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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H5/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium
  • C07H5/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium to nitrogen
  • C07H5/06—Aminosugars
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/36—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D207/40—2,5-Pyrrolidine-diones
  • C07D207/416—2,5-Pyrrolidine-diones with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to other ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H11/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by inorganic acids; Metal salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H11/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by inorganic acids; Metal salts thereof
  • C07H11/04—Phosphates; Phosphites; Polyphosphates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07H13/06—Fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/02—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures
  • C07H15/04—Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures attached to an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/18—Acyclic radicals, substituted by carbocyclic rings

Definitions

• the present invention concerns 2,3-diamino-2,3-didesoxyhexose deriva tives, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions contain ing them and their use as pharmaceuticals especially as immunostimulants.
• R 2 and R 3 are the same or different and each represent unsubstituted or substituted acyl, and a) R 1 represents lower alkyl, aralkyl or the phosphate, pyrophosphate, phosphorylethanolamine or pyrophosphorylethanolamine group, R 4 represents the phosphate, pyrophosphate, phosphorylethanolamine or pyrophosphorylethanolamine group and one of R 1 and R 4 may additionally represent hydrogen and R 5 represents hydrogen or a glycosyl radicaal or b) R 1 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl or aralkyl and R 4 and R 5 represent hydrogen.
• the compounds of formula I may be obtained according to the invention by a), to prepare compounds of formula la,
• R 2 to R 5 are as defined above and R 1 II represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, aralkyl or the phosphate, pyrophosphate, phosphorylethanolamine or pyrophosphoryl- ethanolamine group whereby R I 1 I and R 4 are not simultaneously hydrogen, reacting a compound of formula Ic,
• R 2 and R 3 are as defined for formula I, R 1 III represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, aralkyl or a protecting group and
• R 4 I represents hydrogen or a protecting group whereby R 1 III and R 4 I are not simultaneously protecting groups
• R 5 I represents a protecting group or a glycosyl radical with a corresponding phosphorous compound and if required removing any protecting groups present in the compounds obtained.
• Processes a) and b) can be carried out for example by dissolving the compound of formula II or Ila together with the acylating agent in a solvent inert under the reaction conditions e.g. in a di-(lower)alkylcarboxylic acid amide such as dimethylformamide and allowing them to react at room temperature.
• Process c) can be carried out for example by dissolving a compound of formula Ic in a solvent inert under the reaction conditions e.g.
• a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran reacting same at low temperature e.g. -70° with butyllithium in an aliphatic hydrocarbon e.g. in hexane and then adding phosphorochloridate.
• the free OH groups of the phosphate radical may also be protected e.g. by benzyl and these protecting groups can be removed after reaction e.g. hydrogenolytically.
• protecting groups may also be removed in conventional manner.
• protecting groups as R 1 III or R 4 I are usually removed acidically e.g. with an aqueous acid (ion exchanger). End products can be isolated and purified in conventional manner.
• the compounds of formula II are also new and form part of the invention. They can be prepared e.g. according to the following reaction scheme
• the compounds of formulae IVa and IVb may be directly reduced to compounds of formula II.
• the compounds of formula Ic can be prepared from compounds of formula la or lb wherein R 2 and R 3 are the same or different e.g. according to the following reaction scheme
• R 2 and R 3 are the same or different preferably the same and represent an acyl group such as an alkylcarbonyl group having for example 4 to 20 preferably 12 to 16 and particularly 14 carbon atoms which may be substituted e.g. in the 3-position by OH, acetoxy or an acyloxy whereby acyl is as defined herein.
• the C-3 atom is preferably in R-configuration.
• compounds of formula I wherein the 3-position of the acyl especially alkylcarbonyl side chain is substituted can exist in the form of R- and S -antipodes or as a racemic mixture thereof. The individual antipodes can be obtained e.g.
• acylating agents themselves in isomeric form.
• Compounds of the formula I may also be in the form of the ⁇ - and ⁇ -anomers with respect to the hexose ring or mixtures thereof. The invention covers the individual isomeric forms and mixtures thereof.
• Compounds of formula I wherein at least one of R 1 and R 4 represents a phosphate, pyrophosphate, phosphorylethanolamine or pyrophosphorylethanolamine radical are preferred; particularly preferred are compounds of formula I wherein at least one of R 1 and R 4 is a phosphate radical.
• a preferred individual compound is 2,3-diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di- N-[3(R)-hydroxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-phosphate.
• R 1 and R 4 represents a phosphorus bearing group with free hydroxy
• Free forms may be converted into salt or ester forms in conventional manner.
• the compounds capable of forming salts and esters may also be recovered after the preparation in free form or in salt or ester form. Examples of suitable salts are such as in the examples.
• the compounds of formula I are useful as pharmaceutical agents, in particular as immunostimulants.
• the immunostimulant activity of the subject compounds may be shown in standard tests both in vitro and in vivo demonstrating lymphocyte and/or macrophage proliferation effects.
• positive immunostimulant activity is shown for compounds of the invention e.g. in the following test methods:
• This model permits testing of substance-linked increase in resistance in bacterially infected, neutropenic mice.
• To induce neutropenia 20 female B 6 D 2 F 1 -mice receive subcutaneously, on day zero 1 x 200 mg/kg body weight of cyclophosphamide dissolved in 0.2 ml aqua. dest.
• the test substance dissolved if possible in physiological saline or if not possible dissolved otherwise (0.3 ml), is administered parenterally (primarily i.p.) or also orally at day three. Infection follows on day 4 by i.v. administration of the inoculum in question in a volume of 0.2 ml (cell count/mouse e.g. Pseud.
• the test animals are observed up to 10 days following infection and the deaths/day registered. The following parameters were evaluated in comparison with infection controls and standards. a) average survival period b) survival rate.
• the compounds of formula I showed marked improvements in both parameters compared with untreated infection controls in both experimental Pseudomonas and E.coli infection on parenteral administration.
• This test serves to detect substances which increase the intrinsic microbicidal activity of neutrophils.
• the source of neutrophils is peritoneal exudate of mice pretreated for 4 hours with 5% casein, thioglyco late or 0.1% glycogen.
• Test substances are dissolved as far as possible in Hanks balanced salt solution. Water-insoluble substances are dissolved in a small quantity of dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted to the required volume with Hanks solution.
• the incubation mixture containing test substance, neutrophils and bacteria opsonised in 10% homologous serum is shaken for 2 hours at 37° whereupon the surviving bacteria are determined as cell counts.
• the differences in killing of test cells by leukocytes in the presence or absence of test substances is evaluated using a t-test. Opsonised bacteria in the presence of test substance absent neutrophils serve as further control.
• This test illustrates in vitro the increased capacity for killing bacteria of neutrophils from animals pretreated with test substance.
• mice each are treated either s.c. or i.p. with test substance, 24 hours later the peritoneal neutrophils are washed-out after pretreatment with 5% casein, thioglycolate or 0.1% glycogen.
• the incubation mixtures containing neutrophils from treated (or control) animals as well as bacteria opsonised with 10% homologous serum are shaken for 2 hours at 37° whereupon the surviving bacteria are determined as cell counts.
• the killing of bacteria by leukocytes from control and substance treated animals is compared using a t-test.
• Endotoxin catalyses the activation of a proenzyme in the gelling of limulusamebocytelysate.
• the separation of p-nitroaniline from a colour-forming substrate is measured.
• the degree of separation is determined by photometry whereby the correlation between absorption and endotoxin cone. (or -activity by analogs) is linear in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 ug/ml (comparison with absorption values of a standard endotoxin).
• a series dilution of 1 : 10 is prepared from each sample (dissolved in pyrogenfree aqua bidestillata sterilis)and each series run with a control sample.
• mice Male C 57 bl. mice (6 animals per group) receive simultaneously i.p.8 mg of GalN dissolved in 0.5 ml PBS and 0.1 ⁇ g LPS from salmonella abortus equi (Sigma), dissolved in 0.2 ml physiological saline. This treatment leads to death of all animals within 5-9 hours (C. Galanos, et.al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 76(1979) 5939-5943).
• test substances are administered at various dosages parenterally or orally either simultaneously with the GalN or one or more times prior to or following GalN treatment.
• the evaluation of the result is carried out by comparing the lowest dose which leads to the death of all animals in a group or by calculation of an LD 50 by the Spearman-Karber method.
• LPS Entotoxin
• the daily parenteral administration of LPS to mice can induce a so-called tolerance which protects the animals against the lethal effects of LPS following GalN administration, (cf. test 5).
• Using compounds of formula I for three days at an i.p. dosage of 0.25 mg/day/mouse it was possible to induce a tolerance such that all animals survived a lethal dose of LPS (0.1 ⁇ g/mouse) administered 3 days after final treatment with test substance.
• the compounds of formula I are accordingly useful as immuno-stimulants, e.g. as immunological adjuvants, as systemic immuno-potentiators and as stimulators of non-specific host resistance. Compounds of the invention are thus suitable for e.g.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment or supportive treatment of morbid conditions arising from idiopathic immune deficiencies or as occurring in geriatric patients and patients with severe burns or general infections.
• the compounds of the invention are also indicated for the treatment or supportive treatment of viral illnesses (such as disseminated herpes, progressive vaccinia and disseminated varicella) as well as of Hodgkins Disease and other malignant tumors.
• the compounds of formula I are suitable for the prophylaxis of endotoxin shock e.g. as caused by accidents, burns and surgical operations.
• the dosage will, of course, vary depending upon the compound employed, the mode of administration and therapy desired. However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained when administered at a dosage of from about 10 ⁇ g/kg to 10 mg/kg once for adjuvant effect, e.g. in supportive treatment, or daily.
• daily administration the compound is conveniently given in divided doses 2 to 4 times a day or in sustained release form.
• the total single or daily dosage is in the range of from about 0.1 mg to about 70 mg and dosage forms suitable for oral administration comprise from about 0.025 mg to about 35 mg or, in the case of single dosages, up to 70 mg of active ingredient admixed with a solid or liquid pharmaceutical carrier.
• compounds of the invention are also useful as adjuvants for vaccines.
• satis-factory results are obtained at a dose of from about 0.01 mg to about 1.0 mg/kg on the day of vaccination, with an optional follow-up application at the same dosage 2 to 4 weeks later.
• a suitable dosage form for oral administration as a vaccine adjuvant comprises from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg or, preferably, about 70 mg active ingredient.
• a suitable daily dosage for any particular compound of the invention will depend, inter al., on its relative potency of activity.
• a suitable dose for the preferred compound in accordance with the invention namely 2,3-diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di-N-[3(R)-hydroxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-phosphate would be 12,5 mg/kg.
• R 1 and/or R 4 represent a phosphorus containing group with free hydroxy may be used in free form orin the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters, which exhibit the same order of activity as the free forms.
• the compounds may be administered enterally e.g. orally or parenterally e.g. as injectables.
• compositions comprising the compounds of the invention may be prepared in accordance with standard galenical techniques, e.g. by admixture-with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers or other excipients. Such formulations are conveniently compounded, e.g. in tablet or capsule form or in forms suitable for injection.
• the present invention also provides a compound of the invention as hereinbefore defined for use as a pharmaceutical, in particular for use as an immunostimulant, especially for use in treatment or supportive treatment, e.g. of conditions associated with impared immune response as hereinbefore set forth or as a prophylactic against endotoxin shock.
• the invention also provides a method of stimulating the immune response of a subject in need of such treatment which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the invention as hereinbefore defined.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention as hereinbefore defined, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefor.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefor.
• the ion-exchanger is then filtered off and the product converted into the corresponding salt form e.g. into the Na-salt with Amberlite AG 50W-X8, Na + , into the triethylamine salt with 0.01 N aq. triethylamine solution or into the tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane salt with a 0.01 N solution of tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane.
• EXAMPLE 2 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di-N-[3(R)-hydroxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-phosphate
• Process c a) 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di-N-[3(R)-benzyloxytetradecanoyl]-4,6-0- isopropylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-dibenzylphosphate
• aqueous suspension is lyophilised; a minor protion without neutralisation and the main portion following neutralisation with triethylamine.
• the acidic lyophilisate is dissolved in chloroform/methanol (1/1) and treated with etheric diazomethane solution. After concentration by evaporation the dimethylester of the title compound is obtained.
• EXAMPLE 6 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-3-N-[3(R)-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-2-N- [3(R)-tetradecanoy1oxytetradecanoy1]- ⁇ -D-g1ucopyranosyl-phospha (Process c) a) 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-3-N-[3(R)-benzyloxytetradecanoyl]-2-N-[3(R)-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl]-4,6-0-isopropylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-dibenzylphosphate.
• EXAMPLE 12 Methyl 2,3-diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di-N-[3(R,S)-tetradecanoyl oxytetradecanoyl]- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside (Process a):
• EXAMPLE 13 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-2,3-di-N-[3(R)-hydroxytetradecanoyl]- 4-0-phosphoryl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-phosphate
• Process c a) 2,3-Diamino-2,3-didesoxy-4-0-dibenzylphosphoryl-2,3-di-N-[3(R)-benzyloxytetradecanoyl]-6-0-trityl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl-dibenzyIphosphate
• the required starting materials may be prepared as follows.
• the catalyst is then filtered off, the solution concentrated by evaporation and the residue taken up in water and lyophilised.
• the lyophilisate is dissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, 1.5gof triethylamine and 2.34 g of di-tert.butyldicarbonate added and the mixture stirred for 5 hours at room temperature.

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