US9545446B2 - Agonists of guanylate cyclase and their uses - Google Patents

Agonists of guanylate cyclase and their uses Download PDF

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US9545446B2
US9545446B2 US14/189,645 US201414189645A US9545446B2 US 9545446 B2 US9545446 B2 US 9545446B2 US 201414189645 A US201414189645 A US 201414189645A US 9545446 B2 US9545446 B2 US 9545446B2
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US20140242124A1 (en
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Dennis Riff
Gary S. Jacob
Kunwar Shailubhai
Patrick H. Griffin
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Bausch Health Ireland Ltd
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Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to US16/436,401 priority patent/US10967043B2/en
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Priority to US17/184,256 priority patent/US20210379142A1/en
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Assigned to THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (FIRST LIEN) Assignors: BAUSCH HEALTH AMERICAS, INC., BAUSCH HEALTH US, LLC, MEDICIS PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATION, ORAPHARMA, INC., PRECISION DERMATOLOGY, INC., SALIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., SALIX PHARMACEUTICALS, LTD., SANTARUS, INC., SOLTA MEDICAL, INC.
Assigned to THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (SECOND LIEN) Assignors: BAUSCH HEALTH AMERICAS, INC., BAUSCH HEALTH US, LLC, MEDICIS PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATION, ORAPHARMA, INC., PRECISION DERMATOLOGY, INC., SALIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., SALIX PHARMACEUTICALS, LTD., SANTARUS, INC., SOLTA MEDICAL, INC.
Assigned to THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (FIRST LIEN) Assignors: BAUSCH HEALTH COMPANIES INC., BAUSCH HEALTH IRELAND LIMITED, SOLTA MEDICAL IRELAND LIMITED
Assigned to THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT (SECOND LIEN) Assignors: BAUSCH HEALTH COMPANIES INC., BAUSCH HEALTH IRELAND LIMITED, SOLTA MEDICAL IRELAND LIMITED
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/10—Peptides having 12 to 20 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/194—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having two or more carboxyl groups, e.g. succinic, maleic or phthalic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4468—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having a nitrogen directly attached in position 4, e.g. clebopride, fentanyl
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7004—Monosaccharides having only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/42—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2873—Proteins, e.g. gelatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/10—Laxatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to colon cleansing compositions and methods of use of such compositions.
  • Colon cleansing is important prior to numerous diagnostic and surgical procedures, for example before colonoscopy, barium enema examination or colon surgery. It is also useful for preventing infection after surgery on the lower intestine. Colon cleansing is also known as colon clearing.
  • the present invention provides a method of colonic cleansing by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a guanylate cyclase receptor agonist (GCRA) peptide or its derivative or analog.
  • GCRA guanylate cyclase receptor agonist
  • the peptide is bicyclic GCRA peptide.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of an osmotic colonic evacuant.
  • the osmotic colonic evacuant is magnesium citrate or a phosphate salt laxative.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of L-glucose, lubiprostone (Amitiza), prucalopride, an agent for treating chronic constipation, or any combination thereof.
  • the effective amount of L-glucose is a unit dose of 20 g-200 g.
  • the GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention is used in combination with an osmotic liquid prep, such as SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit (sodium sulfate potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate).
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
  • the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of sulindac sulfone, zaprinast, motapizone, vardenafil, and sildenafil.
  • the effective amount of a GCRA peptide is a unit dose of 0.01 mg to 60 mg.
  • the effective amount of a GCRA peptide is a unit dose of 6.0 mg.
  • the present invention provides a formulation that comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH5.0; and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH6.0 or pH 7.0.
  • the inert carrier is a selected from mannitol, lactose, a microcrystalline cellulose, or starch.
  • the amount of GCRA peptide per unit dose is from 1 mg to 60 mg when the GCRA peptide is SP-304 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or SP-333 (SEQ ID NO: 9) or their derivatives or analogs.
  • the amount of GCRA peptide per unit dose is from 0.3 mg to 3.0 mg when the GCRA peptide is an E. coli ST peptide, linaclotide derivative or analog.
  • the present invention further provides a method of colonic cleansing by administering to a subject in need thereof any formulations described herein.
  • the GCRA peptide consists essentially of the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-346.
  • the peptide is bicyclic consisting essentially of the sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-54, 99-241, and 253-346.
  • the GCRA peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 55 or 56.
  • the present invention is based upon the development of agonists of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C).
  • GC-C guanylate cyclase-C
  • the agonists are analogs of uroguanylin, guanylin, lymphoguanylin and ST peptides.
  • the gualylate cyclase-C agonists of the present invention provide unexpected and superior effect than previous means for colon cleansing.
  • These agonists are very specific and are relatively more stable in gastrointestinal (GI) tract, because they have relatively higher resistance to degradation at the N-terminus and C-terminus from carboxypeptidases and/or by other proteolytic enzymes such as those present in the stimulated human intestinal fluid (SIF).
  • SIF stimulated human intestinal fluid
  • these agonists can significantly increase intestinal motility and decrease water absorption. Therefore, they are excellent colon cleansing compositions with high specificity, high efficiency, low volume/dosage, and no unpleasant taste, thus providing improved patients compliance. This is particularly true when the GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention or any composition/formulation described herein is used in combination with a colon cleansing agent.
  • the GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention or any composition/formulation described herein is used in combination with L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep.
  • an osmotic liquid prep is SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit (sodium sulfate potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate).
  • compositions comprising at least one GCRA peptide (i.e., GCC agonist peptide), at least one enteric coating which releases the peptide at a specific pH (e.g., pH 4.0, pH 5.0, pH 6.0, or pH 7) and an inert carrier.
  • GCRA peptide i.e., GCC agonist peptide
  • enteric coating which releases the peptide at a specific pH (e.g., pH 4.0, pH 5.0, pH 6.0, or pH 7) and an inert carrier.
  • the present invention also provides a formulation comprising a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH5.0 and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH6.0 or pH7.0.
  • the GCRA peptide is any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-346. In some embodiments, the GCRA peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 55 or 56.
  • the inert carrier is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, EMDEX, and starch. In some embodiments, the carrier is mannitol (e.g., MANNOGEM) or microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. PROSOLV, CELPHERE®, CELPHERE® beads). In a preferred embodiment, the carrier is microcrystalline cellulose sphere or spherical microcrystalline cellulose, such as Celphere® SCP-100.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases drug at pH 5 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases drug at pH 6 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases drug at pH 7 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases drug in a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5 or in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 at duodenum or jejunum and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases drug in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 or in a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 at ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise a mixture of enteric coatings which release drug at pH 5 and pH 6 or pH 7 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • the present invention further provides compositions comprising a mixture of compositions that contain different peptides and/or that release the peptides at different pH levels, so that a specific composition can be released at a specific region of the GI tract (e.g., duodenum, jejunum, ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon) at a specific amount and time to maximize the cleansing effect.
  • a specific region of the GI tract e.g., duodenum, jejunum, ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon
  • Preferred pH for duodenum or jejunum release is pH 4.5-5.5 or pH 5.5-6.5.
  • Preferred pH for ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon release is pH 5.5-6.5 or pH 6.5-7.5.
  • the mixture may comprise at least 2, 3, 4 or more compositions that release the peptides at different pH levels (e.g., pH5, pH6, or pH7).
  • the mixture may comprise at least 2, 3, 4 or more compositions that contain different GCRA peptides.
  • a skilled artisan can determine the ratio of these compositions within the mixture, for example, according to the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • the present invention also provides methods for colonic cleansing by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a GCRA peptide.
  • the GCRA peptides (i.e., gualylate cyclase-C agonists) according to the invention include amino acid sequences represented by Formulae I-XXI, their corresponding ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad) derivatives (e.g., Formulae I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aad or XXI-Aad), as well as those amino acid sequence summarized below in Tables 1-8.
  • the gualylate cyclase-C agonists according to the invention are collectively referred to herein as “GCRA peptides”.
  • the GCRA peptides and derivative or analogs thereof described herein bind the guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) and stimulate intracellular production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
  • cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
  • the GCRA peptides stimulate intracellular cGMP production at higher levels than naturally occurring GC-C agonists (e.g., uroguanylin, guanylin, lymphoguanylin and ST peptides).
  • the GCRA peptides of the invention stimulate 5, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90% or more intracellular cGMP compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • the terms induced and stimulated are used interchangeably throughout the specification.
  • the GCRA peptides described herein are more stable than naturally occurring GC-C agonists. By more stable it is meant that the peptide degrades less and/or more slowly in simulated gastrointestinal fluid and/or simulated intestinal fluid compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • the GCRA peptide of the invention degrade 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90% or less compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • guanylate cyclase receptor refers to the class of guanylate cyclase C receptor on any cell type to which the inventive agonist peptides or natural agonists described herein bind.
  • intestinal guanylate cyclase receptor is found exclusively on epithelial cells lining the GI mucosa. Uroguanylin, guanylin, and ST peptides are expected to bind to these receptors and may induce apoptosis. The possibility that there may be different receptors for each agonist peptide is not excluded.
  • the term refers to the class of guanylate cyclase receptors on epithelial cells.
  • GCC agonist is meant to refer to peptides and/or other compounds that bind to an intestinal guanylate cyclase receptor and stimulate fluid and electrolyte transport. This term also covers fragments and pro-peptides that bind to GCR and stimulate fluid and water secretion.
  • substantially equivalent is meant to refer to a peptide that has an amino acid sequence equivalent to that of the binding domain where certain residues may be deleted or replaced with other amino acids without impairing the peptide's ability to bind to an intestinal guanylate cyclase receptor and stimulate fluid and electrolyte transport.
  • compositions of the present invention are well within the level of skill in this art.
  • carriers e.g., phosphate-buffered saline or PBS
  • such compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and other ingredients known to facilitate administration and/or enhance uptake.
  • Other formulations such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, and immunologically-based systems may also be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • Other examples include formulations with polymers (e.g., 20% w/v polyethylene glycol) or cellulose, or enteric formulations.
  • the invention provides a GCRA peptide.
  • the GCRA peptides are analogues uroguanylin, guanylin, lymphoguanylin and ST peptides. No particular length is implied by the term “peptide”. In some embodiments, the GCRA peptide is less than 25 amino acids in length, e.g., less than or equal to 20, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, or 5 amino acid in length.
  • the GCRA peptides can be polymers of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both.
  • the peptides are D retro-inverso peptides.
  • the term “retro-inverso isomer” refers to an isomer of a linear peptide in which the direction of the sequence is reversed and the chirality of each amino acid residue is inverted. See, e.g., Jameson et al., Nature, 368, 744-746 (1994); Brady et al., Nature, 368, 692-693 (1994).
  • any given L-amino acid sequence of the invention may be made into a D retro-inverso peptide by synthesizing a reverse of the sequence for the corresponding native L-amino acid sequence.
  • a GCRA peptide includes the sequence defined by Formulae I-XXI, their corresponding ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad) derivatives (e.g., Formula I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aad or XXI-Aad), as well as those amino acid sequence summarized below in Tables 1-8.
  • Formulae I-XXI their corresponding ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad) derivatives (e.g., Formula I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aa
  • Intracellular cGMP is measured by methods known in the art.
  • the GCRA peptide of the invention stimulate 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90% or more intracellular cGMP compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • the GCRA peptides described herein are more stable than naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • more stable it is meant that the peptide degrade less and/or more slowly in simulated gastric fluid and/or simulated intestinal fluid compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • the GCRA peptide of the invention degrade 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90% or less compared to naturally occurring GC-C agonists.
  • PEG3, 3 PEG is meant to denote polyethylene glycol such as include aminoethyloxy-ethyloxy-acetic acid (AeeA).
  • AMIDE is meant to denote that the terminal carboxylic acid is replaced with an amide group, i.e., the terminal COOH is replaced with CONH 2 .
  • X aa is any natural, unnatural amino acid or amino acid analogue
  • M aa is a Cysteine (Cys), Penicillamine (Pen), homocysteine, or 3-mercaptoproline.
  • Xaa n1 is meant to denote an amino acid sequence of any natural, unnatural amino acid or amino acid analogue that is one, two or three residues in length
  • Xaa n2 is meant to denote an amino acid sequence of any natural, unnatural amino acid or amino acid analogue that is zero or one residue in length
  • Xaa n3 is meant to denote an amino acid sequence of any natural, unnatural amino acid or amino acid analogue that is zero, one, two, three, four, five or six residues in length.
  • any amino acid represented by Xaa may be an L-amino acid, a D-amino acid, a methylated amino acid, a fluorinated amino acid or any combination of thereof.
  • amino acid at the N-terminus, C-terminus or both is a D-amino acid.
  • any GCRA peptide represented by Formulae I-XXI and their corresponding ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad) derivatives represented by Formulae I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aad or XXI-Aad may contain on or more polyethylene glycol residues at the N-terminus, C-terminus or both.
  • An exemplary polyethylene glycol includes aminoethyloxy-ethyloxy-acetic acid and polymers thereof.
  • any GCRA peptide represented by Formulae I-XXI and their corresponding ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad) derivatives represented by Formulae I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aad or XXI-Aad may contain AMIDE at the c-terminus.
  • GCRA peptides that can be used in the methods and formulations of the invention include a peptide selected from the group designated by SEQ ID NOs: 1-346.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula I.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula I is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid and/or the amino acid at position 16 is a serine.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula I is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula I is a d-leucine or a d-serine.
  • one or more of the amino acids at positions 1-3 of Formula I are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids or a combination of D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • Asn 1 , Asp 2 or Glu 3 (or a combination thereof) of Formula I is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid at position Xaa 6 of Formula I is a leucine, serine or tyrosine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula II.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula II is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula II is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula II is a leucine, a d-leucine, a serine, or a d-serine.
  • the one or more amino acids denoted by Xaa n1 of Formula II are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • the amino acid at position Xaa 6 of Formula II is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • Xaa 1 is a pyroglutamic acid.
  • Xaa 2 is glutamic acid or d-glutamic acid.
  • Xaa 3 is an aspartic acid or d-aspartic acid.
  • Xaa 8 and Xaa 10 are AIB.
  • Xaa 9 is tyrosine.
  • Xaa 16 is dNal.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula III.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula III is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid and/or Maa is not a cysteine.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula III is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula III is a leucine, a d-leucine, a serine, or a d-serine.
  • the one or more amino acids denoted by Xaa n1 of Formula III are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • the amino acid at position Xaa 6 of Formula III is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • Xaa 1 is a pyroglutamic acid.
  • Xaa 2 is glutamic acid or d-glutamic acid.
  • Xaa 3 is an aspartic acid or d-aspartic acid.
  • Xaa 16 is dNal.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula IV.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula IV is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid, and/or Maa is not a cysteine.
  • the Xaa n2 of Formula IV is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula IV is a leucine, a d-leucine, a serine, or a d-serine.
  • the one or more of the amino acids denoted by Xaa n1 of Formula IV is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted Xaa 6 of Formula IV is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • Xaa 1 is a pyroglutamic acid.
  • Xaa 2 is glutamic acid or d-glutamic acid.
  • Xaa 3 is an aspartic acid or d-aspartic acid.
  • Xaa 8 and Xaa 10 are AIB.
  • Xaa 9 is tyrosine.
  • Xaa 16 is dNal.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula V.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula V is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula V is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid at position 16 (i.e., Xaa 16 ) of Formula V is a d-leucine or a d-serine.
  • one or more of the amino acids at position 1-3 of Formula V are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids or a combination of D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • Asn 1 , Asp 2 or Glu 3 (or a combination thereof) of Formula V is a D-amino acids or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted at Xaa 6 of Formula V is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula VI, VII, VIII, or IX.
  • the amino acid at position 6 of Formula VI, VII, VIII, or IX is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula VI, VII, VIII, or IX is a leucine or a serine.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula V is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI or XVII.
  • one or more amino acids of Formulae X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI or XVII are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • the amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the peptides according to Formulae X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI or XVII is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of the peptides according to Formulae X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI or XVII is a D-tyrosine.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa 6 of Formula XIV is a tyrosine, phenylalanine or a serine. Most preferably the amino acid denoted by Xaa 6 of Formula XIV is a phenylalanine or a serine.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa 4 of Formula XV, XVI or XVII is a tyrosine, a phenylalanine, or a serine.
  • the amino acid position Xaa 4 of Formula V, XVI or XVII is a phenylalanine or a serine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides containing the amino acid sequence of Formula XVIII.
  • the amino acid at position 1 of Formula XVIII is a glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine or lysine.
  • the amino acid at position 2 and 3 of Formula XVIII is a glutamic acid, or an aspartic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 5 is a glutamic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 6 of Formula XVIII is an isoleucine, valine, serine, threonine or tyrosine.
  • the amino acid at position 8 of Formula XVIII is a valine or isoleucine.
  • the amino acid at position 9 of Formula XVIII is an asparagine.
  • the amino acid at position 10 of Formula XVIII is a valine or a methionine.
  • the amino acid at position 11 of Formula XVIII is an alanine.
  • the amino acid at position 13 of Formula XVIII is a threonine.
  • the amino acid at position 14 of Formula XVIII is a glycine.
  • the amino acid at position 16 of Formula XVIII is a leucine, serine or threonine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides containing the amino acid sequence of Formula XIX.
  • the amino acid at position 1 of Formula XIX is a serine or asparagine.
  • the amino acid at position 2 of Formula XIX is a histidine or an aspartic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 3 of Formula XIX is a threonine or a glutamic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 5 of Formula XIX is a glutamic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 6 of Formula XIX is an isoleucine, leucine, valine or tyrosine.
  • the amino acid at position 8, 10, 11, or 13 of Formula XIX is an alanine.
  • the amino acid at position 9 of Formula XIX is an asparagine or a phenylalanine.
  • the amino acid at position 14 of Formula XIX is a glycine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides containing the amino acid sequence of Formula XX.
  • the amino acid at position 1 of Formula XX is a glutamine.
  • the amino acid at position 2 or 3 of Formula XX is a glutamic acid or an aspartic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 5 of Formula XX is a glutamic acid.
  • the amino acid at position 6 of Formula XX is threonine, glutamine, tyrosine, isoleucine, or leucine.
  • the amino acid at position 8 of Formula XX is isoleucine or valine.
  • the amino acid at position 9 of Formula XX is asparagine.
  • the amino acid at position 10 of Formula XX is methionine or valine.
  • the amino acid at position 11 of Formula XX is alanine.
  • the amino acid at position 13 of Formula XX is a threonine.
  • the amino acid at position 1 of Formula XX is a glycine.
  • the amino acid at position 15 of Formula XX is a tyrosine.
  • the amino acid at position 15 of Formula XXX is two-amino acid in length and is Cysteine (Cys), Penicillamine (Pen) homocysteine, or 3-mercaptoproline and serine, leucine or threonine.
  • GCRA peptides include peptides having the amino acid sequence of Formula XXI.
  • at least one amino acid of Formula XXI is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula XXI is a D-amino acid or a methylated amino acid.
  • the amino acid denoted by Xaa n2 of Formula XXI is a leucine, a d-leucine, a serine, or a d-serine.
  • the one or more amino acids denoted by Xaa n1 of Formula XXI are D-amino acids or methylated amino acids.
  • the amino acid at position Xaa 6 of Formula XXI is a leucine, a serine, or a tyrosine.
  • Xaa 1 is a pyroglutamic acid.
  • Xaa 2 is glutamic acid or d-glutamic acid.
  • Xaa 3 is an aspartic acid or d-aspartic acid.
  • Xaa 7 is an aspartic acid and forms a lactam bridge with Xaa 15 .
  • Xaa 8 and Xaa 10 are AIB.
  • Xaa 9 is tyrosine.
  • Xaa 15 is an Orn.
  • Xaa 16 is dNal.
  • the GCRA peptides of the invention also include analogs that contain an ⁇ -aminoadipic acid (Aad), preferably at the 3rd position from the N-terminus of each peptide or at the position to the N-terminal side next to the first cysteine (“Cys”) residue.
  • the GCRA peptide Aad derivatives include peptides having the amino acid sequences of Formula I-Aad, II-Aad, III-Aad, IV-Aad, V-Aad, VI-Aad, VII-a-Aad, VII-b-Aad, VIII-Aad, IX-Aad, XVIII-Aad or XXI-Aad (Table 8).
  • one or more amino acids of the GCRA peptides can be replaced by a non-naturally occurring amino acid or a naturally or non-naturally occurring amino acid analog.
  • There are many amino acids beyond the standard 20 Al, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and VaI). Some are naturally-occurring others are not. (See, for example, Hunt, The Non-Protein Amino Acids: In Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids, Barrett, Chapman and Hall, 1985).
  • an aromatic amino acid can be replaced by 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, 3-iodo-L-tyrosine, triiodothyronine, L-thyroxine, phenylglycine (Phg) or nor-tyrosine (norTyr).
  • Phg and norTyr and other amino acids including Phe and Tyr can be substituted by, e.g., a halogen, —CH3, —OH, —CH2NH3, —C(O)H, —CH2CH3, —CN, —CH2CH2CH3, —SH, or another group. Any amino acid can be substituted by the D-form of the amino acid.
  • non-naturally occurring amino acids or naturally and non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs a number of substitutions in the polypeptide and agonists described herein are possible alone or in combination.
  • glutamine residues can be substituted with gamma-Hydroxy-Glu or gamma-Carboxy-Glu.
  • Tyrosine residues can be substituted with an alpha substituted amino acid such as L-alpha-methylphenylalanine or by analogues such as: 3-Amino-Tyr; Tyr(CH3); Tyr(PO3(CH3)2); Tyr(SO3H); beta-Cyclohexyl-Ala; beta-(1-Cyclopentenyl)-Ala; beta-Cyclopentyl-Ala; beta-Cyclopropyl-Ala; beta-Quinolyl-Ala; beta-(2-Thiazolyl)-Ala; beta-(Triazole-1-yl)-Ala; beta-(2-Pyridyl)-Ala; beta-(3-Pyridyl)-Ala; Amino-Phe; Fluoro-Phe; Cyclohexyl-Gly; tBu
  • Alanine residues can be substituted with alpha-substituted or N-methylated amino acid such as alpha-amino isobutyric acid (aib), L/D-alpha-ethylalanine (L/D-isovaline), L/D-methylvaline, or L/D-alpha-methylleucine or a non-natural amino acid such as beta-fluoro-Ala.
  • unnatural amino acids include: an unnatural analog of tyrosine; an unnatural analogue of glutamine; an unnatural analogue of phenylalanine; an unnatural analogue of serine; an unnatural analogue of threonine; an alkyl, aryl, acyl, azido, cyano, halo, hydrazine, hydrazide, hydroxyl, alkenyl, alkynl, ether, thiol, sulfonyl, seleno, ester, thioacid, borate, boronate, phospho, phosphono, phosphine, heterocyclic, enone, imine, aldehyde, hydroxylamine, keto, or amino substituted amino acid, or any combination thereof; an amino acid with a photoactivatable cross-linker; a spin-labeled amino acid; a fluorescent amino acid; an amino acid with a novel functional group; an amino acid that covalently or
  • an amino acid can be replaced by a naturally-occurring, non-essential amino acid, e.g., taurine.
  • the GCRA peptides are cyclic peptides.
  • GCRA cyclic peptides are prepared by methods known in the art. For example, macrocyclization is often accomplished by forming an amide bond between the peptide N- and C-termini, between a side chain and the N- or C-terminus [e.g., with K 3 Fe(CN) 6 at pH 8.5] (Samson et al., Endocrinology, 137: 5182-5185 (1996)), or between two amino acid side chains, such as cysteine. See, e.g., DeGrado, Adv Protein Chem, 39: 51-124 (1988).
  • the GCRA peptides are [4,12; 7,15] bicycles.
  • one or both members of one or both pairs of Cys residues which normally form a disulfide bond can be replaced by homocysteine, penicillamine, 3-mercaptoproline (Kolodziej et al. 1996 Int J Pept Protein Res 48:274); ⁇ , ⁇ dimethylcysteine (Hunt et al. 1993 Int J Pept Protein Res 42:249) or diaminopropionic acid (Smith et al. 1978 J Med Chem 2 1:117) to form alternative internal cross-links at the positions of the normal disulfide bonds.
  • one or more disulfide bonds can be replaced by alternative covalent cross-links, e.g., an amide linkage (—CH2CH(O)NHCH2- or —CH2NHCH(O)CH2-), an ester linkage, a thioester linkage, a lactam bridge, a carbamoyl linkage, a urea linkage, a thiourea linkage, a phosphonate ester linkage, an alkyl linkage (—CH2CH2CH2CH2-), an alkenyl linkage(—CH 2CH ⁇ CHCH 2-), an ether linkage (—CH2CH2OCH2- or —CH2OCH2CH2-), a thioether linkage (—CH2CH2SCH2- or —CH2SCH2CH2-), an amine linkage (—CH2CH2NHCH2- or —CH2NHCH 2CH2-) or a thioamide linkage (—CH2CH(S)HNHCH 2- or —CH2CH
  • the GCRA peptides can have one or more conventional polypeptide bonds replaced by an alternative bond. Such replacements can increase the stability of the polypeptide. For example, replacement of the polypeptide bond between a residue amino terminal to an aromatic residue (e.g. Tyr, Phe, Trp) with an alternative bond can reduce cleavage by carboxy peptidases and may increase half-life in the digestive tract.
  • an aromatic residue e.g. Tyr, Phe, Trp
  • Bonds that can replace polypeptide bonds include: a retro-inverso bond (C(O)—NH instead of NH—C(O); a reduced amide bond (NH—CH2); a thiomethylene bond (S—CH2 or CH2-S); an oxomethylene bond (0-CH2 or CH2-O); an ethylene bond (CH2-CH2); a thioamide bond (C(S)—NH); a trans-olefine bond (CH ⁇ CH); a fluoro substituted trans-olefme bond (CF ⁇ CH); a ketomethylene bond (C(O)—CHR or CHR—C(O) wherein R is H or CH3; and a fluoro-ketomethylene bond (C(O)—CFR or CFR—C(O) wherein R is H or F or CH3.
  • the GCRA peptides can be modified using standard modifications. Modifications may occur at the amino (N—), carboxyl (C—) terminus, internally or a combination of any of the preceding. In one aspect described herein, there may be more than one type of modification on the polypeptide. Modifications include but are not limited to: acetylation, amidation, biotinylation, cinnamoylation, farnesylation, formylation, myristoylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation (Ser, Tyr or Thr), stearoylation, succinylation, sulfurylation and cyclisation (via disulfide bridges or amide cyclisation), and modification by Cys3 or Cys5.
  • the GCRA peptides described herein may also be modified by 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP), DNP-lysine, modification by 7-Amino-4-methyl-coumarin (AMC), flourescein, NBD (7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazole), p-nitro-anilide, rhodamine B, EDANS (5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid), dabcyl, dabsyl, dansyl, texas red, FMOC, and Tamra (Tetramethylrhodamine).
  • DNP 2,4-dinitrophenyl
  • AMC 7-Amino-4-methyl-coumarin
  • Fescein 7-Amino-4-methyl-coumarin
  • NBD 7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazole
  • p-nitro-anilide rhodamine B
  • the GCRA peptides described herein may also be conjugated to, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG); alkyl groups (e.g., C1-C20 straight or branched alkyl groups); fatty acid radicals; combinations of PEG, alkyl groups and fatty acid radicals (See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,633; Soltero et al., 2001 Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology 106-110); BSA and KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin).
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • alkyl groups e.g., C1-C20 straight or branched alkyl groups
  • fatty acid radicals e.g., fatty acid radicals
  • combinations of PEG, alkyl groups and fatty acid radicals See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,633; Soltero et al., 2001 Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology 106-110
  • BSA and KLH Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
  • peptides that biologically or functional equivalent to the peptides described herein.
  • biologically equivalent or “functional equivalent” is intended to mean that the compositions of the present invention are capable of demonstrating some or all of the cGMP production modulatory effects.
  • GCRA peptides can also include derivatives of GCRA peptides which are intended to include hybrid and modified forms of GCRA peptides in which certain amino acids have been deleted or replaced and modifications such as where one or more amino acids have been changed to a modified amino acid or unusual amino acid and modifications such as glycosylation so long the modified form retains the biological activity of GCRA peptides.
  • retaining the biological activity it is meant that cGMP and or apoptosis is induced by the GCRA peptide, although not necessarily at the same level of potency as that of a naturally-occurring GCRA peptide identified.
  • Preferred variants are those that have conservative amino acid substitutions made at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art.
  • amino acids with basic side chains e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine
  • acidic side chains e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid
  • uncharged polar side chains e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine
  • nonpolar side chains e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan
  • beta-branched side chains e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine
  • aromatic side chains e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine
  • a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in a GCRA polypeptide is replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family.
  • mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of a GCRA coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened to identify mutants that retain activity.
  • GCRA peptide which may be isolated by virtue of cross-reactivity with antibodies to the GCRA peptide.
  • GCRA peptides are easily prepared using modern cloning techniques, or may be synthesized by solid state methods or by site-directed mutagenesis.
  • a GCRA peptide may include dominant negative forms of a polypeptide.
  • Chemical synthesis may generally be performed using standard solution phase or solid phase peptide synthesis techniques, in which a peptide linkage occurs through the direct condensation of the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of the other amino acid with the elimination of a water molecule.
  • Peptide bond synthesis by direct condensation requires suppression of the reactive character of the amino group of the first and of the carboxyl group of the second amino acid.
  • the masking substituents must permit their ready removal, without inducing breakdown of the labile peptide molecule.
  • the polymer-supported peptide chain permits the use of simple washing and filtration steps instead of laborious purifications at intermediate steps.
  • Solid-phase peptide synthesis may generally be performed according to the method of Merrifield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1963, 85:2149, which involves assembling a linear peptide chain on a resin support using protected amino acids.
  • Solid phase peptide synthesis typically utilizes either the Boc or Fmoc strategy, which is well known in the art.
  • solid phase synthesis deprotection and coupling reactions must go to completion and the side-chain blocking groups must be stable throughout the synthesis.
  • solid phase synthesis is generally most suitable when peptides are to be made on a small scale.
  • Acetylation of the N-terminal can be accomplished by reacting the final peptide with acetic anhydride before cleavage from the resin. C-amidation is accomplished using an appropriate resin such as methylbenzhydrylamine resin using the Boc technology.
  • the GCRA peptides are produced by modern cloning techniques.
  • the GCRA peptides are produced either in bacteria including, without limitation, E. coli , or in other existing systems for polypeptide or protein production (e.g., Bacillus subtilis , baculovirus expression systems using Drosophila Sf9 cells, yeast or filamentous fungal expression systems, mammalian cell expression systems), or they can be chemically synthesized.
  • the GCRA peptide or variant peptide is to be produced in bacteria, e.g., E. coli
  • the nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide may also encode a leader sequence that permits the secretion of the mature polypeptide from the cell.
  • the sequence encoding the polypeptide can include the pre sequence and the pro sequence of, for example, a naturally-occurring bacterial ST polypeptide.
  • the secreted, mature polypeptide can be purified from the culture medium.
  • the sequence encoding a GCRA peptide described herein can be inserted into a vector capable of delivering and maintaining the nucleic acid molecule in a bacterial cell.
  • the DNA molecule may be inserted into an autonomously replicating vector (suitable vectors include, for example, pGEM3Z and pcDNA3, and derivatives thereof).
  • the vector nucleic acid may be a bacterial or bacteriophage DNA such as bacteriophage lambda or M13 and derivatives thereof. Construction of a vector containing a nucleic acid described herein can be followed by transformation of a host cell such as a bacterium. Suitable bacterial hosts include but are not limited to, E. coli, B subtilis, Pseudomonas, Salmonella .
  • the genetic construct also includes, in addition to the encoding nucleic acid molecule, elements that allow expression, such as a promoter and regulatory sequences.
  • the expression vectors may contain transcriptional control sequences that control transcriptional initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator, and repressor sequences.
  • the expression vector can also include a translation regulatory sequence (e.g., an untranslated 5′ sequence, an untranslated 3′ sequence, or an internal ribosome entry site).
  • the vector can be capable of autonomous replication or it can integrate into host DNA to ensure stability during polypeptide production.
  • the protein coding sequence that includes a GCRA peptide described herein can also be fused to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide affinity tag, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, protein A, FLAG tag, hexa-histidine, myc tag or the influenza HA tag, in order to facilitate purification.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • the affinity tag or reporter fusion joins the reading frame of the polypeptide of interest to the reading frame of the gene encoding the affinity tag such that a translational fusion is generated. Expression of the fusion gene results in translation of a single polypeptide that includes both the polypeptide of interest and the affinity tag.
  • DNA sequence encoding a protease recognition site will be fused between the reading frames for the affinity tag and the polypeptide of interest.
  • GCRA peptides and variants described herein in protein expression systems other than bacteria, and well known to those skilled in the art, can also be used to produce polypeptides in a biological system.
  • peptides disclosed herein may be modified by attachment of a second molecule that confers a desired property upon the peptide, such as increased half-life in the body, for example, pegylation. Such modifications also fall within the scope of the term “variant” as used herein.
  • the present invention also provides compositions comprising at least one GCRA peptide (i.e., GCC agonist peptide) described herein, at least one enteric coating which releases the peptide at a specific pH (e.g., about pH 4.0, pH 5.0, pH 6.0 or pH 7.0) and an inert carrier.
  • GCRA peptide i.e., GCC agonist peptide
  • enteric coating which releases the peptide at a specific pH (e.g., about pH 4.0, pH 5.0, pH 6.0 or pH 7.0) and an inert carrier.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases the peptide at pH5 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases the peptide at pH6 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • a composition may comprise an enteric coating which releases the peptide at pH7 and an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides.
  • the present invention further provides a formulation comprising a mixture of compositions that contain different peptides and/or that release the peptides at different pH levels.
  • the mixture may comprise at least 2, 3, 4 or more compositions that release the peptides at different pH levels.
  • the mixture may comprise at least 2, 3, 4 or more compositions that contain different GCRA peptides.
  • a skilled artisan can determine the ratio of these compositions within the mixture, for example, according to the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH5.0 (“pH5.0 composition”) and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH6.0 (“pH6.0 composition”).
  • the ratio of pH5.0 composition to pH6.0 composition can be any value between 100:1 (v/v) and 1:100 (v/v) and can be determined, for example, by the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • the ratio of pH5.0 composition to pH6.0 composition is 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, or 1:10.
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH5.0 (“pH5.0 composition”) and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH7.0 (“pH7.0 composition”).
  • the ratio of pH5.0 composition to pH7.0 composition can be any value between 100:1 (v/v) and 1:100 (v/v) and can be determined, for example, by the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • the ratio of pH5.0 composition to pH7.0 composition is 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, or 1:10.
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH6.0 (“pH6.0 composition”) and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH7.0 (“pH7.0 composition”).
  • the ratio of pH6.0 composition to pH7.0 composition can be any value between 100:1 (v/v) and 1:100 (v/v) and can be determined, for example, by the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • the ratio of pH6.0 composition to pH7.0 composition is 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, or 1:10.
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH5.0 (“pH5.0 composition”); (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH6.0 (“pH6.0 composition”) and (3) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at pH7.0 (“pH7.0 composition”).
  • the ratio of pH5.0 composition to pH6.0 composition to pH7.0 composition can be determined, for example, by the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at duodenum or jejunum (“duodenum composition”) and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides at ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon (“ileum composition”).
  • a formulation comprises a mixture of (1) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides in a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5 or in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 at duodenum or jejunum (“duodenum composition”); and (2) a composition having an inert carrier coated with GCRA peptides and an enteric coating that releases the peptides in a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 or in a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 at ileum, terminal ileum, or ascending colon (“ileum composition”).
  • the ratio of duodenum composition to ileum composition can be any value between 100:1 (v/v) and 1:100 (v/v) and can be determined, for example, by the activity of each peptide, solubility of each peptide, and/or the targeting region of the GI tract.
  • the ratio of duodenum composition to ileum composition is 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, or 1:10.
  • the targeting region of the GI tract includes, but is not limited to, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, terminal ileum, and ascending colon.
  • the GCRA peptides that can be used in the methods and formulations of the invention include a peptide selected from the group designated by SEQ ID NOs: 1-346.
  • the GCRA peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 55 or 56.
  • the inert carrier is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, EMDEX, and starch.
  • the carrier is mannitol (e.g., MANNOGEM) or microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., PROSOLV, CELPHERE®, CELPHERE® beads).
  • the carrier is microcrystalline cellulose spheres or spherical microcrystalline cellulose, such as Celphere® SCP-100.
  • the enteric coating material is chosen to target the release of the composition of the present invention to a specific region of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the enteric coating material preferably comprises one of the following: (1) a pH dependent polymer; (2) a swellable polymer; or (3) a degradable composition.
  • the enteric coating material is an enteric coating which releases the peptides at pH5.
  • the enteric coating material is an enteric coating which releases the peptides at pH6.
  • the enteric coating material is an enteric coating which releases the peptides at pH 7.
  • the enteric coating chosen for the formulation is any coating which will achieve the targeting objective of the formulation.
  • suitable enteric coatings include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) acrylic polymers (anionic polymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylates polymers with methacrylic acid as a functional group) such as the EUDRAGIT® (Degussa) polymers, e.g., for release in the duodenum (dissolution above pH 5.5), EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 and EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55; for release in the jejunum (dissolution above pH 6.0), EUDRAGIT® L 100; for release in the ileum (dissolution above pH 7), EUDRAGIT® S 100 and EUDRAGIT® FS 30, and COLORCON ACRYL-EZE®; (2) polyvinyl Acetate Phthalate (PVAP) including the COLORCON SURETERIC® Aqueous Enteric Coating System, and the COLORCON OPADRYL-EZE®;
  • enteric coatings include, without limitation, sustained release blends such as EUDRACOL, EUDRAPULSE, and EUDRAMODE, as well as sustained release polymers such as the EUDRAGIT® RL, RS, and NE polymers.
  • the formulations of the invention comprise a pH-dependent targeting material that is pharmacologically inactive, meaning that it is excreted without being absorbed or metabolized.
  • the GCRA peptide-loaded composition is coated with a pH-dependent material.
  • the GCRA peptide-loaded composition is formed as a matrix with a pH-dependent material.
  • the pH-dependent material comprises a pH-dependent polymer.
  • the pH-dependent polymer is stable in the low pH environment of the stomach (i.e., at pH 1-2) and begins to disintegrate at the higher pH of the small intestine (pH 6-7) or distal ileum (pH 7-8).
  • the polymer begins to disintegrate at pH 4.5-4.8, pH 4.8-5.0, pH 5.0-5.2, pH 5.2-5.4, pH 5.4-5.8, pH 5.8-6.0, pH 6.0-6.2, pH 6.2-6.4, pH 6.4-6.6, pH 6.6-6.8, pH 6.8-7.0, pH 7.0-7.2, or pH 7.2-7.4.
  • the polymer begins to disintegrate at pH 4.5-5.5, pH 5.5-6.5, or pH 6.5-7.5.
  • the pH at which a pH-sensitive polymer begins to disintegrate is also referred to herein as the “threshold pH” of the polymer.
  • the pH-dependent polymer is a methacrylic acid copolymer, a polyvinyl acetate phthalate, a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, a cellulose acetate trimelliate, a cellulose acetate phthalate, or a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate.
  • the pH-dependent polymer is a methacrylic acid copolymer selected from among the EUDRAGIT® polymers.
  • EUDRAGIT® polymers are available in a wide range of different concentrations and physical forms, including aqueous solutions, aqueous dispersion, organic solutions, and solid substances.
  • the pharmaceutical properties of the polymers are determined by the chemical properties of their functional groups.
  • EUDRAGIT® L, S, FS and E polymers have acidic or alkaline groups that are pH-dependent.
  • Enteric EUDRAGIT® coatings provide protection against release of the GCRA peptide in the stomach and enable controlled release in the intestine.
  • anionic EUDRAGIT® grades containing carboxyl groups are mixed with each other to provide pH-dependent release of the GCRA peptide.
  • EUDRAGIT® L and S grades are used for enteric coatings.
  • EUDRAGIT® FS 30D is used for controlled release in the colon.
  • the various EUDRAGIT® polymers are further described in international pharmacopeias such as Ph.Eur., USP/NF, DMF and JPE.
  • the pH-dependent polymer is a methacrylic acid copolymer selected from EUDRAGIT® L100, having a threshold pH of 6.0; EUDRAGIT® S 100, having a threshold pH of 7.0; EUDRAGIT® L-30D, having a threshold pH of 5.6; EUDRAGIT® FS 30D, having a threshold pH of 6.8; or EUDRAGIT® L100-55, having a threshold pH of 5.5, or a combination thereof.
  • the GCRA peptide formulation comprises a targeting material which provides a controlled (time-dependent) release of the GCRA peptide.
  • Controlled release in this context includes delayed sustained release, delayed controlled release, delayed slow release, delayed prolonged release, delayed extended release, and a sudden release or “burst.”
  • the controlled release formulation comprises a slowly disintegrating composition comprising the GCRA peptide surrounded by the targeting material.
  • the targeting material preferably comprises at least one swellable polymer.
  • swellable polymers for use in a controlled release formulation of the invention include acrylic copolymers, e.g., EUDRAGIT® RL, EUDRAGIT® RS, or EUDRAGIT® NE; polyvinylacetate, e.g., KOLLICOAT® SR 30D; and cellulose derivatives such as ethylcellulose or cellulose acetate, e.g., SURELEASE® and AQUACOAT® ECD.
  • the targeting material comprises one or more of EUDRAGIT® RL, EUDRAGIT® RS, or EUDRAGIT® NE to provide controlled time release of the GCRA peptide by pH-independent swelling.
  • the targeting material comprises EUDRAGIT® RL:RS (2:8) and an outing coating comprising EUDRAGIT® FS.
  • the swellable polymer is selected from the group consisting of calcium pectinate, cross-linked polysaccharide, water insoluble starch, microcrystalline cellulose, water insoluble cross-linked peptide, water insoluble cross-linked protein, water insoluble cross-linked gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked hydrolyzed gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked collagen, modified cellulose, and cross-linked polyacrylic acid.
  • a cross-linked polysaccharide include insoluble metal salts or cross-linked derivatives of alginate, pectin, xantham gum, guar gum, tragacanth gum, and locust bean gum, carrageenan, metal salts thereof, and covalently cross-linked derivatives thereof.
  • modified cellulose include cross-linked derivatives of hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and metal salts of carboxymethylcellulose.
  • the swellable composition also comprises a wicking agent such as silicon dioxide.
  • the wicking agent may also be selected from a disintegrant such as microcrystalline cellulose to enhance the speed of water uptake.
  • suitable wicking agents include, but are not limited to, kaolin, titanium dioxide, fumed silicon dioxide, alumina, niacinamide, sodium lauryl sulfate, low molecular weight polyvinyl pyrrolidone, m-pyrol, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate, polyester, polyethylene, and mixtures thereof.
  • the targeting material which may comprise part of the composition and/or form one or more layers coating the composition, optionally further comprises at least one of a lubricant, a flow promoting agent, a plasticizer, an anti-sticking agent, surfactant, wetting agent, suspending agent and dispersing agent.
  • the targeting material comprises a water insoluble polymer and a pore-forming agent.
  • pore forming agents include saccharose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyethyleneglycol, water soluble organic acids, sugars and sugar alcohol.
  • the pore forming agent forms part of an outer layer or coating. In other embodiments, the pore forming agent is distributed uniformly throughout the water insoluble polymer.
  • the targeting material comprises a compression coating.
  • materials that can be used as a compression coating include a gum selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, locust bean gum, galactans, mannans, alginates, gum karaya, pectin, agar, tragacanth, accacia, carrageenan, tragacanth, chitosan, agar, alginic acid, hydrocolloids acacia catechu , salai guggal, indian bodellum, copaiba gum, asafetida, cambi gum, Enterolobium cyclocarpum , mastic gum, benzoin gum, sandarac, gambier gum, butea frondosa (Flame of Forest Gum), myrrh, konjak mannan, guar gum, welan gum, gellan gum, tara gum, locust bean gum, carageenan gum, glucomannan, galact
  • the targeting material further comprises a plasticizer, a stiffening agent, a wetting agent, a suspending agent, or a dispersing agent, or a combination thereof.
  • a plasticizer include dibutyl sebacate, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetylated monoglyceride, acetyl tributyl citrate, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, benzyl benzoate, butyl and/or glycol esters of fatty acids, refined mineral oils, oleic acid, castor oil, corn oil, camphor, glycerol and sorbitol or a combination thereof.
  • the stiffening agent comprises cetyl alcohol.
  • wetting agents include a poloxamer, polyoxyethylene ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxymethylene stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan fatty acid esters, benzalkonium chloride, polyethoxylated castor oil, and docusate sodium.
  • Non-limiting examples of suspending agents include alginic acid, bentonite, carbomer, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, dextrin, gelatin, guar gum, xanthan gum, kaolin, magnesium aluminum silicate, maltitol, medium chain triglycerides, methylcellulose, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and tragacanth.
  • Non-limiting examples of dispersing agents include poloxamer, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters and sorbitan fatty acid esters.
  • the targeted release formulation further comprises an outer enteric coating over the targeted release material.
  • the outer enteric coating is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, EUDRAGIT® L100 and EUDRAGIT® L30D-55.
  • the GCRA peptide formulation is a time-delayed formulation designed to release the GCRA peptide in a fast burst in the colon or small intestine (“burst formulation”).
  • the formulation comprises a core and an outer layer.
  • the composition comprises at least one GCRA peptide and at least one burst controlling agent.
  • the composition further comprises at least one disintegrant selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone (cross-linked PVP), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose), pre-gelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, and magnesium aluminum silicate, or a combination thereof.
  • at least one disintegrant selected from the group consisting of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone (cross-linked PVP), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Croscarmellose), pre-gelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, and magnesium aluminum silicate, or a combination thereof.
  • the composition further comprises at least one of an absorption enhancer, a binder, a hardness enhancing agent, a buffering agent, a filler, a flow regulating agent, a lubricant, a synergistic agent, a chelator, an antioxidant, a stabilizer and a preservative.
  • the composition also comprises one or more other excipients.
  • the burst controlling agent in the composition preferably comprises a water insoluble polymer for controlling the rate of penetration of water into the composition and raising the internal pressure (osmotic pressure) inside the composition.
  • a burst controlling agent is preferably able to swell upon contact with liquid.
  • suitable water insoluble polymers include cross-linked polysaccharide, water insoluble starch, microcrystalline cellulose, water insoluble cross-linked peptide, water insoluble cross-linked protein, water insoluble cross-linked gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked hydrolyzed gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked collagen modified cellulose, and cross-linked polyacrylic acid.
  • the water insoluble polymer is a cross-linked polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of insoluble metal salts or cross-linked derivatives of alginate, pectin, xanthan gum, guar gum, tragacanth gum, and locust bean gum, carrageenan, metal salts thereof, and covalently cross-linked derivatives thereof.
  • the water insoluble polymer is modified cellulose selected from the group consisting of cross-linked derivatives of hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and metal salts of carboxymethylcellulose.
  • the water insoluble polymer is selected from calcium pectinate, microcrystalline cellulose, or a combination thereof.
  • the outer layer comprises a water insoluble hydrophobic carrier and a pore forming agent comprised of a water insoluble hydrophilic particular matter.
  • the pore forming agent is a water permeable agent which allows entry of liquid into the core.
  • the outer layer further comprises at least one of a wetting agent, a suspending agent, a dispersing agent, a stiffening age and a plasticizer.
  • the water insoluble hydrophobic carrier is selected from the group consisting of a dimethylaminoethylacrylate/ethylmethacrylate copolymer, the copolymer being based on acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, wherein the molar ratio of the ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic acid esters is approximately 1:20, the polymer corresponding to USP/NF “Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type A”, an ethylmethacrylate/chlorotrimethylammoniumethyl methacrylate copolymer, the copolymer based on acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups wherein the molar ratio of the ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic acid esters is 1:40, the polymer corresponding to USP/NF “Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type B”,
  • the water insoluble particulate matter is a hydrophilic yet water insoluble polymer, preferably selected from the group consisting of a water insoluble cross-linked polysaccharide, a water insoluble cross-linked protein, a water insoluble cross-linked peptide, water insoluble cross-linked gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked hydrolyzed gelatin, water insoluble cross-linked collagen, water insoluble cross linked polyacrylic acid, water insoluble cross-linked cellulose derivatives, water insoluble cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, micro crystalline cellulose, insoluble starch, micro crystalline starch and a combination thereof.
  • the water insoluble particulate matter is microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the GCRA peptide containing composition comprises a GCRA peptide covalently conjugated to a carrier molecule such that the covalent bond between the GCRA peptide and the carrier is stable in the stomach and small intestine but labile in the lower gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon.
  • the GCRA peptide covalently linked to a carrier molecule is referred to as the “GCC prodrug.”
  • the GCC prodrug comprises a GCRA peptide covalently conjugated to a carrier molecule via an azo bond or a glycosidic bond.
  • the GCC prodrug comprises a glucuronide, a cyclodextrin, a dextran ester, or a polar amino acid.
  • the GCC prodrug is a polymeric prodrug.
  • the polymeric prodrug comprises polyamides containing azo groups.
  • the formulations of the invention contain one or more GCRA peptides described herein, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (also referred to as diluents) and/or excipients.
  • the formulations of the invention include an inert carrier.
  • the inert carrier is preferably non-hygroscopic.
  • the carrier in the formulation contains few or no reducing sugars and is substantially free of contaminants including, but not limited to, iron, peroxide, and formaldehyde.
  • the carrier is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, EMDEX, and starch.
  • the carrier is mannitol (e.g., MANNOGEM) or microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. PROSOLV, CELPHERE®, CELPHERE® beads).
  • compositions described herein comprise a mixture of the compositions described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (also referred to as diluents) and/or excipients.
  • the remainder of the formulation is comprised of the carrier and one or more optional excipients.
  • the amount of carrier is at least 90% of the total weight of the formulation. In another embodiment, the amount of carrier is at least 95% or at least 98% of the total weight of the formulation. In one embodiment, the amount of carrier is between 90 and 99.9% of the total weight of the formulation.
  • the one or more optional excipients comprise a disintegrant which is present at 1 to 5% of the total weight of the formulation. In one embodiment, the one or more optional excipients comprise a lubricant which is present at 0.02 to 5% of the total weight of the formulation.
  • the one or more optional excipients comprise an amino acid such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, methionine, asparagine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, or glycine, which is present at 0.1 to 4% (e.g., 0.1-1%) of the total weight of the formulation.
  • the molar ratio between the amino acid and the GCRA peptide is from about 2:1 to about 20:1 (e.g., 5:1).
  • the one or more optional excipients comprise a stabilizer such as a divalent cation salt, more specifically, a water-soluble divalent cation salt (e.g., calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, manganese chloride), which is present at 0.1 to 12% (e.g., 0.1-4%) of the total weight of the formulation.
  • a stabilizer such as a divalent cation salt, more specifically, a water-soluble divalent cation salt (e.g., calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, manganese chloride), which is present at 0.1 to 12% (e.g., 0.1-4%) of the total weight of the formulation.
  • the molar ratio between the salt and the GCRA peptide is from about 5:1 to about 20:1 (e.g., 10:1).
  • the formulations may contain other additives as needed, including for example lactose, glucose, fructose, galactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, raffnose, maltitol, melezitose, stachyose, lactitol, palatinite, starch, xylitol, mannitol, myoinositol, and the like, and hydrates thereof, and amino acids, for example alanine, glycine and betaine, and polypeptides and proteins, for example albumen.
  • additives including for example lactose, glucose, fructose, galactose, trehalose, sucrose, maltose, raffnose, maltitol, melezitose, stachyose, lactitol, palatinite, starch, xylitol, mannitol, myoinositol, and the like, and hydrates thereof, and amino acids, for
  • compositions include, but are not limited to binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, anti-microbial agents, and coating agents such as: BINDERS: corn starch, potato starch, other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia , xanthan, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (e.g., povidone, crospovidone, copovidone, etc), methyl cellulose, Methocel, pre-gelatinized starch (e.g., STARCH 1500® and STARCH 1500 LM®, sold by Colorcon, Ltd.), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (FMC Corporation, Marcus Hook, Pa
  • ANTI-CAKING AGENTS calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, or mixtures thereof
  • ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, butyl paraben, cetylpyridinium chloride, cresol, chlorobutanol, dehydroacetic acid, ethylparaben, methylparaben, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenoxyethanol, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric nitrate, potassium sorbate, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, sodium dehydroacetate
  • the formulation can also include other excipients and categories thereof including but not limited to Pluronic®, Poloxamers (such as Lutrol® and Poloxamer 188), ascorbic acid, glutathione, protease inhibitors (e.g. soybean trypsin inhibitor, organic acids), pH lowering agents, creams and lotions (like maltodextrin and carrageenans); materials for chewable tablets (like dextrose, fructose, lactose monohydrate, lactose and aspartame, lactose and cellulose, maltodextrin, maltose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose and guar gum, sorbitol crystalline); parenterals (like mannitol and povidone); plasticizers (like dibutyl sebacate, plasticizers for coatings, polyvinylacetate phthalate); powder lubricants (like glyceryl behenate); soft gelatin capsules (like sorbitol special solution); spheres for
  • glycerol palmitostearate glyceryl monostearate, indigo carmine, lecithin, manitol, methyl and propyl parabens, mono ammonium glycyrrhizinate, natural and artificial orange flavor, pharmaceutical glaze, poloxamer 188, Polydextrose, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, polyvidone, pregelatinized corn starch, pregelatinized starch, red iron oxide, saccharin sodium, sodium carboxymethyl ether, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, strawberry flavor, synthetic black iron oxide, synthetic red iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and white wax.
  • Solid oral dosage forms may optionally be treated with coating systems (e.g. Opadry® fx film coating system, for example Opadry® blue (OY-LS-20921), Opadry® white (YS-2-7063), Opadry® white (YS-1-7040), and black ink (S-1-8 106).
  • coating systems e.g. Opadry® fx film coating system, for example Opadry® blue (OY-LS-20921), Opadry® white (YS-2-7063), Opadry® white (YS-1-7040), and black ink (S-1-8 106).
  • the agents either in their free form or as a salt can be combined with a polymer such as polylactic-glycoloic acid (PLGA), poly-(I)-lactic-glycolic-tartaric acid (P(I)LGT) (WO 01/12233), polyglycolic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), polylactic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,628), poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) and poly(alkylene oxide) (U.S. 20030068384) to create a sustained release formulation.
  • PLGA polylactic-glycoloic acid
  • P(I)LGT) WO 01/12233
  • polyglycolic acid U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919
  • polylactic acid U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,628)
  • poly( ⁇ -caprolactone) and poly(alkylene oxide) U.S. 20030068384
  • WO 03/053401 describes a formulation which may both enhance bioavailability and provide controlled release of the agent within the GI tract. Additional controlled release formulations are described in WO 02/38129, EP 326151, U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,704, WO 02/30398, WO 98/13029; U.S. 20030064105, U.S. 20030138488A1, U.S. 20030216307A1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,667,060, WO 01/49249, WO 01/49311, WO 01/49249, WO 01/49311, and U.S. Pat. No.
  • 5,877,224 materials which may include those described in WO04041195 (including the seal and enteric coating described therein) and pH-sensitive coatings that achieve delivery in the colon including those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,021 and WO9001329.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,021 describes using a pH-sensitive material to coat a capsule.
  • WO9001329 describes using pH-sensitive coatings on beads containing acid, where the acid in the bead core prolongs dissolution of the pH-sensitive coating.
  • 5,175,003 discloses a dual mechanism polymer mixture composed of pH-sensitive enteric materials and film-forming plasticizers capable of conferring permeability to the enteric material, for use in drug-delivery systems; a matrix pellet composed of a dual mechanism polymer mixture permeated with a drug and sometimes covering a pharmaceutically neutral nucleus; a membrane-coated pellet comprising a matrix pellet coated with a dual mechanism polymer mixture envelope of the same or different composition; and a pharmaceutical dosage form containing matrix pellets.
  • the matrix pellet releases acid-soluble drugs by diffusion in acid pH and by disintegration at pH levels of nominally about 5.0 or higher.
  • the GCC peptides described herein may be formulated in the pH triggered targeted control release systems described in WO04052339.
  • the agents described herein may be formulated according to the methodology described in any of WO03105812 (extruded hyrdratable polymers); WO0243767 (enzyme cleavable membrane translocators); WO03007913 and WO03086297 (mucoadhesive systems); WO02072075 (bilayer laminated formulation comprising pH lowering agent and absorption enhancer); WO04064769 (amidated polypeptides); WO05063156 (solid lipid suspension with pseudotropic and/or thixotropic properties upon melting); WO03035029 and WO03035041 (erodible, gastric retentive dosage forms); U.S.
  • JP10324642 delivery system comprising chitosan and gastric resistant material such as wheat gliadin or zein
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,619 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,629 saccharide containing polymer
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,152 scribes a drug delivery system containing a water soluble core (Ca pectinate or other water-insoluble polymers) and outer coat which bursts (e.g. hydrophobic polymer-Eudragrit));
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,234,464 U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,130 (coating with polymer containing casein and high methoxy pectin; WO0174 175 (Maillard reaction product); WO05063206 (solubility increasing formulation); WO040 19872 (transferring fusion proteins).
  • GCC peptides described herein may be formulated using gastrointestinal retention system technology (GIRES; Merrion Pharmaceuticals).
  • GIRES comprises a controlled-release dosage form inside an inflatable pouch, which is placed in a drug capsule for oral administration. Upon dissolution of the capsule, a gas-generating system inflates the pouch in the stomach where it is retained for 16-24 hours, all the time releasing agents described herein.
  • the GCC peptides described herein can also be formulated using the multi matrix system technology (MMX).
  • MMX multi matrix system technology
  • the GCC peptides described herein can be formulated in an osmotic device including the ones disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,030, U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,590 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,502.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,030 describing an osmotic device for dispensing a drug to certain pH regions of the gastrointestinal tract. More particularly, the invention relates to an osmotic device comprising a wall formed of a semi-permeable pH sensitive composition that surrounds a compartment containing a drug, with a passageway through the wall connecting the exterior of the device with the compartment.
  • the device delivers the drug at a controlled rate in the region of the gastrointestinal tract having a pH of less than 3.5, and the device self-destructs and releases all its drug in the region of the gastrointestinal tract having a pH greater than 3.5, thereby providing total availability for drug absorption.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,609,590 and 5,358,502 disclose an osmotic bursting device for dispensing a beneficial agent to an aqueous environment.
  • the device comprises a beneficial agent and osmagent surrounded at least in part by a semi-permeable membrane.
  • the beneficial agent may also function as the osmagent.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water and substantially impermeable to the beneficial agent and osmagent.
  • a trigger means is attached to the semi-permeable membrane (e.g., joins two capsule halves).
  • the trigger means is activated by a pH of from 3 to 9 and triggers the eventual, but sudden, delivery of the beneficial agent.
  • composition of the present invention can be formulated in the form of a tablet, a capsule, granules, pellets, or crystals.
  • the composition comprises microparticles or microspheres.
  • the composition comprises a cellulose acetate butyrate microsphere.
  • the composition comprises one or more layers of targeting materials.
  • the composition is formulated in a matrix with a targeting material.
  • the matrix is coated with at least one additional targeting material.
  • the GCC-agonist containing composition of the present formulations is formed according to art-recognized methods.
  • the composition is formed with a pellet-forming agent such as microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, chitin, chitosan, or any combination or mixture thereof.
  • a pellet-forming agent such as microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, chitin, chitosan, or any combination or mixture thereof.
  • an amount of pellet-forming agent that is less than 20% by weight results in poor sphericity and broad particle size distribution.
  • the pellet-forming agent of the present formulations is preferably at least 20% by weight.
  • the pellet-forming agent is present at 20% to 95% or 50% to 90% by weight.
  • the formulation may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the excipients are present in an amount of 2 to 70% or 5 to 50% by weight.
  • the term excipient broadly refers to a biologically inactive substance used in combination with the active agents of the formulation.
  • An excipient can be used, for example, as a solubilizing agent, a stabilizing agent, a diluent, an inert carrier, a preservative, a binder, a disintegrant, a coating agent, a flavoring agent, or a coloring agent.
  • at least one excipient is chosen to provide one or more beneficial physical properties to the formulation, such as increased stability and/or solubility of the active agent(s).
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable” excipient is one that has been approved by a state or federal regulatory agency for use in animals, and preferably for use in humans, or is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopia, the European Pharmacopia or another generally recognized pharmacopia for use in animals, and preferably for use in humans.
  • excipients include certain inert proteins such as albumins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as aspartic acid (which may alternatively be referred to as aspartate), glutamic acid (which may alternatively be referred to as glutamate), lysine, arginine, glycine, and histidine; fatty acids and phospholipids such as alkyl sulfonates and caprylate; surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulphate and polysorbate; nonionic surfactants such as such as TWEEN®, PLURONICS®, or polyethylene glycol (PEG); carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, mannose, maltose, trehalose, and dextrins, including cyclodextrins; polyols such as sorbitol; chelating agents such as EDTA; and salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium. Particularly preferred are hydrophilic excipients which reduce the protein
  • the GCRA peptide formulation further comprises one or more excipients selected from among an absorption enhancer, a binder, a disintegrant, and a hardness enhancing agent. In other embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more excipients selected from among a wicking agent, a stabilizer, a flow regulating agent, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a chelating agent, or a sequestrate.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable binders include starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone (POVIDONE), low molecular weight hydroxypropylcellulose, low molecular weight hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, low molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, gelatin, polyethylene oxide, acacia , dextrin, magnesium aluminum silicate, and polymethacrylates.
  • Non-limiting examples of a disintegrant include croscarmellose sodium crospovidone (cross-linked PVP), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, and magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum).
  • a binder is selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
  • Non-limiting examples of a wicking agent include colloidal silicon dioxide, kaolin, titanium oxide, fumed silicon dioxide, alumina, niacinamide, sodium lauryl sulfate, low molecular weight polyvinyl pyrrolidone, m-pyrol, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate, polyester, polyethylene, and mixtures thereof.
  • a wicking agent is selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and low molecular weight polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
  • Non-limiting examples of a stabilizer include butyl hydroxyanisole, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • the stabilizer is a basic substance which can elevate the pH of an aqueous solution or dispersion of the formulation to at least about pH 6.8.
  • Examples of such basic substances include, for example, antacids such as magnesium aluminometasilicate, magnesium aluminosilicate, magnesium aluminate, dried aluminum hydroxide, synthetic hydrotalcite, synthetic aluminum silicate, magnesium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide, and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
  • pH-regulating agents such as L-arginine, sodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium phosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, disodium citrate, sodium succinate, ammonium chloride, and sodium benzoate.
  • a stabilizer is selected from ascorbic acid and magnesium aluminometasilicate.
  • the basic substance can be an inorganic water-soluble compound or an inorganic water-insoluble compound.
  • an inorganic water-soluble compounds for use as a stabilizer include carbonate salts such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or potassium hydrogen carbonate; phosphate salts such as anhydrous sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, calcium dibasic phosphate, or trisodium phosphate; and alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium, potassium, or lithium hydroxide.
  • Non-limiting examples of inorganic water-insoluble compounds for use as a stabilizer include suitable alkaline compounds capable of imparting the requisite basicity, such as those commonly employed in antiacid compositions, for example, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or calcium carbonate; composite aluminum-magnesium compounds, such as magnesium aluminum hydroxide; silicate compounds such as magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum F), magnesium aluminometasilicate (Nesulin FH2), magnesium aluminosilicate (Nisulin A); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of phosphoric acid such as tribasic calcium phosphate.
  • suitable alkaline compounds capable of imparting the requisite basicity, such as those commonly employed in antiacid compositions, for example, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or calcium carbonate
  • composite aluminum-magnesium compounds such as magnesium aluminum hydroxide
  • Non-limiting examples of a flow regulating agents include a colloidal silicon dioxide and aluminum silicate.
  • Non-limiting examples of a lubricant include stearate salts, such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and sodium stearate, stearic acid, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium benzoate, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol behenate compritol (glycerol behenate), corola oil, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated vegetable oil, magnesium oxide, mineral oil, poloxamer, and combinations thereof.
  • a lubricant is selected from talc and magnesium stearate.
  • Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include 4,4 (2,3 dimethyl tetramethylene dipyrochatechol), tocopherol-rich extract (natural vitamin E), ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, ⁇ -tocopherol, butylhydroxinon, butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate, tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), fumaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, citric acid, sodium lactate, potassium lactate, calcium lactate, magnesium lactate, anoxomer, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, erythorbin acid, sodium erythorbin,
  • the composition of the formulation comprises an antioxidant and both a chelator and a sequestrate.
  • the chelating agent acts to remove trace quantities of metals which might otherwise bind to the GCC agonist and cause loss of activity, for example through oxidation.
  • the sequestrate preferably has several hydroxyl and/or carboxylic acid groups which provide a supply of hydrogen for regeneration of the inactivated antioxidant free radical.
  • Non-limiting examples of chelating agents include antioxidants, dipotassium edentate, disodium edentate, edetate calcium disodium, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, maltol, sodium edentate, and trisodium edetate.
  • Non-limiting examples of sequestrates include citric acid and ascorbic acid.
  • the formulation further comprises a filler.
  • the filler is present in an amount of from 10% to 85% by weight.
  • suitable materials for use as a filler include starch, lactitol, lactose, an inorganic calcium salt, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose, and combinations thereof.
  • the filler comprises microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the microcrystalline cellulose has a particle size of less than about 100 microns, and most preferably the microcrystalline cellulose has a particle size of about 50 microns.
  • the composition optionally includes a buffering agent such as an inorganic salt compound and an organic alkaline salt compound.
  • a buffering agent include potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monosodium glutamate, tribasic calcium phosphate, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, citric acid monohydrate, lactic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and monobasic sodium phosphate.
  • the composition described herein further comprises a preservative.
  • a preservative include an antioxidant, dipotassium edentate, disodium edentate, edetate calcium disodium, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, maltol, sodium edentate, and trisodium edentate.
  • the formulations of the invention are preferably optimized for oral delivery.
  • the formulations may be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • Solid oral dosage forms may optionally be treated with coating systems (e.g. Opadry® fx film coating system, for example Opadry® blue (OY-LS-20921), Opadry® white (YS-2-7063), Opadry® white (YS-1-7040), and black ink (S-1-8 106).
  • coating systems e.g. Opadry® fx film coating system, for example Opadry® blue (OY-LS-20921), Opadry® white (YS-2-7063), Opadry® white (YS-1-7040), and black ink (S-1-8 106).
  • the present invention provides a method of colonic cleansing by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any compositions of the present invention, for example a GCRA peptide.
  • the present invention also provides a method of colonic cleansing by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any formulations of the present invention.
  • the GCRA peptides that can be used in the methods and formulations of the invention include a peptide selected from the group designated by SEQ ID NOs: 1-346.
  • the GCRA peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1, 9, 55 or 56.
  • This method can be used in cleansing or purging the bowels or colon prior to carrying out a diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical procedure on the colon, rectum or anus or elsewhere in the abdomen.
  • the diagnostic or surgical procedure may, for example, be sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, radiographic examination, preparation for patients undergoing bowel surgery, and other medical or diagnostic procedures. It has been believed that profuse, uncontrolled diarrhea was necessary to produce adequate cleansing of the colon.
  • This present invention provides a safe and effective cleansing method for the bowels and colon, without the ingestion of large volumes of lavage solutions, without the unpleasant, bitter, and dangerous hypertonic salt solutions, thus providing an improved patients compliance.
  • Subject means an individual. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal such as a primate, and, in another aspect, the subject is a human.
  • the term “subject” also includes domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), and livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.). The subject may be a human over 50 years old.
  • the subject is one who is undergoing colonoscopy for a routinely accepted indication, including, but not limited to routine screening, polyp or neoplasm history, rectal bleeding, other gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, unknown diarrhea or constipation etiology, anemia of unknown etiology, inflammatory bowel disease, abnormal endosonography or evaluation of barium enema results.
  • routinely accepted indication including, but not limited to routine screening, polyp or neoplasm history, rectal bleeding, other gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, unknown diarrhea or constipation etiology, anemia of unknown etiology, inflammatory bowel disease, abnormal endosonography or evaluation of barium enema results.
  • compositions e.g., GCRA peptides
  • formulations described herein can be administered with one or more other agents, for example, L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives and agents for treating chronic constipation.
  • agents for example, L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives and agents for treating chronic constipation.
  • the compositions e.g., GCRA peptides
  • formulations described herein can be administered with L-glucose.
  • the compositions or the formulations described herein can be administered prior to, concurrently, or after the administration of one or more such agents.
  • the GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention or any composition/formulation described herein is used in combination with L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep.
  • an osmotic liquid prep is SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit (sodium sulfate potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate).
  • colonic refers to any composition that acts as a colonic evacuant for cleansing or purging the bowels or colon prior to sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, radiographic examination, preparation for patients undergoing bowel surgery, and other medical or diagnostic procedures.
  • compositions of an osmotic colonic evacuant include solids, powders, gels, or liquids.
  • a liquid composition of an osmotic colonic evacuant may be constituted from a solid, powder, or gel composition using a physiologically acceptable carrier (e.g., water).
  • a liquid composition of an osmotic colonic evacuant suitable for administration also may be constituted from liquid concentrate form using a physiologically acceptable carrier (e.g., water) as diluent.
  • An osmotic colonic evacuant may be a phosphate-based cathartic, for example, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium biphosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, or mixtures thereof; or a sulfate-based cathartic, for example, sodium picosulfate and sodium sulfate, or mixtures thereof; or magnesium-based cathartic, for example, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, or mixtures thereof; or magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts).
  • phosphate-based cathartic for example, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium biphosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, or mixtures thereof
  • a sulfate-based cathartic for example, sodium picosulfate and sodium sulfate, or mixtures thereof
  • magnesium-based cathartic for example, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sul
  • a stimulant laxative can cause rhythmic muscle contractions in the large intestines.
  • exemplary stimulant laxatives and their effective doses include: Aloe, 250-1000 mg.; bisacodyl, about 5-80 mg.; casanthranol, 30 to 360 mg.; cascara aromatic fluid extract, 2-24 ml.; cascara sagrada bark, 300-4000 mg.; cascada sagrada extract, 300 to 2000 mg.; cascara sagrada fluid extract, 0.5 to 5 ml.; castor oil, 15-240 ml.; danthron, 75-300 mg.; dehydrocholic acid, 250-2000 mg; phenolphthalein, 30-1000 mg.; sennosides A and B, 12-200 mg.; and picosulfate, 1-100 mg.
  • laxatives may include glycerin suppositories, sorbitol, lactulose, and polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • agents for treating chronic constipation include, but are not limited to lubiprostone (Amitiza), prucalopride, SENNA, MIRALAX, LACTULOSE, PEG, or calcium polycarbophil), stool softeners (such as mineral oil or COLACE), bulking agents (such as METAMUCIL or bran), agents such as ZELNORM (also called tegaserod), and anticholinergic medications such as BENTYL and LEVSIN.
  • compositions e.g., GCRA peptides
  • formulations described herein can be used in combination with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
  • PDE inhibitors are those compounds which slow the degradation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and/or cyclic GMP (cGMP) by inhibition of the phosphodiesterases, which can lead to a relative increase in the intracellular concentration of c AMP and/or cGMP.
  • Possible PDE inhibitors are primarily those substances which are to be numbered among the class consisting of the PDE3 inhibitors, the class consisting of the PDE4 inhibitors and/or the class consisting of the PDE5 inhibitors, in particular those substances which can be designated as mixed types of PDE3/4 inhibitors or as mixed types of PDE3/4/5 inhibitors.
  • PDE inhibitors may be mentioned such as are described and/or claimed in the following patent applications and patents: DE1470341, DE2108438, DE2123328, DE2305339, DE2305575, DE2315801, DE2402908, DE2413935, DE2451417, DE2459090, DE2646469, DE2727481, DE2825048, DE2837161, DE2845220, DE2847621, DE2934747, DE3021792, DE3038166, DE3044568, EP000718, EP0008408, EP0010759, EP0059948, EP0075436, EP0096517, EPO1 12987, EPO1 16948, EP0150937, EP0158380, EP0161632, EP0161918, EP0167121, EP0199127, EP0220044, EP0247725, EP0258191, EP0272910, EP0272914, EP0294647, EP0300726, EP0335386, EP035778
  • PDE5 inhibitors which may be mentioned by way of example are RX-RA-69, SCH-51866, KT-734, vesnarinone, zaprinast, SKF-96231, ER-21355, BF/GP-385, NM-702 and sildenafil (Viagra®).
  • PDE4 inhibitors which may be mentioned by way of example are RO-20-1724, MEM 1414 (R1533/R1500; Pharmacia Roche), DENBUFYLLINE, ROLIPRAM, OXAGRELATE, NITRAQUAZONE, Y-590, DH-6471, SKF-94120, MOTAPIZONE, LIXAZINONE, INDOLIDAN, OLPRINONE, ATIZORAM, KS-506-G, DIPAMFYLLINE, BMY-43351, ATIZORAM, AROFYLLINE, FILAMINAST, PDB-093, UCB-29646, CDP-840, SKF-107806, PICLAMILAST, RS-17597, RS-25344-000, SB-207499, TIBENELAST, SB-210667, SB-211572, SB-211600, SB-212066, SB-212179, GW-3600, CDP-840, MOPIDAMOL, ANAGRELIDE, IBUDILAST
  • PDE3 inhibitors which may be mentioned by way of example are SULMAZOLE, AMPIZONE, CILOSTAMIDE, CARBAZERAN, PIROXIMONE, IMAZODAN, CI-930, SIGUAZODAN, ADIBENDAN, SATERINONE, SKF-95654, SDZ-MKS-492, 349-U-85, EMORADAN, EMD-53998, EMD-57033, NSP-306, NSP-307, REVIZINONE, NM-702, WIN-62582 and WIN-63291, ENOXIMONE and MILRINONE.
  • PDE3/4 inhibitors which may be mentioned by way of example are BENAFENTRINE, TREQUINSIN, ORG-30029, ZARDAVERINE, L-686398, SDZ-ISQ-844, ORG-20241, EMD-54622, and TOLAFENTRINE.
  • Other PDE inhibitors include: cilomilast, pentoxifylline, roflumilast, tadalafil(Cialis®), theophylline, and vardenafil(Levitra®), zaprinast (PDE5 specific).
  • the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of sulindac sulfone, zaprinast, motapizone, vardenafil, and sildenafil.
  • flavorants and/or sweeteners may be added to compositions of the present invention to increase its palatability.
  • the flavorant can be present in the mixture or solution that contains the instant compositions.
  • the flavorant and sweetener can be individually packaged apart from the instant compositions.
  • the flavorant may include a citrate-based component.
  • the citrate-based component may include citric acid, salts, such as sodium or potassium citrate, derivatives of citrate, such as a citrate derivatized with ester functionality, and the like.
  • the flavorant also may include natural and/or artificial flavorings, such as natural and/or artificial fruit flavors, to further increase the palatability of the cathartic.
  • Preferred sweeteners include aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame potassium, among other ingredients.
  • the flavorant and sweetener may be combined as a powered mixture.
  • examples of such combinations include the commercially available aspartame-based drink mixture, such as the CRYSTAL LIGHT®TM powder that is available from Kraft Foods, Northfield, Ill. (USA) or the N&A Pink Lemonade FL System Sugar FAFT523 that is available from WILD Flavors, Inc., Erlanger, Ky. (USA). Both of these powders include aspartame, citric acid, and fruit flavors that result in flavored drinks when the powder is combined with water.
  • compositions and uses of flavorants and sweeteners in phosphate-based cathartics are described, for example, in ASPARTAME AND CITRATE FLAVORED PHOSPHATE SALT CATHARTIC, U.S. Published Patent Application publication no. US20060051428 to Ayala et al.
  • the GCRA peptides may be in a pharmaceutical composition in unit dose form, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • unit dose form refers to a single drug delivery entity, e.g., a tablet, capsule, solution or inhalation formulation.
  • the amount of peptide present should be sufficient to have a positive effect when administered to a patient (typically, between 10 ⁇ g and 3 g).
  • “Positive effect” refers to effective cleansing or purging the bowels or colon prior to carrying out a diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical procedure on the colon, rectum or anus or elsewhere in the abdomen.
  • the GCRA peptides can be administered alone or in combination with other agents. Combination methods can be achieved by administering two or more agents, e.g., a GCRA peptide described herein and another compound, each of which is formulated and administered separately, or by administering two or more agents in a single formulation. Other combinations are also encompassed by combination therapy. For example, two agents can be formulated together and administered in conjunction with a separate formulation containing a third agent. While the two or more agents in the combination methods can be administered simultaneously, they need not be. For example, administration of a first agent (or combination of agents) can precede administration of a second agent (or combination of agents) by minutes, hours, or days.
  • the two or more agents can be administered within minutes of each other or within 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, or 24 hours of each other or within 1 or 2 days of each other. In some cases even longer intervals are possible. While in many cases it is desirable that the two or more agents used in a combination therapy be present in within the patient's body at the same time, this need not be so.
  • a GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention is administered 30 minutes before administering an additional colon cleansing agent (e.g., L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep).
  • an additional colon cleansing agent e.g., L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep.
  • a GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention is administered the evening prior to before the colonoscopy (e.g., at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 hours or more before the colonoscopy).
  • Combination therapy can also include two or more administrations of one or more of the agents used in the combination.
  • agent X and agent Y are used in a combination, one could administer them sequentially in any combination one or more times, e.g., in the order X-Y-X, X-X-Y, Y-X-Y, Y-Y-X, X-X-Y-Y, etc.
  • Combination therapy can also include the administration of two or more agents via different routes or locations. For example, (a) one agent is administered orally and another agent is administered intravenously or (b) one agent is administered orally and another is administered locally. In each case, the agents can either simultaneously or sequentially.
  • Approximated dosages for some of the combination therapy agents described herein are found in the “BNF Recommended Dose” column of tables on pages 11-17 of WO01/76632 (the data in the tables being attributed to the March 2000 British National Formulary) and can also be found in other standard formularies and other drug prescribing directories. For some drugs, the customary prescribed dose for an indication will vary somewhat from country to country.
  • the GCRA peptide or its derivative or analog of the present invention or any composition/formulation described herein and the additional agent e.g., L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep
  • the additional agent e.g., L-glucose, cholera toxin, osmotic colonic evacuants, cathartic, laxatives, agents for treating chronic constipation and/or an osmotic liquid prep
  • the GCRA peptides can be combined with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium.
  • the carriers or mediums used can include solvents, dispersants, coatings, absorption promoting agents, controlled release agents, and one or more inert excipients (which include starches, polyols, granulating agents, microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. Celphere®, Celphere® beads), diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like), etc.
  • tablet dosages of the disclosed compositions may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., a GCRA agonist) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • active compound e.g., a GCRA agonist
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier, such as mannitol, fructooligosaccharides, polyethylene glycol and other excepients. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • compositions described herein can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
  • retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811, incorporated fully herein by reference.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved.
  • compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
  • compositions of the present invention may also optionally include other therapeutic ingredients, anti-caking agents, preservatives, sweetening agents, colorants, flavors, desiccants, plasticizers, dyes, glidants, anti-adherents, anti-static agents, surfactants (wetting agents), antioxidants, film-coating agents, and the like. Any such optional ingredient must be compatible with the compound described herein to insure the stability of the formulation.
  • Dosage levels of active ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition can also be varied so as to achieve a transient or sustained concentration of the compound in a subject, and to result in the desired response. It is well within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. It will be understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend on a variety of factors, including body weight, general health, diet, natural history of disease, route and scheduling of administration, combination with one or more other drugs, and severity of disease.
  • An effective dosage of the composition will typically be between about 1 ⁇ g and about 10 mg per kilogram body weight, preferably between about 10 ⁇ g to 5 mg of the compound per kilogram body weight. Adjustments in dosage will be made using methods that are routine in the art and will be based upon the particular composition being used and clinical considerations.
  • guanylate cyclase receptor agonists used in the methods described above may be administered orally, systemically or locally. Dosage forms include preparations for inhalation or injection, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, capsules, topical salves and lotions, transdermal compositions, other known peptide formulations and pegylated peptide analogs.
  • Agonists may be administered as either the sole active agent or in combination with other drugs, e.g., L-glucose, lubiprostone (Amitiza), prucalopride, a laxative, an osmotic colonic evacuant and/or an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase. In all cases, additional drugs should be administered at a dosage that is therapeutically effective using the existing art as a guide. Drugs may be administered in a single composition or sequentially.
  • Dosage levels of the GCRA peptide for use in methods of this invention typically are from about 0.001 mg to about 10,000 mg daily, preferably from about 0.005 mg to about 1,000 mg daily.
  • an effective amount of the GCRA peptide for use in methods of this invention is 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 or 60 mg per unit dose.
  • an effective amount of the GCRA peptide for use in methods of this invention is 6.0 mg per unit dose. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the GCRA peptide for use in methods of this invention is 1.0-60 mg (e.g., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 or 60 mg) per unit dose, when the GCRA peptide is SP-304 (SEQ ID NO: 1), SP-333 (SEQ ID NO: 9) or their derivatives or analogs.
  • an effective amount of the GCRA peptide for use in methods of this invention is 0.3-3.0 mg (e.g., 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 mg) per unit dose, when the GCRA peptide is an E. coli ST peptide, linaclotide (SEQ ID NO: 55) or its derivatives or analogs.
  • the GCRA peptide is given once or twice one day before the procedure (e.g., colonoscopy, surgery etc.) and once or twice on the day of the procedure but before the procedure.
  • a second agent useful for cleansing or purging the bowels or colon prior to carrying out a diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical procedure on the colon, rectum or anus or elsewhere in the abdomen is administered, prior to, concurrently or after the administration of the GCRA peptide.
  • Suitable second agents are described herein (e.g., an osmotic colonic evacuant; L-glucose, lubiprostone (Amitiza), prucalopride; or a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor).
  • the second agent is administered at less than the standard dose for cleansing and purging the bowels and colon because the GCR agonist acts synergistically with the second agent.
  • the dosage of the second agent can be determined by a physician.
  • the amount of L-glucose is a unit dose of 20 g-200 g, preferably a unit dose of 24 g-48 g.
  • dosages typically range from about 0.001/75 mg/kg to about 10,000/75 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.005/75 mg/kg to about 1,000/75 mg/kg.
  • subdoses can be administered two to six times in total before the procedure, preferably two to four times before the procedure, and even more preferably two to three times before the procedure.
  • Doses can be in immediate release form or sustained release form sufficiently effective to obtain the desired control over the medical condition.
  • the dosage regimen to clean or purge the bowels or colon prior to the procedure with the combinations and compositions of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the type, age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject, the route of administration, pharmacological considerations such as the activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and toxicology profiles of the particular second agent employed, whether a drug delivery system is utilized. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employed may vary widely and therefore deviate from the preferred dosage regimen set forth above.
  • Bowel preparation treatment success rate will be described; formal hypothesis testing will not be performed.
  • Exploratory Endpoints The exploratory endpoints for this study are: Volume of intra-procedural water required to improve visualization during the procedure as determined by the Investigator; and, Proportion of procedures that reach the cecum and allow complete visualization of the right colon and cecum as determined by the Investigator Safety will be assessed by descriptive summary of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), adverse events leading to withdrawal, and serious adverse events (SAEs).
  • TEAEs treatment-emergent adverse events
  • SAEs serious adverse events
  • Data Analysis Efficacy analysis Bowel preparation treatment success rate will be described for the study population; formal hypothesis testing will not be performed.
  • Safety Data The safety analysis data set will include all randomized subjects who receive at least one dose of study drug. Incidence of treatment emergent adverse events, withdrawals due to adverse events, serious adverse events and concomitant medications will be listed for each patient and summarized by treatment group. Overall Design of the Study
  • the SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit is an osmotic laxative approved and indicated for cleansing of the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy in adults. (Note that the Medication Guide that accompanies the SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit was given to the patient as per standard clinical practice.)
  • Colonoscopists rate currently available pre-procedure colon cleansing preparations as “excellent” (i.e., low residual solid and liquid volume allowing improved visualization) in only 50% of patients. Increasing the proportion of preps that result in optimal visualization, especially of the right colon [a segment with traditionally higher miss rates for polyps and flat lesions], will serve to improve the clinical outcome of the colonoscopy.
  • GC-C agonists have been shown to increase bowel movement frequency and improve stool consistency in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
  • the normal physiological response to an orally delivered GC-C receptor agonist is an increase in water transport into the lumen of the proximal small bowel; the increased water content results in more frequent bowel movement with a normalized consistency in these patients.
  • SP-333 is a novel investigational medicinal product that has demonstrated potent agonist of the intestinal GC-C receptor in several in vitro and in vivo pharmacology studies and is now in Phase 2 clinical development. It is a synthetic hexadecapeptide designed to mimic the actions of the natriuretic peptide uroguanylin, a member of the guanylin family of enteric peptides.
  • Uroguanylin and guanylin are endogenous agonists for the human GC-C receptor that is expressed on the luminal surface of epithelial cells lining the GI mucosa; this naturally occurring GI hormone stimulates the intracellular production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in activation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), and thereby generating water transport into the bowel lumen.
  • cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
  • CFTR Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
  • 89 subjects received daily doses of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, & 30 mg SP-333 for 14 days or 60 mg SP-333 for 7 days.
  • the maximum tolerated dose was 30 mg with 60 mg deemed an intolerable dose due to 2 instances of fecal incontinence or soiling in the 7 patients dosed with 60 mg SP-333.
  • SP-333 was generally safe and well-tolerated during this study; there were no clinically meaningful changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis parameters, and no clinically meaningful changes in vital sign or ECG parameters with SP-333 dosing at any dose level.
  • TEAEs treatment-emergent adverse events
  • gastrointestinal disorders primarily diarrhea and defecation urgency
  • SAE serious adverse event
  • SP-333 is an ideal agent to enhance the effectiveness of current bowel cleansing regimens by physiologically increasing water content in the intestine thereby facilitating better evacuation of bowel contents prior to colonoscopy.
  • CRC Colorectal cancer
  • a planned diagnostic procedure become a therapeutic procedure by virtue of an unexpected pathological finding (e.g., an adenomatous polyp requiring removal)
  • an unexpected pathological finding e.g., an adenomatous polyp requiring removal
  • the ease of performance and overall success of the therapeutic intervention is enhanced when minimal residual fecal matter and fluid are present.
  • the primary objective of this study was to assess the bowel preparation treatment success of 6 mg SP-333 plus SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit compared to previous bowel preparation treatment success experience of the Investigator using the SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit used alone.
  • the secondary objective of this study was to assess the overall safety and tolerability of 6 mg SP-333 when used as an adjunct to SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy.
  • the exploratory objectives of this study were to assess the volume of intra-procedural water required to improve visualization and the proportion of procedures that reach the cecum and allow complete visualization of the right colon and cecum using 6 mg SP-333 plus SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit compared to the previous experience of the Investigator with the SUPREP® Bowel Prep Kit used alone.
  • bowel preparation treatment success was bowel preparation treatment success as determined by the investigator (bowel preparation will be rated by the Investigator as “Excellent”, “Good”, “Fair” or “Poor”).
  • a successful bowel preparation treatment is defined as bowel cleansing graded either “Excellent” or “Good” by the investigator (See Table 10).
  • the study population consisted of male and female outpatients who were undergoing colonoscopy for a routinely accepted indication.
  • Efficacy were assessed on the basis of a binary outcome of overall bowel preparation treatment success or failure for the Study Population (defined as those patients who took study drug and for whom the colonoscopy was initiated and who did not have an adverse event preventing initiation of the colonoscopy procedure). Bowel preparation treatment success rate was described; formal hypothesis testing was not performed.
  • the Investigator, or qualified designee maintained an accurate record of the receipt of the study medication as shipped by the Sponsor (or designee) and the date received.
  • An Adverse Event is any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a drug in humans, whether or not considered drug related.
  • An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product.
  • Subjects were queried for any problems they experienced during and after preparation by site personnel at all visits. Colonoscopy and biopsy findings are not considered adverse events unless considered by the investigator to be related to the preparation or colonoscopy procedure.
  • Adverse event collection commenced at the time the patient provides informed consent to participate in the study and concluded with the completion of the colonoscopy. Subjects were instructed to promptly report adverse events to the Investigator.
  • a Serious Adverse Event is any untoward medical occurrence that results in at least one of the following outcomes:

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