Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C08J2323/08—Copolymers of ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
  • C08K2201/016—Additives defined by their aspect ratio
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene

Definitions

• This invention relates to a polymer film used to make compounding bags and rubber bale wrap for rubber mixing, but also extends to polymer films used to wrap or contain ingredients for addition to most polymer/additive mixes requiring a relatively low process temperature at which temperature the polymer film, bag, or over-wrap based on the polymer film must disperse into the mix.
• elastomers and additives generally compounding ingredients
• a substantially homogeneous mixture or rubber compound
• This shaped mixture may then be cured, or cross linked.
• the economics of making rubber induce the manufacturer to make ever more rapid mixes and ever more rapid cures in order to remain competitive.
• Rapid curing usually implies lower temperature mixing which in turn limits mixing temperature because the mix temperature must not exceed the activation temperature of the curatives.
• Compounding bags are used to hold a variety of additives including, but not limited to curatives such as sulfur, and primary and secondary accelerators; fillers both reinforcing and non-reinforcing; plasticizers such as oil and waxes; tackifiers; and specialty chemical additives used as coupling agents and stabilizers for heat, ozone, UV light, and the like.
• Other polymer mixing and or compounding operations are analogous to mixing elastomers in the desire to carry bagged compounding ingredients for addition to a mixing process which requires an easily dispersed bag.
• the use of pre-weighed ingredients has many advantages over the direct addition by "scoop and shovel," 1) improved housekeeping, 2) improved industrial hygiene, 3) loss control, 4) accuracy and consistency for improved quality, 5) reduced labor costs.
• the actual weighing/measuring can be done remotely or very near the point of addition to the mixer. It can be a relatively simple manual operation or a more elaborate automated form-fill-seal operation. In any case, the result is a measured quantity of wrapped or bagged material suitable for direct addition to the mixer.
• Polyethylene film has been used for compounding ingredient bags and/or rubber bale wraps because of its generally low cost, ability to be formed, filled and sealed, and toughness. Very early, the limits of polyethylene became apparent and restricted its use.
• Ethylene copolymers having lower melting and Vicat softening points were introduced such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers or other low melting point ethylene polar comonomer copolymers. More recently metallocene catalyzed low or very low density polyethylene (generally m-polyethylene) and blends thereof have also been used and/or discussed. Additives, such as low melting waxes, have also been employed to lower these temperatures. However, these solutions also encountered limits as the need for ever lower temperatures developed.
• Vicat softening point as low as or below 82° C (also disclosed in US 5,145,747) to provide adequate dispersion of the film in an elastomer mix.
• the strength properties of films based on such polyethylenes or polyethylene blends having such melt/Vicat combinations generally decrease, often dramatically decreasing, creating practical problems with handling, shipping, and storing unused film and bags and then problems with handling film and bags after filling.
• a film with such low Vicat softening point as for instance 55° C becomes very soft, stretchy, and tacky and will generally have low resistance to tearing making it difficult to handle in either wrap or bag making operations or further downstream in filling, storage and handling.
• the film and/or bags must be either handled somewhat delicately to prevent damage or greater thickness of film must be used to compensate for the low strength.
• Anti-block additives and slip are used to overcome tack, but especially the slip may make the bag slippery especially at slip levels high enough to mitigate sticky films created from such low melting or softening polyethylenes. Such slippery films are difficult to handle.
• the use of anti-block additives is common in the film industry at levels as low as 1,000 ppm (0.1 wt%) to levels of as high as 5 wt. %.
• the use of calcium carbonate (CaCU3) as a filler in such films is known. However, while CaCO3 improves some properties of low melting and/or low Vicat softening point films, still more improvement is desired.
• a polyethylene film preferably a polyethylene film that has a relatively low melting point as well as a relatively low
• Vicat softening point that will additionally have physical properties (strength) sufficient to allow normal shipping and handling without substantial breakage.
• Embodiments of my invention overcome the generally lower strength of lower melting point polyethylene films by reinforcing the films with a suitable filler, without substantially effecting (raising) the melt point and/or Vicat softening point.
• Fillers such as talc, more preferably talc with a high aspect ratio, and most preferred are such fillers or combinations thereof that are surface treated. Silica, carbon black and other fillers having a reinforcing effect may also be used.
• the use of a reinforcing filler has several beneficial effects.
• the filler or filler combination can make the film polyethylene matrix stiffer and tougher as measured by secant modulus, puncture and tear resistance of the films.
• This improved stiffness and toughness allows the use of lower thickness film which reduces both the amount of the polyethylene added to the intended elastomeric matrix and also reduces the amount of film material that needs to be dispersed.
• the reinforcing filler also appears to modify the rheology of the polyethylene to make film extrusion more economical by reducing power requirements and increasing extrusion rate.
• the desirable effects of filler depend on the amount of reinforcing filler added as well as the type, but the desirable effects generally become effective in the range of from 5%-50% filler by weight, preferably in the range of from 10-30 percent by weight based on the total weight of the polyethylene. /filler combination. Such levels are above and different from the above mentioned anti-block materials and their levels.
• a film made from at least one filler reinforced low density polyethylene resin where the resin from which the film is made has a Vicat softening point up to 90° C and preferably a density up to 0.915 g/cm- .
• the film in a softened or melted state
• a film having a melt point temperature to achieve such compatibility will generally also allow shorter mixing times for the rubber being compounded, therefore providing for greater productivity.
• the film's low melting temperature substantially insures fluxing into the rubber compound mix during even abbreviated mixing cycles.
• a melted film facilitates dispersion into a rubber mix. Since the temperature of a particular mix is generally a function of mixing time, a lower melting and/or softening film can be dispersed in a shorter time. These lower melting/softening point films enable the rubber manufacturer to achieve shorter mixing times.
• a polyethylene film formed from a filler reinforced ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer, is provided wherein such film has: a) a polyethylene resin density, before reinforcement, and before film formation, in the range of from 0.85- 0.915 g/cm->; b) a polyethylene melt index, before reinforcement, in the range from 0.1-
• a second ethylene copolymer may be added to improve the melt processability of the first ethylene copolymer.
• the second ethylene copolymer may be a copolymer of ethylene and an ethylinically unsaturated ester of a carboxylic acid.
• the second ethylene copolymer is preferably any polymer with sufficient branching to contribute to the melt processability of the first ethylene copolymer (generally, but not necessarily so called "high-pressure" polyethylene).
• the first ethylene copolymer, an ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer is present in the range of from 75-99 percent by weight of the polyethylene portion of the polyethylene/filler blend weight.
• the second ethylene copolymer is present in the range of from 25-1 weight percent based on polyethylene blend weight.
• polyethylene blend weight I intend that such a polyethylene blend will then form the basis for addition of filler, as stated above, accordingly, a polyethylene blend within the limits stated above will then have filler added, to form the polyethylene/filler blend.
• Certain embodiments of my invention concern certain polyethylene films, their production and applications based on such films. These films have unique properties which make them particularly well suited for use in certain compounding or mixing operations. These films have combinations of properties rendering them superior to films previously available for many such compounding or manufacturing operations.
• MI Melt index
• the film of the present invention for use as a rubber bale wrap or compounding bag has the following properties: good seal strength sufficient to effect seals to contain compounding ingredients, a low melting point, good sealability including sufficient hot tack for use in form-fill-and seal applications, a low Vicat softening point, improved resistance to tearing and improved stiffness level as measured by secant modulus in the filler polyethylene film combinations.
• Vicat softening point and the low melting point improve the ability of the film to be incorporated into a substantially homogeneous mixture of rubber and/or rubber compounding ingredients to form generally homogeneous rubber compounds.
• the film of the present invention for use as rubber bale wrap and compounding bags may be made from a single first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer or a blend of the first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer with one or more other ethylene ⁇ - olefin copolymers, or with ethylene homopolymers, as long as the Vicat softening point is acceptable.
• ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymers or blends thereof are combined with a reinforcing filler using a means of mixing (well known to those of ordinary skill) to provide good filler dispersion resulting in the reinforcement of films based on this polymer filler mixture.
• This means of mixing includes, but is not limited to, single and dual screw mixing extruders as well as continuous mixers. Batch mixers would be expected to provide appropriate mixing and reinforcement as well.
• the film made from the ethylene ⁇ -olefin polyethylene/filler mixture has a
• the film has a Vicat softening point below 80° C, more preferably below 70° C, most preferably below 60° C and a DSC melting point below 100° C, preferably below 90° C, more preferably below 80° C.
• a film is made from the mixture of polyethylene and filler for either bale wrapping or for making compounding bags. In either case, the film must have softening and melting characteristics as described supra that permit its inclusion into the rubber compounding process, and such inclusion will result in a substantially homogeneous compounded elastomer blend.
• the films of certain embodiments of my invention may be made from a reinforced mixture of an ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer (first ethylene copolymer).
• This first ethylene copolymer has a density in the range of from 0.85-0.915 g/crn ⁇ , a Vicat softening point less than 90° C and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) second melting point (melting point) not exceeding 100° C.
• the ⁇ -olefin utilized to make the first ethylene copolymer is selected from one or more of propylene, butene-1, 4- methyl-1-pentene, pentene-1, hexene-1, octene-1 decene-1 and mixtures thereof .
• ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer such combination include, but are not limited to copolymers such as ethylene propylene; ethylene, butene-1; ethylene, hexane-1 ; ethylene, pentene-1 ; ethylene 4-methyl-l-pentene; ethylene, octene-1 ; ethylene, propylene; butene-1; ethylene, propylene, hexene-1; ethylene propylene, pentene-1; ethylene propylene, octene-1; ethylene, and the like may be used as the polyethylene portion of the polyethylene/filler blend, as long as the melting and/or Vicat softening point remains within the preferred levels
• the first ethylene copolymer may be made by a number of processes, including low pressure, gas phase, fluidized bed, slurry or solution processes.
• the catalysts used for the polymerization are generally of the metallocene-alumoxane, metallocene- ionizing activator, or conventional Ziegler-Natta types. Such catalysts are well known. Thus, useful catalysts are those disclosed in EP 1229368, U. S. Patents numbers 5,026,798 and 5,198,401 incorporated herein by reference for purposes of
• one or more second ethylene copolymers may be blended into the first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer or copolymers.
• the second ethylene copolymer is preferably not used primarily for depressing either the Vicat softening point or the melting point of the first ethylene copolymer, although such use is not precluded.
• the purpose of the second ethylene copolymer may be to improve melt processability (higher melt strength) of the polyethylene blend over the processability of the first ethylene copolymer alone.
• the second ethylene copolymer is generally a molecule containing branching typical of those produced in high-pressure, free radical processes well known to those of ordinary skill.
• the second ethylene polymer is a polyethylene homopolymer or preferably an ethylene copolymer of ethylene and at least one ethylinically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester.
• Preferred ethylinically unsaturated acrylic acid esters include, for example, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and combinations thereof.
• a preferred ester monomer is vinyl acetate.
• These comonomers are present in the second ethylene polymer within a range of from 1-35 weight percent, preferably from 1-30 weight percent of the unsaturated acrylic acid ester, based on the total weight of the second ethylene copolymer. Blends of these ethylene copolymers can also be used.
• the second ethylene copolymers are chosen, in general, primarily based on their ability to enhance processability of the first ethylene polymer and their melting points and/or Vicat softening points.
• the melting points and/or Vicat softening points of such polymers should not have a substantial deleterious effect on these same parameters of the first ethylene copolymer, and the film made therefrom at the level of inclusion in the blends, but will mitigate processing debits sometimes found in the first ethylene copolymers.
• a 10% improvement in bubble stability or neck-in over those of the first ethylene copolymer would be desirable as a result of inclusion of the second ethylene copolymer or copolymers.
• I intend that inclusion of a second ethylene copolymer or copolymers would not raise the melting point and/or softening point above the discussed preferred levels.
• the second ethylene copolymer When the second ethylene copolymer is included in the manufacture of film based on the ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymers described above, it is present in the range of from 25-1 weight percent based on the total polyethylene weight of the blend.
• the first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer is present in the range of from 75- 99 weight percent, based on the total polymer weight of the blend.
• the first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer is present in the range of from 80-95 weight percent based on the total polymer weight of the polymer blend.
• the second ethylene copolymer is present in the range of from 20-5 weight percent based on the total polymer weight of the polymer blend. More preferred is a first ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer of from 85-95 weight percent and a second ethylene copolymer from 5-15 weight percent. These weight percents are based on the total weight of the polyethylene portion of the polyethylene/filler blends.
• the reinforced film will further exhibit a 1% secant modulus machine direction (MD) of greater than 6,000 psi, preferably greater than 7,000 psi, more preferably greater than 8,000 psi, most preferably greater than 10,000 psi.
• MD secant modulus machine direction
• the film will exhibit a 1% secant modulus transverse direction (TD) greater than 6,000 psi, preferably greater than 7,000 psi, more preferably greater than 8,000 psi, most preferably greater than 9,000 psi.
• TD secant modulus transverse direction
• the film will exhibit an Elmendorf tear as follows (g/mil):
• the film produced from either a first ethylene copolymer, or a blend of at least two different ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymers may be reinforced with filler and used for film manufacture without the use of the second ethylene copolymer such as an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
• the Vicat softening point of the resulting film which may include filler does not exceed 90° C, and the melting point of the film does not exceed 100° C.
• films made from ethylinically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymers with the disclosed fillers in the substantial absence of an ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer.
• such films will still exhibit the Vicat softening point and melting point upper limits disclosed, and preferably one or more of the secant modulus and/or tear strength limits.
• blends of the ethylinically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymers as the majority component in the polyethylene portion of the polyethylene /filler blends used for the films of certain embodiments of the present invention are also contemplated.
• the polyethylene portion makes up the polyethylene portion of the polyethylene/filler mixture.
• the mixture when converted into film should display one or more of the described Vicat softening point, melting temperature, 1% secant modulus and/or Elmendorf tear.
• the reinforcement of the polyethylenes can be accomplished by several means.
• all ingredients (polymers, fillers, slip agents, anti- block, process aids, stabilizers, and the like.) in the reinforced polymer can be mixed together to form a complete polyethylene/filler mixture ready to be extruded into film, or alternatively, a "concentrate" of filler and/or additives can be made in one or all of the copolymers which is then "let down” or diluted with the balance of the ingredients and/or polymers to make the same polymer mixture.
• a "concentrate" of filler and/or additives can be made in one or all of the copolymers which is then "let down” or diluted with the balance of the ingredients and/or polymers to make the same polymer mixture.
• sufficiently intensive mixing will occur in the film extruder to provide a homogeneous film.
• additives often found in films are contemplated by our invention as well. Such additives will be understood by those skilled in the art to include those that will have an effect on surface characteristics of films, processability of resins being made into films, thermal stability of resins or film and the like. These, and other types of additives, are normally carried in polyolefins, but may be added without such polyolefin carriers. The additive types mentioned are not meant to be a complete list, but merely illustrative. The additives included in the film will be understood to be different from the additives to be carried in compounding ingredient bags, while they may or may not differ in type, their intended use will differ.
• the reinforcing fillers can be talc, preferably talc with a high aspect ratio, with or without surface treatment, or any other type of reinforcing filler including, but not limited to, the various forms of silica (fumed, precipitated, and the like) with or without a coupling agent, other mineral type fillers including but not limited to other mineral type fillers such as kaolin and other clays, feldspar, silicas both natural and synthetic, carbide fillers, metallic oxides, sulfates, silicates and titanates, as well as carbon black. Such mineral type fillers may also include surface treatment discussed below and/or coupling agents.
• talc can be stearic acid or any other common treatment intended to increase the affinity of the filler for the polyethylene.
• Aspect ratio of a platy filler such as talc is the platelet effective diameter to thickness ratio.
• CaCO3 is effectively a sphere and has an estimated aspect ratio of 1, while the talc contemplated in certain embodiments of my invention has an aspect ratio estimated in the range of 20-50.
• These filled films provide increased strength properties and stiffness which enable easier handling of wrapped/bagged product while still providing the despersibility of a low melting film structure in a mechanical (rubber or elastomer)mixer.
• a reinforcing filler such as talc, and preferable talc with a high aspect ratio be included in the range of from 5 - 50%), and preferably in the range of from 10-40%, more preferably in the range of 15- 30%), by weight based on the total weight of the polyethylene (or polyethylene blend) and the filler.
• talc and preferable talc with a high aspect ratio
• fillers are also contemplated.
• CaCO3 and one or more of the talcs or other fillers described above are contemplated. Such combinations are part of contemplated embodiments as long as the final polyethylene/filler combination meets the desired melting, softening, and physical properties disclosed herein.
• the reinforcing filler level (wt%) will be based on the total weight of the polyethylene, or polyethylene blend, as well as the weight of any and all additives.
• the reinforcing filler should be present in the ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer (or blends of ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymers) or in a blend of ethylene ⁇ - olefin copolymer(s) with at least one ethylene copolymer in an amount effective to increase physical properties of the resulting film, while still maintaining a Vicat softening point and DSC melting point within the described limits discussed earlier. That is the filler should be present to a level where the following film properties exists:
• the rubber is generally compounded utilizing a mechanical mixer.
• the compounded rubber can include mixed unvulcanized rubber with the bale wrap and/or a compounding ingredient bag film of this invention.
• the compounded rubber can also include accelerators, promoters, curing or crosslinking agents, fillers, colorants, anti-oxidants, and other adjuvants.
• the base resin (polyethylene) or polyethylenes for each layer may be the same or different.
• an effective amount of filler must be in one or more layers to achieve improvement in one or more of film modulus, tear strength and the like.
• the polyethylene component of the eventual film may be as stated supra, a blend or coextrusion of one or more polyethylenes.
• a blend of 2 "ethylene ⁇ -ulefin copolymers" might include an ethylene, butene-1 copolymer and ethylene, octene-1 copolymer.
• Such blends could also include ethylene butene-1, ethylene, hexene-1 ; ethylene, hexene-1, ethylene, octene-1 ; tri part blends such as ethylene, butene 1 , ethylene hexene-1, and ethylene octene-1 are also contemplated.
• the so called "second ethylene copolymer” may be one or more ethylene copolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene ethyl acrylate, ethylene n-butyl acrylate, ethylene acrylic acid, ethylene methacrylic acid, ionomers of tiie acid copolymers, terpolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate, metylacrylate; ethylene methyl acrylate, acrylic acid and the like.
• the second ethylene copolymer may be also a blend of two or more such second ethylene copolymers.
• second ethylene copolymer or copolymers blended optionally with an amount of the first ethylene copolymer or copolymers will be understood by those of skill in the art, to be an effective amount to improve the processability of the first ethylene copolymer, generally with respect to bubble stability (blown films) or neck in (cast films).
• the use of second ethylene copolymers may also be to add other properties to the final film such as lower cost.
• a film was made on a Sterling blown film extrusion line made by having a 1.5 inch diameter, 24: 1 L/D screw and a 2 inch diameter die.
• the resin (polyethylene) blend for the film was made by dry blending pellets of 87.5 wt. % Exact ® 4011 manufactured by Exxon Chemical Co. and 12.5 wt. % of a master batch (all ingredients shown below the Exact in the following formulation). This resulted in a final blend composition of:
• Exact 401 1 is a butene ethylene copolymer with a nominal density of 0.885 g/cc and a
• LD 760.36 is an EVA copolymer containing 27.5% vinyl 5 acetate with a 2.3 g/10 min. melt index.
• Dynamar ® FX-9613 is a fluropolymer from 3M Co. used to help eliminate melt fracture.
• a film was prepared on the same extrusion line as Example 1 using a polymer mixture 0 reinforced with calcium carbonate, Hi Pflex ® 100, from Specialty Minerals Corp. This mixture was prepared on a Werner Pfleider twin screw mixer.
• a 10% talc mixture was prepared by dry blending the following and mixing in the same laboratory extruder as example 1.
• the 30%> UTMT 609BF Concentrate used here was prepared by Specialty Minerals from 30%.
• UTMT609BF is a treated talc having a high aspect ratio.
• a 20%) talc mixture was prepared in a similar manner as Example 3 from the same concentrate containing 30% treated talc (30% UTMT-609BF) in Exact 4011, specially prepared by Specialty Minerals in a laboratory mixer) This dry blend was let down in the same laboratory extruder to provide a 20% overall talc containing film
• a 26% talc mixture was prepared in a similar way by dry blending the following
• Examples 1 , 4 and 5 are repeated but the Exact 401 1 is replaced by LD 760.36. It is expected that the inclusion of 20 and 25 weight percent talc (Examples 7 and 8) will not raise the Vicat softening point substantially above the 51°C of the resin itself. Further, at least a 30%> improvement in secant modulus (MD & TD) is expected as well as a potential improvement in Elmendorf tear.
• Example 1 shows the unexpected and surprising change in physical properties of Examples 1 through 5 as reinforcing filler is added.
• the stiffness and tear strength of Example 2 using calcium carbonate is improved over Example 1, while the DSC melt point has not been substantially increased, and the Vicat has not changed in spite of the significant reinforcement.
• the use of talc in Examples 3, 4, and 5 surprisingly and unexpectedly provides even greater reinforcement as shown by the large increase in stiffness (secant modulus) and several times increase in tear resistance.
• the processing characteristics improved as reinforcing filler was added as shown by a decrease in power consumption and an improvement in bubble stability. Very important is the decrease of Vicat softening point temperature as talc content is increased indicating an increase in ease of dispersability while increasing the toughness of the matrix.

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• 1997
  • 1997-12-05 CN CN97180326A patent/CN1239973A/zh active Pending
  • 1997-12-05 CA CA002269672A patent/CA2269672A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-12-05 IL IL12961197A patent/IL129611A0/xx unknown
  • 1997-12-05 KR KR1019990704931A patent/KR20000057382A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-12-05 EP EP97954039A patent/EP0941277A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1997-12-05 JP JP52575398A patent/JP2001505610A/ja active Pending
  • 1997-12-05 AU AU57918/98A patent/AU5791898A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-12-05 WO PCT/US1997/022069 patent/WO1998024834A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-12-05 BR BR9713688-3A patent/BR9713688A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
• 1999
  • 1999-06-03 NO NO992698A patent/NO992698L/no not_active Application Discontinuation

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