WO1990015193A1 - Artificial lawn, pile yarn for artificial lawn, and method and spinneret for producing said lawn - Google Patents
Artificial lawn, pile yarn for artificial lawn, and method and spinneret for producing said lawn Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1990015193A1 WO1990015193A1 PCT/JP1990/000756 JP9000756W WO9015193A1 WO 1990015193 A1 WO1990015193 A1 WO 1990015193A1 JP 9000756 W JP9000756 W JP 9000756W WO 9015193 A1 WO9015193 A1 WO 9015193A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- yarn
- pile
- yarns
- bundles
- flat
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
- D02G3/445—Yarns or threads for use in floor fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
- D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
- D01D5/253—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a non-circular cross section; Spinnerette packs therefor
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D27/00—Woven pile fabrics
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
- E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
- D10B2505/20—Industrial for civil engineering, e.g. geotextiles
- D10B2505/202—Artificial grass
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
- Y10T428/23957—Particular shape or structure of pile
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249922—Embodying intertwined or helical component[s]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
- Y10T428/2925—Helical or coiled
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2973—Particular cross section
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an artificial turf in which pile yarns are formed so as to form a large number of cut piles on the surface of a ground tissue, a pile yarn for artificial turf, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention relates to a spinneret used for spinning the flat yarn for producing the pile yarn.
- the artificial turf described above has a problem that the pile has poor water retention, and it is necessary to frequently spray water.
- An object of the present invention is to solve the above problems and provide an artificial turf having high water retention, a pile yarn for artificial turf capable of imparting high water retention, and a method for producing the pile yarn.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a spinneret for a base yarn that is advantageous for producing the pile yarn.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a single or a plurality of pile yarns which are elongated and have a substantially spiral cross section by twisting flat yarns of one or more bundles and fixing the twisted state. This is achieved by an artificial turf characterized by being planted in the ground tissue so as to form each of a number of cut piles on the surface of the ground tissue.
- An artificial turf pile yarn used to form a large number of cut piles has an elongated and substantially spiral shape in cross section by twisting one or more bundles of flat filaments and fixing the twisted state.
- One or more artificial grass turf pile yarns characterized in that they have, or artificial turf pile yarns used to form multiple force piles planted on the surface of ground
- a plurality of flat yarns each having a slender shape and a substantially spiral cross-section twisted in a negative direction, and the plurality of yarns are mutually twisted in a direction opposite to the above direction.
- a pile yarn for artificial turf which is characterized in that:
- the above object of the present invention is further characterized in that, after twisting one or more bundles of flat filaments into a substantially spiral shape in cross section, the substantially spiral state is fixed. After manufacturing a pile yarn, or twisting one or more bundles of flat filaments into a substantially spiral cross-section yarn, bundling the yarns and twisting them in the opposite direction to the twist, This is achieved by a method for producing pile yarn for artificial turf, which is characterized in that it is combined.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a spinneret for artificial turf yarn, characterized in that the end has a C-shaped or inverted C-shaped nozzle hole whose one end is extended substantially linearly. Or a substantially S-shaped or substantially inverted S-shaped nozzle hole. This is achieved by a spinneret for an artificial turf cord, which is characterized in that
- the flat filament has a width of 3 to 50 ⁇ , thickness
- the flat filaments may be formed by cutting a plurality of filaments, which are spun continuously in a horizontal direction, one by one.
- those conventionally used for artificial grass of this kind can be used in a wide range, and examples thereof include nylon resin, polypropylene resin, polyester resin, vinyl chloride resin, and polyethylene resin.
- Preferred is a polypropylene resin.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional side view showing an artificial lawn according to one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view showing the tip of the cut pile.
- FIG. 3 is a side view schematically showing one example of an apparatus for producing a flat pile yarn required for producing a pile yarn for artificial grass of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a plan view showing one embodiment of the spinneret of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line I--I in FIG. 4,
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged view showing part A of FIG. 4,
- Fig. 7 is an enlarged view of another example of Part A above.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view showing the tip of a power pile of artificial grass according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of various examples of the pile yarn according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an artificial lawn according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the artificial grass has pile yarns planted on the surface of a ground tissue (2) as a number of long cut piles (1).
- a backing treatment is applied to the back surface of the ground structure (2), and a resin layer (3) for preventing the cut pile (1) from falling off is formed.
- the power pile (1) is single-twisted (in this embodiment, Z-twisted), and is elongated and twisted in a spiral shape in cross section.
- cut pile (1) is made of a pile yarn that has been subjected to a crimping treatment, thereby giving flexibility to improve walking feeling and the like.
- the cut pile (1) may be S-twisted.
- the artificial turf of the present invention thus formed is used, for example, to form the above-mentioned grounds, cots, and the like. Protrude. Since the cut pile (1) is configured to be twisted in a spiral shape in cross section as described above, each cut pile (1) forms a narrow cavity therein, and the water that has entered the cavity is formed. Is maintained based on the surface tension and the like. Therefore, according to the artificial grass of the present invention, it is not necessary to frequently spray water to reduce the generation of friction and frictional heat, and it is possible to obtain the advantage that the safety for exercisers can be maintained for a long time. .
- a flat filament having a flatness ratio of 0.15 and a flatness ratio of 150 to 2500, more preferably a width of 5 to 30 mm and a thickness of 0.04 mm to 0.10 mm. If the width is less than 3, the diameter of the pile is too small to obtain the good water retention as described above, and exceeds 5 Omm. The diameter of the cut pile becomes too large, making it difficult to obtain the appearance of natural grass. Further, the thickness of the flat filament is
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a flat yarn manufacturing apparatus (11) used for manufacturing the flat yarn.
- the production apparatus (11) is an apparatus for producing a large number of flat cords, and is an extruder for extruding a molten resin.
- the flat extrudate (5a) coming out of the nozzle hole of the spinneret (13) is passed through a cooling water tank (14) disposed immediately below the spinneret (13), and is then subjected to a first snap roll. After (15), it is sent to the heating tank (16).
- the filament (5b) heated in the heating tank (16) is wound around a second snap roll (17), and the first snap roll (15) and the heating tank are heated.
- the flat extrudate is stretched, for example, to a length of about 5 times with (16) and the second snap roll (17). this
- the flat bark yarn (5c) that has passed through the drawing process is heat-treated
- each of the flat filaments (5c) sent to the third snap roll (19) is wound as a raw yarn on a winder (20), and is fed to an artificial turf manufacturing apparatus (shown in the figure). Is sent to the single twisting process.
- the flat filament spinning nozzle (13) has a nozzle hole (21) formed therein, which can be formed in a C-shape.
- the section (2 1 ′) is extended substantially linearly. Accordingly, the flat extrudate from the nozzle hole (21) of the spinneret (13) has a cross section similar to that of the nozzle hole (21).
- a flat cord formed from the nozzle hole is formed.
- S-twisting By applying S-twisting to this, it is possible to easily obtain a spiral yarn having a spiral cross section. It is preferable to apply a weak twist when the width of the flat filament is large and to apply a strong twist when the width is small.
- the device for performing the single twist on the flat cord yarn include a ring type twister, a ply twister, a double twister, and the like.
- a vacuum steam setter or the like may be employed.
- an inverted C-shaped element, an S-shaped element, an inverted S-shaped element as shown in FIG. It may be spiral.
- the pile yarn that has passed through the single twisting step is then subjected to crimping treatment such as nitrite if necessary, and the crimped state is fixed and wound again.
- crimping treatment such as nitrite if necessary, and the crimped state is fixed and wound again.
- a backing process is performed to prevent the cut pile from dropping out of the ground structure.
- the backing process is performed in a usual manner, such as fixing the pile yarn to the back of the ground structure with resin, and bonding a sheet material to this resin layer. Done in
- a plurality of cross-section spiral yarns for example, two yarns, which have passed through the above-mentioned citric process, may be further subjected to a double twisting process to form one pile yarn, which may be planted in the ground texture.
- the pile yarn (31) thus formed is shown in FIG.
- the single twist may be applied to a bundle of a plurality of strands to form a spiral cross section, and the twist may be fixed to form one pile thread.
- a twist is applied to a bundle of a plurality of yarns to form a single yarn having a spiral cross section, and the yarn is formed into a plurality of bundles, and then twisted in a direction opposite to the twisting to form a single pile yarn. May be formed.
- the form of the spiral cross section may be various as illustrated in FIG. In Fig. 9, (a) shows the flat filament twisted as it is, (b) shows the flat filament twisted in a folded state, and (c) shows the flat filament twisted in a Z-shape.
- the cross section is shown as twisted in a three-fold state.
- the forcepile formed by the pile yarns of these forms also has a cavity capable of holding water therein, similarly to the above-described artificial grass cut pile, and further has a plurality of yarns between the yarns. Alternatively, even between a plurality of yarns having a spiral cross section, water can be retained, so that better water retention can be achieved.
- Each cut pile may be constituted by a plurality of pile yarns.
- twin-twisting twisting machine in addition to the above-described twisting machine, a commonly used well-known twin-twisting twisting machine can be employed in the above-described dual-fuel process.
- the power pile is composed of the pile yarn twisted in a substantially spiral shape in cross section, it has a high water retention property, and as a result, water is frequently sprayed. It is possible to ensure the safety of exercisers for a long time without requiring.
- a pile yarn for artificial grass of the present invention and the method for producing the pile yarn, there is provided a pile yarn having a substantially spiral cross-sectional torsion and advantageous for producing an artificial grass having good water retention properties, and a method for producing the same. Provided.
- the nozzle hole is formed in a C-shape or inverted C-shape or an S-shape or inverted S-shape in which the end extends substantially linearly outward.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69019120T DE69019120T2 (de) | 1989-06-09 | 1990-06-08 | Künstlicher rasen, florgarn für einen künstlichen rasen sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines derartigen rasens. |
CA 2034003 CA2034003C (en) | 1989-06-09 | 1990-06-08 | Artificial turf, pile yarn for artificial turf, and process and spinneret for producing pile yarn |
EP90908636A EP0432272B1 (en) | 1989-06-09 | 1990-06-08 | Artificial lawn, pile yarn for artificial lawn, and method for producing said lawn |
JP2508441A JP2905906B2 (ja) | 1989-06-09 | 1990-06-08 | 人工芝生 |
US08/067,492 US5462778A (en) | 1989-06-09 | 1993-05-13 | Artificial turf, pile yarn for artificial turf and process and spinneret for producing pile yarn |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14708489 | 1989-06-09 | ||
JP1/147084 | 1989-06-09 | ||
JP31511189 | 1989-12-04 | ||
JP1/315111 | 1989-12-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1990015193A1 true WO1990015193A1 (en) | 1990-12-13 |
Family
ID=26477744
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1990/000756 WO1990015193A1 (en) | 1989-06-09 | 1990-06-08 | Artificial lawn, pile yarn for artificial lawn, and method and spinneret for producing said lawn |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5462778A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0432272B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2034003C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69019120T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1990015193A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4123091A1 (en) * | 2021-07-19 | 2023-01-25 | Hawthorn Heights Limited | Ground surfacing product |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3292897B2 (ja) * | 1993-10-07 | 2002-06-17 | 大塚化学株式会社 | 人工芝生 |
ES2152026T3 (es) * | 1995-06-10 | 2001-01-16 | Coats Ltd J & P | Material de hilo. |
NL1004656C2 (nl) | 1996-11-29 | 1998-07-02 | Hugo De Vries | Combinatiegrasveld. |
ES2168896B1 (es) * | 1999-04-08 | 2003-11-01 | I Llongueras Jordi Galan | Proceso para la obtencion de hilo para la confeccion de tejidos espec iales y sistema para la realizacion del proceso. |
US6491991B2 (en) | 2000-02-14 | 2002-12-10 | Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. | Artificial turf system |
US6858272B2 (en) | 2001-03-14 | 2005-02-22 | Troy Squires | Horizontally draining, pre-engineered synthetic turf field |
US20040229007A1 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2004-11-18 | Motz Joseph E. | Infilled artificial surface with natural grass-like play characteristics |
AU2003250972A1 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2005-01-28 | Mattex Leisure Industries | Artificial turf filament and artificial turf system |
US7189445B2 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2007-03-13 | Generalsports Turf, Llc | Synthetic sports turf having improved playability and wearability |
US8329265B2 (en) * | 2004-06-16 | 2012-12-11 | Astroturf, Llc | Transition synthetic sports turf |
NL1026444C2 (nl) | 2004-06-17 | 2005-12-20 | Ten Cate Thiolon Bv | Kunstgrassportveld voorzien van een instrooimateriaal alsmede een dergelijk instrooimateriaal. |
GB0427829D0 (en) * | 2004-12-20 | 2005-01-19 | Solvay | Polyethylene composition for artificial turf |
NL1028224C2 (nl) | 2005-02-08 | 2006-08-09 | Ten Cate Thiolon Bv | Kunststofvezel van het monofilament-type voor toepassing in een kunstgrassportveld alsmede een kunstgrasmat geschikt voor sportvelden voorzien van dergelijke kunststofvezels. |
WO2006091067A1 (en) | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-31 | Ten Cate Thiolon B.V. | Artificial grass turf system |
US20070248772A1 (en) * | 2006-04-25 | 2007-10-25 | Charles Cook | Inlaying process for installing features in a synthetic sports field |
DE102007006759A1 (de) * | 2007-02-12 | 2008-08-14 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines getufteten Vliesstoffes, getufteter Vliesstoff und dessen Verwendung |
NL1036418C2 (nl) | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-15 | Ten Cate Thiolon Bv | Kunststofvezel alsmede een kunstgrasveld voorzien van een dergelijke vezel. |
NL1036870C2 (nl) * | 2009-04-17 | 2010-10-19 | Ten Cate Itex B V | Inrichting voor het door middel van weven vervaardigen van een vezelmat. |
EP2494109B1 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2013-12-11 | MAR. Project S.r.l. | Mixed turf |
SG193018A1 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2013-09-30 | Tarkett Inc | Fire resistant artificial turf |
MX2016014933A (es) * | 2014-05-14 | 2017-03-31 | Shaw Ind Group Inc | Cesped artificial y dispositivos asociados y metodos para su elaboracion. |
US10760225B2 (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2020-09-01 | Hellas Construction, Inc. | System and method for producing artificial turf filaments |
US10582697B2 (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2020-03-10 | Curio Holding Company | Olfactory mat for domestic animals |
USD818206S1 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2018-05-15 | Clear-Coat Holding Company | Olfactory mat structure for an olfactory mat for domestic animals |
CN113668078A (zh) * | 2021-08-20 | 2021-11-19 | 江苏威腾体育产业股份有限公司 | 一种在线螺旋型人造草丝的生产装置以及生产工艺 |
US20230250594A1 (en) * | 2022-02-04 | 2023-08-10 | Duo HAN | Grass ski carpet, spiral grass assembly, and spiral grass |
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JPS53119318A (en) * | 1977-03-18 | 1978-10-18 | Monsanto Co | Textured yarn |
JPS56101905A (en) * | 1980-01-14 | 1981-08-14 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Spinneret for melt spinning |
JPS57193559A (en) * | 1981-05-23 | 1982-11-27 | Kanebo Gosen Kk | Water absorbable fiber structure and method |
JPS6330404B2 (ja) * | 1978-12-21 | 1988-06-17 | Hekisuto Seraniizu Corp |
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US3332828A (en) * | 1965-12-28 | 1967-07-25 | Monsanto Co | Monofilament ribbon pile product |
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US4605580A (en) * | 1985-08-23 | 1986-08-12 | Cannon Rug Company | Pile fabric formed from fabric strips |
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-
1990
- 1990-06-08 EP EP90908636A patent/EP0432272B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-06-08 DE DE69019120T patent/DE69019120T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-06-08 CA CA 2034003 patent/CA2034003C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-06-08 WO PCT/JP1990/000756 patent/WO1990015193A1/ja active IP Right Grant
-
1993
- 1993-05-13 US US08/067,492 patent/US5462778A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS53119318A (en) * | 1977-03-18 | 1978-10-18 | Monsanto Co | Textured yarn |
JPS6330404B2 (ja) * | 1978-12-21 | 1988-06-17 | Hekisuto Seraniizu Corp | |
JPS56101905A (en) * | 1980-01-14 | 1981-08-14 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Spinneret for melt spinning |
JPS57193559A (en) * | 1981-05-23 | 1982-11-27 | Kanebo Gosen Kk | Water absorbable fiber structure and method |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP0432272A4 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4123091A1 (en) * | 2021-07-19 | 2023-01-25 | Hawthorn Heights Limited | Ground surfacing product |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5462778A (en) | 1995-10-31 |
DE69019120D1 (de) | 1995-06-08 |
CA2034003A1 (en) | 1990-12-10 |
EP0432272A4 (en) | 1992-03-18 |
EP0432272A1 (en) | 1991-06-19 |
CA2034003C (en) | 2000-02-15 |
EP0432272B1 (en) | 1995-05-03 |
DE69019120T2 (de) | 1995-10-26 |
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