USRE43749E1 - MRI system and MR imaging method - Google Patents

MRI system and MR imaging method Download PDF

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USRE43749E1
USRE43749E1 US11/542,604 US54260406A USRE43749E US RE43749 E1 USRE43749 E1 US RE43749E1 US 54260406 A US54260406 A US 54260406A US RE43749 E USRE43749 E US RE43749E
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image
scan
pulse
phase
echo
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Mitsue Miyazaki
Satoshi Sugiura
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Canon Medical Systems Corp
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Toshiba Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the cardiovascular system, e.g. pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow
    • A61B5/026—Measuring blood flow
    • A61B5/0263—Measuring blood flow using NMR
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
    • A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7203—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes for noise prevention, reduction or removal
    • A61B5/7207—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes for noise prevention, reduction or removal of noise induced by motion artifacts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
    • A61B5/7253—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms
    • A61B5/7257—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms using Fourier transforms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
    • A61B5/7285—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis for synchronizing or triggering a physiological measurement or image acquisition with a physiological event or waveform, e.g. an ECG signal
    • A61B5/7289—Retrospective gating, i.e. associating measured signals or images with a physiological event after the actual measurement or image acquisition, e.g. by simultaneously recording an additional physiological signal during the measurement or image acquisition
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/54—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/541—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis involving acquisition triggered by a physiological signal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for internally imaging an object to be examined on the basis of a magnetic resonance phenomenon of nuclear spins of the object, particularly, to an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) system and an MR (magnetic resonance) method capable of acquiring artery/vein visually separated images of the object without using a contrast medium.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • MR magnetic resonance
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is based on an imaging technique for magnetically exciting nuclear spins of an object located in a static magnetic field by applying a radio-frequency (RF) signal of a Larmor frequency and reconstructing an image from MR signals induced by the excitation.
  • RF radio-frequency
  • MR angiography For clinically obtaining blood flow images of the pulmonary field or abdomen of a patient by magnetic resonance imaging, MR angiography has been put in practical use, in which a contrast medium is injected into the object to highlight blood flows.
  • this contrast MR angiography needs an invasive treatment to inject the contrast medium.
  • mental and physical burdens on patients become large.
  • examination cost of the contrast MR angiography is still expensive.
  • imaging techniques such as time-of-flight (TOF) and phase contrast (PC) techniques are used alternatively.
  • TOF time-of-flight
  • PC phase contrast
  • the time-of-flight method and phase contrast techniques utilize an effect of flows such as blood flows.
  • the effect of flows is attributed to either of two natures possessed by spins in motion. One is that spins simply move their positions due to flows, while the other results from phase shifts of transverse magnetization caused when spins move in a gradient field.
  • the nature of the position movement is used for the TOF technique and the nature of the phase shifts is used for the phase contrast technique.
  • the TOF technique or phase contrast technique is used for obtaining MR images of a patient's pulmonary field or abdomen which depict flows of large vessels, such as the aorta, in their superior-inferior directions, it is required to scan slices located vertically to the flowing direction. That is, axial images should be acquired with a slice direction of those axial images set to the superior-inferior direction.
  • two-dimensional slice imaging is performed to acquire such axial images, it is impossible to obtain an image in which blood flows are directly reflected. Three-dimensional image data spatially containing blood flows are therefore needed, but the number of slices increases which will cause an entire imaging time to be longer.
  • a novel MR imaging technique known as an FBI (Fresh Blood Imaging) technique, has been proposed to overcome the foregoing inconveniences.
  • FBI Frsh Blood Imaging
  • MR imaging on the FBI technique an optimum time delayed from an R-wave of an ECG signal is predetermined, and ECG-synchronized MR scanning is performed at the delay time, thus well tracing a fresh and stable high-velocity blood flow ejected from the heart every appearance of the R-wave.
  • three-dimensional scanning is additionally performed under the condition that signal intensities from parenchyma are actively suppressed by employing imaging conditions that include setting of a shorter repetition time TR (this causes the longitudinal relaxation time of parenchyma at rest to be insufficient) and applying an IR (Inversion Recovery) pulse or fat-suppression pulse (i.e., suppressing signals to be emanated from fat), thereby the blood flow being depicted.
  • imaging conditions that include setting of a shorter repetition time TR (this causes the longitudinal relaxation time of parenchyma at rest to be insufficient) and applying an IR (Inversion Recovery) pulse or fat-suppression pulse (i.e., suppressing signals to be emanated from fat), thereby the blood flow being depicted.
  • a three-dimensional scan should be performed two times at different ECG-synchronized timings, and two sets of three-dimensional echo data acquired by the two-time three-dimensional scans or two sets of three-dimensional image data individually formed from the two sets of three-dimensional echo data should undergo weighted subtraction between the two sets of data.
  • the foregoing TOF and phase contrast techniques are based on the effect of flows of fluid such as blood.
  • fluid such as blood.
  • either of the TOF or phase contrast method depicts only blood flows whose flowing speed is 2 to 3 cm/s or more. Blood flowing slower than this speed is scarcely detected.
  • peripheral veins, lymphatic vessels, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), pancreatic duct, and others of a patient (human being) are slower in flow speed, and their flow speeds are approximately 1 cm/s or lower in general. Additionally, there may occur influence of positional shifts due to heartbeats, it was almost impossible to detect such slower-speed fluid flows by the conventional techniques.
  • a first object of the present invention is to, therefore, provide an MR imaging technique for producing high-quality blood flow images in a shorter scan time, without using a contrast medium.
  • a second object of the present invention is to provide an MR imaging technique, in addition to the above first object, which is capable of obtaining different types of blood flow images from echo data acquired by the same scanning, thus enriching pieces of information to be provided about blood flows.
  • a third object of the present invention is to depict such slower-speed flows as peripheral blood flows in a steady manner, with no contrast medium injected.
  • a fourth object of the present invention is to depict such slower-speed flows as peripheral blood flows in a shorter period of time in a steady and high-quality manner, with no contrast medium injected.
  • an MRI system and an MR imaging method In order to accomplish the above first and second objects, by an MRI system and an MR imaging method according to one aspect of the present invention, a plurality of different cardiac time phases of an object are set, an MR imaging scan is performed to start at the thus-set plural different time phases so that a plurality of sets of echo data are acquired successively, and a blood flow image is produced from the plurality of sets of echo data.
  • the plural different time phases are two time phases falling into the systole and diastole of one cardiac cycle of the object.
  • a first scan which starts at the time phase present in the systole and a second scan which starts at the time phase present in the diastole are performed by separated pulse sequences toward the same slice of the object or the same slice encoding for the object.
  • echo data or image data thereof resultant from the first scan and echo data or image data thereof resultant from the second scan are subject to mutual subtraction, thereby producing echo data or image data thereof repenting an arterial phase image.
  • the subtraction is weighted subtraction.
  • one example of setting time phases is directed to detection of a signal indicative of the cardiac time phases of the object.
  • a preparing MR sequence is performed on a region to be imaged at each of different times from cyclically-appearing heartbeat reference waves of the detected signal, a plurality of times in total, so that a plurality of frames of MR images are obtained.
  • two cardiac time phases i.e., two timings in a cardiac cycle are determined.
  • the signal indicative of the cardiac time phase is an ECG signal of the object and the heartbeat reference wave is R-waves of the ECG signal.
  • blood flow images such as an arterial phase image and a venous phase image, which are different in types, can be produced in a simple manner. It is therefore possible to enrich blood flow information that can be provided through one time of imaging.
  • another aspect of the present invention provides an MRI system and an MR imaging method, in which a scan is performed for an object placed in a static magnetic field, using a pulse sequence including a readout gradient pulse.
  • a cardiac time phase of the object is set, and the readout gradient pulse is applied to the object in a manner that its applied direction is substantially parallel to a flowing direction of blood in the object.
  • the scan is performed in synchronism with the cardiac time phase that has been set, with echo signals acquired.
  • An image of either a blood flow or a parenchymal region influenced by the blood flow is produced from the echo signals.
  • the readout gradient pulse has a main pulse to read out an echo signal and a control pulse, which is added to the main pulse, to control behaviors of phase of magnetic spins present in blood.
  • the control pulse is a pulse to dephase or rephase magnetic spins.
  • the cardiac time phase to be set is two in total, one for a systole and one for a diastole. At each of the two cardiac time phases, the scan is performed, so that data consisting of two sets of echo signals are acquired.
  • FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram exemplifying the configuration of an MRI system according to embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 explains a time-sequential relationship between an ECG-prep scan and an imaging scan in a first embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is an outlined flowchart exemplifying procedures of the ECG-prep scan performed by a host computer
  • FIG. 4 is a timing chart exemplifying a time-sequential relationship between an ECG signal and the ECG-prep scan
  • FIG. 5 shows pictorial MRA images obtained by the ECG-prep scan whose delay time is dynamically changed
  • FIG. 6 is an outlined flowchart exemplifying how the imaging scan executed by a host computer is controlled in the first embodiment
  • FIG. 7 is an outlined flowchart exemplifying how the imaging scan executed by a sequencer is controlled in the first embodiment
  • FIG. 8 is a timing chart showing timing of the imaging scan based on an electrocardiogram-synchronized technique in the first embodiment
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration pictorially showing data acquisition at two time phases in performing the imaging scan and k-spaces into which acquired data are mapped;
  • FIG. 10 explains a positional relationship between a three-dimensional volume to be scanned and blood vessels to be imaged
  • FIG. 11 is an outlined flowchart explaining calculation processing of echo data, which is performed by a calculation unit in the first embodiment
  • FIG. 12 is a pictorial illustration explaining the outline of subtraction for producing an arterial phase image
  • FIG. 13 is a pictorial illustration explaining the outline of subtraction for producing a venous phase image
  • FIG. 14 exemplifies simultaneous display of both arterial and venous phase Images
  • FIG. 15 explains a time-sequential relationship between an ECG-prep scan and two times of an imaging scan in a second embodiment
  • FIG. 16 is an outlined flowchart exemplifying imaging scans performed first and second in the second embodiment
  • FIG. 17 is an outlined flowchart exemplifying imaging scans performed first and second in the second embodiment
  • FIGS. 18A to 18C are timing charts showing timing of the imaging scan based on an electrocardiogram-synchronized technique in the second embodiment
  • FIGS. 19A to 19C are illustrations showing dephasing pulses and rephasing pulses added to a readout gradient
  • FIG. 20 explains a positional relationship between a three-dimensional volume to be scanned and blood vessels to be imaged in the second embodiment
  • FIG. 21 is an outlined flowchart explaining echo data calculation and display processing in the second embodiment
  • FIG. 22 exemplifies a state simultaneously displaying both of an arterial phase image and a venous phase image in the second embodiment
  • FIGS. 23A and 23B are pulse sequences for two times of imaging scans performed as a modification of the second embodiment
  • FIG. 24 is an outlined flowchart showing an imaging scan adopted by a third embodiment
  • FIG. 25 is an outlined flowchart showing an imaging scan adopted by the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 26 is a timing chart exemplifying timing of the imaging scan carried out based on an electrocardiograph-synchronized technique in the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 shows an outlined hardware configuration of an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) system used in common in each of the following embodiments.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • the MRI system comprises a patient couch on which a patient P lies down, static magnetic field generating components for generating a static magnetic field, magnetic field gradient generating components for appending positional information to a static magnetic field, transmitting/receiving components for transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals, control and operation components responsible for controlling the whole system and reconstructing images, and electrocardiogram components for acquiring an ECG signal of a patient, the ECG signal being employed as a signal indicative of cardiac time phases of the patient.
  • the static magnetic field generating components include a magnet 1 that is of, for example, a superconducting type and a static power supply 2 for supplying current to the magnet 1 , and generates a static magnetic field H 0 in an axial direction (Z-axis direction) in a cylindrical bore (diagnostic space) into which a patient P is inserted.
  • the magnet unit includes shim coils 14 .
  • Current used to homogenize the static magnetic field is supplied from a shim coil power supply 15 to the shim coils 14 under the control of a host computer to be described later.
  • the couch top of the patient couch on which the patient P lies down can be inserted into the bore of the magnet 1 so that the couch top can be withdrawn.
  • the magnetic field gradient generating components includes a gradient coil unit 3 incorporated in the magnet 1 .
  • the gradient coil unit 3 includes three pairs (kinds) of x-, y- and z-coils 3 x to 3 z used to generate magnetic field gradients changing in strength in X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions that are mutually orthogonal.
  • the magnetic field gradient generating components further includes a gradient power supply 4 for supplying currents to the x-, y-, and z-coils 3 x to 3 z.
  • the gradient power supply 4 supplies pulsated currents used to generate magnetic field gradients to the x-, y-, and z-coils 3 x to 3 z under the control of a sequencer that will be described later.
  • the pulsated currents supplied from the gradient power supply 4 to the x-, y-, and z-coils 3 x to 3 z are controlled, whereby magnetic field gradients changing in the three X-, Y-, and Z-directions (physical axis directions) are synthesized.
  • a magnetic field gradient O s in a slice direction, a magnetic field gradient G E in a phase-encode direction, and a magnetic field gradient G R in a read-out direction (frequency-encoding direction), which are mutually orthogonal and logic axis directions, can be specified and changed arbitrarily.
  • the gradients generated in the slice, phase-encode, and read-out directions are superposed on the static magnetic field H 0 .
  • the transmitting/receiving components includes an RF coil 7 located in the vicinity of a patient P in the diagnostic space inside the magnet 1 , and a transmitter 8 T and a receiver 8 R both connected to the coil 7 .
  • the transmitter 8 T and receiver 8 R operate under the control of a sequencer 5 described later.
  • the transmitter 8 T supplies to the RF coil 7 RF current pulses of a Larmor frequency, which are used to induce the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
  • the receiver 8 R takes in MR signals (radio-frequency signals) received by the RF coil 7 , carries out various kinds of signal processing, such as pre-amplification, intermediate-frequency conversion, phase detection, low-frequency amplification, and filtering, on the echo signals, and carries out an A/D conversion on the processed echo signals so that digital data (original data) of the MR signals are produced.
  • signal processing such as pre-amplification, intermediate-frequency conversion, phase detection, low-frequency amplification, and filtering
  • control and operation components include a sequencer 5 (also referred to as a sequence controller), host computer 6 , calculation unit 10 , storage unit 11 , display unit 12 , input device 13 , and voice generator 16 .
  • the host computer 6 provides the sequencer 5 with pulse sequence information and manages the operation of the entire system according to not-shown installed software procedures
  • One feature of the MRI system is that it is able to perform an MR scan based on an electrocardiogram-synchronized technique depending on previously selected one or two synchronization timings (cardiac time phases).
  • the synchronization timings are two in number, one is set to an optimum time phase residing in a diastole and the other is set to an optimum time phase residing in a systole, respectively.
  • the host computer 6 performs, as shown in FIG. 2 , a preparing scan (hereinafter referred to as an ECG-prep scan) and a scan for imaging (hereinafter referred to as an imaging scan).
  • a preparing scan a preparing pulse sequence is executed to decide synchronization timing of one or more time phases.
  • the imaging scan is executed on the basis of an electrocardiogram-synchronized technique that uses the decided synchronization timing.
  • the imaging scan includes scans executed at two time phases, which are repeated on a single repetition time TR. That is, for two-dimensional imaging, echo data for two frames of images are acquired at the two time phases during repetition on the repetition time TR, and for three-dimensional imaging, echo data of two frames are acquired at two time phases during repetition for each slice-encode amount.
  • FIG. 3 One execution routine of the ECG-prep scan is exemplified in FIG. 3 and that of the imaging scan based on the electrocardiogram-synchronized technique is exemplified in FIGS. 6 and 7 , respectively.
  • Optimum electrocardiogram synchronization timings are decided through the ECG-prep scan, before a scan for echo data acquisition is executed at the electrocardiogram synchronization timings. This permits blood flow to be traced in a steady manner and fresh blood outputted by the heart to be scanned at any time.
  • the sequencer 5 which has a CPU and memories, stores pulse-sequence information sent from the host computer 6 , controls the operations of the gradient power supply 4 , transmitter 8 T, and receiver 8 R according to the stored information, and temporarily receives digital data corresponding to MR signals outputted from the receiver 8 R so as to transmit them to the calculation unit 10 .
  • the pulse-sequence information includes all information required for operating the gradient power supply 4 , transmitter 8 T, and receiver 8 R according to a series of pulse sequences. For example, such information includes information about the strength, duration, and application timing of pulsed currents to be applied to the x-, y-, and z-coil 3 x to 3 z.
  • a two-dimensional (2D) scan or three-dimensional (3D) scan can be used, as long as a Fourier transform method is adopted.
  • the three-dimensional scan has a greater advantage in shortening a scan time.
  • pulse trains to those scans various types of pulse trains based on a fast SE method, EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) method, FASE (Fast Asymmetric SE) method (that is, an imaging technique in which both of the fast SE and half-Fourier methods are combined), and others are available.
  • the calculation unit 10 receives digital data (also known as original data or raw data) sent from the receiver 8 R via the sequencer 5 , maps the original data in a Fourier space (also known as a k-space or frequency space) formed in its incorporated memory, and reconstructs the mapped original data into an image in the real space through a two-dimensional or three-dimensional Fourier transform for each set of data. Moreover, the calculation unit performs synthesis and subtraction (weighted subtraction is included) with data of images, according to its necessity.
  • the synthesis includes pixel-by-pixel addition of image data of a plurality of frames and maximum intensity projection (MIP) processing of a plurality of frames of images.
  • MIP maximum intensity projection
  • Another example of the synthesis is a method by which original data of a plurality of frames are synthesized into a single frame of original data, as they are, with the axes of the frames matched in the Fourier space. Additionally, the addition includes simple addition, averaging, or weighted addition.
  • the storage unit 11 is able to preserve image data produced by the synthesis or subtraction as well as the reconstructed image data.
  • the display unit 12 displays an image.
  • an operator is able to provide with the host computer 6 parameter information for selecting desired synchronization timing, scan conditions, a pulse sequence, and information about processing image synthesis and subtraction.
  • the voice generator 16 is capable of uttering voice messages informing a patient of the start and end of breath hold in response to instructions sent from the host computer 6 .
  • the electrocardiogram components comprise an ECG sensor 17 attached to a patient body to detect an electric ECG signal and an ECG unit 18 performing various types of processing including digitization with the detected ECG signal and sending it to both the host computer 6 and the sequencer 5 .
  • the sequencer 5 uses this measured ECG signal when performing each of the ECG-prep scan and the ECG-synchronized imaging scan. This enables optimum setting of synchronization timing based on the ECG-synchronized method, and data acquisition can be done by the ECG-synchronized imaging scan on the basis of the set synchronization timing.
  • the host computer 6 which is in operation for a given main program not shown, responds to a command from the input device 13 and commences to execute an ECG-prep scan shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the host computer 6 reads from the input device 13 scan conditions and information about parameters both required to perform the ECG-prep scan (step S 1 in the figure).
  • the scan conditions include the type of a scan, the type of a pulse sequence, and a phase-encode direction.
  • the parameter information includes an initial time T 0 (herein, defined as an elapsing time from an R-wave peak in the ECG signal) to determine an ECG-synchronized timing (time phase), a time increment ⁇ t, and an upper limit of a numbering counter CNT. An operator can properly set these parameters.
  • the initial time T 0 , time increment ⁇ t, and the upper limit of the numbering counter CNT are set to amounts so that, for example, a range from a diastole to a systole in a period of “1 R-R” is almost thoroughly covered in time.
  • the host computer 6 sequentially executes processes shown after step 4 . This execution permits the scan with the ECG-synchronized timing changed.
  • An ECG signal that has experienced the signal processing in the ECO unit 18 is then read, and it is determined whether or not the R-wave peak value has appeared in the signal (step S 5 ). This determination will be repeated until the R-wave appears.
  • the delay time T DL calculated at step S 4 has elapsed since the appearance of the R-wave peak time (step S 6 ). This determination will also be repeated until the delay time T DL elapses.
  • the sequencer 5 is ordered to start a pulse sequence of each time (step S 7 , refer to FIG. 4 ). It is preferred that this pulse sequence is identical in type to the imaging pulse sequence later described. For example, an available pulse sequence is based on the 2D-FASE (Fast Asymmetric SE) technique combining the fast SE method and the half-Fourier method. Of course, a variety of other pulse sequences, such as a fast SE method and an EPI method, are usable for this pulse sequence.
  • the sequencer 5 commences performing an operator-specified type of pulse sequence, resulting in that a region of a desired portion in the object is scanned.
  • the ECG-prep scan may be either a two-dimensional scan or a three-dimensional scan whose scan region is made to agree with that for the imaging scan.
  • the imaging scan is performed as a three-dimensional scan
  • the ECG-prep scan is performed as a two-dimensional scan with consideration of a shortened scan time. In light of an object of the ECG-prep scan, the two-dimensional scan is still enough for the ECG-prep scan.
  • the count of the counter CNT increases by one and the increment parameter T inc for adjusting the synchronization timing increases in proportion to the count.
  • a standby state continues until a period of predetermined time (for example, approx. 500 to 1000 msec) necessary for the execution of the pulse sequence of each time passes (step S 10 ). Then, whether the count of the numbering counter CNT reaches the preset upper limit or not is determined (step S 11 ). In cases where, for example, five two-dimensional images are produced with the delay time T DL changed into various amounts for the purpose of optimizing the synchronization timing, the count in the counter CNT is set to “5.” If the count has not yet reached the upper limit (No at step S 11 ), the processing is returned to step S 5 to repeat the above processing.
  • a period of predetermined time for example, approx. 500 to 1000 msec
  • step S 11 the count of the counter CNT equals the upper limit (Yes at step S 11 ), a command to release the breath hold is sent to the voice generator 16 (step S 12 ), and the processing returns to the main program.
  • a voice message to release the patient from the breath hold is such that “you may breathe.”
  • Executing the above processes sequentially leads to the execution of the preparing pulse sequence of which timing is exemplified in FIG. 4 .
  • the delay time T DL to determine the synchronization timing is adjusted to 300 msec for the first scanning, 400 msec for the second scanning, 500 msec for the third scanning, and so on.
  • the foregoing waiting process at step S 10 in FIG. 3 makes the sequence continue regardless of the R-wave that appeared in the course of execution. Namely, once the sequence starts in synchronization with a certain heartbeat, the execution can continue over the succeeding one or more heartbeats to acquire necessary echo signals.
  • steps S 5 to S 11 will be executed again.
  • the second scan IMG prep2 is launched and continued for the given period, echo signals being acquired as well.
  • the third scan IMG prep3 starts and continues for the given period, echo signals being also acquired.
  • the fourth scan IMG prep3 starts and continues for the given period to acquire echo signals as well.
  • Such scan is repeated by the number of desired times, for example, a total of five times, to acquire five frames of echo data from the same cross section.
  • the echo data are sent to the calculation unit 10 via the receiver 8 R and then the sequencer 5 in turn.
  • the calculation unit 10 reconstructs image data mapped in the k-space (frequency space) into image data in the real space by means of a two-dimensional Fourier transform.
  • the reconstructed image data are stored in the storage unit 11 as blood flow image data.
  • the host computer 6 responds to, for example, operation signals from the input device 13 so that images of blood flow are sequentially displayed in a dynamic (CINE) mode.
  • CINE dynamic
  • FIG. 5 For example, two-dimensional abdominal coronal images of which imaged time phases are mutually different are displayed.
  • an artery AR and a vein VE are located so that they almost flow in the superior-inferior direction of a body.
  • An operator observes these images to select one image in which an artery AR and a vein VE are both depicted in the highest intensities and another image in which a vein is depicted alone in the highest intensity.
  • the operator decides delay times T DL (for example, two delay times T DL1 and T DL2 ) serving as optimum synchronization timings for the systole and diastole by visual observation. And the operator carries out a command, for example, by hand, for reflecting the decided delay times T DL into an imaging scan which will follow.
  • delay times T DL for example, two delay times T DL1 and T DL2
  • a further configuration can also be realized by using software.
  • the configuration is that when images that have been determined through visual observation are specified, delay times T DL assigned to the specified images are automatically memorized as optimum synchronization timings, and the timings are automatically read out in performing the imaging scan. This makes it possible to specify ECG-synchronized timings in an automatic fashion.
  • the phase-encode direction is positively made to agree with the running direction (i.e., body-axis direction) of a blood flow such as the aorta.
  • the running direction i.e., body-axis direction
  • this setting of the phase-encode direction leads to clear images in which information about blood flow directions (directional performance) is avoided from being dropped, providing its superior depiction capability.
  • the host computer 6 executes the processes shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 in response to operational information from the input device 13 , as part of the execution of a not-shown given main program.
  • the host computer 6 reads from, for example, the input device 13 the two optimum delay times T DL determined by the operator through the foregoing ECG-prep scan (step S 20 ).
  • the delay times T DL are an optimum delay time T DL1 given to a systole and an optimum delay time T DL2 (>T DL1 ) given to a diastole.
  • Information in relation to the optimum delay times T DL1 and T DL2 may be stored in advance in the storage unit 11 .
  • the host computer 6 inputs information about scan conditions, image processing techniques, and others, which are specified by the operator using the input device 13 , processes the information including the delay times T DL1 and T DL2 into control data, and outputs the control data to both sequencer 5 and operation unit 10 according to their necessity (step S 21 ).
  • the scan conditions include a phase-encode direction, an image size, the number of scans, a waiting time between scans, and a pulse sequence depending on a region to be scanned.
  • the image processing techniques include a subtraction method and its weighting factors, an addition method (simple, averaging, or weighted addition method), and/or a maximum intensity projection (MIP) method.
  • a command indicating the start of a breath hold is output to the voice generator 14 (step S 23 ).
  • a patient is to hold breathing (refer to FIG. 8 ).
  • the host computer 6 instructs the sequencer 5 to start the imaging scan (step S 24 ).
  • the sequencer 5 When having received instructions to start the imaging scan (step S 24 - 1 in FIG. 7 ), the sequencer 5 begins reading the ECG signal (step S 24 - 2 ) to determine the appearance of the specified n-th R-wave (reference wave) peak of the ECG signal by using an ECG trigger signal made synchronous with the peak (step S 24 - 3 ). The reason why the appearance of the R-wave is waited n-times (for example, two times) is to find a timing at which the patient has already in breath hold.
  • processing to wait for the delay time T DL1 determined for a specified time phase in the systole is executed first (step S 24 - 4 ).
  • the delay time T DL1 is, as explained before, optimized through the ECG-prep scan such that echo signal intensities become the highest in imaging objective venous flows in a systole, providing a superior depiction capability of the entity.
  • the sequencer 5 begins to perform the imaging scan for a systole at a time when this optimum delay time T DL1 has passed, the time being regarded as an optimum ECG-synchronized timing (step S 24 - 5 ).
  • the transmitter 8 T and the gradient power supply 4 are driven based on the pulse sequence information memorized beforehand.
  • a scan (the first scan) SN sys1 is performed based on the first slice-encode amount SE 1 defined by, for example, a three-dimensional FASE pulse sequence according to the ECG-synchronized technique, as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • phase-encode direction PE is made to nearly agree with a specified direction, that is, the flowing direction of blood (artery AR and vein VE), as shown in FIG. 10 , for example. Additionally it is preferred that the echo train spacing in the pulse sequence is shortened to 5 msec or thereabouts.
  • the number of echoes is decreased as seen in FIG. 8 , so that generation of echoes is completed in a small period of time remaining one heartbeat.
  • the number of echoes is determined to be able to acquire echo data to be mapped in only a central region (lower-frequency region) Rc in the phase-encode direction ke of the k-space for each slice-encode amount, as pictorially shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the next scan (the second scan) SN dian for the diastole can therefore be launched, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 , in the same heartbeat as the scan SN sysn for the systole.
  • Echo data that are short in a k-space for the systole (the first k-space) K sys are obtained by both of data duplication from a later-described k-space for the diastole (the second k-space) K dia and calculation based on the half-Fourier method (refer to FIG. 9 ).
  • echo signals are acquired during a short scan time of about several hundreds msec from a three-dimensional imaging region R ima set to, for example, the hypogastrium as shown in the FIG. 10 .
  • the sequencer 5 then proceeds to scan control for the diastole. Specifically, processing to wait for the delay time T DL2 that is determined for a specific time phase in the diastole is performed (step S 24 - 6 ). As described before, the ECG-prep scan permits the delay time T DL2 to be optimized to an amount that produces echo signals into the highest intensity in imaging targeted arterial and venous flows in a diastole, providing a superior depiction capability of the entities.
  • the sequencer 5 begins to perform the imaging scan for the diastole at a time when this optimum delay time T DL2 has passed, the time being regarded as an optimum ECG-synchronized timing (step S 24 - 7 ).
  • the transmitter 8 T and the gradient power supply 4 are driven based on the pulse sequence information memorized beforehand.
  • a scan SN sys2 is performed based on the first slice-encode amount SE 1 defined by, for example, a three-dimensional FASE pulse sequence according to the ECG-synchronized technique, as shown in FIG. 8 . Echo train spacing in this pulse sequence is set to approximately 5 msec.
  • the pulse sequence used for the scan SN dian for the diastole is determined, as shown in FIG. 8 , to produce more echoes than those for the systole, but produce fewer echoes in number than those fulfilling up the entire k-space by the number of echoes reduced by using the half-Fourier method.
  • the number of echoes is determined to acquire, every slice-encode amount, echo data that are mapped in a limited region consisting of a central region (lower-frequency region) Rc and one region Re of its outside end regions (higher-frequency regions) in the phase-encode direction ke of the k-space.
  • echo data that will be short in a k-space K dia for the diastole are computed according to the half-Fourier method.
  • the scan SN dia1 in this diastole is normally performed over the next heartbeat, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 .
  • echo signals are acquired during a scan time of about 600 msec from the three-dimensional imaging region R ima set to the hypogastrium as shown in the FIG. 10 .
  • the sequencer 5 determines if the final imaging scan has been completed or not (step S 24 - 8 ). In the case of NO at this determination (the final scan has not been completed yet), with monitoring the ECG signal, waiting is done until a shortly set period of time (for example, 2 heartbeats (2R-R) from the R-wave used in the imaging scan) passes. This results in that the recovery of longitudinal magnetization of spins in the stationary parenchyma is actively suppressed (step S 24 - 9 ).
  • a shortly set period of time for example, 2 heartbeats (2R-R) from the R-wave used in the imaging scan
  • the sequencer 5 After waiting for a period of time corresponding to, for example, 2R-R, when the third R-wave appears (YES at step S 2497 ), the sequencer 5 returns its processing to the foregoing step S 24 - 4 .
  • a second scan SN sys2 for the systole is commenced in the same way as the above under the next slice-encode amount SE 2 . Echo signals are therefore acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region R ima (steps S 24 - 4 and S 24 - 5 ).
  • a second scan SN dia2 for the diastole is commenced in the same way as the above under the next slice-encode amount SE 2 . Echo signals are therefore acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region R ima (steps S 24 - 6 , 7 ).
  • step S 24 - 8 On having completed the final scan SN sysn and SN dian under the slice-encode amount SEn, the determination at step S 24 - 8 becomes YES, thus a notification stating the completion of the imaging scan is sent from the sequencer 5 to the host computer 6 (step S 24 - 10 ). Accordingly the processing is returned to the host computer 6 .
  • the host computer When receiving the notification stating the completion of the imaging scan from the sequencer 5 ( FIG. 6 , step S 25 ), the host computer outputs a command to release the breath hold to the voice generator 16 (step S 26 ).
  • the voice generator 16 responsively utters a voice message saying, for example, “You may breathe.” toward the patient to terminate the period of breath hold (Refer to FIG. 8 ).
  • Echo signals emanated from the patient P are received scan by scan by the RF coil 7 , then sent to the receiver 8 R
  • the receiver 8 R processes the echo signals with various kinds of preprocessing to convert them into digital quantities.
  • the digital echo data are sent via to the sequencer 5 to the calculation unit 10 , where they are mapped in each of two three-dimensional k-spaces K sys and K dia formed by memories, correspondingly to the phase-encode amounts and slice-encode amounts.
  • the host computer 6 instructs the calculation unit 10 to execute the processing shown in FIG. 11 .
  • step S 31 in response to the instructions from the host computer 6 , the calculation unit 10 will complete so mapping of all data in both systole-use k-space K sys and diastole-use k-space K dia (steps S 31 and S 32 ).
  • step S 31 as illustrated in FIG. 9 , echo data belonging to one of two high-frequency regions in the phase-encode direction of the diastole-use k-space K dia (in FIG. 9 , echo data belonging to the phase encoding numbers h to n) are duplicated to their corresponding positions in the systole-use k-space K sys .
  • both systole-use k-space K sys and diastole-use k-space K dia undergo the half-Fourier technique on the basis of the complex-conjugate relationship, respectively, thereby computing echo data that will be mapped in a remaining region of each k-space in which echo data had not been acquired so far.
  • both k-spaces K sys and K dia are entirely filled with data.
  • the calculations unit 10 then reconstructs images by performing a three-dimensional Fourier transform in relation to the k-space K sys for systole and k-space K dia for diastole, respectively (steps S 33 and S 34 ). Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 12(a) and (b), there are provided three-dimensional data of both of an image (systolic image) IM sys at the delay time T DL1 falling into the systole and an image (diastolic image) IM dia at the delay time T DL2 falling into the diastole.
  • the systolic image IM sys contains, in general, only image data of a vein, and it hardly contain those of an artery.
  • the diastolic image IM dia contains both of image data of the artery and vein, though depicted states of the artery and vein may be different from each other.
  • the calculation unit 10 performs the subtraction of “IM dia ⁇ IM sys ” pixel by pixel (step S 35 ).
  • ⁇ is a weighting factor.
  • step S 36 subtraction of “IM dia ⁇ IM AR ” is performed on the pixel basis (step S 36 ).
  • the image data IM AR used in this calculation have been derived by the weighted-subtraction described above. This causes image data of the artery AR to reduce to zero, thereby providing three-dimensional image data of a venous-phase image IM VE containing only the vein VE. This subtraction can also be replaced by weighted-subtraction.
  • the calculation unit 10 performs MIP (maximum intensity projection) processing with each of the arterial-phase image IM AR and venous-phase image IM VE .
  • MIP maximum intensity projection
  • These two-dimensional images of the arterial- and venous-phases are displayed on the display unit 12 as shown in FIG. 14 and stored into the storage unit 11 (step S 38 ).
  • appropriate scan start timings i.e., delay times from the R-wave
  • the scans of two shots for the systole and diastole are individually and sequentially performed under each slice-encode amount.
  • the systolic-use scan that always precedes in each cardiac cycle is shorter in data acquisition time (the number of echoes) so that it does not overhang the following diastolic-use scan in time.
  • Echo data acquired by the systolic-use scan are mapped in a lower-frequency region of the systolic-use k-space that is most significant in improving contrast.
  • the remaining data in the systolic-use k-space, which have not been acquired, are duplicated from part of data acquired by the following diastolic-use san that is allowed to acquire echoes during a longer period of time.
  • the scans for the systole and diastole adopt the half-Fourier technique in order to set the scan time as short as possible.
  • the two-shots of scans for the systole and diastole which are performed under one slice-encode amount, usually remain within an interval of two heartbeats. Consecutively repeating such scans enables a three-dimensional scan such that echo data of each of systolic and diastolic blood flows are acquired at appropriate timings during one time of breath hold duration in three-dimensional scanning.
  • three-dimensional image data of blood flows in each of the systole and diastole are obtained by one time of imaging performed at proper timings.
  • the acquired data are then subjected to the reconstruction and subtraction described before, thereby arterial-phase and venous-phase images being provided.
  • ECG-synchronized timings for the systole and diastole are determined in advance through the ECG-prep scan, it is possible that target blood flows are traced in a steady manner at each phase during the systole and diastole. This provides blood flow images of which signal intensity is higher, blood flow contrast is improved, and S/N is superior.
  • previously setting appropriate ECG-synchronized timings eliminates the need of re-performing scans in most cases, thus relieving operational burdens on operators and physical and mental loads on patients.
  • the phase-encode direction can be made to approximately agree with a blood-flow direction and the slice direction can be set along the front/rear direction of a patient.
  • the entire scan time can therefore be shortened.
  • the whole scan time is reduced largely, compared to the conventional TOF or phase encode technique. This will lead to a reduced burden on patients and an improved throughput of patients.
  • non-invasive imaging can be provided. This will also result in largely lessened mental and physical burdens on a patient. Cumbersome operations inherent to the contrast technique, such as paying attention to a contrast effect of the contrast medium, are not required as well. Thanks to those advantages, differently from the contrast technique, the imaging can be performed repeatedly if necessary.
  • phase-encode direction is made to agree or nearly agree with a running direction of vessels, blurs of pixels can be utilized positively. This provides a remarkable depiction capability in the running direction of vessels. Further, by changing the phase-encode direction according to the vessel-running direction in a portion to be imaged, various portions of an object can be imaged with ease.
  • the imaging is advantageous in susceptibility and contour distortion
  • the present invention is not limited to the configuration described in the above embodiment, but it can be modified into various ways and practiced into various applications.
  • the configuration has been made such that both arterial-phase and venous-phase images are present.
  • only an arterial-phase image can be produced by the subtraction and displayed.
  • the subtraction step S 36 in FIG. 11 which is directed to production of a venous-phase image, can be omitted.
  • the subtraction for arterial-phase and venous-phase images still left it can be configured so that the arterial-phase image is displayed alone.
  • each of the scans for the systole and diastole has been conducted by scanning based on the half-Fourier technique, but the scanning will not always be confined to a technique based on the half-Fourier technique.
  • the scan for the diastole is performed to acquire data mapped entirely into the k-space, and echo data mapped in its high-frequency regions positioned at both end sides in the slice-encode direction are duplicated to corresponding regions in the k-space for the systole.
  • Pulse sequences that are possible to be employed are not limited to the FASE method, but other pulse sequences derived from the FSE or EPI method may be used as well.
  • the post-processing of echo data in the foregoing embodiment has been configured such that the echo data are once converted to image data in the real space, then the subtraction is performed to obtain the arterial-phase and venous-phase images.
  • the subtraction may be done such that it is performed at the stage of echo data on the k-spaces K sys and K dia of which matrix sizes are the same to each other. Echo data resulted from the subtraction then undergo a reconstruction process to provide blood flow images.
  • the technique to obtain arterial-phase and/or venous-phase images is not limited to the subtraction between data acquired at the two different cardiac phases described in the embodiment.
  • a technique of performing subtraction between images of which echo train spacing are different from each other or a technique of performing subtraction between images of which effective TE times are different from each other.
  • Differences in the echo train spacing give changes to sensitivity in detecting speed of blood flows. This allows acquisition of echo data into which differences in blood flow speed due to inherence of the artery and vein are reflected. Therefore, the subtraction that will be performed in the similar way to the above can provide blood flow images of the artery and vein.
  • differences in the effective TE time enables echo data to be acquired as the artery and vein of which T 2 time differs from each other are differentiated.
  • the similar subtraction to the above can provide blood flow images of the artery and vein.
  • MR imaging according to the second embodiment is characterized in that a dephasing or rephasing pulse is added to the read-out gradient pulse G R in order to depict slow-speed blood flow such as blood flow in the inferior limb.
  • the present embodiment uses an MRI system that is the same or identical in both hardware configuration and ECG-prep scan as or to those in the first embodiment.
  • the ECG-prep scan is followed by two times of imaging scans each performed on the ECG-synchronized technique by which the two synchronization timings are used, respectively.
  • the host computer 6 executes a not-shown given main program, during which time it executes processing of each imaging scan shown in FIG. 16 in response to an operation information from the input device 13 .
  • the host computer 6 then inputs scan conditions and information about image processing that the operator specified from the input device 13 , before processes those inputs into control data to be outputted to both of the sequencer 5 and calculation unit 10 (step S 71 ).
  • the scan conditions include an applied direction of the read-out gradient pulse, an image size, the number of times of scanning, an interval between scans, a pulse sequence according to a portion to be scanned, and others.
  • the image processing information includes information indicative of MIP processing and/or subtraction. In the case of subtraction, the information shows that the subtraction is simple subtraction, weighted subtraction, or addition.
  • the control data include the delay time T DL .
  • step S 72 when it is determined that the preparation for scanning has been notified (step S 72 ), a command of starting a breath hold (step S 73 ), a command of starting the scans (step S 74 ), a determination whether the scans have been completed or not (step S 75 ), a command of releasing the breath hold (step S 76 ), and instructions to image processing and display (step S 76 ) are performed in turn.
  • step S 74 the host computer 6 instructs the sequencer 5 to start the first-(or second-)time imaging scan.
  • the sequencer 5 On receiving such instructions to start the imaging scan (step S 74 - 1 , FIG. 17 ), the sequencer 5 begins to read the ECG signal (step SW 74 - 2 ), and detects the appearance of peak value of a given n-th R-wave (reference waveform) of the ECG signal on the basis of ECG triggering signals synchronized with the peak values (step S 74 - 3 ). When the n-th R-wave appears, waiting will be done during the specified delay time T DL1 (step S 74 - 4 ).
  • the sequencer 5 therefore performs the first-time imaging scan (step S 74 - 5 ). Specifically, the sequencer 5 drives the transmitter 8 T and gradient power supply 4 according to information concerning a pulse sequence stored already. As a result, the first-time imaging scan (i.e., imaging) based on a pulse sequence using the three-dimensional FASE technique is executed with the ECG-synchronized technique, as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18C (in FIG. 18C , the phase-encode gradients are omitted from being drawn).
  • the read-out gradient pulse G R is applied in a direction RO, as shown in FIG. 20 , which substantially agrees with directions of blood flows (artery AR and vein VE) in an object to be scanned.
  • the read-out gradient pulse G R included in the pulse sequence is provided, as shown in FIGS. 18C , 19 A and 19 B, with a frequency-encoding pulse body P body for acquiring echo signals and two dephasing pulses P dephase , which serve as control pulses, continuously added to the temporal forward and backward ends of the pulse body P body .
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase are the same in polarity as the frequency-encoding pulse body P body , and promote dephasing of magnetic spins in motion.
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase gives few dephasing effect to stationary or almost stationary magnetic spine. It is therefore significant that the read-out gradient pulse G R be applied substantially in a direction along which fluid (blood and lymph) to be imaged moves.
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase are changeable or controllable in its intensity in accordance with flow speeds of lymph or blood, which is fluid to be imaged.
  • FIG. 19B shows examples in which the intensity of the dephasing pulses P dephase is decreased in turn. In general, control is made such that the intensity of the dephasing pulses P dephase is reduced as the speed of blood flow becomes higher.
  • a total of two rephasing pulses P rephase are continuously added to the temporal forward and backward ends of the pulse body P body , as shown in FIGS. 19A and 19C .
  • the rephasing pulses which also serve as control pulses, are opposite in polarity to the frequency encoding pulse body P body , so that they rephase magnetic spins so as to suppress an excessive amount of dephasing of the spins, thus suppressing artifacts. It is preferable to alter the intensity of the rephasing pulses P rephase according to flow speeds of an object.
  • the first and second (later described) imaging scans employ the read-out gradient pulse G R to which either dephasing pulse P dephase or rephasing pulse P rephase is added.
  • Executing the three-dimensional FASE pulse sequence makes it possible that echo signals stimulated by both of the excitation 90-degrees RF pulse and the refocusing 180-degrees RP pulses are acquired at each phase-encode amount assigned to each slice-encode amount.
  • dephasing of phase of magnetic spins caused by the dephasing pulse P dephase or rephasing of phase of magnetic spins caused by the rephasing pulse P rephase is reflected.
  • a dephasing effect caused by the dephasing pulse P dephase promotes the flow void effect.
  • the dephasing pulse reduces the intensity of an echo signal.
  • the fluid hardly flow along such direction, only a smaller amount of promotion of the flow void effect is available due to the dephasing pulse P dephase , thereby the intensity of an echo signal being not so much reduced.
  • Echo train spacing in the foregoing pulse sequence is shortened to an amount as small as approximately 5 msec.
  • echo signals are acquired from a three-dimensional imaging region Rima directed to, for example, the inferior limb as shown in FIG. 20 for a scan time of approximately 600 msec.
  • the sequencer 5 determines whether or not the scanning under the final slice encoding has been completed (step S 74 - 6 , in FIG. 17 ). If this determination is NO (the scanning under the final slice encoding has not been completed yet), the sequencer 5 waits for a period of time, which is set to a rather shorter period, such as two heartbeats (2R-R) starting from the R-wave used for the last imaging scan, as it monitors the ECG signal (step S 74 - 7 ).
  • a repetition time TR is set to an amount of four heartbeats (4 R-R) or less.
  • the sequencer 5 returns the processing to the foregoing step S 74 - 4 .
  • scanning at the next slice encode amount SE 2 starts in a similar manner to the foregoing one, so that echo signals are acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region Rima again (steps S 74 - 4 and S 74 - 5 ).
  • step S 74 - 6 When the last scanning at the slice-encode amount SEn has been completed, the determination at step S 74 - 6 becomes YES, the sequencer 5 informs the host computer 6 of the completion of the first-time (or second-time) imaging scan (steps S 74 - 8 ). Then the processing is handed to the host computer 6 .
  • the first-time (or second-time) imaging scan (imaging) employing the ECG synchronization technique is performed every a period of time of 2 R-R on the basis of, for example, 3D-FASE method.
  • Each echo signal emanated from the patient P is received by the RF coil 7 and sent to the receiver 8 R, for each slice encode amount supplied by the slice gradient pulse G S .
  • the receiver 8 R performs various types of pre-processing on the echo signal and converts it into digital amount of data.
  • the digital echo data thus produced are sent to the calculation unit 10 through the sequencer 5 , and mapped at given positions in a three-dimensional k-space formed by a memory, accordingly to the encoded amounts given to the echo signal.
  • the second-time imaging scan (imaging) is carried out for the diastole in a similar way to the first-time imaging scan.
  • an optimum delay time T DL2 to give a given time phase in the diastole predetermined through the foregoing ECG-prep scan is read (steps S 70 and S 71 in FIG. 16 ), then the ECG-synchronization is adopted using this delay time T DL2 (step S 74 - 4 in FIG. 17 ).
  • the scanning based on the three-dimensional FASE technique is performed at each phase encode amount SE at a synchronization timing delayed by a delay time of T DL2 from an R-wave peak in the diastole.
  • the applied direction of the read-out gradient pulse G R is made to substantially agree with a moving direction of fluid to be imaged, such as blood flow.
  • the control pulses dephasing pulses P dephase or rephasing pulses P rephase
  • control behaviors dephasing or rephasing
  • the second-time imaging scan is able to provide image data in the diastole, which are influenced by the spin control of either dephasing pulses P dephase or rephasing pulses P rephase added to the read-out gradient pulse G R , similarly to the first-time imaging scan.
  • the host computer 6 obliges the calculation unit 10 to execute the processing shown in FIG. 21 .
  • the calculation unit 6 calculates echo data using the half Fourier technique from both of the systole-use k-space and the diastole-use k-space (step S 81 ). That is, echo data that should be mapped in a remaining region of each k-space, but has been left with no data acquisition are calculated from the complex conjugate relationship, and mapped therein. This calculation completely fills up both k-spaces with echo data.
  • the calculation unit 10 reconstructs echo data in each of the k-paces for the systole and the diastole into image data through a three-dimensional Fourier transform, space by space (steps S 82 and S 83 ).
  • a three-dimensional Fourier transform space by space (steps S 82 and S 83 ).
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B obtained are three-dimensional image data at one time phase given by the delay time T DL1 during the systole (systolic image IM sys ) and those at the other time phase given by the delay time R DL2 during the diastole (diastolic image IM dia ).
  • a vein VE is only reflected in the systolic image IM sys , but image data of an artery VR is hardly included in the systolic image IM sys .
  • image data of an artery VR is hardly included in the systolic image IM sys .
  • diastolic image IM dia both of an artery AR and a vein VE are reflected, though degrees of the reflection are different from each other.
  • the phase of magnetic spins of an object, such as blood, that flows in the applied direction of the read-out gradient pulse makes it easier to be dephased more quickly on account of the dephasing pulses applied.
  • this is equivalent to the fact that the flow void effect provided from the flow itself is promoted.
  • the rephasing pulses give a rephasing function to the phase of magnetic spins of such blood flow.
  • the inferior limb of an object to be examined will now be exemplified.
  • the inferior limb even if the artery is measured in the systole, its flow speed is slow and normally less than 1 cm/sec.
  • the vein measured in the systole and the artery and vein measured in the diastole the blood moves at extremely slow speeds that can be regarded as if the blood is stationary.
  • the read-out gradient pulse G R to which the dephasing pulses P dephase are added is applied to the inferior limb through the imaging scan (imaging) carried out at a desired time phase in each of the systole and the diastole.
  • Magnetic spins of the artery and vein are excited by those imaging scans to acquire echo signals.
  • flow speeds of the artery and vein differ from each other, although the difference might be rather small.
  • the difference in flow speed is reflected into promotion of a flow void effect based on the rephasing dephasing pulses, providing relative changes between intensities of echo signals.
  • the systole Since flowing at extremely slow speeds, the vein, when observed during the systole, is less in the flow void effect and depicted as bright blood with relative higher signal intensities, through though it suffers a slight decrease in echo signal intensity due to the dephasing pulses.
  • the artery when observed during the diastole systole, flows at larger speeds than those of the vein, so that the promotion of the flow void effect caused by the dephasing pulses is larger than that of the vein. This causes a larger decrease in the signal intensity of the artery, which depicts the artery as black blood.
  • FIG. 12(a) This state can be pictorially shown in a similar way to FIG. 12(a) . In this figure, a hatching region shows the bright blood, while a dotted-line region shows the black blood.
  • both artery and vein only move at extremely lower speeds during the diastole, they are depicted as bright blood, though they experience slight reductions in signal intensity because of the dephasing pulses. This condition is pictorially shown in a similar manner to FIG. 12(b) .
  • the calculation unit 10 performs a subtraction of “IM dia ⁇ IM sys ,” pixel by pixel, using the systolic image IM sys and diastolic image IM sys (step S 84 ).
  • ⁇ is weighting factor.
  • setting the weighting factor to an appropriate value results in that image data of the vein VE becomes almost zero, providing three-dimensional image data of the arterial phase image IM AR in which only the artery AR is present.
  • a subtraction of “IM dia ⁇ IM AR ” is performed pixel by pixel (step S 85 ).
  • the image data IM AR has already been calculated by the foregoing weighed subtraction.
  • this second subtraction makes the image data of the artery AR substantially zero, providing three-dimensional image data of the venous phase image IM VE in which the vein VE is depicted alone. This second subtraction can be done with a weighted subtraction.
  • the calculation unit 10 proceeds to perform MIP (maximum intensity projection) processing for each of the arterial phase image IM AR and the venous phase image IM VE .
  • MIP maximum intensity projection
  • the two-dimensional images IM AR and IM VE for the arterial and venous phases are displayed on the display unit 12 as shown in FIG. 22 , for example, and those image data are stored in the storage unit 11 (step S 87 ).
  • the systolic and diastolic images IM sys and IM dia may be displayed on the same screen to those for the arterial and venous images or on the screens of different monitors from the arterial and venous images.
  • the MRI system of this embodiment employs the imaging in which the applied direction of the read-out gradient pulse G R is made to almost agree with a flow direction of fluid (such as blood) of which flow speed is lower, as can be observed in the inferior limb.
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase or rephasing pulses P rephase added to the read-out gradient pulse G R .
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase or rephasing pulses P rephase are able to enhance relative differences of signal intensity between a first fluid that flows and a second fluid that flows at a slower speed than the first fluid. Therefore, even if blood vessels in the inferior limb, which are slower in flow speed than the abdomen and thorax, are imaged using, for example, the dephasing pulses, the relative differences of signal intensity are able to provide an image as shown in FIG. 22 . As shown therein, the artery and vein are visualized in a mutually separated manner with higher depiction capability.
  • the above technique that the read-out gradient pulse is applied in the substantially same direction as the flow direction of fluid and the flow void effect is controlled by the positive use of dephasing and rephasing of magnetic spins has been newly developed.
  • This technique can give relative differences to signal intensity between the artery and vein.
  • the ECG-prep scan is used to previously determine the optimum ECG-synchronized timing for the systole and the diastole, blood flows targeted at each time phase during each of the systole and the diastole can be traced without fail.
  • Previously conducted appropriate setting of the ECO-synchronized timing eliminates the necessity of repeating the same imaging. Operational work on operators and physical and mental burdens on patients are therefore reduced largely.
  • the entire scan time can be shortened, compared to imaging methods, such as the TOF technique, that require scanning to advance in the superior-inferior direction. This also lowers patient's burdens and increases throughput of patients.
  • the imaging technique according to the present embodiment can be repeated if necessary.
  • the above embodiment uses both of the first-time and second-time imaging cans involving the read-out gradient pulse G R to which either of the dephasing pulses P dephase or the rephasing pulses P rephase are added (refer to FIGS. 18A to 18C ).
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase may be added in the first-time imaging scan conducted at a time phase during the diastole systole, as shown in FIG. 23A
  • the rephasing pulses P rephase may be added in the second-time imaging scan conducted at a time phase during the systole diastole, as shown in FIG. 23B .
  • the type of the control pulses to additionally control behaviors of magnetic spins is changed. This makes it possible to reflect the more effect of rephasing (i.e., flow compensation) in signal intensity in the diastole, thus increasing the signal intensity to improve a signal-to-noise ratio.
  • An MRI system used in this embodiment is configured in hardware in the same or similar way as or to the first and second embodiments.
  • the first-time and two-time imaging scans that is, two times of imaging scans which have been conducted in the second embodiment are conducted as one-time imaging scan.
  • the foregoing dephasing and rephasing pulses are used according to the systole and diastole in each cardiac cycle.
  • the ECG-prep scan is first performed, and then a one-time imaging scan is performed using the ECG-synchronized technique.
  • the ECG-prep scan is conducted as described in the first and second embodiments, thereby delay times T DL1 and T DL2 measured from the R-waves being set so as to provide the highest depiction capability in each of the systole and diastole.
  • the imaging scan is conducted in the form of a one-time imaging scan on the basis of the ECG-synchronized technique involving delay times T DL1 and T DL2 .
  • the procedures of this imaging scan which are similar to those in FIGS. 24 and 25 , are shown in FIG. 26 as its pulse sequence used for the scan.
  • the host computer 6 During performance of a not-shown main program, the host computer 6 also performs the processing shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 described before, as part of its duty, in response to operational information supplied from the input device 13 .
  • the host computer 6 reads two optimum delay times T DL via the input device 13 , for example (step S 120 ).
  • the delay times T DL which are previously determined through the foregoing ECG-prep scan by an operator, are composed of an optimum delay time T DL1 for the systole and an optimum delay time T DL2 (>T DL1 ) for the diastole, as described above.
  • Information about those optimum delay times T DL1 and T DL2 may previously be determined and stored in, for example, the storage unit 11 .
  • the host computer 6 inputs information about scan conditions, an image processing method, and others, and process the information including the delay times T DL1 and T DL2 into control data.
  • the control data are outputted to both of the sequencer 5 and the calculation unit 10 according to necessity (step S 121 ).
  • the sequencer 5 On receiving instructions of starting the imaging scan (step S 124 - 1 at FIG. 25 ), the sequencer 5 begins reading the ECG signal (step S 124 - 2 ). Then the sequencer 5 detects the appearance of the peak value of the predetermined n-th R-wave (reference waveform) in the ECG signal, based on ECG trigger signals synchronized with their peak values (step S 124 - 3 ).
  • the sequencer 5 waits for the delay time T DL1 set to a specific time phase in the systole (step S 124 - 4 ).
  • a time when the optimum delay time T DL1 has passed is considered to be an optimum ECG-synchronized timing.
  • the sequencer 5 begins to execute scanning for the systole at that time (step S 124 - 5 ).
  • the transmitter 8 T and gradient power supply 4 are driven.
  • a first scan SN sys1 is performed based on the ECG-synchronized technique as shown in FIG. 26 , at the first slice encode amount SE 1 incorporated in a pulse sequence on the three-dimensional FASE method.
  • this first san SN sys1 the read-out gradient pulse G R applied to the patient's body axis direction substantially in parallel with the artery and vein in the patient's inferior limb. Additionally, dephasing pulses P dephase to dephase the phases of magnetic spins added to the temporal forward and backward parts of the read-out gradient pulse G R without temporal gaps.
  • the echo train spacing used in this pulse sequence is shortened to approximately 5 msec.
  • the pulse sequence used for the first scan SN sysn assigned to the systole adopts a less number of echoes that consecutively continue only during a shorter period of time after the start of the scan within one heartbeat, as shown in FIG. 26 .
  • the number of echoes is set, as pictorially shown in FIG. 9 described before, so that echo data to be mapped in only a central region (lower-frequency region) in the phase-encode direction ke of the k-space can be acquired every slice-encode amount. This setting allows a second scan SN dian for the diastole to start within the same heartbeat as the first scan SN sysn for the systole.
  • Echo data that are short acquisition for a k-space K sys (a first k-space) for the systole are obtained by duplication of data from a k-space K dia (a second k-space) for the diastole later-explained and computation on the half Fourier technique.
  • echo signals are acquired from a three-dimensional imaging region Rima (refer to FIG. 20 ) given to the inferior limb during a scan time of as shorter as about a few hundreds msec.
  • the sequencer 5 then proceeds to scan control for the diastole. Specifically, the sequencer 5 waits for the delay time T DL2 set to a specific time phase during the diastole (step S 124 - 6 ).
  • a time when the optimum delay time T DL2 has passed is considered to be an optimum ECG-synchronized timing.
  • the sequencer 5 executes a second scan for the diastole (step S 124 - 7 ). Specifically, according to information in relation to a pulse sequence memorized in advance, the transmitter 8 T and gradient power supply 4 are driven. By this drive, the first scan SN dia1 is performed based on the ECG-synchronized technique as shown in FIG. 26 , at the first slice encode amount SE 1 incorporated in a pulse sequence on the three-dimensional FASE method.
  • the read-out gradient pulse G R is also applied to the patient's body axis direction substantially in parallel with the artery and vein in the patient's inferior limb. Additionally, rephasing pulses P rephase to rephase the phases of magnetic spins added as shown to the temporal forward and backward parts of the read-out gradient pulse G R without temporal gaps.
  • the echo train spacing used in this pulse sequence is also shortened to approximately 5 msec.
  • the pulse sequence used for the second scan SN dian assigned to the diastole is set, as shown in FIG. 26 , to acquire echoes.
  • the echoes are less in number than the echoes to be mapped into the entire k-space by the number of echoes thanks to using the half Fourier method, though the number of echoes is larger than that for the systole.
  • the number of echoes is determined so that echo data to be mapped in only a central region (lower-frequency region) and one outside region (higher-frequency region) next to the central region in the phase-encode direction ke of the k-space can be acquired every slice-encode amount.
  • Echo data that are short acquisition for the k-space K dia for the diastole are obtained by computation on the half Fourier technique, as described later.
  • the scan SN dia1 for the diastole is carried out over the next heartbeat in usual cases, as shown in FIG. 26 .
  • echo signals are acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region Rima (refer to FIG. 20 ) given to the inferior limb during a scan time of about 600 msec.
  • the sequencer 5 determines whether or not the last scan has been completed (step S 124 - 8 ). If determined to be NO (the last scan has not been ended yet), waiting will be continued, with the ECG signal monitored, until a predetermined shorter interval of time pass. This waiting permits the longitudinal magnetization of spins in stationary parenchyma to be positively suppressed from being restored (step S 124 - 9 ). Such shorter interval of time for waiting is, for example, “2 R-R” from the R-wave used for the imaging scan.
  • the sequencer 5 proceeds to the processing at step S 124 - 4 .
  • the second-time first scan SN sys2 for the systole is performed again at the next slice-encode amount SE 2 in the similar manner to the last one.
  • echo signals are acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region Rima (steps S 124 - 4 and - 5 ).
  • the second-time second scan SN dia2 for the diastole is performed again at the next slice-encode amount SE 2 in the similar manner to the last one.
  • echo signals are acquired from the three-dimensional imaging region Rima (steps S 124 - 6 and S 124 - 7 ).
  • step S 124 - 8 When the last scans SN sysn and SN dian at the slice-encode amount SEn have been completed, the determination at step S 124 - 8 becomes YES, and the notification of completion of the imaging scans is issued from the sequencer 5 to the host computer 6 (step S 124 - 10 ). Thus the processing returns to the host computer 6 .
  • the host computer 6 On receiving such notification from the sequencer 5 (step S 125 in FIG. 24 ), the host computer 6 sends to the voice generator 16 a command to release the breath hold (step S 126 ).
  • the ECG-synchronized scan for each of the systole and diastole is performed on, for example, the 3D-FASE technique with the n-piece slice-encode amounts, every “2 R-R,” for instance.
  • the echo data acquired from the patient P are converted into digital echo data in a similar manner to the second embodiment.
  • the echo data are sent to the calculation unit 10 via the sequencer 5 , in which they are selectively mapped in three-dimensional systole-use and diastole-use k-spaces K sys and K dia both of which are formed by memories, correspondingly to each phase-encode amount and each slice-encode amount.
  • the host computer 6 instructs the calculation unit 10 to execute the processing shown in FIG. 11 described already.
  • the calculation unit 6 responds to the instruction from the host computer 6 so as to complete entire mapping of data into the systole-use k-space K sys and the diastole-use k-space K dia .
  • the calculation unit 10 performs a three-dimensional Fourier transform on each of the k-spaces K sys and K dia for reconstructing images.
  • an image (systolic image) IM sys corresponding to the delay time T DL1 in the systole and another image (diastolic image) corresponding to the delay time T DL2 in the diastole.
  • the data of the systolic image IM sys are formed with inclusion of only data of the vein VE, but almost no inclusion of data of the artery AR.
  • the data of the diastolic image IM dia are formed with inclusion of both of the artery AR and vein VE.
  • IM dia ⁇ IM sys for producing an arterial phase image IM AR
  • IM dia ⁇ IM AR for producing a venous phase image IM VE
  • MIP maximum intensity projection
  • the read-out gradient pulse G R is applied in a direction substantially in parallel with a flow direction of a blood vessel in the inferior limb.
  • the dephasing pulses P dephase are added to the read-out gradient pulse G R applied during the systole, whilst the rephasing pulses P rephase are added to the read-out gradient pulse G R applied during the diastole.
  • such addition is able to reduce signal intensity by promoting the flow void effect caused in blood flowing in the systole, in particular, in the artery.
  • such addition is able to give an effect of flow compensation to the vein and artery flowing in the diastole.
  • the optimum scan start timing (delay time from the R-wave) is assigned to each of the systole and diastole in one cardiac cycle. Two shots of scans for the systole and diastole at one slice encode are performed in turn in the one time of imaging scan in an alternating fashion. Additionally, the scan for the systolic, which comes to first in one cardiac cycle, is shortened in time not to overlap with the following scan for the diastole by reducing its data acquisition time (corresponding to the number of echoes).
  • the echo data acquired by such scan are mapped in the lower-frequency region of the k-space for the systole, such region being most significant in terms of improvement in the contrast of images.
  • Short data in the k-space for the systole can be obtained by duplicating data acquired by the following scan for the diastole, which is capable of acquiring echoes over a relative longer period of time.
  • the scans for the systole and diastole use the half Fourier technique to reduce the scan time as short as possible.
  • the two shots of scans for the systole and diastole at one slice-encode amount usually remain within an interval of about two heartbeats, Sequentially and alternately repeating such scans makes it possible to acquire echo data of blood flow for the systole and diastole during a breath hold duration of one time. Namely, three-dimensional image data of blood flow for each of the systole and diastole are acquired at its optimum timing through one time of imaging.
  • the first-time and second-time imaging scans use, as shown in FIG. 26 , the dephasing pulses added to the read-out gradient pulse for the systole and the rephasing pulses added to the read-out gradient pulse for the diastole.
  • the dephasing pulses may be added to the read-out gradient pulse for both of the systole and the diastole. This addition is able to reflect, into signal intensity, promoted states of the flow void effect due to blood flow speeds different at each time phase, in the similar way to the second embodiment (refer to FIGS. 18A to 18C ). Hence, the artery and vein can be visually separated with precision.
  • the foregoing embodiments are configured to present both of the arterial phase and venous phase images, but only the arterial phase image may be produced by a subtraction and displayed.
  • the step S 36 in the processing of FIG. 11 that is, the subtraction for the venous phase image, can be omitted.
  • only the arterial phase image may be displayed, though the subtraction is done for both of the arterial phase image and the venous phase image.
  • the half Fourier technique is used for each scan for each of the systole and diastole, the half Fourier technique may be replaced by other techniques.
  • the scan for the diastole acquires echo data that can be mapped in the entire k-space and echo data present in both ended regions (high-frequency regions) are individually duplicated into corresponding regions of the k-space for the systole.
  • the pulse sequence to be used is not limited to the FASE technique itself, but pulse sequences based on an FSE technique using an inversion recovery (IR) pulse or an FASE technique modified to use the inversion recovery pulse can be available.
  • IR inversion recovery
  • the post-processing of echo data in the foregoing embodiments is configured such that echo data are once converted into image data in the actual space, and then the image data undergo the subtractions to obtain the arterial phase image and venous phase image.
  • the subtractions may be conducted with echo data mapped in the k-spaces K sys and K dia , as long as their matrix sizes are equal to each other.
  • the subtracted echo data are then reconstructed into a blood flow image.
  • the foregoing configuration detecting the ECG signal may be replaced by a PPG (peripheral gating) detector to detect a pulse wave on a finger using an optical signal.
  • PPG peripheral gating
  • image data at the two time phases are formed into one set of image data, but the present invention is not limited to this mode.
  • the read-out gradient pulse to which the dephasing pulses or rephasing pulses are added is set so that it is applied almost in parallel with a flow direction of fluid (blood, lymph, or others).
  • a flow direction of fluid blood, lymph, or others.
  • an imaging scan using the read-out gradient pulse is performed one time to obtain a single image, with no relation to the cardiac time phases.
  • the fluid is imaged in bright or black into this image, with degrees of promotion of the flow void effect in the fluid reflected. Therefore, this image also provides flow information about the fluid.
  • means for controlling the intensities of the foregoing dephasing pulses and rephasing pulses according to flow speeds of fluid to be imaged can be provided.
  • This means is composed of, for example, the input device 13 , host computer 6 , and/or storage unit 11 .
  • the host computer 6 In response to information indicative of both of a region to be imaged and fluid to be imaged, which is provided by an operator via the input device 13 , the host computer 6 refers to a memory table previously stored in the storage unit 11 . The table memorizes pulse intensities fluid by fluid.
  • the host computer 6 provides the sequencer 5 with the intensity of a dephasing pulse or rephasing pulse according to the reference result.
  • an operator is also able to use input device 13 for directly giving the system desired pulse intensity.

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