipl.-Chem. Dr. 4600 Dortmund De Berndt | |
EP0296480A2 (de) * | 1987-06-19 | 1988-12-28 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrothermischen Atomisierung von Proben |
EP0356566A1 (de) * | 1988-09-02 | 1990-03-07 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrothermischen Atomisierung von Proben |
-
1999
- 1999-09-17 DE DE1999144650 patent/DE19944650C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-09-14 WO PCT/EP2000/008959 patent/WO2001022067A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-09-14 EP EP00962485A patent/EP1131620A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1425188A (en) * | 1973-11-02 | 1976-02-18 | Shandon Southern Instr Ltd | Atomic absorption apparatus |
DE2640285C2 (de) * | 1976-09-08 | 1984-11-22 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co GmbH, 7770 Überlingen | Vorrichtung zur atomabsorptionsspektroskopischen Bestimmung von Elementen |
DE2745148B2 (de) * | 1977-10-07 | 1980-12-11 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co Gmbh, 7770 Ueberlingen | Meßküvette für Atomabsorptionsspektrometer |
DE2805137C2 (de) * | 1978-02-07 | 1984-10-04 | Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co GmbH, 7770 Überlingen | Vorrichtung zur automatischen Zuführung flüssiger Proben zu einem Brenner eines Flammen-Atomabsorptionsspektrometers |
DE3521529C2 (de) * | 1985-06-15 | 1987-12-17 | Harald Dipl.-Chem. Dr. 4600 Dortmund De Berndt | |
EP0296480A2 (de) * | 1987-06-19 | 1988-12-28 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrothermischen Atomisierung von Proben |
EP0356566A1 (de) * | 1988-09-02 | 1990-03-07 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrothermischen Atomisierung von Proben |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
CONVER T S ET AL: "New developments in thermospray sample introduction for atomic spectrometry", SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA, PART B, vol. 52, 1997, pages 1087 - 1104, XP002901382 * |
KOROPCHAK J A ET AL: "Thermospray sample introduction to atomic spectrometry", CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 23, no. 3, 1992, pages 113 - 141, XP002901383 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1131620A1 (de) | 2001-09-12 |
DE19944650A1 (de) | 2001-04-12 |
DE19944650C2 (de) | 2003-10-02 |
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