US9834604B2 - Inhibitors of T-cell activation - Google Patents

Inhibitors of T-cell activation Download PDF

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US9834604B2
US9834604B2 US14/128,461 US201214128461A US9834604B2 US 9834604 B2 US9834604 B2 US 9834604B2 US 201214128461 A US201214128461 A US 201214128461A US 9834604 B2 US9834604 B2 US 9834604B2
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Yunxiang Zhu
Jozsef Karman
Ronnie Wei
Canwen Jiang
Seng Cheng
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Genzyme Corp
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Definitions

  • Tregs can restore the balance of Tregs versus effector T cells, thereby controlling autoimmunity associated with these diseases (Allan et al., (2008) Immunol. Rev. 223:391-421; Jiang et al., (2006) Expert review of clinical immunology 2:387-392; Riley et al., (2009) Immunity 30:656-665; Tang et al., (2012) Journal of molecular cell biology 4:11-21).
  • adoptive transfer as a therapeutic strategy presents several challenges to translation into the clinic.
  • the number of autologous Tregs that can be isolated from peripheral blood of a human subject is limiting and extensive ex vivo expansion of the Tregs may alter their functionality and/or purity.
  • the isolated Tregs are polyclonal, they can exert a pan-immune suppressive function on non-target effector T cells.
  • Tregs pose a significant challenge (Bluestone et al., (2009) Nat Rev Immunol 9:811-816; Zhou et al., (2009a) Curr Opin Immunol 21:281-285), as adoptively transferred Tregs can lose Foxp3 expression and redifferentiate into Th17 cells (Koenen et al., (2008) Blood 112:2340-2352.) or pathogenic memory T cells (Zhou et al., (2009b) Nat Immunol 10:1000-1007) which raises the risk of aggravating the autoimmunity or inflammation.
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD 152) is a well-established negative regulator of the T cell response, is important for the maintenance of T cell homeostasis and self-tolerance.
  • CTLA-4 is homologous to the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 and shares the same ligands, CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2), which are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs).
  • APCs antigen presenting cells
  • differential binding of CD80/CD86 on APCs to CD28 and CTLA-4 on effector T cells leads to opposing outcomes, with CD28 triggering T cell activation and CTLA-4 causing T cell inhibition.
  • CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on T cells and the expression of CTLA-4 is only induced following T cell activation, peaking 2-3 days later (Jago et al., (2004) Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 136: 463-471), extensive T cell activation would have occurred prior to CTLA-4 engagement.
  • the main role of CTLA-4 is to act as a safeguard against an excessive T cell response rather than to inhibit T cell activation.
  • early engagement of CTLA-4 by its ligand and its subsequent crosslinking to the T cell receptor (TCR) can prematurely dampen TCR signaling, causing T cell inhibition and hyporesponsiveness, or anergy.
  • Tregs Restoring the balance of Tregs versus effector T cells is a promising means of treating autoimmune disease.
  • cell therapy involving transfer of Tregs has certain limitations. Accordingly, therapeutics that can induce the generation of Tregs (e.g., CTLA-4) in an antigen-specific manner for the treatment of autoimmune disease are urgently required.
  • the present invention relates to ligands which crosslink ligand-engaged cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) to the T cell receptor (TCR) during the early phase of T cell activation and thereby attenuate TCR signaling, leading to T cell inhibition.
  • CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • a bispecific fusion protein comprising moieties that selectively bind and activate CTLA-4 and co-ligate it to the TCR was generated.
  • the bispecific fusion protein was engineered to crosslink MHC to CTLA-4; both are then drawn to the TCR, generating the CTLA-4/MHCII/TCR tri-molecular complex within the immune synapses.
  • CTLA-4 Crosslinking ligand-engaged cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) to the TCR with a bispecific fusion protein (BsB) comprising a mutant mouse CD80 and lymphocyte activation antigen-3 in an allogenic MLR attenuated TCR signaling and direct T cell differentiation towards Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs).
  • BsB bispecific fusion protein
  • Tregs can also be induced in an antigen-specific setting.
  • the invention describes bispecific fusion proteins which cross-link CTLA-4 to the pMHCII complex.
  • a bispecific fusion protein comprising a mutant mouse CD80 (CD80w88a) and lymphocyte activation antigen-3 (LAG-3) which is engineered to concurrently engage CTLA-4 and crosslink it to the TCR via pMHCII.
  • LAG-3 lymphocyte activation antigen-3
  • a bispecific biologic comprising a ligand specific for CTLA-4 and a ligand specific for a pMHC complex.
  • the invention provides a bispecific biologic comprising a ligand specific for CTLA-4 and a ligand specific for a pMHC complex.
  • the bispecific biologic according to the invention is capable of cross-linking CTLA-4, present on T-cells, with the peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen-presenting cells (APC).
  • the peptide MHC complex is bound by the cognate T-cell receptor (TCR) on T-cells, meaning that the bispecific biologic according to the invention gives rise to a tripartite CTLA-4/MHC/TCR complex.
  • the ligand specific for CTLA-4 is selected from an antibody specific for CTLA-4, and CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2).
  • the antibody specific for CTLA-4, and CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2) is an agonistic antibody.
  • Antibodies specific for CTLA-4 can be engineered, and both CD80 and CD86 are natural ligands for CTLA-4.
  • CD80 or a mutant thereof is used, since CD80 binds preferentially to CTLA-4 over CD28, and thus promotes T-cell inactivation as opposed to activation.
  • the ligand specific for the pMHC complex can be selected from an anti-MHC antibody and LAG-3.
  • the LAG-3 polypeptide is a natural ligand for the MHCII protein.
  • the MHC is MHC-II (which interacts with CD4 + T-cells). In another embodiment the MHC is MHC-I, which interacts with CD8 + T-cells.
  • the ligand specific for CTLA-4 and the ligand specific for the pMHC complex are preferably spaced apart by a linker.
  • the linker can take the form of one or more of a polyamino acid sequence and an antibody Fc domain.
  • a suitable polyamino acid sequence is G9 (Gly-9).
  • the ligand specific for CTLA-4 is CD80, or a mutant thereof which is mutated to increase specificity for CTLA-4 over CD28.
  • the mutated CD80 comprises one or more mutations selected from W88A, K75G. K75V, S112G, R126S, R126D, G127L, S193A, and S204A, using sequence numbering in mouse CD80 precursor, or their human CD80 counterparts (W84A, K71G, K71V, S109G, R123S, R123D, G124L, S190A, and S201A) and in addition R63A, M81A, N97A, E196A.
  • the bispecific biologic comprises CD80, which comprises the mutation W84A (human) or W88A (mouse).
  • the ligand specific for the MHCII complex is LAG-3.
  • LAG-3 is mutated to increase specificity for pMHCII.
  • LAG-3 comprises one or more mutations selected from R73E, R75A, R75E and R76E (Huard et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94 (11): 5744-5749.
  • LAG-3 comprises the mutation R75E.
  • CD80w88a mutant CD80 (CD80w88a), which contains alanine instead of tryptophan at amino acid 88 (numbered in mouse CD80), as the ligand.
  • CD80w88a binds CTLA-4 but exhibits minimal affinity for CD28 (Wu et al., (1997), J. Exp. Med. 185:1327-1335).
  • Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), a natural ligand of MHCII, was selected as the other binding component of the bispecific fusion protein (Baixeras et al., (1992) J. Exp. Med. 176:327-337; Triebel et al., (1990) J. Exp. Med. 171:1393-1405).
  • LAG-3 Lymphocyte activation gene-3
  • a fusion protein with such bi-functionality effectively inhibits T cell activation and stimulates anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ production. More importantly, this bispecific fusion protein also directed T cell differentiation into highly suppressive Foxp3 + Tregs.
  • a bispecific biologic comprising a ligand specific for CTLA-4 and a ligand specific for a pMHC complex according to the first aspect of the invention, for the tolerisation of a T-cell by contacting said T-cell with an antigen-presenting cell which is presenting a peptide derived from said antigen complexed to a MHC molecule and said bispecific biologic.
  • a bispecific biologic comprising a ligand specific for CTLA-4 and a ligand specific for a pMHC complex according to the first aspect of the invention, in the treatment of a disease selected from an autoimmune disease and transplant rejection.
  • the autoimmune disease is type 1 diabetes (T1D, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)), multiple sclerosis (MS), scleroderma, and other diseases and disorders, such as PV (pemphigus vulgaris), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, celiac disease, Chronic Obstructive Lung disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease (thyroid), Sjogren's syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, Addison's disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, primary biliary sclerosis, sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, polymyalgia rheumatica.
  • T1D Type 1 diabetes
  • SLE Systemic Lupus Erythemato
  • Raynaud's phenomenon Raynaud's phenomenon, temporal arteritis, giant cell arteritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nodosa.
  • Behcet's disease primary bilary cirrhosis, uveitis, myocarditis, rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis, glomerulenephritis, sarcoidosis, dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, alopecia greata, and vitilgo.
  • a method of tolerising a T-cell to an antigen comprising contacting said T-cell with an antigen-presenting cell which is presenting a peptide derived from said antigen complexed to a MHC molecule and a bispecific biologic according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • a method for treating a subject suffering from a condition selected from an autoimmune disease and transplant rejection comprising the steps of administering to a subject in need thereof a bispecific biologic comprising a ligand specific for CTLA-4 and a ligand specific for a pMHC complex according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the autoimmune disease is Type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • FIG. 1 Designs of BsB and BsB ⁇ .
  • A Schematic drawings of the BsB (bispecific biologics) and BsB ⁇ fusion proteins.
  • B Schematic drawing of pMHCII, the TCR and co-stimulatory molecules in the immune synapse, as well as the proposed scheme for BsB-mediated crosslinking of CTLA-4 to the TCR via the CTLA-4/MHC 11/TCR tri-molecular complex.
  • the fusion protein engages CTLA-4 and indirectly ligates the TCR via binding to MHCII in the immune synapse.
  • FIG. 2 Inhibition of allogenic T cell activation by BsB in a mixed lymphocyte reaction.
  • Na ⁇ ve T cells from C57BL/6 mice and LPS-treated and irradiated BALB/c APCs were mixed with the test constructs for 2 days. Culture media were then harvested and assayed for IL-2. Only BsB and CTLA-4Ig inhibited T cell activation, as indicated by a decreased amount of IL-2 in the media.
  • the figure is representative of more than five independent but similar studies.
  • FIG. 3 Induction of Foxp3 + Tregs and IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ production by BsB.
  • Allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions were set up as described in the legend to FIG. 2 , using na ⁇ ve CD4 + CD62L hi CD25-GFP′′ cells that had been isolated from Foxp3-EGFP knock-in mice in the presence of the test constructs. Five days post-activation, CD4 + T cells were analyzed for GFP expression by flow cytometry. Tregs were gated as GFP + and CD25 + cells. Only BsB treatment led to GFP expression, indicating induction of Foxp3 + Tregs (middle left panel).
  • FIG. 4 BsB-mediated induction of antigen-specific Tregs in vitro.
  • A In vitro induction of Ova 233-339 -specific Tregs. Na ⁇ ve OT-II T cells were mixed with LPS-activated and irradiated syngeneic APC in the presence of 0.5 ⁇ g/ml Ova 233-239 peptide. Control mIgG2a, BsB, and BsB plus an anti-TGF- ⁇ antibody ( ⁇ TGF- ⁇ ) were then added and tested as indicated (left panels). Cells were cultured for 5 days and then labeled with anti-CD25 and anti-Foxp3 antibodies before being analyzed by flow cytometry.
  • IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-3 levels in the culture media were assayed by ELISA (right panels).
  • B Monitoring of induced Tregs proliferation. Studies were conducted as in A except na ⁇ ve OT-II T cells were pre-labeled with CFSE before being mixed with APCs. Cells were gated on Foxp3 and CFSE fluorescent channels.
  • FIG. 5 Suppressive function of BsB-induced Tregs.
  • BsB- or TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs were purified by flow cytometry and mixed with CFSE-labeled na ⁇ ve responder T cells prepared from C57BL/6 mice at the indicated ratios in transwells (filled columns) or regular culture wells (hatched columns). LPS-treated allogenic BALB/c APCs were added to stimulate T cell activation. The results (mean+standard deviation) indicate the percentage of proliferating responder T cells (Tresp), based on a CFSE dilution without Tregs (Tresp+APC only) set to 100%.
  • FIG. 6 Down-regulation of AKT and mTOR phosphorylation by BsB.
  • Na ⁇ ve T cells were cultured in round-bottom 96-well plates co-coated with anti-CD3, anti-CD28 and BsB, mouse IgG (mIgG) or mouse PD-L1 (mPD-L1) for 18 h. Cells deemed not activated were cultured in wells coated with IgG only.
  • the phosphorylation status of AKT and mTOR was then monitored by flow cytometry after staining with fluorescently labeled antibodies to phosphorylated AKT and mTOR.
  • MFI denotes mean fluorescent intensity. This figure represents one of three independent experiments.
  • FIG. 7 Sustained Foxp3 expression in Tregs in response to continuous stimulation with BsB.
  • Round-bottom 96-well plates were co-coated with anti-CD3, anti-CD28 and BsB or mouse IgG.
  • Na ⁇ ve T cells from Foxp3-EGFP knock-in mice were cultured for 5 days to induce Tregs (left panels), which were then purified from the BsB-treated cells (red square) and re-stimulated in another round of culture in co-coated wells, as above, for 5 days, before analysis by flow cytometry for GFP + cells.
  • FIG. 8 Pharmacokinetics of BsB in vivo and biochemical analysis.
  • B Comparison of the binding of BsB and mouse IgG2a to FcRn. FcRn were immobilized to a Biacore chip. BsB or control mouse IgG2a was loaded onto the chip at various concentrations and the signals then recorded.
  • FIG. 9 Analysis of asparagine-linked glycosylation on BsB.
  • the amino acid sequence of BsB was submitted to the NetNGlyc 1.0 Server for prediction of Asn-linked glycosylation sites. A total of 10 Asn-linked glycosylation sites (denoted N) were predicted; other amino acids are presented as dots.
  • Monosaccharide composition of BsB was also performed to determine the composition of the glycans fucose (Fuc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), sialic acid (N-acetylneuramic acid).
  • a sialic acid:galactose ratio of 0.68 indicates that about a third of the galactose residues are available for binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor.
  • FIG. 10 Treatment of non-diabetic (NOD) mice with BsB delayed the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a late prevention treatment paradigm.
  • NOD non-diabetic
  • T1D type 1 diabetes
  • B Cumulative incidences of overt diabetes in NOD animals treated with BsB (filled circles) or saline (filled triangles).
  • FIG. 11 Treatment of NOD mice with BsB delayed the onset of T1D in an early prevention treatment paradigm.
  • No increase in the number of Foxp3 + Tregs was detected after two weeks of treatment with BsB when compared to saline or mIgG2a-treated controls.
  • treatment with CTLA-4Ig resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the number of Foxp3 + Tregs in the blood.
  • FIG. 12 Longer-term treatment of NOD mice with BsB significantly delayed the onset of T1D in NOD mice.
  • B Histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissues from animals treated with saline or BsB. Panels a-c represent sections from saline-treated mice that remained non-diabetic with H&E, an antibody to insulin, or anti-CD3 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), respectively.
  • Leukocyte infiltrations were noted but that were restricted to the periphery of the islets. Moreover, they were no notable destruction of the insulin-producing ⁇ -cells. Most of the leukocytes at the periphery were non-T cells (blue nuclei). Enlarged inset (panel j, represents red square in i) indicated Foxp3 + Tregs (yellow arrow head) were intermixed with other CD3 + T cells and non-T cell leukocytes (blue nuclei) at the periphery of islets. Images were acquired with a 40 ⁇ objective; the inset was acquired with a 60 ⁇ objective, which was then further enlarged 3 ⁇ digitally.
  • antibody unless indicated otherwise, is used to refer to entire antibodies as well as antigen-binding fragments of such antibodies.
  • the term encompasses four-chain IgG molecules, as well as antibody fragments.
  • antibody fragments refers to portions of an intact full length antibody—such as an antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody.
  • antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv); multispecific antibody fragments such as bispecific, trispecific, and multispecific antibodies (e.g., diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies); binding-domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins; camelized antibodies; minibodies; chelating recombinant antibodies; tribodies or bibodies; intrabodies; nanobodies; small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIP), V HH containing antibodies; and any other polypeptides formed from antibody fragments, for example as further described below.
  • SMIP small modular immunopharmaceuticals
  • Antibodies may be of any class, such as IgG, IgA, or IgM; and of any subclass, such as IgG1 or IgG4. Different classes and subclasses of immunoglobulin have different properties, which may be advantageous in different applications.
  • the claimed antibody be capable of selectively binding its defined cognate antigen, which is either CTLA-4 or the pMHC complex.
  • Naturally occurring immunoglobulins have a common core structure in which two identical light chains (about 24 kD) and two identical heavy chains (about 55 or 70 kD) form a tetramer.
  • the amino-terminal portion of each chain is known as the variable (V) region and can be distinguished from the more conserved constant (C) regions of the remainder of each chain.
  • V variable region
  • C C-terminal region
  • Within the variable region of the light chain also called the V L domain
  • J region Within the variable region of the heavy chain (also called the V H domain), there is a D region in addition to the J region.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • a humanized monoclonal antibody is an antibody which is composed of a human antibody framework, into which have been grafted CDRs from a non-human antibody.
  • Procedures for the design and production of humanized antibodies are well known in the art, and have been described, for example, in Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Cabilly et al., European Patent Application 0 125 023; Boss et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397; Boss et al., European Patent Application 0 120 694; Neuberger, M. S. et al., WO 86/01533; Neuberger, M. S.
  • Constant regions may be derived from any human antibody constant regions.
  • variable region genes are cloned into expression vectors in frame with constant region genes to express heavy and light immunoglobulin chains.
  • Such expression vectors can be transfected into antibody producing host cells for antibody synthesis.
  • required antibody variable and constant regions may be derived from sequence databases.
  • immunoglobulin sequences are available in the IMGT/LIGM database (Giudicelli et al., (2006) Nucleic Acids Res. 34:(suppl. 1):D781-D784) or VBase (vbase.mrccpe.cam.ac.uk).
  • Nucleic acids typically include DNA molecules which encode the antibodies of the invention.
  • CD80 refers to mammalian CD80 antigen as well as to mutants thereof which have increased binding avidity or specificity for CTLA-4. See Linsley et al., (1994) Immunity 1:793-801, and Wu et al., (1997) J. Exp. Med. 185(7):1327-1335, incorporated herein by reference. Mammalian CD80 can be selected from rodent, such as mouse, or human CD80.
  • CD86 refers to mammalian CD86 antigen as well as to mutants thereof which have increased binding avidity or specificity for CTLA-4. See Linsley et al., (1994) Immunity 1:793-801, incorporated herein by reference. Mammalian CD86 can be selected from rodent, such as mouse, or human CD86.
  • CTLA-4 refers to mammalian cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4).
  • CTLA-4 cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen-4
  • the sequence of human CTLA-4 can be found in GenBank, Accession number AAH74893.1, GI:49904741.
  • Mammalian CTLA-4 can be selected from rodent, such as mouse, or human CTLA-4.
  • LAG-3 refers to mammalian lymphocyte activation antigen 3 (LAG-3).
  • LAG-3 The sequence for human LAG-3 can be found in Huard et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 94:5744-5749, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Mammalian LAG-3 can be selected from rodent, such as mouse, or human LAG-3.
  • the “MHC” is the complex involved in the presentation of antigen derived peptides by antigen-presenting cells, which is recognised by the TCR.
  • the MHC is MHCII, which presents antigen to CD4 + helper T-cells. See, for example, Wucherpfennig et al., CSH Perspect. Biol. 2 (4): a005140, epub 2010 Mar. 17.
  • a bispecific biologic which may be referred to as a bispecific ligand, is a ligand which is capable of binding, or being bound by, two targets contemporaneously.
  • Bispecific antibodies are known in the art, and are further described below.
  • the two targets are the CTLA-4 molecule on a T-cell and the MHC peptide complex on an APC.
  • the bispecific biologic according to the invention can cross-link the two targets; by virtue of the pMHC binding to the TCR in the immune synapse, it therefore cross-links the CTLA-4 molecule to the TCR.
  • a “biologic”, in general, is a biological therapeutic or agent, which may be useful for, inter alia, therapeutic, diagnostic and/or research purposes.
  • a linker is any amino acid sequence which joins and separates two polypeptide domains in a protein.
  • the linker is the sequence which joins the CTLA-4 ligand to the MHC ligand.
  • Exemplary linkers are sequences of amino acid, such as polyglycine, for example Gly-9.
  • An alternative linker is an antibody Fc region. Such a linker spaces the two ligand domains by approximately 120 ⁇ .
  • a ligand according to the invention may comprise antibody and non-antibody ligands in any combination.
  • the CTLA-4 ligand may be an anti-CTLA-4 antibody
  • the MHC ligand may be LAG-3.
  • CD80 may be used as the CTLA-4 ligand, in combination with LAG-3 or an anti-MHC antibody.
  • Both ligands may be antibodies, or both may be the natural ligands, CD80 and LAG-3.
  • CTL-4 Cytotoxic Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 also known as CD152, is a negative regulator of the T cell response, which plays an important role in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis and in the induction of self-tolerance (Karandikar et al., (1996) J Exp Med 184:783-788; Krummel and Allison, (1995) J Exp Med 182:459-465; Linsley and Golstein, (1996) Curr Biol 6:398-400; Walunas and Bluestone, (1998) J Immunol 160:3855-3860; Walunas et al., (1994) J Immunol 160:3855-3860).
  • CTL-4 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4
  • CTLA-4 is homologous to the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 and shares the same ligands, CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2), which are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs).
  • CD80/CD86 on APCs to CD28 and CTLA-4 on effector T cells leads to opposing outcomes, with CD28 triggering T cell activation and CTLA-4 causing T cell inhibition.
  • BsB bispecific fusion protein
  • CD80w88a CD80w88a
  • LAG-3 lymphocyte activation gene-3
  • IL-10 can exert broad immune suppressive properties through its ability to control the activation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as self-regulate Th1 cells (Ohata et al., (2007) Arthritis Rheum 56:2947-2956).
  • TGF- ⁇ can act as an inhibitor of T cell differentiation (Kehrl et al., (1986) J Exp Med 163:1037-1050), macrophage activation (Tsunawaki et al., (1988) Nature 334:260-262; Wahl et al., (1990) Ann N Y Acad Sci 593:188-196) and dendritic cell maturation (Steinman et al., (2003) Annu Rev Immunol 21:685-711). In addition to their anti-inflammatory functions, IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ also purportedly can influence Treg function.
  • IL-10 has been shown to induce IL-10 producing Tr1 cells (Roncarolo et al., (2006) Immunol Rev 212:28-50) and to act on Foxp3 + Tregs to maintain expression of Foxp3 and thereby propagate their suppressive function (Murai et al., (2009) Nat Immunol 10:1178-1184).
  • TGF- ⁇ has been reported to be necessary for the induction of Tregs (Chen et al., (2003) J Exp Med 198:1875-1886; Zheng et al., (2002) J Immunol 169:4183-4189) and in maintaining their suppressive function by promoting Foxp3 expression (Marie et al., (2005) J Exp Med 201:1061-1067).
  • Tregs Regulatory T Cells
  • Tregs are a functionally distinct subpopulation of T cells capable of controlling the immune responses to self and non-self antigens.
  • a deficiency of Tregs results in a heightened immune response and presentation of autoimmune diseases (Sakaguchi et al., (1995) J Immunol 155:1151-1164).
  • Extensive research has established a role of these specialized T cells in controlling all aspects of immune responses, in particular in engendering self-tolerance. Without being bound to a particular theory, these findings indicate that agents capable of boosting the in situ production of Tregs or the adoptive transfer of Tregs may be deployed to treat autoimmune diseases.
  • Treg cell-based therapies using freshly isolated or ex vivo expanded Tregs have been shown to be effective in treating animal models of type 1 diabetes (T1D) (Tang et al., (2004) J Exp Med 199:1455-1465; Tarbell et al., (2007) J Exp Med 204:191-201) and graft-versus-host disease (Anderson et al., (2004); Taylor et al., (2002) Blood 99:3493-3499; Zhao et al., (2008) Blood 112:2129-2138).
  • T1D type 1 diabetes
  • Tregs can be induced from na ⁇ ve CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T cells in the context of TCR activation and in the concomitant presence of TGF- ⁇ . These Tregs are often referred to as adaptive Tregs (aTregs) or induced Tregs (iTregs).
  • aTregs adaptive Tregs
  • iTregs induced Tregs
  • nTregs CD34 + Foxp3 + and purportedly exhibit equally potent suppressive functions as nTregs (Chen et al., (2003) J Exp Med 198:1875-1886; Yamagiwa et al., (2001) J Immunol 166:7282-7289; Zheng et al., (2002) J Immunol 169:4183-4189).
  • Adoptive transfers of aTregs or iTregs have been shown to be effective in conferring protection against autoimmune disease in an animal model of collagen-induced arthritis (Gonzalez-Rey et al., (2006) Arthritis Rheum 54:864-876).
  • antigen-specific Tregs offer a significantly higher therapeutic quotient than polyclonal Tregs with a pan-TCR repertoire (Masteller et al., (2005) J Immunol 175:3053-3059; Tang et al., (2004) J Exp Med 199:1455-1465; Tarbell et al., (2007) J Exp Med 204:191-201), with less potential side effect on pan-immune suppression.
  • NOD non-obese diabetic
  • Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by tissue specific destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic ⁇ -cells with consequent development of hyperglycemia.
  • Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice female mice in particular
  • spontaneously develop autoreactive T cells towards islet-specific self-antigens e.g. insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65.
  • islet-specific self-antigens e.g. insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65.
  • these autoreactive T cells initiate the development of peri-insulitis between 3 and 4 weeks of age followed by invasive insulitis at 9 weeks and spontaneous overt diabetes between 12 and 35 weeks (Anderson and Bluestone, (2005) Annu Rev Immunol 23:447-485).
  • NOD mice share many similarities to the disease in human subjects such as the production of pancreas-specific autoantibodies and activation of autoreactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Susceptibility of these mice to autoimmunity, as in humans, is influenced by genes for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CTLA-4, and LAG-3. NOD mice harbor a unique major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype (H-2g7), which reportedly confers the highest risk for disease susceptibility (McDevitt et al., (1996) Hormone and metabolic research 28:287-288; Wicker et al., (1995) Annu Rev Immunol 13:179-200).
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • H-2g7 major histocompatibility complex haplotype
  • CTLA-4 polymorphism has also been noted in NOD mice (Ueda et al., (2003) Nature 423:506-511) and in humans (Qu et al., (2009) Genes and immunity 10 Suppl 1:S27-32) and a deficiency of LAG-3 on the NOD background accelerates T1D onset with 100% penetrance (Bettini et al., (2011) J Immunol 187:3493-3498). Because BsB engages all these targets, the therapeutic merits of BsB were tested in this murine model of T1D.
  • the invention encompasses antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies set forth in the claims.
  • fragments refers to portions of the intact full length antibody—such as an antigen binding or variable region of the intact antibody. Examples of antibody fragments are set forth above.
  • fragments refers to fragments capable of binding the targets specified, the CTLA-4 molecule or the pMHC complex. These fragments may lack the Fc fragment of an intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and can have less nonspecific tissue binding than an intact antibody. These fragments can be produced from intact antibodies using well known methods, for example by proteolytic cleavage with enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab′) 2 fragments), or expression of such fragments by recombinant technology.
  • the antibodies and fragments also encompass single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) that bind to the CTLA-4 molecule or the pMHC complex.
  • An scFv comprises an antibody heavy chain variable region (V H ) operably linked to an antibody light chain variable region (V L ) wherein the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region, together or individually, form a binding site that binds CTLA-4 molecule or the pMHC complex.
  • An scFv may comprise a V H region at the amino-terminal end and a V L region at the carboxy-terminal end.
  • scFv may comprise a V L region at the amino-terminal end and a V H region at the carboxyterminal end.
  • V L and V H are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv)).
  • a scFv may optionally further comprise a polypeptide linker between the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region.
  • the antibodies and fragments also encompass domain antibody (dAb) fragments as described in Ward, E. S. et al. (1989) Nature 341:544-546 which consist of a V H domain.
  • dAb domain antibody
  • antibodies and fragments also encompass heavy chain antibodies (HCAb). These antibodies can apparently form antigen-binding regions using only heavy chain variable region, in that these functional antibodies are dimers of heavy chains only (referred to as “heavy-chain antibodies” or “HCAbs”). Accordingly, antibodies and fragments may be heavy chain antibodies (HCAb) that specifically bind to the CTLA-4 or pMHC targets.
  • HCAb heavy chain antibodies
  • the antibodies and fragments also encompass antibodies that are SMIPs or binding domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins specific for the CTLA-4 or pMHC targets.
  • These constructs are single-chain polypeptides comprising antigen-binding domains fused to immunoglobulin domains necessary to carry out antibody effector functions (see WO 2005/017148).
  • the antibodies and fragments also encompass diabodies. These are bivalent antibodies in which V H and V L domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain. This forces the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and thereby creates two antigen-binding sites (see, for example, WO 93/11161). Diabodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment thereof according to the invention does not cross-react with any target other than the intended CTLA-4 or pMHC targets.
  • bispecific antibodies may resemble single antibodies (or antibody fragments) but have two different antigen binding sites (variable regions).
  • Bispecific antibodies can be produced by various methods—such as chemical techniques, “polydoma” techniques or recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Bispecific antibodies may have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes, for example one epitope on each of the CTLA-4 and pMHC targets.
  • bispecific antibodies comprising complementary pairs of V H and V L regions are known in the art. These bispecific antibodies comprise two pairs of V H and V L , each V H V L pair binding to a single antigen or epitope.
  • Such bispecific antibodies include hybrid hybridomas (Milstein, C. and Cuello, A. C., (1983) Nature 305 (5934): 537-40), minibodies (Hu et al., (1996) Cancer Res. 56:3055-3061), diabodies (Holliger et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; WO 94/13804), chelating recombinant antibodies (CRAbs) (Neri et al., (1995) J. Mol.
  • each antibody species comprises two antigen-binding sites, each fashioned by a complementary pair of V H and V L domains. Each antibody is thereby able to bind to two different antigens or epitopes at the same time, with the binding to each antigen or epitope mediated by a V H and its complementary V L domain.
  • WO 03/002609 (Domantis) describes the production of dual specific antibodies in which each V H V L pair possesses a dual specificity, i.e., is able to bind two epitopes on the same or different antigens.
  • the conformation can be open or closed; in an open conformation, the two epitopes may be bound simultaneously, but in the closed conformation binding to the first epitope prevents or discourages binding to the second.
  • Non-immunoglobulin proteins with multiple binding specificities are known in nature; for example, a number of transcription factors bind both DNA and other protein molecules.
  • methods for selecting binding peptides in the prior art only select peptides with single, not dual or multiple specificities.
  • the ligand such as an antibody or fragment thereof, may be modified in order to increase its serum half-life, for example, by adding molecules—such as PEG or other water soluble polymers, including polysaccharide polymers to increase the half-life.
  • molecules such as PEG or other water soluble polymers, including polysaccharide polymers to increase the half-life.
  • an antibody Fc region may be added to the bispecific linker according to the invention, to increase circulating half-life.
  • Antibody production can be performed by any technique known in the art, including in transgenic organisms such as goats (see Pollock et al. (1999) J. Immunol. Methods 231:147-157), chickens (see Morrow, K J J (2000) Genet. Eng. News 20:1-55), mice (see Pollock et al. ibid) or plants (see Doran P M (2000) Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 11:199-204; Ma, J K-C (1998) Nat. Med. 4:601-606; Baez, J. et al. (2000) BioPharm. 13:50-54; Stoger, E. et al. (2000) Plant Mol. Biol. 42:583-590). Antibodies may also be produced by chemical synthesis; however expression of genes encoding the antibodies in host cells is preferred.
  • a polynucleotide encoding the antibody is isolated and inserted into a replicable construct or vector such as a plasmid for further propagation or expression in a host cell.
  • Constructs or vectors suitable for the expression of a humanized immunoglobulin according to the invention are available in the art.
  • a variety of vectors are available, including vectors which are maintained in single copy or multiple copies in a host cell, or which become integrated into the host cell's chromosome(s).
  • the constructs or vectors can be introduced into a suitable host cell, and cells which express a humanized immunoglobulin can be produced and maintained in culture.
  • a single vector or multiple vectors can be used for the expression of a humanized immunoglobulin.
  • Polynucleotides encoding the antibody are readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., oligonucleotide probes).
  • Vectors that may be used include plasmid, virus, phage, transposons, minichromsomes of which plasmids are a typical embodiment.
  • Such vectors further include a signal sequence, origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter and transcription termination sequences operably linked to the light and/or heavy chain polynucleotide so as to facilitate expression.
  • Polynucleotides encoding the light and heavy chains may be inserted into separate vectors and introduced (e.g., by transformation, transfection, electroporation or transduction) into the same host cell concurrently or sequentially or, if desired both the heavy chain and light chain can be inserted into the same vector prior to such introduction.
  • a promoter can be provided for expression in a suitable host cell. Promoters can be constitutive or inducible. For example, a promoter can be operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a humanized immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin chain, such that it directs expression of the encoded polypeptide.
  • suitable promoters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are available. Prokaryotic promoters include lac, tac, T3. T7 promoters for E.
  • 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes e.g., enolase, glyceralderhyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose 6 phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase and glucokinase.
  • Eukaryotic promoters include inducible yeast promoters such as alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, metallothionein and enzymes responsible for nitrogen metabolism or maltose/galactose utilization; RNA polymerase II promoters including viral promoters such as polyoma, fowlpox and adenoviruses (e.g., adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus (in particular the immediate early gene promoter), retrovirus, hepatitis B virus, actin, rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter and the early or late Simian virus 40 and non-viral promoters such as EF-1 alpha (Mizushima and Nagata (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (17):5322). Those of skill in the art will be able to select the appropriate promoter for expressing a humanized
  • additional enhancer elements can be included instead of or as well as those found located in the promoters described above.
  • Suitable mammalian enhancer sequences include enhancer elements from globin, elastase, albumin, fetoprotein, metallothionine and insulin.
  • an enhancer element from a eukaroytic cell virus such as SV40 enhancer, cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, polyoma enhancer, baculoviral enhancer or murine IgG2a locus (see WO 04/009823).
  • enhancers are typically located on the vector at a site upstream to the promoter, they can also be located elsewhere e.g., within the untranslated region or downstream of the polyadenylation signal. The choice and positioning of enhancer may be based upon compatibility with the host cell used for expression.
  • the vectors typically comprise a selectable marker for selection of host cells carrying the vector and, in the case of a replicable vector, an origin of replication.
  • Genes encoding products which confer antibiotic or drug resistance are common selectable markers and may be used in prokaryotic (e.g., ⁇ -lactamase gene (ampicillin resistance), Tet gene (tetracycline resistance) and eukaryotic cells (e.g., neomycin (G418 or geneticin), gpt (mycophenolic acid), ampicillin, or hygromycin resistance genes).
  • Dihydrofolate reductase marker genes permit selection with methotrexate in a variety of hosts.
  • auxotrophic markers of the host e.g., LEU2, URA3, HIS3
  • vectors which are capable of integrating into the genome of the host cell such as retroviral vectors, are also contemplated.
  • polyadenylation and termination signals are operably linked to polynucleotide encoding the antibody of this invention. Such signals are typically placed 3′ of the open reading frame.
  • non-limiting examples of polyadenylation/termination signals include those derived from growth hormones, elongation factor-1 alpha and viral (e.g., SV40) genes or retroviral long terminal repeats.
  • non-limiting examples of polydenylation/termination signals include those derived from the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH) genes.
  • PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
  • ADH alcohol dehydrogenase 1
  • polyadenylation signals are typically not required and it is instead usual to employ shorter and more defined terminator sequences.
  • the choice of polyadenylation/termination sequences may be based upon compatibility with the host cell used for expression.
  • other features that can be employed to enhance yields include chromatin remodeling elements, introns and host-cell specific codon modification.
  • the codon usage of the antibody of this invention thereof can be modified to accommodate codon bias of the host cell such to augment transcript and/or product yield (e.g., Hoekema, A. et al. (1987) Mol Cell Biol. 7 (8):2914-24).
  • the choice of codons may be based upon compatibility with the host cell used for expression.
  • the invention thus relates to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode the humanized immunoglobulins, or heavy or light chains, thereof, of this invention.
  • the invention also relates to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode an antigen-binding portion of the immunoglobulins and their chains.
  • the antibodies according to this invention can be produced, for example, by the expression of one or more recombinant nucleic acids encoding the antibody in a suitable host cell.
  • the host cell can be produced using any suitable method.
  • the expression constructs e.g., one or more vectors, e.g., a mammalian cell expression vector
  • the resulting cell can be maintained (e.g., in culture, in an animal, in a plant) under conditions suitable for expression of the construct(s) or vector(s).
  • Suitable host cells can be prokaryotic, including bacterial cells such as E.
  • coli e.g., strain DH5aTM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), PerC6 cells (Crucell, Leiden, NL), B. subtilis and/or other suitable bacteria; eukaryotic cells, such as fungal or yeast cells (e.g., Pichia pastoris, Aspergillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa ), or other lower eukaryotic cells, and cells of higher eukaryotes such as those from insects (e.g., Drosophila Schnieder S2 cells, Sf9 insect cells (WO 94/126087 (O'Connor), TN5BI-4 (HIGH FIVETM) insect cells (Invitrogen), mammals (e.g., COS cells, such as COS-I (ATCC Accession No.
  • COS cells such as COS-I (ATCC Accession No.
  • CRL-1650 and COS-7 (ATCC Accession No. CRL-1651), CHO (e.g., ATCC Accession No. CRL-9096), CHO DG44 (Urlaub, G. and Chasin, L A., (1980) Proc. Natl. Acac. Sci. USA, 77 (7):4216-4220), 293 (ATCC Accession No. CRL-1573), HeLa (ATCC Accession No. CCL-2), CVI (ATCC Accession No. CCL-70), WOP (Dailey, L., et al., (1985) J. Virol., 54:739-749), 3T3, 293T (Pear, W. S., et al., (1993) Proc.
  • CHO e.g., ATCC Accession No. CRL-9096
  • CHO DG44 Urlaub, G. and Chasin, L A., (1980) Proc. Natl. Acac. Sci. USA, 77 (7)
  • the host cell is not part of a multicellular organism (e.g., plant or animal), e.g., it is an isolated host cell or is part of a cell culture.
  • Host cells may be cultured in spinner flasks, shake flasks, roller bottles, wave bioreactors (e.g., System 1000 from wavebiotech.com) or hollow fibre systems but it is preferred for large scale production that stirred tank bioreactors or bag bioreactors (e.g., Wave Biotech, Somerset, N.J. USA) are used particularly for suspension cultures.
  • stirred tank bioreactors are adapted for aeration using e.g., spargers, baffles or low shear impellers.
  • direct aeration with air or oxygen bubbles maybe used.
  • the medium can be supplemented with a cell protective agent such as pluronic F-68 to help prevent cell damage as a result of the aeration process.
  • a cell protective agent such as pluronic F-68 to help prevent cell damage as a result of the aeration process.
  • microcarriers maybe used as growth substrates for anchorage dependent cell lines, or the cells maybe adapted to suspension culture.
  • the culturing of host cells, particularly vertebrate host cells may utilize a variety of operational modes such as batch, fed-batch, repeated batch processing (see Drapeau et al (1994) Cytotechnology 15: 103-109), extended batch process or perfusion culture.
  • recombinantly transformed mammalian host cells may be cultured in serum-containing media such media comprising fetal calf serum (FCS), it is preferred that such host cells are cultured in serum free media such as disclosed in Keen et al (1995) Cytotechnology 17:153-163, or commercially available media such as ProCHO-CDM or UltraCHOTM (Cambrex NJ, USA), supplemented where necessary with an energy source such as glucose and synthetic growth factors such as recombinant insulin.
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • serum free media such as disclosed in Keen et al (1995) Cytotechnology 17:153-163, or commercially available media such as ProCHO-CDM or UltraCHOTM (Cambrex NJ, USA), supplemented where necessary with an energy source such as glucose and synthetic growth factors such as recombinant insulin.
  • an energy source such as glucose and synthetic growth factors such as recombinant insulin.
  • the serum-free culturing of host cells may require that those cells are adapted to grow in
  • One adaptation approach is to culture such host cells in serum containing media and repeatedly exchange 80% of the culture medium for the serum-free media so that the host cells learn to adapt in serum free conditions (see e.g., Scharfenberg K. et al (1995) in Animal Cell Technology Developments Towards the 21st Century (Beuvery E. C. et al eds), pp 619-623, Kluwer Academic publishers).
  • Antibodies according to the invention may be secreted into the medium and recovered and purified therefrom using a variety of techniques to provide a degree of purification suitable for the intended use.
  • the use of therapeutic antibodies of the invention for the treatment of human patients typically mandates at least 95% purity as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE, more typically 98% or 99% purity, when compared to the culture media comprising the therapeutic antibodies.
  • cell debris from the culture media is typically removed using centrifugation followed by a clarification step of the supernatant using e.g., microfiltration, ultrafiltration and/or depth filtration.
  • the antibody can be harvested by microfiltration, ultrafiltration or depth filtration without prior centrifugation.
  • HA hydroxyapatite
  • affinity chromatography optionally involving an affinity tagging system such as polyhistidine
  • HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
  • the antibodies of the invention following various clarification steps, are captured using Protein A or G affinity chromatography followed by further chromatography steps such as ion exchange and/or HA chromatography, anion or cation exchange, size exclusion chromatography and ammonium sulphate precipitation.
  • various virus removal steps are also employed (e.g., nanofiltration using, e.g., a DV-20 filter).
  • a purified preparation comprising at least 10 mg/ml or greater e.g., 100 mg/ml or greater of the antibody of the invention is provided and therefore forms an embodiment of the invention. Concentration to 100 mg/ml or greater can be generated by ultracentrifugation. Such preparations are substantially free of aggregated forms of antibodies of the invention.
  • Bacterial systems are particularly suited for the expression of antibody fragments. Such fragments are localized intracellularly or within the periplasm. Insoluble periplasmic proteins can be extracted and refolded to form active proteins according to methods known to those skilled in the art, see Sanchez et al. (1999) J. Biotechnol. 72:13-20; Cupit, P M et al. (1999) Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29:273-277.
  • the present invention also relates to cells comprising a nucleic acid, e.g., a vector, of the invention (e.g., an expression vector).
  • a nucleic acid i.e., one or more nucleic acids
  • a construct i.e., one or more constructs, e.g., one or more vectors
  • nucleic acid(s) can be introduced into a suitable host cell by a method appropriate to the host cell selected (e.g., transformation, transfection, electroporation, infection), with the nucleic acid(s) being, or becoming, operably linked to one or more expression control elements (e.g., in a vector, in a construct created by processes in the cell, integrated into the host cell genome).
  • Host cells can be maintained under conditions suitable for expression (e.g., in the presence of inducer, suitable media supplemented with appropriate salts, growth factors, antibiotic, nutritional supplements, etc.), whereby the encoded polypeptide(s) are produced.
  • the encoded humanised antibody can be isolated, for example, from the host cells, culture medium, or milk. This process encompasses expression in a host cell (e.g., a mammary gland cell) of a transgenic animal or plant (e.g., tobacco) (see e.g., WO 92/03918).
  • CD80 ligands The design and construction of CD80 ligands is intended to maximise the specificity of the ligand for CTLA-4 over CD28.
  • the sequence of CD80 is known in the art, cited example in Wu et al., 1997.
  • CD80 comprises an extracellular Ig-V variable-like domain, and an intracellular IgC constant-like domain.
  • the extracellular domain of CD80 is used as a ligand. For example, see SEQ ID NO: 15, especially residues 1-241.
  • Mutations can be made in human CD80 to improve binding affinity, and to improve selectivity for CTLA4 over CD28. See, for example, Wu et al., 1997.
  • Mutants other than W84A may be made, including K71G, K71V, S109G, R123S, R123D, G124L, S190A, S201A, R63A, M81A, N97A, E196A. See Peach et al., JBC 1995. 270 (6): 21181-21187.
  • Assessment of binding affinity of mutants for both CTLA-4 and CD28 can be effected by site-directed mutagenesis followed by expression of the mutant polypeptides, and determination of Kd by surface plasmon resonance using CTLA-4 and CD28 Biacore chips. See, for example. Guo et al., (1995) J. Exp. Med. 181:1345-55.
  • Mutants having advantageous binding and selectivity profiles can be selected, and further assessed in cell based assays. For example, flow cytometry can be used to assay the effect of wild-type or mutant CD80 transfected into the cells.
  • LAG-3 has been described in the art, and the binding site to the MHCII protein characterised. See Huard et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94(11):5744-9. LAG-3 has four extracellular 1 g-like domains, and mutations can be introduced into these domains to optimise binding to MHCII.
  • domains 1 and 2 of the four 1 g-like domains of LAG-3 are used in a ligand according to the invention. It is believed that these domains are responsible for interaction with the MHCII protein.
  • bispecific ligand follows the general formula “ligand-linker-ligand”.
  • Bispecific antibodies are known in the art, and are described above.
  • bispecific ligands preferably involved construction and expression of an appropriate gene encoding the desired polypeptide.
  • a bispecific molecule comprising three components is constructed, such as a CTLA-4 ligand, a linker and an MHC ligand
  • two of the three may be combined, bound together, and the third polypeptide subsequently added to the fusion product, and bound to create a fusion product comprising all three polypeptides.
  • Polypeptides in accordance with the present invention can be produced by any desired technique, including chemical synthesis, isolation from biological samples and expression of a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide. Nucleic acids, in their turn, can be synthesised or isolated from biological sources, and modified by site-directed mutagenesis if desired.
  • the invention thus relates to vectors encoding a bispecific ligand according to the invention, or a fragment thereof.
  • the vector can be, for example, a phage, plasmid, viral, or retroviral vector.
  • Nucleic acids according to the invention can be part of a vector containing a selectable marker for propagation in a host.
  • a plasmid vector is introduced in a precipitate, such as a calcium phosphate precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid.
  • the vector is a virus, it can be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line and then transduced into host cells.
  • the nucleic acid insert is operatively linked to an appropriate promoter, such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, phoA and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs.
  • an appropriate promoter such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp, phoA and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs.
  • Other suitable promoters are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the expression constructs further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination, and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation.
  • the coding portion of the transcripts expressed by the constructs preferably includes a translation initiating codon at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
  • the expression vectors preferably include at least one selectable marker.
  • markers include dihydrofolate reductase, G418 or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline, kanamycin or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria.
  • appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris ); insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO. COS, HEK293, and Bowes melanoma cells; and plant cells.
  • bacterial cells such as E. coli, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium cells
  • fungal cells such as yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastor
  • vectors preferred for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from QIAGEN, Inc.; pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc.; and ptrc99a, pKK2233, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRITS available from Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.
  • vectors are pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, p0G44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia.
  • vectors preferred for use in mammalian cell expression include pSG5 Vector, pCMV•SPORT6, pcDNA, pCEP4, pREP4, pCI, pSI and pBICEP-CMV.
  • Preferred expression vectors for use in yeast systems include, but are not limited to pYES2, pYDI, pTEFI/Zeo, pYES2/GS, pPICZ, pGAPZ, pGAPZalph, pPIC9, pPIC3.5, pHILD2, pHIL-SI, pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K, and PA0815 (all available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • a polypeptide according to the invention can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulphate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”) is employed for purification.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • Polypeptides according to the present invention can also be recovered from biological sources, including bodily fluids, tissues and cells, especially cells derived from tumour tissue or suspected tumour tissues from a subject.
  • polypeptides according to the invention can be chemically synthesised using techniques known in the art (for example, see Creighton, 1983, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles, W.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y., and Hunkapiller et al., (1984) Nature, 310:105-111).
  • a polypeptide comprising all or part of a bispecific ligand according to the invention can be synthesised by use of a peptide synthesiser.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 provide the mouse surrogate DNA and protein sequences of bispecific ligands in which the CTLA-4 ligand CD80w88a is paired with the MHC ligand LAG-3, separated by the IGg2a Fc region and a Gly-9 (G9) sequence.
  • a terminal His tag (H6) sequence is provided at the C-terminus.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4 provide mouse surrogate DNA and protein sequences for the same constructs as SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, except that the IgG2a Fc region is placed C-terminal to the LAG-3 polypeptide, such that the CD80 and LAG-3 peptides are separated by G9 alone.
  • the two arrangements, with the Fc region between the ligands or C-terminal thereto, are referred to as gene 1 and gene 2 constructs, respectively.
  • SEQ ID Nos: 5 and 6 provide human DNA and protein sequences in which wild-type sequence has been preserved. No mutations are made, either to CD80 or LAG-3.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8 a W84A mutation has been made to human CD80 (the equivalent of W88A in mouse) and an R75E mutation has been made in LAG-3.
  • the remaining SEQ IDs (NOs: 7-14) describe other mutations in the CD80 and LAG-3 sequences.
  • T cell activity is desirable in a number of situations in which immunosuppression is warranted, and/or an autoimmune condition occurs. Accordingly, targeting of the CTLA4/MHC interaction is indicated in the treatment of diseases involving an inappropriate or undesired immune response, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and conditions involving such mechanisms.
  • diseases involving an inappropriate or undesired immune response such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and conditions involving such mechanisms.
  • diseases involving an inappropriate or undesired immune response such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and conditions involving such mechanisms.
  • diseases or disorder is an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease. Examples of such autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases are set forth above.
  • such disease or disorder is Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).
  • T1D Type 1 Diabetes
  • the ligands according to the invention are used to aid transplantation by immunosuppressing the subject.
  • Such use alleviates graft-versus-host disease.
  • the antibodies of the invention may be used in combination with other available therapies.
  • combination therapy may include administration of a ligand of the present invention together with a medicament, which together with the ligand comprise an effective amount for preventing or treating such autoimmune diseases.
  • the combination therapy may encompass one or more of an agent that promotes the growth of pancreatic beta-cells or enhances beta-cell transplantation, such as beta cell growth or survival factors or immunomodulatory antibodies.
  • said combination therapy may encompass one or more of methotrexate, an anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody, a TNF- ⁇ receptor-Ig fusion protein, an anti-IL-6, or anti-IL17, or anti-IL-15 or anti-IL-21 antibody, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).
  • the additional agent may be a biological agent such as an anti-TNF agent (e.g., Enbrel®, infliximab (Remicade® and adalimumab (Humira®) or rituximab (Rituxan®).
  • hematopoietic growth factor(s) such as erythropoietin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-11, thrombopoietin, etc.
  • antimicrobial(s) such as antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal drugs
  • the additional agent may be one or more of tar and derivatives thereof, phototherapy, corticosteroids, Cyclosporine A, vitamin D analogs, methotrexate, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, as well as biologic agents such as anti-TNF- ⁇ agents and Rituxan®.
  • the additional agent may be one or more of aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, antibiotics, or biologic agents such as Remicade® and Humira®.
  • the combination treatment may be carried out in any way as deemed necessary or convenient by the person skilled in the art and for the purpose of this specification, no limitations with regard to the order, amount, repetition or relative amount of the compounds to be used in combination is contemplated. Accordingly, the antibodies according to the present invention for use in therapy may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the present invention is also related to pharmaceutical compositions comprising peptides according to the present invention.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a bispecific ligand according to the invention, or a ligand or ligands identifiable by an assay method as defined in the previous aspect of the invention.
  • Ligands may be immunoglobulins, peptides, nucleic acids or small molecules, as discussed herein. They are referred to, in the following discussion, as “compounds”.
  • a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is a composition of matter comprising a compound or compounds capable of modulating T-cell activity as an active ingredient.
  • the compound is in the form of any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or e.g., where appropriate, an analog, free base form, tautomer, enantiomer racemate, or combination thereof.
  • the active ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the active ingredient according to the invention are contemplated to exhibit excellent therapeutic activity, for example, in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease, when administered in amount which depends on the particular case.
  • one or more compounds of the invention may be used in combination with any art recognized compound known to be suitable for treating the particular indication in treating any of the aforementioned conditions. Accordingly, one or more compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more art recognized compounds known to be suitable for treating the foregoing indications such that a convenient, single composition can be administered to the subject. Dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
  • doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
  • the active ingredient may be administered in a convenient manner such as by the oral, intravenous (where water soluble), intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal, intradermal or suppository routes or implanting (e.g., using slow release molecules).
  • the active ingredient may be required to be coated in a material to protect said ingredients from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate said ingredient.
  • the active ingredient in order to administer the active ingredient by other than parenteral administration, it will be coated by, or administered with, a material to prevent its inactivation.
  • the active ingredient may be administered in an adjuvant, co administered with enzyme inhibitors or in liposomes.
  • Adjuvant is used in its broadest sense and includes any immune stimulating compound such as interferon.
  • Adjuvants contemplated herein include resorcinols, non-ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and n-hexadecyl polyethylene ether.
  • Enzyme inhibitors include pancreatic trypsin.
  • Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-water CGF emulsions as well as conventional liposomes.
  • the active ingredient may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thirmerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminium monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active ingredient in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the sterilized active ingredient into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze-drying technique which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, use thereof in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the novel dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such as active material for the treatment of disease in living subjects having a diseased condition in which bodily health is impaired.
  • compositions containing supplementary active ingredients are compounded for convenient and effective administration in effective amounts with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in dosage unit form.
  • dosages are determined by reference to the usual dose and manner of administration of the said ingredients.
  • peptides may be modified in order to improve their ability to cross a cell membrane.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,782 discloses the use of fusogenic peptides, ion-channel forming peptides, membrane peptides, long-chain fatty acids and other membrane blending agents to increase protein transport across the cell membrane.
  • a method for treating a condition associated with an aberrant immune response comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a ligand identifiable using an assay method as described above.
  • CD80wa mutant CD80 that binds CTLA-4 but has minimal affinity for CD28 (Wu et al., 1997) was fused to LAG-3, a natural ligand of MHCII (Baixeras et al., 1992; Triebel et al., 1990).
  • CD80wa was joined to LAG-3 using a linker composed of nine glycines, which in turn was attached to the Fc portion of mouse IgG2a to purportedly increase its circulating half-life ( FIG. 1A ).
  • CTLA-4 engagement and ligation to the TCR were expected to occur indirectly, via formation of the tri-molecular complex (CTLA-4/MHCII/TTCR) in the immune synapses during early T cell activation ( FIG. 1B ).
  • CTLA-4/MHCII/TTCR tri-molecular complex
  • FIG. 1B binding of the bispecific fusion protein to either CTLA-4 or MHCII alone or to both CTLA-4 and MHCII should not lead to inhibition of T cell activity.
  • the engagement of CTLA-4 by CD80wa was designed to trigger CTLA-4 signaling via the recruitment of phosphatases to the cytoplasmic tail of CTLA-4.
  • FIG. 1A A control fusion protein comprising CD80wa and IgG2a Fc was also constructed ( FIG. 1A ), which should not be capable of crosslinking CTLA-4 to the TCR ( FIG. 1C ) as it lacks LAG-3.
  • test and control fusion proteins were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified with affinity chromatography on a protein G column. Aggregates were removed using size exclusion chromatography.
  • the test bispecific fusion protein (CD80wa-LAG-3-Fc) is referred to as BsB (nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO. 3; amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 4), and the control construct (CD80wa-Fc) is known as BsB ⁇ (nucleotide sequence: SEQ ID NO. 16; amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 17).
  • both fusion proteins appeared as dimers on non-reducing SDS-PAGE gels (BsB, 200 kDa; BsB ⁇ 140 kDa) and as monomers (BsB, 100 kDa; BsB ⁇ 70 kDa) on reducing SDS-PAGE gels. Their identities were further confirmed by Western blotting, using antibodies against LAG-3 and CD80.
  • the relative ability of BsB and BsB ⁇ to inhibit T cell activation was assessed in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction by measuring the production of IL-2.
  • Na ⁇ ve CD4 + CD25 ⁇ CD62L high CD44 low T cells that had been purified from BALB/c mice were mixed with APCs isolated from C57BL/6 mice in the presence or absence of the BsB or BsB ⁇ .
  • Murine IgG2a and CTLA-4Ig, a co-stimulation inhibitor that binds to CD80/86 and blocks their binding to CD28, were included as negative and positive controls, respectively.
  • Inclusion of BsB but not BsB ⁇ in the mixed lymphocyte reaction inhibited IL-2 production albeit not to the same extent as that achieved by CTLA-4Ig ( FIG. 2 ).
  • CTLA-4Ig did not induce generation of GFP + Tregs or IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ production. Without being bound to a particular theory, the mechanism by which CTLA-4Ig curtails the T cell response is different from that of BsB. LAG-3Ig alone or in combination with BsB ⁇ also failed to induce generation of GFP + Tregs, suggesting that BsB-mediated crosslinking of CTLA-4 with the TCR was required for Treg induction.
  • Tregs have shown considerable therapeutic potential in modulating the disease manifestations in several animal models of autoimmune diseases. However, the importance of the specificity of the induced Tregs against the relevant antigens has been highlighted. Non-antigen specific Tregs that will not be activated against particular autoantigens in the context of autoantigen-specific reactive T cells are presumably not functionally immunosuppressive. Hence, approaches that facilitate the generation of large numbers of antigen-specific Tregs are highly desirable for treating these ailments. Moreover, strategies that facilitate the de novo induction of antigen-specific Tregs in situ (e.g. in islets of pancreas for T1D or in the lamina limba for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) are preferred over the use of adoptive transfer of in vitro differentiated or expanded Tregs.
  • BsB-Induced Tregs are Functionally Suppressive in a Cell-Cell Contact-Dependent Manner.
  • BsB-induced Tregs and TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs which served as a control, were purified using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mixed with CFSE-labeled syngeneic responder T cells at different ratios and allogenic APCs.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • CFSE-labeled syngeneic responder T cells at different ratios and allogenic APCs.
  • Cells were co-cultured for three days in either transwells or regular culture wells, after which the proliferation of responder T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 5A both BsB- and TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs cultured in regular culture wells almost completely inhibited the proliferation of the responder T cells.
  • the potency of the suppressive activity of the BsB-induced Tregs was comparable to that of TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs.
  • Tregs generated by either BsB or TGF- ⁇ did not significantly inhibit the proliferation of responder T cells when the T cells were separated from the Tregs in a transwell.
  • Treg suppressive activity depended on cell-cell contact and was not mediated by secreted cytokines or other factors.
  • inclusion of an antibody to IL-10 (clone JES5-2A5) in the regular culture well did not affect the suppressive activity of either the BsB- or the TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs ( FIG. 5B ).
  • the addition of an antibody to TGF- ⁇ 1D11 also did not affect the suppressive activity of BsB-induced Tregs, although it partially reduced suppression by TGF- ⁇ -induced Tregs ( FIG. 5B ).
  • na ⁇ ve OT-II T cells were purified from transgenic mice harboring transgenes encoding the TCR ( ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits) specific for a chicken ovalbumin peptide (323-339) (Barnden et al., 1998) and mixed with syngeneic APCs in the presence of Ova323-339.
  • Tregs were detected in OT-II T cells that had been treated with BsB ( FIG. 4A , middle left panel) than by the mIgG control ( FIG. 4A , upper left panel) or by CTLA-4Ig (data not shown).
  • This induction of Tregs was inhibited by the inclusion of anti-TGF- ⁇ antibody in the cultures ( FIG. 4A , bottom left panel).
  • differentiation was mediated by endogenously produced TGF- ⁇ in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Levels of IL-2 were decreased while those of IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ were increased in the media of BsB-treated cells ( FIG. 4A , right panels).
  • OT-II cells were preloaded with the fluorescent tracer, CFSE.
  • CFSE fluorescent tracer
  • BsB-induced Foxp3 + Tregs were determined to be proliferative as indicated by a dilution of the CFSE signal.
  • CTLA-4Ig a co-stimulatory blocker
  • BsB was able to inhibit T cell activation and induce the production of Tregs in both an allogenic MLR and antigen-specific setting.
  • anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies were co-immobilized with BsB, mIgG, or PD-L1 on 96-well plates, onto which na ⁇ ve T cells were seeded. Eighteen hours post-activation, the cells were stained with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against phosphorylated AKT and mTOR and analyzed by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of both AKT and mTOR was attenuated by BsB and PD-Li co-immobilization ( FIG. 6 ). Without being bound to a particular theory, signaling events mediated by CTLA-4 and PD-L1 inhibitory molecules may converge at some point along the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway during T cell activation to regulate Treg differentiation.
  • Tregs unlike fully committed natural Tregs, are reportedly less stable and can lose Foxp3 + expression upon extended culture in the absence of the initial inducer (e.g., TGF- ⁇ or retinoic acid) (Selvaraj and Geiger, (2007) J. Immunol. 178:7667-7677).
  • the initial inducer e.g., TGF- ⁇ or retinoic acid
  • BsB-induced Tregs showed similar instability, with some cells losing Foxp3 expression following repeated culture ( FIG. 7 ).
  • Tregs were first induced by coating 96-well plates with both anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies and BsB.
  • Purified Tregs were then subjected to an additional round of culture in the presence or absence of BsB.
  • Re-stimulation of the purified Tregs with BsB allowed for maintenance of a large population ( ⁇ 93% of total Tregs) of Foxp3 + Tregs ( FIG. 7 , bottom right panel), compared to ⁇ 40% Foxp3 expression in response to the IgG control ( FIG. 7 , upper right panel).
  • FIG. 8B shows that the binding characteristics of both proteins to the FcRn were very similar indicating that a defect in the binding of BsB to FcRn was unlikely to be the cause of its rapid clearance from the circulation.
  • BsB Another potential explanation for the rapid clearance of BsB could be due to its uptake by carbohydrate receptors on non-target cells.
  • carbohydrate receptors include the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on hepatocytes (Weigel, 1994) and the mannose receptor on macrophages and endothelial cells of the reticuloendothelial system (Pontow et al., 1992).
  • ASGPR asialoglycoprotein receptor
  • NetNGlyc server Analysis of BsB using the NetNGlyc server suggested it has the potential to harbor up to 10 asparagine-linked oligosaccharide side chains per monomer ( FIG. 9 ).
  • a small amount of high-mannose type oligosaccharides may also exist to account for the extra mannose residues. Indeed, significant amounts of under-sialylated tri- and tetra-antennary asparagine-linked, as well as some high-mannose type oligosaccharides were identified by mass spectrometry of permethylated glycans released from the protein.
  • BsB was tested in NOD mice in a late prevention paradigm. NOD mice were administered BsB over a short interval (every other day for 4 weeks) when they were between 9 and 12 weeks of age. At this age, autoreactive T cells and insulitis are already evident but the mice have yet to develop overt diabetes. As shown in FIG. 10A , NOD mice treated for 2 weeks with BsB showed a modest but statistically significantly increase (25%) in the number of Foxp3 + Treg in the blood when compared to saline-treated controls.
  • CTLA-4Ig was also included as a positive control in this study as Bluestone and colleagues (Lenschow et al., 1995) had demonstrated a benefit using this agent in this model; mIgG2a was used as an additional negative control to saline.
  • mIgG2a was used as an additional negative control to saline.
  • FIG. 10A the results in older mice ( FIG. 10A )
  • the number of Foxp3 + Tregs in the peripheral blood of younger NOD mice treated for 2 weeks with BsB was not increased over those administered saline or mIgG ( FIG. 11A ). Without being bound to a particular theory, this might be because the number of auto-reactive T cells in 4 week-old NOD mice (in contrast to 9-12 week old mice used in the earlier study) was very low.
  • mice were 35 week-old the animals were sacrificed and their pancreata were collected for histopathological analysis. Adjacent serial sections were stained with H&E for a general assessment of the islets, probed with an anti-insulin antibody to detect the presence of insulin in the O-cells, and double stained with anti-CD3 and anti-Foxp3 antibodies to locate T cells and Tregs.
  • pancreas or pancreatic draining lymph nodes or distally that were then recruited to the pancreas to protect the islets from destruction by autoreactive T cells and other non-T cell leukocytes.
  • Immunohistochemical staining of sections of pancreatic tissues of 35 week-old BsB-treated mice that remained non-diabetic clearly indicated an increase in the number of Foxp3 + Tregs at the periphery of the islets. Visually, they appeared to be preventing CD3 + T cells and non-T cell lymphocytes from entering the islets.
  • peri-insulitis The appearance of peri-insulitis is typically observed in the pancreas of NOD mice between 4 and 9 weeks of age. If uncontrolled, invasive insulitis ensues leading to the complete destruction of ⁇ -cells and the development of overt diabetes between 12 and 35 weeks of age.
  • Tregs regulated the invasiveness of DCs into the islets by modulating, at least in part, the chemotaxis of DCs in response to the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 secreted by the islets.
  • the immunohistochemical staining patterns for Foxp3 + Tregs, CD3 + T cells and non-T cell leukocytes noted in the pancreatic sections of BsB-treated, non-diabetic NOD mice are consistent with their findings ( FIG. 12B ). Without being bound to a particular theory, Tregs produced in NOD mice in response to BsB likely acted to halt the migration of autoreactive T cells and non-T cell lymphocytes into the islets.
  • Tregs are rearranged in animal models of autoimmune diseases or organ transplants.
  • adoptive transfer of Tregs can restore the balance of Tregs versus effector T cells, thereby controlling the exuberant autoimmunity associated with these diseases (Allan et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2006; Riley et al., 2009; Tang et al., 2012).
  • adoptive transfer presents several challenges to translation into the clinic. Firstly, the number of autologous Tregs that can be isolated from peripheral blood of a human subject is limiting. Hence extensive ex vivo expansion of the Tregs is often necessary, which may alter their functionality and purity.
  • Tregs are polyclonal, they can exert a pan-immune suppressive function on non-target effector T cells.
  • plasticity of Tregs poses a significant challenge (Bluestone et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2009a). It has been shown that adoptively transferred Tregs can lose Foxp3 expression and redifferentiate into Th17 cells (Koenen et al., 2008) or pathogenic memory T cells (Zhou et al., 2009b) which raises the risk of aggravating the autoimmunity or inflammation. Consequently, a therapeutic that induces the generation of Tregs in an antigen-specific manner in situ is more advantageous over adoptive Treg cell therapy.
  • mice Female wild-type C57BL/6 (H-2 b ), BALB/c(H-2 d ), transgenic OT-II mice expressing the mouse ⁇ -chain and ⁇ -chain T cell receptor specific for chicken ovalbumin 323-339 (Ova 323-339 ) in C57BL/6 genetic background, and female non-obese diabetic (NOD/LtJ) mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Animals were maintained in a pathogen-free facility and studies were conducted in accordance with the guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NIH Publication No 86-23) and by Genzyme's Institutional Animal Care and Use committee.
  • Functional grade or fluorescently-labeled anti-mouse CD3 (clone 145-2C11), CD25, insulin and Foxp3 + antibodies were purchased from eBioscience or BD Biosciences.
  • Murine CTLA-4-Fc and human CTLA-4Ig (Orencia) were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. and Bristol-Myers Squibb, respectively.
  • Mouse IgG2a isotype control was obtained from BioXCell Inc.
  • CFSE, ultralow Ig fetal bovine serum (FBS), and other cell culture media were from Invitrogen.
  • Chicken Ova 323-339 peptide was obtained from New England Peptide.
  • BsB bispecific fusion protein
  • Biacore was used to compare the binding of BsB and mIgG2a to the mouse neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Briefly, a CM5 chip was immobilized with ⁇ 1430 RU of mouse FcRn-HPC4 using amine chemistry. Each sample was serially diluted 1:2 to final concentrations of between 200 and 6.25 nM in PBSP (PBS with 0.005% Surfactant P-20), pH 6.0 and injected for 3 min in duplicate, followed by 3 min wash with dissociation buffer. The surface was regenerated with 10 mM sodium borate and 1M NaCl, pH 8.5. The carbohydrate monosaccharide composition of BsB was analyzed according to the protocol described by Zhou et al. (Zhou et al., 2011).
  • Na ⁇ ve T cells from the spleens and lymph nodes of 8-12 week old female BALB/c or OT-II mice were purified by magnetic separation followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cells were first negatively selected by magnetic cell separation (Miltenyi Biotech) and then sorted as CD4 + CD25 ⁇ CD62L hi CD44 low cells to a purity of greater than 98%.
  • Assays in an allogenic MLR setting was performed as previously reported (Karman et al., 2012).
  • 10 5 na ⁇ ve OT-II T cells were mixed in round-bottom 96-well plates with 10 5 irradiated syngeneic APCs in the presence of Ova 323-329 at 0.5 ⁇ g/ml and 1 ⁇ g/ml soluble anti-CD28 (clone 37.51, eBioscience).
  • the test constructs, mouse IgG2a, or mouse CTLA-4Ig were added to the cultured cells at a saturating concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the cells were cultured for 5 days to induce production of Tregs and analyzed by flow cytometry.
  • na ⁇ ve OT-II T cells were labeled with 5 ⁇ M CFSE for 5 min at 37° C. They were then washed to remove unbound CFSE and used in Treg induction assays as described above. Cells were cultured for 5 days to allow them to divide before being analyzed by flow cytometry. To detect Foxp3 + in T cells, cells were stained for surface markers as described above followed by permeabilizing with Fix/Perm buffer (eBioscience) and staining with PE-Cy7 conjugated anti-Foxp3 antibody (clone FJK-16s, eBioscience).
  • the pharmacokinetics of BsB was determined in 8 week-old C57BL/6 mice. 20 mg/kg of BsB was administered into mice by intraperitoneal injection. Blood was collected by saphenous vein bleeding at 1 hr, 5 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after administration. The levels of BsB at each time point were measured using an ELISA assay. Briefly, 100 ⁇ l (1 ⁇ g/ml) of an anti-mouse CD80 antibody in PBS were coated onto 96-well plates and incubated overnight at 4° C. Plates were blocked with 5% fetal bovine serum for 1 h, after which they were washed 4 times with PBS.
  • Foxp3 + Tregs in peripheral blood was examined after two weeks of treatment by flow cytometry. Briefly, 50 ⁇ l of whole blood was blocked with unlabeled anti-Fc ⁇ RIIb and FcgRIII (clone 93, eBioscience) for 20 min. Cells were subsequently stained with fluorescently-labeled anti-CD4 antibody for 30 min and then washed. Red blood cells were lysed using FACS Lysing solution (BD Biosciences) for 5 min. After washing, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with a FITC-labeled anti-Foxp3 antibody for 30 min as described above. Pancreata were dissected in half with one half fixed in neutral buffer formalin and the other placed into OCT compound and then frozen on dry ice.
  • CD80w88a CTLA-4 ligand
  • IgG2a IgG2 Fc region
  • CTLA-4 BsB mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-IgG2a(aa241-474)-G9-Lag-3(aa25-260)-H6 Nucleotide sequence of mouse surrogate construct (Gene1): ATGGCTTGCAATTGTCAGTTGATGCAGGATACACCACTCCTCAAGTTTCCATGTCCAAGGCTCATTCTTCTCTTTGTGCTGCT GATTCGTCTTTCACAAGTGTCTTCAGATGTTGATGAACAACTGTCCAAGTCAGTGAAAGATAAGGTATTGCTGCCTTGCCGTT ACAACTCTCCTCATGAAGATGAGTCTGAAGACCGAATCTACTGGCAAAAACATGACAAAGTGGTGCTGTCTGTCATTGCTGGG AAACTAAAAGTGGCCCGAGTATAAGAACCGGACTTTATATGACAACACTACCTACTCTTATCATCCTGGGCCTGGTCCT TTCAGACCGGGGCACATACAGCTGTGTCGTTCAAAAGAAG
  • CTLA-4 BsB mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-IgG2a(aa241-474)-G9-Lag-3(aa25-260)-H6
  • Gene1 mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-IgG2a(aa241-474)-G9-Lag-3(aa25-260)-H6
  • Gene1 MACNCQLMQDTPLLKFPCPRLILLFVLLIRLSQVSSDVDEQLSKSVKDKVLLPCRYNSPHEDESEDRIYWQKHDKVVLSVIAG KLKVAPEYKNRTLYDNTTYSLIILGLVLSDRGTYSCVVQKKERGTYEVKHLALVKLSIKADFSTPNITESGNPSADTKRITCF
  • CTLA-4 BsB mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-G9-Lag-3(aa25-260)-IgG2a(aa241-474) Nucleotide sequence of mouse surrogate construct (Gene 2): ATGGCTTGCAATTGTCAGTTGATGCAGGATACACCACTCCTCAAGTTTCCATGTCCAAGGCTCATTCTTCTCTTTGTGCTGCT GATTCGTCTTTCACAAGTGTCTTCAGATGTTGATGAACAACTGTCCAAGTCAGTGAAAGATAAGGTATTGCTGCCTTGCCGTT ACAACTCTCCTCATGAAGATGAGTCTGAAGACCGAATCTACTGGCAAAAACATGACAAAGTGGTGCTGTCTGTCATTGCTGGG AAACTAAAAGTGGCCCGAGTATAAGAACCGGACTTTATATGACAACACTACCTACTCTTATCATCCTGGGCCTGGTCCT TTCAGACCGGGGCACATACAGCTGTGTCGTTCAAAAGAAGGAAAGAGGAACGT
  • CTLA-4 BsB mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-G9-Lag-3(aa25-260)-IgG2a(aa241-474)
  • Translated protein sequence of mouse surrogate construct (Gene 2): MACNCQLMQDTPLLKFPCPRLILLFVLLIRLSQVSSDVDEQLSKSVKDKVLLPCRYNSPHEDESEDRIYWQKHDKVVLSVIAG KLKVAPEYKNRTLYDNTTYSLIILGLVLSDRGTYSCVVQKKERGTYEVKHLALVKLSIKADFSTPNITESGNPSADTKRITCF ASGGFPKPRFSWLENGRELPGINTTISQDPESELYTISSQLDFNTTRNHTIKCLIKYGDAHVSEDFTWGGGGGGGGPGKEL PVVWAQEGAPVHLPCSLKSPNLDPNFLRRGGVIWQHQPDSGQPTPIPALDLHQGMPSPRQPAPGRYTVLSVAPGGL
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct wildtype nucleotide sequence (human CD80(aa1-234)-G9- Lag-3(aa27-262-IgGla(aa240-471 ) ATGGGCCACACACGGAGGCAGGGAACATCACCATCCAAGTGTCCATACCTCAATTTCTTTCAGCTCTTGGTGCTGGCTGGTCT TTCTCACTTCTGTTCAGGTGTTATCCACGTGACCAAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGTGGCAACGCTGTCCTGTGGTCACAATGTTTCTG TTGAAGAGCTGGCACAAACTCGCATCTACTGGCAAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGGTGCTGACTATGATGTCTGGGGACATGAATATA TGGCCCGAGTACAAGAACCGGACCATCTTTGATATCACTAATAACCTCTCCATTGTGATCCTGGCTCTGCGCCCATCTGACGA GGGCACATACGAGTGTGTTGTTCTGAAGTATGAAAAAGACGCTTTCAAGCGGGAACACCTGAAGTGACGTTATCA
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct wildtype translated protein sequence (human CD80(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3(aa27-262-IgGla(aa240-471 )
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant nucleotide sequence 1 (human CD80W84A/S190A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) ATGGGCCACACACGGAGGCAGGGAACATCACCATCCAAGTGTCCATACCTCAATTTCTTTCAGCTCTTGGTGCTGGCTGGTCT TTCTCACTTCTGTTCAGGTGTTATCCACGTGACCAAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGTGGCAACGCTGTCCTGTGGTCACAATGTTTCTG TTGAAGAGCTGGCACAAACTCGCATCTACTGGCAAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGGTGCTGACTATGATGTCTGGGGACATGAATATA GCCCCCGAGTACAAGAACCGGACCATCTTTGATATCACTAATAACCTCTCCATTGTGATCCTGGCTCTGCGCCCATCTGACGA GGGCACATACGAGTGTGTTGTTCTGAAGTATGAAAAAGACGCTT
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant translated protein sequence 1 (human CD80W84A/S190A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) MGHTRRQGTSPSKCPYLNFFQLLVLAGLSHFCSGVIHVTKEVKEVATLSCGHNVSVEELAQTRIYWQKEKKMVLTMMSGDMNI APEYKNRTIFDITNNLSIVILALRPSDEGTYECVVLKYEKDAFKREHLAEVTLSVKADFPTPSISDFEIPTSNIRRIICSTSG GFPEPHLSWLENGEELNAINTTVAQDPETELYAVSSKLDFNMTTNHSFMCLIKYGHLRVNQTFNWNTTGGGGGGGGGSGAEVP VVWAQEGAPAQLPCSPTIPLQDLSLLRRAGVTWQHQPDSGPPAAAPGHPLAPGPHPAAPSSWGPRPERYTVLSVGPGGL
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant nucleotide sequence 2 (human CD80W84A/S190AS201A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgG1aN596/297Q(aa240-471) ATGGGCCACACACGGAGGCAGGGAACATCACCATCCAAGTGTCCATACCTCAATTTCTTTCAGCTCTTGGTGCTGGCTGGTCT TTCTCACTTCTGTTCAGGTGTTATCCACGTGACCAAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGTGGCAACGCTGTCCTGTGGTCACAATGTTTCTG TTGAAGAGCTGGCACAAACTCGCATCTACTGGCAAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGGTGCTGACTATGATGTCTGGGGACATGAATATA GCCCCCGAGTACAAGAACCGGACCATCTTTGATATCACTAATAACCTCTCCATTGTGATCCTGGCTCTGCGCCCATCTGACGA GGGCACATACGAGTGTGTTGTTCTGAAGTATGAAAAAGAG
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant translated protein sequence 2 (human CD80W84A/S190AS201A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) MGHTRRQGTSPSKCPYLNFFQLLVLAGLSHFCSGVIHVTKEVKEVATLSCGHNVSVEELAQTRIYWQKEKKMVLTMMSGDMNI APEYKNRTIFDITNNLSIVILALRPSDEGTYECVVLKYEKDAFKREHLAEVTLSVKADFPTPSISDFEIPTSNIRRIICSTSG GFPEPHLSWLENGEELNAINTTVAQDPETELYAVASKLDFNMTTNHSFMCLIKYGHLRVNQTFNWNTTGGGGGGGGGSGAEVP VVWAQEGAPAQLPCSPTIPLQDLSLLRRAGVTWQHQPDSGPPAAAPGHPLAPGPHPAAPSSWGPRPERYTVLSVG
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant nucleotide sequence 3 (human CD80E196A/5190A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) ATGGGCCACACACGGAGGCAGGGAACATCACCATCCAAGTGTCCATACCTCAATTTCTTTCAGCTCTTGGTGCTGGCTGGTCT TTCTCACTTCTGTTCAGGTGTTATCCACGTGACCAAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGTGGCAACGCTGTCCTGTGGTCACAATGTTTCTG TTGAAGAGCTGGCACAAACTCGCATCTACTGGCAAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGGTGCTGACTATGATGTCTGGGGACATGAATATA TGGCCCGAGTACAAGAACCGGACCATCTTTGATATCACTAATAACCTCTCCATTGTGATCCTGGCTCTGCGCCCATCTGACGA GGGCACATACGAGTGTGTTGTTCTGAAGTATGAAAAAAAGACGCTTTCTG
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant translated protein sequence 3 (human CD80E196A/S190A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgG1aN596/297Q(aa240-471) MGHTRRQGTSPSKCPYLNFFQLLVLAGLSHFCSGVIHVTKEVKEVATLSCGHNVSVEELAQTRIYWQKEKKMVLTMMSGDMNI WPEYKNRTIFDITNNLSIVILALRPSDEGTYECVVLKYEKDAFKREHLAEVTLSVKADFPTPSISDFEIPTSNIRRIICSTSG GFPEPHLSWLENGEELNAINTTVAQDPETALYAVSSKLDFNMTTNHSFMCLIKYGHLRVNQTFNWNTTGGGGGGGGGSGAEVP VVWAQEGAPAQLPCSPTIPLQDLSLLRRAGVTWQHQPDSGPPAAAPGHPLAPGPHPAAPSSWGPRPERYTVLSVGPG
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant nucleotide sequence 4 (human CD80E196A/S190AS201A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) ATGGGCCACACACGGAGGCAGGGAACATCACCATCCAAGTGTCCATACCTCAATTTCTTTCAGCTCTTGGTGCTGGCTGGTCT TTCTCACTTCTGTTCAGGTGTTATCCACGTGACCAAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGTGGCAACGCTGTCCTGTGGTCACAATGTTTCTG TTGAAGAGCTGGCACAAACTCGCATCTACTGGCAAAAGGAGAAGAAAATGGTGCTGACTATGATGTCTGGGGACATGAATATA TGGCCCGAGTACAAGAACCGGACCATCTTTGATATCACTAATAACCTCTCCATTGTGATCCTGGCTCTGCGCCCATCTGACGA GGGCACATACGAGTGTGTTGTTCTGAAGTATGAAAAAGAC
  • CTLA-4 BsB human construct variant translated protein sequence 4 (human CD80E196A/S190AS201A(aa1-234)-G9-Lag-3R316/75E(aa27-262-IgGlaN596/297Q(aa240-471) MGHTRRQGTSPSKCPYLNFFQLLVLAGLSHFCSGVIHVTKEVKEVATLSCGHNVSVEELAQTRIYWQKEKKMVLTMMSGDMNI WPEYKNRTIFDITNNLSIVILALRPSDEGTYECVVLKYEKDAFKREHLAEVTLSVKADFPTPSISDFEIPTSNIRRIICSTSG GFPEPHLSWLENGEELNAINTTVAQDPETALYAVASKLDFNMTTNHSFMCLIKYGHLRVNQTFNWNTTGGGGGGGGGSGAEVP VVWAQEGAPAQLPCSPTIPLQDLSLLRRAGVTWQHQPDSGPPAAAPGHPLAPGPHPAAPSSWGPRPERYTVLSVG
  • BsBA (CD80wa-Fc) DNA mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-IgG2a(aa241-474) Nucleotide sequence of mouse surrogate construct (BsBA; CD80wa-Fc): ATGGCTTGCAATTGTCAGTTGATGCAGGATACACCACTCCTCAAGTTTCCATGTCCAAGGCTCATTCTTCTCTTTGTGCTGCT GATTCGTCTTTCACAAGTGTCTTCAGATGTTGATGAACAACTGTCCAAGTCAGTGAAAGATAAGGTATTGCTGCCTTGCCGTT ACAACTCTCCTCATGAAGATGAGTCTGAAGACCGAATCTACTGGCAAAAACATGACAAAGTGGTGCTGTCTGTCATTGCTGGG AAACTAAAAGTGGCCCGAGTATAAGAACCGGACTTTATATGACAACACTACCTACTCTTATCATCCTGGGCCTGGTCCT TTCAGACCGGGGCACATACAGCTGTGTCGTTCAAAAGAAGGAAAGAGGAACGTATGAAGTT
  • BsBA (CD80wa-Fc) Protein mouse CD80w88a(aa1-235)-IgG2a(aa241-474)
  • Translated protein sequence of mouse surrogate construct (BsBA; CD80wa-Fc): MACNCQLMQDTPLLKFPCPRLILLFVLLIRLSQVSSDVDEQLSKSVKDKVLLPCRYNSPHEDESEDRIYWQKHDKVVLSVIAG KLKVAPEYKNRTLYDNTTYSLIILGLVLSDRGTYSCVVQKKERGTYEVKHLALVKLSIKADFSTPNITESGNPSADTKRITCF ASGGFPKPRFSWLENGRELPGINTTISQDPESELYTISSQLDFNTTRNHTIKCLIKYGDAHVSEDFTWEPRGPTIKPCPPCKC PAPNLLGGPSVFIFPPKIKDVLMISLSPMVTCVVVDVSEDDPDVQISWFVNNVEVLTAQTQTHREDYNSTLRVV

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