US9271394B2 - Transparent electrode sheet, method for manufacturing transparent electrode sheet, and capacitive touch panel using such transparent electrode sheet - Google Patents

Transparent electrode sheet, method for manufacturing transparent electrode sheet, and capacitive touch panel using such transparent electrode sheet Download PDF

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US9271394B2
US9271394B2 US13/944,105 US201313944105A US9271394B2 US 9271394 B2 US9271394 B2 US 9271394B2 US 201313944105 A US201313944105 A US 201313944105A US 9271394 B2 US9271394 B2 US 9271394B2
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electrode sheet
silver
layer
transparent
transparent electrode
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US20130299216A1 (en
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Akira Ichiki
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Fujifilm Corp
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Fujifilm Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
    • G06F3/0446—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a grid-like structure of electrodes in at least two directions, e.g. using row and column electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/0274—Optical details, e.g. printed circuits comprising integral optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
    • G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
    • H05K3/105—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by conversion of non-conductive material on or in the support into conductive material, e.g. by using an energy beam
    • H05K3/106—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by conversion of non-conductive material on or in the support into conductive material, e.g. by using an energy beam by photographic methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
    • G06F2203/04103—Manufacturing, i.e. details related to manufacturing processes specially suited for touch sensitive devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
    • G06F2203/04112—Electrode mesh in capacitive digitiser: electrode for touch sensing is formed of a mesh of very fine, normally metallic, interconnected lines that are almost invisible to see. This provides a quite large but transparent electrode surface, without need for ITO or similar transparent conductive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/01—Dielectrics
    • H05K2201/0104—Properties and characteristics in general
    • H05K2201/0108—Transparent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/03—Conductive materials
    • H05K2201/0302—Properties and characteristics in general
    • H05K2201/0317—Thin film conductor layer; Thin film passive component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/03—Conductive materials
    • H05K2201/032—Materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transparent electrode sheet having conductive thin wires formed therein, a method for manufacturing such a transparent electrode sheet, and a capacitive touch panel using such a transparent electrode sheet.
  • Patent Document 1 JP-A-2010-039537
  • Patent Document 2 WO2010/014683
  • Patent Document 3 JP-A-2007-188655
  • an object thereof is to provide a transparent electrode sheet in which a color tone of the electrode surface is controlled. Furthermore, an object of the present invention is to provide a transparent electrode sheet in which a color tone of the electrode made from developed silver is controlled. In addition, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a transparent electrode sheet in which a color tone of such an electrode is controlled. Moreover, an object of the present invention is to provide a transparent electrode capable of not only controlling a color tone of the electrode but being used for a low-resistant, large-screen touch panel. In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide other applications than the foregoing touch panel, using the foregoing transparent electrode sheet having an improved color tone.
  • the present inventor eagerly examined any reason of occurrence of unevenness of the color tint and as a result, has led to the present invention from the following facts.
  • an upper electrode sheet and a lower electrode sheet are stacked via an insulator from the side of a viewer of the touch panel.
  • One of embodiments according to the present invention is hereunder described by reference to an example of the electrode formation by a development system.
  • a development system in each of two upper and lower electrode sheets, a silver halide photosensitive material is coated on a transparent support, and a patterned developed silver electrode is formed on the transparent support by means of exposure through a mask exhibiting an electrode pattern and development.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 and FIG. 12 Embodiments on the occasion of stacking these two electrode sheets to constitute a touch panel are shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 and FIG. 12 . In the embodiment of FIG.
  • a touch panel user views a front side surface b 1 of the developed silver thin wire of the upper and lower electrode sheets (thin wire surface of the far side from the transparent support); and in the embodiment of FIG. 3 , a touch panel user views a rear side surface b 2 of the developed silver thin wire of the upper and lower electrode sheets (thin wire surface of the near side to the transparent support).
  • a touch panel user views a rear side surface b 2 of the developed silver thin wire of the upper electrode sheet (surface of the near side to the transparent support) and a front side surface b 1 of the developed silver thin wire of the lower electrode sheet (thin wire surface of the far side from the transparent support) at the same time.
  • FIG. 4 a touch panel user views a rear side surface b 2 of the developed silver thin wire of the upper electrode sheet (surface of the near side to the transparent support) and a front side surface b 1 of the developed silver thin wire of the lower electrode sheet (thin wire surface of the far side from the transparent support) at the same time.
  • a touch panel user views a front side surface b 1 of the developed silver thin wire of the upper electrode sheet (surface of the far side from the transparent support) and a rear side surface b 2 of the developed silver thin wire of the lower electrode sheet (thin wire surface of the near side to the transparent support) at the same time.
  • the present inventor has found that in only the embodiments of FIGS. 4 and 12 , color unevenness between the electrodes occurs; that in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 , color unevenness between the electrodes is not observed; that though FIGS. 2 and 3 are uniform in color tone as the respective electrodes, FIGS. 2 and 3 are different in color tint of electrode; and that in the embodiments of FIGS.
  • a transparent electrode sheet including a transparent support having thereon patterned electrodes, characterized in that an absolute value of a difference between a reflection chromaticity b 1 * of the electrode surface of the far side from the transparent support and a reflection chromaticity b 2 * of the electrode surface of the near side to the transparent support is not more than 2 (
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in Item 1, characterized in that the absolute value of a difference between the reflection chromaticity b 1 * of the electrode and the reflection chromaticity b 2 * of the electrode is not more than 1.5, and more preferably not more than 1.0.
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in Item 1 or 2 characterized in that the reflection chromaticity b 1 * of the electrode surface measured from the far side from the transparent support satisfies a relation of (b 1 * ⁇ 0).
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in Item 4 characterized by including a layer having a volume ratio of silver and a binder contained in the photosensitive layer (silver/binder ratio) of 1.5 or more.
  • the mercapto compound is a mercapto compound comprising, as a skeleton, a 5-membered ring azole having an N—H structure or a 6-membered ring azine having an N—H structure
  • the N—H structure means a nitrogen-hydrogen bond contained in an azole or an azine
  • the hydrogen is dissociable.
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in any one of Items 1 to 8, characterized in that the amount of the mercapto compound contained in the at least one photosensitive layer is 0.1 mg or more and not more than 15 mg per gram of silver in the silver halide emulsion contained in the same layer as that in the mercapto compound.
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in any one of Items 1 to 10 characterized in that an average silver bromide content in the whole of the silver chlorobromide emulsion-containing photosensitive layer is 10% or more and not more than 50%.
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in any one of Items 1 to 11, characterized in that a silver bromide content of the silver chlorobromide emulsion of the photosensitive layer of the transparent support side is higher than a silver bromide content of the photosensitive layer of the surface side far from the transparent support.
  • the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in Item 12 characterized in that the silver bromide content contained in the photosensitive layer of the surface side far from the transparent support is higher by 10% or more than the silver bromide content of the photosensitive layer of the surface side near to the transparent support.
  • a capacitive touch panel obtained by using two sheets of the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in any one of Items 1 to 19 and stacking the two sheets via an insulator such that the electrode sides thereof face and oppose each other, characterized in that the directions of conduction of conductive thin wires of the electrodes of the two electrode sheets are substantially orthogonal to each other.
  • a touch panel obtained by using two sheets of the transparent electrode sheet as set forth in any one of Items 1 to 19 and stacking the two sheets such that the transparent support sides of the two electrode sheets face on the side of a viewer, or the electrode sides of the two electrode sheets face on the side of a viewer, characterized in that the directions of conduction of conductive thin wires of the electrodes of the two electrode sheets are substantially orthogonal to each other.
  • the transparent electrode sheet having an improved color tone according to the present invention can be applied to not only electrode materials to be used for the above-described capacitive touch panel but all materials so long as they are related to visibility of a person and conductivity because the color tone of the surface of a conductive material is improved. Applicable examples thereof are described below.
  • transparent conductive sheets to be used for resistive film type touch panels electromagnetic wave shielding sheets for shielding electromagnetic waves from the inside of an image display device, and the like
  • the technology of the present invention can be utilized merely by changing a pattern of conductive thin wires formed by patterning of the electrode of the present invention.
  • heater sheets and antistatic sheets can be fabricated, too.
  • the transparent electrode sheet according to the present invention can be applied to all of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 and FIG. 12 , is able to provide a uniform screen with a small difference in color tint, and is large in terms of a degree of freedom for designing a capacitive touch panel. Since the electrode sheet according to the present invention is of a low resistance, it is able to provide a touch panel which even when formed so as to have a large area, is excellent in terms of responsibility, is excellent in terms of, in addition to a color tint, visibility such that when seen as a screen, neither extraneous matter nor moire or the like is felt, and is able to achieve multi-touch.
  • the electrode can be formed by a stable step that is a development treatment, a touch panel which is excellent in terms of stability on processing and manufacturing and stable in terms of quality can be obtained.
  • a transparent conductive sheet to be used for resistive film type touch panels having an excellent color tone, an electromagnetic wave shielding sheet, a heater sheet, and an antistatic sheet can be obtained.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a touch panel according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a stacking system of an upper electrode sheet and a lower electrode sheet.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a stacking system of an upper electrode sheet and a lower electrode sheet.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a stacking system of an upper electrode sheet and a lower electrode sheet.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view explaining a direction at which a reflection chromaticity of an electrode sheet is measured.
  • FIG. 6 is a conceptual view of an electrode forming process using a silver halide emulsion.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a photosensitive material layer containing a silver halide emulsion.
  • FIG. 8 is an oblique view of a stack of an upper electrode sheet 11 and a lower electrode sheet 12 (an insulating layer 41 is omitted).
  • FIG. 9 is a view explaining a conductive lattice section and a connection section of the upper electrode sheet shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 10 is a view explaining a conductive lattice section and a connection section of the lower electrode sheet shown in FIG. 8 .
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view from the side of a touch panel user at the time of stacking an upper electrode sheet and a lower electrode sheet.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a touch panel using a double-sided electrode in which electrodes are formed on the both surfaces of a transparent support according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an embodiment having a photosensitive material layer containing a silver halide emulsion on the both surfaces of a transparent support.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic view for exposing the both surfaces of the photosensitive material shown FIG. 13 through a photomask.
  • Embodiments of an electrode sheet, a method for manufacturing an electrode sheet, and a touch panel according to the present invention are hereunder described by reference to FIGS. 1 to 11 .
  • a numerical range expressed by the terms “a number to another number” means a range falling between the former number indicating a lower limit value of the range and the latter number indicating an upper limit value thereof.
  • the electrode sheet according to the present invention is a transparent electrode sheet including a transparent support having thereon patterned electrodes, wherein an absolute value of a difference between a reflection chromaticity b 1 * of the electrode surface of the far side from the transparent support and a reflection chromaticity b 2 * of the electrode surface of the near side to the transparent support is not more than 2 (
  • an object of the present invention is to solve the problem that the color tint is different depending upon a direction from which the electrode sheet is watched. A phenomenon in which the color tint is different is again described. In FIG.
  • an arrow b 1 indicates the case of measuring a reflection chromaticity of the surface of the far side from a transparent support of an electrode 22 of an electrode sheet 11 (also referred to as “b 1 direction”); an arrow b 2 indicates the case of measuring a reflection chromaticity of the surface of the electrode 22 of the electrode sheet 11 from the near side to a transparent support 33 (also referred to as “b 2 direction”); and it is a problem that when the reflection chromaticity is measured from these two directions, a difference in reflection chromaticity of the electrode varies in terms of a degree at which it is viewed.
  • the present invention is an invention made on the basis of the fact that when an absolute value of a difference between a reflection chromaticity b 1 * from the b 1 direction and a reflection chromaticity b 2 * from the b 2 direction is regulated to not more than 2, even by disposing the electrode sheets as in the disposition shown in FIG. 4 or FIG. 12 , color unevenness is viewed hardly.
  • the reflection chromaticity b* is a characteristic value defined according to the L*a*b* color system.
  • the L*a*b* color system is a method of color space established by Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) in 1976, and in the present invention, the L* value, a* value, and b* value are a value obtained through the measurement by a method stipulated in JIS-Z8729:1994.
  • the measurement method of JIS-Z8729 include a measurement method by reflection and a measurement method by transmission, in the present invention, values measured by reflection are adopted.
  • the L* value represents a brightness
  • the a* value and b* value represent a hue and a saturation.
  • the a* value is a plus sign
  • the b* value is a plus sign
  • the b* value is a minus sign
  • the larger the absolute value the larger the saturation of the color and the more brilliant the color; whereas the smaller the absolute value, the smaller the saturation.
  • the a* value is small in a change in the observation directions (b 1 direction and b 2 direction).
  • the b* value is larger in a change in the direction at which the electrode is observed than the a* value. Specifically, when the color tint changes from yellow to blue, color unevenness is viewed easily. Details of the measurement method are described in the section of “EXAMPLES”.
  • the relation is more preferably (
  • the color tone is visually viewed easily as a black color.
  • a value close to 0 is considered to be neutral.
  • the values of b 1 * and b 2 * are set up in the following way, a viewer easily views the color as a black color.
  • b 1 * satisfies a relation of preferably ( ⁇ 2.0 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0), more preferably ( ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0.3), and especially preferably ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0.5).
  • b 2 * satisfies a relation of preferably ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 1.0), more preferably ( ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 0.5), and especially preferably ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 0.2).
  • a combination of ( ⁇ 2.0 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0) and ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 1.0) is preferable, a combination of ( ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0.3) and ( ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 0.5) is more preferable, and a combination of ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ b 1 * ⁇ 0.5) and ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ b 2 * ⁇ 0.2) is especially preferable.
  • an absolute value of a difference between the reflection chromaticity b 1 * of the electrode surface of one side thereof and the reflection chromaticity b 2 * of the electrode surface of the other side may be regulated to not more than 2 (
  • the patterned electrode formed on the transparent support is described while correlating with a capacitive touch panel for which the transparent electrode sheet according to the present invention is preferably used.
  • ITO thin films that are a transparent electrode material as an electrode material have been used as a bar electrode.
  • the electrode is formed through a combination of conductive thin wires using a material having a lower resistance than ITO, this is called the patterned electrode.
  • the foregoing low-resistance material is an opaque material, and metal materials such as gold, silver, copper, etc. are used.
  • conductive thin wires 21 of an upper electrode are formed under an upper electrode sheet 11
  • conductive thin wires 22 of a lower electrode are formed above a lower electrode sheet 12 .
  • FIG. 8 is an oblique view of a stack of the upper electrode sheet 11 , the insulating layer 41 , and the lower electrode sheet 12 , in which the insulating layer 41 is, however, omitted for the purpose of simplification.
  • Plural electrodes constituting the upper electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 are made from plural conductive lattice sections 14 A and 14 B in which each electrode senses a capacitance and conductive connection sections 16 A and 16 B connecting a lattice and a lattice to each other, and these electrodes and external control sections are connected to each other by leader lines 18 A and 18 B.
  • leader lines 18 A and 18 B In FIG.
  • the conductive lattice sections are shown in a mesh-like form, a pattern in which diamond-shaped transparent conductive films made of ITO or the like are coupled (called a “diamond pattern”) may be thinned and used, too.
  • the upper electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 are disposed such that the conduction directions of the electrodes are substantially orthogonal to each other.
  • the number of electrodes and the number of conductive lattice sections may be changed by a size of the panel or easiness of the control.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 are views in which the conductive lattice sections 14 A and 14 B and the conductive connection sections 16 A and 16 B connecting a lattice and a lattice to each other of the upper electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 shown in FIG. 8 are taken out, respectively.
  • the conductive lattice section 14 A a square lattice constituted of the conductive thin wires 21 , a dummy thin wire 19 disposed in the surroundings of the square lattice and composed of a large number of short wires, and the conductive connection section 16 A connecting the conductive lattice sections 14 A to each other in the electrode direction are described.
  • the conductive connection section 16 A is constructed by connection with plural thin wires but not connection with a single thin wire.
  • the constitution of the capacitive touch panel using the transparent electrode sheet according to the present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, there is exemplified a type in which the two electrodes are disposed orthogonal to each other in the X-Y directions, a so-called X-Y matrix type.
  • FIG. 11 shows the appearance of electrode wires in the case where FIG. 8 is seen through from the side of a touch panel user.
  • FIG. 11 using the upper electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 according to the present invention, a uniform square lattice is revealed, whereby a panel which is viewed easily can be constituted.
  • the lattice is seen to be formed of straight lines, there are a straight line portion and a portion of two short lines. This is shown in a lower drawing which is an enlarged portion of a portion marked with a circle in FIG. 11 .
  • a left-side solid line part stands for a part of the conductive thin wire 21 of the conductive lattice section 14 A of the upper electrode sheet, and similarly, the solid line 19 ( 21 ) is a dummy thin wire in the surroundings of the conductive lattice section 14 A.
  • a right-side dotted part stands for a part of the conductive thin wire 22 of the conductive lattice section 14 B of the lower electrode sheet, and similarly, the dotted line 19 ( 22 ) is a dummy thin wire in the surroundings of the conductive lattice section 14 B.
  • the dummy thin wire 19 which is used in the present invention is a thin wire to be used for the purpose of improving the visibility, and as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , the dummy thin wire is formed on the extension of both ends of a long line of the square lattice and is disconnected such that it does not conduct to the conductive lattice section.
  • a length of the dummy thin wire is not more than a half of the side length of the unit lattice of the electrode portion.
  • the diamond pattern of ITO which has formed the conventional electrode is difficult to be applied to a large screen because a resistance value of ITO is high.
  • the diamond portion is formed of a mesh or lattice of a low-resistance thin wire (for example, a metal material such as gold, silver, copper, etc.), thereby guaranteeing low resistance and brightness of the screen.
  • a low-resistance thin wire for example, a metal material such as gold, silver, copper, etc.
  • a wire width of the conductive thin wire forming the conductive lattice section is not more than 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and not more than 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and not more than 6 ⁇ m.
  • the wire width is in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and not more than 10 ⁇ m, a low-resistance electrode can be relatively easily formed.
  • a thickness of the conductive thin wire forming the conductive lattice section is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and not more than 1.5 ⁇ M, and more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more and not more than 0.8 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness is in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and not more than 1.5 ⁇ M, a low-resistance electrode which is also excellent in term of durability can be relatively easily formed.
  • a length of one side of the conductive lattice sections 14 A and 14 B is preferably from 3 to 10 mm, and more preferably from 4 to 6 mm.
  • a length of one side of the unit lattice constituting the conductive lattice section is preferably from 50 to 500 ⁇ m, and more preferably from 150 to 300 ⁇ m. In the case where the length of the side of the unit lattice falls with the foregoing range, it is also possible to keep the transparency good, and at the time of installation on the front of a display device, the display can be viewed without feeling out of place.
  • the conduction directions are substantially orthogonal to each other.
  • the conduction directions can be set up at an arbitrary angle so long as there is no hindrance in coordinate determination of a touching position.
  • the direction of the conductive thin wires constituting the square lattices illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 is the 45-degree direction against the X and Y axes.
  • the touch panel according to the present invention has such a characteristic feature that when sticking is performed while making the X and Y directions of this panel as the directions of the electrode axes of an image display device, moire is hardly caused.
  • the electrode sheet constituted of the thus patterned electrode it is possible to significantly reduce the electrical resistance (for example, evaluated by measuring the surface resistance) as compared with a constitution in which one electrode is formed of one ITO film.
  • the response speed can be hastened, and the increase in size of the touch panel can be accelerated.
  • a conductive pattern made from metal thin wires may be, for example, formed by exposing a photosensitive material having an emulsion layer containing a photosensitive silver halide salt on a transparent substrate and subjecting the exposed photosensitive material to a development treatment, thereby forming a metallic silver part and a light transmitting part in an exposed area and an unexposed area, respectively.
  • a conductive pattern made from metal thin wires may also be formed by exposing and developing a photoresist film on a copper foil formed on a transparent substrate to form a resist pattern and etching the copper foil exposed from the resist pattern.
  • a conductive pattern made from metal thin wires may also be formed by printing a paste containing metal fine particles on a transparent substrate and subjecting the paste to metal plating.
  • a conductive pattern made from metal thin wires may also be printed and formed with a screen printing plate or a gravure printing plate on a transparent substrate.
  • a conductive pattern made from metal thin wires may also be formed by forming a photosensitive layer to be plated on a transparent substrate by using a pretreatment material and after exposure and development treatment, subjecting the resultant to a plating treatment, thereby forming a metal part and a light transmitting part in an exposed area and an unexposed area, respectively.
  • Examples of more preferred embodiments of using the plating pretreatment material include the following two embodiments (1) and (2). Incidentally, more specific contents of the following are disclosed in JP-A-2003-213437, JP-A-2006-64923, JP-A-2006-58797, JP-A-2006-135271, and the like.
  • the constituent materials are opaque, reflection occurs on the electrode surface, and its degree of reflection is different between the near side to the transparent support and the far side from the transparent support. Though the difference in a degree of reflection affects the visibility, by controlling the degree of reflection as described above, it becomes possible to provide a conductive sheet with high visibility.
  • a photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion as a forming material of conductive thin wires constituting the above-described pattern electrode is formed on a transparent support, and after going through patternwise exposure as described below, the resultant is subjected to development and fixing treatments, thereby fabricating a transparent electrode sheet.
  • the above-described color unevenness on the front and rear surfaces of the electrode is remarkable.
  • a volume ratio of silver and a binder contained in the silver halide emulsion layer (silver/binder ratio) is 1.0 or more, the color unevenness occurs easily.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio is an essential factor.
  • the electrode in the case of regulating the thin wire width to not more than 10 ⁇ m as described below, it is preferable that the electrode has a layer having a silver/binder volume ratio of 1.0 or more.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio is more preferably 1.0 or more and not more than 10, still more preferably 1.5 or more and not more than 8.0, and especially preferably 2.0 or more and not more than 6.0.
  • the electrode has a layer having a silver/binder volume ratio of 1.0 or more, it is possible to obtain an electrode of a pattern with higher conductivity.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio is determined by calculating a mass of silver and a mass of the binder contained in the silver halide emulsion layer and calculating a density of silver as 10.5 and a density of the binder as 1.34, respectively.
  • the gelatin amount in the binder is not more than 50% by mass, components other than gelatin are calculated while taking respective densities thereof into account.
  • the transparent support and the photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion constituting the transparent electrode sheet according to the present invention are described.
  • plastic films plastic plates, glass plates, and the like can be used, with plastic films being preferable.
  • polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), etc.; polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene, etc.; vinyl chloride-based resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, etc.; and besides, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polysulfone (PSF), polyether sulfone (PES), polycarbonate (PC), polyamides, polyimides, acrylic resins, triacetyl cellulose (TAC), and the like can be used.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PEN polyethylene naphthalate
  • PEEK polyetheretherketone
  • PSF polysulfone
  • PES polyether sulfone
  • PC polycarbonate
  • polyamides polyimides
  • acrylic resins triacetyl cellulose (TAC), and the like
  • the plastic film can be used as a single layer, it is also possible to use the plastic film as a multilayer film composed of a combination of two or more layers.
  • plastic films having a melting point of not higher than about 290° C. such as PET (258° C.), PEN (269° C.), PE (135° C.), PP (163° C.), polystyrene (230° C.), polyvinyl chloride (180° C.), polyvinylidene chloride (212° C.), TAC (290° C.), etc., are preferable, with PET being especially preferable.
  • the numerical values in the parentheses are a melting point.
  • a transmittance of the film is preferably from 85% to 100%.
  • a thickness of the transparent support film can be arbitrarily chosen within the range of 50 ⁇ m or more and not more than 500 ⁇ m.
  • the transparent support film also serves as a function of a touch surface in addition to the function of the support of the transparent electrode sheet, it is also possible to design the transparent support film in a thickness exceeding 500 ⁇ m.
  • a thickness of the film is more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and not more than 250 ⁇ m in view of manufacture.
  • the photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion is described.
  • the kind of a photosensitive material and the kind of a development treatment can be chosen from the following three systems.
  • a photosensitive silver halide black-and-white photosensitive material containing physical development nuclei in a silver halide emulsion layer is subjected to dissolution physical development, thereby forming a metallic silver part on the photosensitive material.
  • the foregoing embodiment (1) is of a black-and-white development type, and a translucent conductive film such as a translucent electromagnetic wave shielding film, etc. is formed on the photosensitive material.
  • the obtained developed silver is chemically developed silver or thermally developed silver and is a filament with a high specific surface. Furthermore, in the case of providing a plating treatment or a succeeding process to the physical treatment, this embodiment is a preferred system with high activity.
  • the silver halide grains around the physical development nuclei are melted and deposited on the development nuclei, whereby a translucent conductive film such as a translucent magnetic wave shielding film, a light transmitting conductive film, etc. is formed on the photosensitive material.
  • a translucent conductive film such as a translucent magnetic wave shielding film, a light transmitting conductive film, etc.
  • This is also of a black-and-white development type. Though high activity is obtained because the development action is concerned with deposition onto the physical development nuclei, the obtained developed silver has a spherical shape with a small specific surface.
  • the silver halide grains are melted and diffused to deposit on the development nuclei on the image receiving sheet, whereby a translucent conductive film such as a translucent magnetic wave shielding film, a light transmitting conductive film, etc. is formed on the image receiving sheet.
  • a translucent conductive film such as a translucent magnetic wave shielding film, a light transmitting conductive film, etc.
  • This embodiment is of a so-called separate type of two sheets and is an embodiment in which the image receiving sheet is peeled off from the photosensitive material and used.
  • any development of a negative type development treatment or a reversal development treatment can be chosen (in the case of a diffusion transfer system, it becomes possible to carry out the negative type development treatment using an auto-positive type photosensitive material as the photosensitive material).
  • the system (1) is the simplest, is able to carry out the stable treatment, and is preferable for manufacturing the transparent electrode sheet according to the present invention in view of the facts that the system (1) is free from a physical development nucleus in the photosensitive layer before the development and is not a diffusion transfer system of two sheets.
  • the system (1) is hereunder described, in the case of adopting other systems, reference can be made to the documents as described above.
  • the “dissolution physical development” is not a development method inherent to only the system (2) but a development method which can also be utilized in the system (1).
  • the halogen element which is contained in the silver halide emulsion may be any of chlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine, and a combination thereof may also be used.
  • a silver halide composed mainly of silver chloride, silver bromide, or silver iodide is preferably used, and a silver halide composed mainly of silver bromide or silver chloride is more preferably used.
  • Silver chlorobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, and silver iodobromide are also preferably used.
  • Silver chlorobromide, silver bromide, silver iodochlorobromide, and silver iodobromide are more preferably used, and silver chlorobromide and silver iodochlorobromide each containing 50% by mole or more of silver chloride are most preferably used.
  • the “silver halide composed mainly of silver bromide” as referred to herein means a silver halide in which a mole fraction of a bromide ion occupying in the silver halide composition is 50% or more.
  • This silver halide grain composed mainly of silver bromide may contain, in addition to a bromide ion, an iodide ion or a chloride ion.
  • the silver iodide content in the silver halide emulsion is preferably in the range of not exceeding 1.5% by mole per mole of the silver halide emulsion.
  • the silver iodide content is more preferably not more than 1% by mole per mole of the silver halide emulsion.
  • the silver halide emulsion which is used in the present invention is preferably a silver chlorobromide emulsion.
  • a photosensitive layer 51 is formed by coating as a photosensitive layer upper layer 52 , a photosensitive layer central layer 53 , and a photosensitive layer lower layer 54 .
  • the technique of constituting the photosensitive layer while separating it into multiple layers is the same as a method of constituting an emulsion layer of a silver halide photographic photosensitive material as an o-layer, an m-layer, and a u-layer in descending order of photosensitivity.
  • the photosensitive layer upper layer 52 is abbreviated as an o-layer
  • the photosensitive layer central layer 53 is abbreviated as an m-layer
  • the photosensitive layer lower layer 54 is abbreviated as a “u-layer”; however, this does not express the level of sensitivity.
  • the o-layer that is the photosensitive layer upper layer 52 is a photosensitive layer of the surface side farthest from the transparent support
  • the u-layer that is the photosensitive lower layer 54 is a photosensitive layer of the surface side nearest to the transparent support. It is preferable to form such a photosensitive layer of three-layer constitution (o-layer/m-layer/u-layer) by a multilayer simultaneous coating system.
  • a thickness of the foregoing photosensitive layer can be set up to 1/2/1 in terms of a coated silver amount or 1/2/1 in terms of a thickness ratio. It is convenient that in the case where the silver/binder volume ratio in the photosensitive layer is constant, a coated silver amount ratio of 1/2/1 is used, whereas in the case where the silver/binder volume ratio is changed among the three layers, a thickness ratio of 1/2/1 is used.
  • the photosensitive layer is constituted of three layers, it can be constituted of arbitrary layers of two or more layers depending upon the purpose.
  • the m-layer occupies from 40 to 90% of the whole of the photosensitive layer, and the residue can be distributed for the o-layer and the u-layer.
  • a protective layer 58 may be formed on the photosensitive layer 51 containing a silver halide emulsion, and an undercoat layer 57 may be formed between a transparent support 33 and the photosensitive layer 54 .
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a double-sided photosensitive material having photosensitive layers on the both surfaces of a transparent support, and the photosensitive layer 51 having the same three-layer constitution as that in the above-described explanation of FIG. 7 is formed on the both sides of a support 34 .
  • the photosensitive layers 51 and 51 ′ may be the same as or different from each other.
  • the case where the photosensitive layers 51 and 51 ′ are different from each other includes the case where only one layer of the three layers, for example, the layers 52 and 52 ′ that are the o-layer, is different.
  • the exposure patterns on the both front and rear surfaces are a pattern different from each other in terms of at least the conduction direction of electrode.
  • an apparatus illustrated in FIG. 14 can be used.
  • an anti-halation layer 56 is provided between the undercoat layer 57 and the photosensitive layer 54 on the transparent support, whereby mixing of light at the simultaneous exposure can be prevented from occurring.
  • Preferred embodiments of the respective layers of the photosensitive layer for adjusting the reflection chromaticity are hereunder described.
  • the color tint on the electrode surface of the far side from the transparent support of the developed silver electrode tends to become bluish, whereas the color tint on the electrode surface of the near side to the transparent support of the developed silver electrode tends to become yellowish.
  • the silver chlorobromide emulsion which is used in the present invention, it is preferable that a solubility of the silver halide emulsion of the photosensitive layer of the surface side near to the transparent support in the developing solution is lower than a solubility of the silver halide emulsion of the photosensitive layer of the surface side far from the transparent support in the developing solution.
  • the silver bromide content is preferably 10% or more and not more than 50%.
  • the silver bromide content of the silver chlorobromide emulsion of the photosensitive layer (u-layer) of the near side to the transparent support is higher than the silver bromide content of the photosensitive layer (o-layer) of the surface side far from the transparent support, and it is preferable that the silver bromide content of the u-layer is higher by 10% or more than the silver bromide content of the o-layer. In the case where such a difference is less than 10%, the improvement in the difference of color tint is difficult.
  • the volume ratio of silver to the binder is 1.0 or more, a difference between the color tint of the surface of the developed silver electrode of the near side to the transparent support and the color tint of the surface of the far aside from the transparent support is easily viewed.
  • the volume ratio of silver to the binder contained in the photosensitive layer (u-layer) of the near side to the transparent support is regulated to less than 1.0, the foregoing difference in color tint can be improved.
  • the volume ratio of silver to the binder contained in each of the photosensitive layer (u-layer) of the near side to the transparent support and the photosensitive layer (o-layer) of the far side from the transparent support is more preferably less than 1.0, and especially less than 0.5.
  • a binder is used in the silver halide emulsion layer.
  • the binder include gelatin, carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), saccharides such as starch, cellulose and derivatives thereof, polyethylene oxide, polysaccharide, polyvinylamine, chitosan, polylysine, polyacrylic acid, polyalginic acid, polyhyaluronic acid, carboxy cellulose, gum arabic, sodium alginate, and the like, with gelatin being preferable,
  • gelatin in addition to lime-processed gelatin, an acid-process gelatin may be used, too.
  • a hydrolysis product of gelatin, an enzyme-decomposed product of gelatin, and besides, gelatins obtained by modifying an amino group or a carboxyl group for example, phthalated gelatin or acetylated gelatin can be used.
  • a latex can also be used as the binder.
  • the latex polymer latexes described at page 18, left-hand lower column, lines 12 to 18 of JP-A-2-103536 can be preferably used.
  • the photosensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion contains at least one mercapto compound.
  • the mercapto compound include alkyl mercapto compounds, aryl mercapto compounds, heterocyclic mercapto compounds, and the like.
  • compounds described in paragraphs 34 to 102 of JP-A-2007-116137 can be used.
  • mercapto compounds comprising, as a skeleton, a 5-membered ring azole having an N—H structure or a 6-membered ring azine having an N—H structure are preferable.
  • the N—H structure as referred to herein means a nitrogen-hydroxy bond contained in the azole or azine, and the hydrogen is characterized by being dissociable.
  • the 5-membered ring azole or 6-membered ring azine serving as a skeletal structure of the mercapto compound may be monocyclic, the case where it is a complex heterocyclic ring in which two or more rings are fused is preferable.
  • a preferred structure of the complex heterocyclic ring may be a composite ring (fused ring) of a 5-membered ring azole or 6-membered ring azine with a hetero atom-free benzene ring or the like, or may be a composite ring (fused ring) of a 5-membered ring azole and a 6-membered azine.
  • the ring structure is preferably a composite ring in which each ring of pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, or phenyl is fused is preferable.
  • the ring structure is especially preferably benzoimidazole or benzopyrazole.
  • the foregoing ring may contain, in addition to the mercapto group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a nitro group, a halogen atom (for example, a chlorine atom or a bromine atom), an aryl group (for example, a phenyl group, a 4-methanesulfonamidophenyl group, a 4-methylphenyl group, a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, or a naphthyl group), an aralkyl group (for example, a benzyl group, a 4-methylbenzyl group, or a phenethyl group), a sulfonyl group (for example, a methanesulfonyl group, an ethanesulfonyl group, or a p-toluenesulfonyl group), a carbamoyl group (for example, an unsubsti
  • examples of compounds which are preferably used in the present invention include 39 compounds described in paragraphs 60 to 65, 55 compounds described in paragraphs 90 to 93, and 3 compounds described in paragraph 101, of JP-A-2007-116137 as described above.
  • compounds which can be more preferably used in the present invention are the compounds described in paragraphs 60, 65 and 101.
  • the three compounds described in paragraph 101 are especially preferable.
  • the mercapto compound which is contained in the photosensitive layer may be uniformly contained in the photosensitive layer, it is preferable that the content of the mercapto compound in the photosensitive layer is higher in the photosensitive layer (u-layer) of the near side to the transparent support. Furthermore, it is more preferable that the mercapto compound is contained only in the photosensitive layer of the transparent support side, in other words, the mercapto compound is localized in the farthest layer from the photosensitive layer surface coming into the developing solution in this way. Alternatively, it is preferable to increase the concentration of the mercapto compound successively toward the layer far from the photosensitive layer surface coming into contact with the developing solution.
  • the amount of the mercapto compound contained in at least one of the plural photosensitive layers is preferably 0.1 mg or more and not more than 15 mg, more preferably 0.5 mg or more and not more than 10 mg, and especially preferably 1 mg or more and not more than 6 mg, per gram of silver in the silver halide emulsion contained in the same layer in which the mercapto compound is contained.
  • the amount of the mercapto compound is in the range of 0.1 mg or more and not more than 15 mg, it is easy to adjust the color tint.
  • a dye for adjusting the color tint can also be contained in the photosensitive layer or an adhesive layer or an undercoat layer.
  • a dye layer can also be provided as an anti-halation layer between the photosensitive layer and the transparent support, or between the photosensitive layer and the undercoat layer.
  • the solvent which is used for forming the photosensitive layer is not particularly limited, examples thereof include water, organic solvents (for example, alcohols such as methanol, etc., ketones such as acetone, etc., amides such as formamide, etc., sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, etc., esters such as ethyl acetate, etc., ethers, or the like), ionic liquids, and mixed solvents thereof.
  • organic solvents for example, alcohols such as methanol, etc., ketones such as acetone, etc., amides such as formamide, etc., sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, etc., esters such as ethyl acetate, etc., ethers, or the like
  • ionic liquids for example, ionic liquids, and mixed solvents thereof.
  • the content of the solvent other than water, which is used for the photosensitive layer is in the range of from 30 to 90% by mass, and preferably in the range of from 50 to 80% by mass, relative to a total mass of the silver salt, the binder, and the like contained in the photosensitive layer.
  • Various additives which are used in the present embodiment are not particularly limited, and those which are known can be preferably used.
  • various matting agents can be used, and according to this, the surface roughness can be controlled.
  • the matting agent is preferably a material which, after the development treatment, remains, does not impair the transparency, and can be dissolved in the treatment step.
  • a non-illustrated protective layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer.
  • the “protective layer” means a layer made from a binder such as gelatin and a high-molecular polymer and is formed on the photosensitive layer having photosensitivity for the purpose of revealing an effect for preventing a scratch or improving mechanical properties.
  • a thickness thereof is preferably not more than 0.5 ⁇ m.
  • Coating method and forming method of the protective layer are not particularly limited, and known coating methods and forming methods can be properly chosen.
  • an anti-halation layer can also be provided between the photosensitive layer and the transparent support.
  • exposure through a photomask for the purpose of forming an electrode pattern on a photosensitive material having the photosensitive layer 51 provided on a transparent support 32 is carried out.
  • the exposure can be carried out using an electromagnetic wave.
  • the electromagnetic wave include lights such as visible light rays, ultraviolet rays, etc., radiations such as X-rays, etc., and the like.
  • light sources having wavelength distribution may be utilized for the exposure, and light sources having a specified wavelength may also be used.
  • a development treatment is further carried out.
  • usual development treatment techniques which are adopted for silver salt photographic films or printing papers, films for printing plate making, emulsion masks for photomask, and the like can be adopted.
  • the developing solution is not particularly limited, PQ developing solutions, MQ developing solutions, MAA developing solutions, and the like can also be used.
  • developing solutions such as CN-16, CR-56, CP45X, FD-3, and PAPITOL, all of which are preparations of Fujifilm Corporation; C-41, E-6, RA-4, D-19, and D-72, all of which are preparations of KODAK; and the like, or developing solutions contained in kits thereof can be used.
  • a lith developing solution can also be used.
  • the development treatment can include a fixing treatment which is carried out for the purpose of removing a silver salt in an unexposed portion for stabilization.
  • a fixing treatment which is carried out for the purpose of removing a silver salt in an unexposed portion for stabilization.
  • the techniques of fixing treatment which are used for silver salt photographic films or printing paper, films for printing plate making, emulsion masks for photomasks, or the like can be adopted.
  • a fixing temperature in the fixing step is preferably from about 20° C. to about 50° C., and more preferably from 25 to 45° C.
  • a fixing time is preferably from 5 seconds to 1 minute, and more preferably from 7 seconds to 50 seconds.
  • a replenishing amount of a fixing solution is preferably not more than 600 mL/m 2 , more preferably not more than 500 mL/m 2 , and especially preferably not more than 300 mL/m 2 , relative to the treatment amount of the photosensitive material 122 .
  • the developed and fixed photosensitive material 122 is subjected to a water washing treatment or a stabilization treatment.
  • the treatment is usually carried out in a water washing amount of not more than 20 liters per m 2 of the photosensitive material, and it can also be carried out in a replenishing amount of not more than 3 liters (inclusive of 0, namely washing with storage water).
  • the content thereof is preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more, relative to the mass of silver contained in the exposed area before the exposure.
  • the mass of silver contained in the exposed area is 50% by mass or more relative to the mass of silver contained in the exposed area before the exposure, high conductivity can be obtained, and hence, such is preferable.
  • the gradation after the development treatment is not particularly limited, it preferably exceeds 4.0.
  • the conductivity of the conductive metal part can be increased while keeping the translucency of the light-transmitting part high.
  • Examples of a measure for allowing the gradation to exceed 4.0 include doping with a rhodium ion or an iridium ion as described above, incorporation of a polyethylene oxide derivative into the development treatment liquid, and the like.
  • the film hardener includes those described in JP-A-2-141279 inclusive of potassium alum, dialdehydes such as glutaraldehyde, adipoaldehyde, 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxane, etc., boric acid, and the like.
  • the transparent electrode sheet is obtained after going through the foregoing steps.
  • a surface resistance of the obtained transparent electrode sheet is preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 100 ohms/sq. (also expressed as “ ⁇ / ⁇ ”), more preferably in the range of from 1 to 50 ohms/sq., and still more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 ohms/sq.
  • a volume resistivity of the obtained transparent electrode sheet is preferably not more than 160 ohms ⁇ cm, more preferably in the range of from 1.6 to 16 ohms ⁇ cm, and still more preferably in the range of from 1.6 to 10 ohms ⁇ cm.
  • the developed transparent electrode sheet is subjected to a smoothing treatment.
  • the smoothing treatment can be, for example, carried out by a calendering roll.
  • the calendering roll is constructed of a pair of rolls.
  • the smoothing treatment using a calendering roll is hereunder expressed as a calendering treatment.
  • a plastic roll made of an epoxy resin, a polyimide, a polyamide, a polyimide-amide, or the like, or a metal roll is used.
  • a metal roll is used as the roll which is used for the calendering treatment.
  • a combination of a metal roll with a plastic roll can also be adopted.
  • An upper limit value of a linear pressure is 1,960 N/cm (200 kgf/cm; 699.4 kgf/cm 2 as reduced into a surface pressure) or more, and more preferably 2,940 N/cm (300 kgf/cm; 935.8 kgf/cm 2 as reduced into a surface pressure) or more.
  • An upper limit value of the linear pressure is not more than 6,880 N/cm (700 kgf/cm).
  • a temperature at which the smoothing treatment represented by calender rolling is applied is preferably from 10° C. (without temperature control) to 100° C. Though a more preferred temperature varies depending upon the density of scanning or shape of the metal mesh pattern or metal wiring pattern, or the kind of binder, it is in the range of from about 10° C. (without temperature control) to 50° C.
  • the smoothed conductive pattern may be brought into contact with a vapor (vapor contact step).
  • a vapor contact step examples include a method of bringing the smoothed transparent electrode sheet into contact with a superheated vapor; and a method of bringing the smoothed conductive pattern 108 into contact with a pressurized vapor (pressurized saturated vapor).
  • pressurized vapor pressurized saturated vapor
  • the resultant is washed with water.
  • the binder which has been dissolved or become brittle by the superheated vapor or pressurized vapor can be washed away, whereby the conductivity can be enhanced.
  • the above-described smoothing treatment may be carried out, and a plating treatment may be applied to the transparent electrode sheet.
  • a plating treatment may be applied to the transparent electrode sheet.
  • the surface resistance can be further lowered, whereby the conductivity can be increased.
  • the smoothing treatment may be carried out at either the former stage or latter stage of the plating treatment, by carrying out the smoothing treatment at the former stage of the plating treatment, the plating treatment can be made efficient, whereby a uniform plated layer is formed.
  • the plating treatment may be either one of an electrolytic treatment or an electroless treatment.
  • a constituent material of the plated layer is preferably a metal having sufficient conductivity, and copper is preferable.
  • the transparent electrode sheet after the development treatment and the conductive metal part formed by the plating treatment are subjected to an oxidation treatment.
  • an oxidation treatment for example, in the case where a slight amount of a metal is deposited in the light-transmitting part, by carrying out the oxidation treatment, the metal can be removed, thereby increasing the transmittance of the light-transmitting part to approximately 100%.
  • the present invention can be properly combined with technologies described in the patent publications and international patent pamphlets shown in the following Table 1. Expressions of “Japanese Laid-Open Patent”, “Publication No.”, “Pamphlet No.”, and the like are omitted. Incidentally, the Japanese patent publication is expressed by putting “-” after the era name, for example, “2004-221564”; and the international patent pamphlet is expressed by putting “/” after the era name, for example, “2006/001461”.
  • Solution 1 Water 750 mL Gelatin (phthalated gelatin) 8 g Sodium chloride 3 g 1,3-Dimethylimidazoline-2-thione 20 mg Sodium benzenethiosulfonate 10 mg Citric acid 0.7 g
  • Solution 2 Water 300 mL Silver nitrate 150 g
  • Solution 3 Water 300 mL Sodium chloride 38 g Potassium bromide 32 g Potassium hexachloroiridate(III) 5 mL (0.005% KCl, 20% aqueous solution) Ammonium hexachlororhodate 7 mL (0.001% NaCl, 20% aqueous solution)
  • Solution 4 Water 100 mL Silver nitrate 50 g
  • water washing was carried out by a flocculation method according to the usual way. Specifically, the temperature was lowered to 35° C., 3 liters of distilled water was added, and the pH was then lowered using sulfuric acid until the silver halide precipitated (the pH was in the range of 3.6 ⁇ 0.2). Subsequently, about 3 liters of the supernatant was removed (first water washing). Furthermore, 3 liters of distilled water was added, and sulfuric acid was then added until the silver halide precipitated. 3 liters of the supernatant was again removed (second water washing). The same operation as that in the second water washing was further repeated once (third water washing), thereby accomplishing the water washing and desalting processes.
  • the emulsion after the water washing and desalting was adjusted to a pH of 6.4 and a pAg of 7.5. Thereafter, 10 mg of sodium benzenethiosulfonate, 3 mg of sodium benzenethiosulfinate, 15 mg of sodium thiosulfate, and 10 mg of chloroaurie acid were added, and the mixture was subjected to chemical sensitization at 55° C. so as to obtain optimum sensitivity, to which were then added 100 mg of 1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene as a stabilizing agent and 100 mg of PROXEL (a trade name, manufactured by ICI Co., Ltd.) as an antiseptic.
  • PROXEL a trade name, manufactured by ICI Co., Ltd.
  • the finally obtained emulsion was a silver iodochlorobromide cubic grain emulsion containing 0.08% by mole of silver iodide, having a ratio of silver chlorobromide of 70% by mole of silver chloride and 30% by mole of silver bromide, and having an average grain diameter of 0.22 ⁇ m and a coefficient of variation of 9%.
  • the above-prepared photosensitive layer coating solution was coated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) support having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m, which had been previously subjected to a hydrophilization treatment by, for example, providing an undercoat layer of gelatin.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the coating amount was adjusted such that the developed silver image had a thickness shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
  • the thickness (unit: ⁇ m) of the developed silver image is calculated from only the volume of the developed silver and calculated on the assumption that the silver salt in the coated emulsion is entirely converted into developed silver in an exposed area, and a density of the developed silver is 10.5.
  • the photosensitive layer was constituted of three layers of a photosensitive layer lower layer (u-layer), a photosensitive layer central layer (m-layer), and a photosensitive layer upper layer (o-layer) from the side of PET that is a transparent support and fabricated by treating the three layers by a simultaneous coating system such that a coated silver amount ratio of u-layer/m-layer/o-layer was 1/2/1.
  • the volume ratio of silver to the binder was adjusted at the time of fabricating a photosensitive layer coating solution as shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. At that time, the amount of the binder was reduced into a volume on the assumption that its density was 1.34.
  • the binder is gelatin, and the addition amount thereof may be adjusted at any time of the preparation of an emulsion or the preparation of a photosensitive layer coating solution.
  • the mercapto compound added to the photosensitive layer coating solution a compound shown in the “Compound” column in each of Tables 2 and 3 was used, and its addition amount is expressed in terms of “mg” as an addition amount of the mercapto per gram of silver and described in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
  • the mercapto compound was added at the time of preparing each of the coating solutions.
  • a structure of the mercapto compound used is described after Table 3.
  • a protective layer having a film thickness of 0.15 ⁇ m and made of gelatin containing an antiseptic was provided on each of the foregoing coated samples.
  • Coated Samples 1 to 32 shown in Tables 2 and 3 were brought into close contact with a photomask as described below and exposed using parallel light from a high pressure mercury vapor lamp as a light source.
  • the pattern of the upper electrode sheet 11 shown in FIG. 8 was used.
  • the capacitive sensing section 30 lattices shown in FIG. 9 were connected to each other to form a single electrode, a wire width of the unit square lattice forming the lattices was 3 ⁇ m, a side length of the lattice was 300 ⁇ m, and the number of electrodes was 30.
  • Transparent Electrode Sheet 1 Transparent Electrode Sheets 2 to 32 were similarly obtained.
  • the treatment flow is as follows.
  • the development was carried out at 35° C. for 30 seconds.
  • the fixation was carried out at 34° C. for 23 seconds.
  • the water washing was carried out using running water (5 L/min) for 20 seconds.
  • the following compounds are contained in 1 liter (L) of the developing solution.
  • the sample for measurement is placed on a BCRA black tile (glossy finish) and irradiated from the 0° direction, and a spectral reflectance of light received in the 45° direction is measured.
  • the preferred tile is a BCRA black tile (glossy finish), manufactured by Sakata Inx Eng. Co., Ltd., and the reflection chromaticity of the black tile is 3.6 for L*, ⁇ 0.9 for a*, and ⁇ 0.6 for b*, respectively.
  • Spectro Eye LT manufactured by Gretag Macbeth can be used as a reflection densitometer.
  • a sample obtained by subjecting the above-obtained transparent electrode sheet to uniform exposure but not patternwise exposure, followed by a development treatment As shown in FIG. 1 , a value obtained by measuring the sample from the PET transparent support side was defined as b 2 *, and a value obtained by measuring the sample from the electrode surface was defined as b 1 *. From the reflection chromaticity b 1 * and the reflection chromaticity b 2 *, an absolute value of a difference therebetween (also expressed as an “absolute value of ⁇ b*”) was calculated.
  • a resistance value of the electrode of the transparent electrode sheet was directly read and evaluated on the basis of a resistance value of the transparent electrode sheet of Comparative Example 5.
  • Evaluation A A resistance value explicitly lower than the resistance value of Comparative Example 5 is exhibited.
  • the resistance value is less than 20 ⁇ / ⁇ (also expressed as “20 ohms/sq.”) in terms of a surface resistance value.
  • Evaluation B A resistance value is substantially equal to the resistance value of Comparative Example 5.
  • the resistance value is 20 or more and not more than 50 ⁇ / ⁇ in terms of a surface resistance value.
  • Evaluation C A resistance value is inferior to the resistance value of Comparative Example 5 for some reason.
  • the resistance value is a value exceeding 50 ⁇ / ⁇ in terms of a surface resistance value.
  • Example 18 0.7 30 30 30 1.0 1.0 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 0.1 0.8 A B 11
  • Example 19 0.7 30 30 50 1.0 1.0 1.0 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 0 0.7 A B 12
  • Example 20 0.7 30 30 30 70 1.0 1.0 1.0 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ 0.2 0.5 A B 13
  • Example 21 0.7 30 30 30 1.0 1.74 0.3 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ 0.1 0.6
  • Example 22 Example 22
  • Example 22 0.7 30 30 50 1.0 1.74 0.3 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ 0.2 0.5 A B 15
  • Example 23 0.7 30 30 70 1.0 1.74 0.3 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ 0.4 0.3
  • Example 24 0.7 30 30 30 30 0.3 1.74 1.0 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.9 0.1 1.0 A B 17
  • Example 25 0.7 30 30 50 0.3 1.74 1.0 F — — 3 ⁇ 0.9 0.1 1.0
  • B 17 Example 25
  • Examples 14 to 22 were adjusted such that the u-layer/m-layer/o-layer ratio was 1/2/1 in terms of a film thickness ratio but not 1/2/1 in terms of a coated silver amount ratio as in Examples 1 to 13, and a thickness of the silver image of a total sum of the three layers was 0.7 ⁇ M. Accordingly, since the silver/binder volume ratio of each of the u-layer and the o-layer was lowered to 0.3, the silver amount decreased and the binder amount increased from each of the u-layer and the o-layer were adjusted in the m-layer, thereby regulating an average silver/binder volume ratio in the whole of the photosensitive layer to 1.0.
  • the samples of Examples 23 to 25 in Table 3 were fabricated in the following manner.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio was regulated to 0.3 by decreasing only the silver amount while keeping the binder thickness of the u-layer of Example 11.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio was regulated to 0.3 by decreasing only the silver amount while keeping the binder thickness of the o-layer of Example 11.
  • the silver/binder volume ratio was regulated to 0.3 by decreasing only the silver amount while keeping the binder thickness of each of the u-layer and the o-layer of Example 11.
  • the samples of Examples 23 to 25 are thinner in the thickness of the silver image than other samples shown in Table 3.
  • the samples of Comparative Examples 5, 6 and 7 not using a mercapto compound are a sample, in which the coated silver amount is equal, and the silver/binder volume ratio is increased in the order of numerical values, and in these samples, the absolute value of ⁇ b* becomes large correspondingly, namely the difference in color tint expands.
  • the difference in color tint is small to one degree or another as compared with that in those of the Comparative Examples not using a mercapto compound.
  • Compounds A, B, F and G that are a fused ring compound exhibit a large improving effect, and in particular, it was noted that Compounds F and G having a sulfo group or a carboxyl group at from the 4-position to the 7-position of 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole are preferable.
  • Example 10 is concerned with a sample in which the silver/binder volume ratio of the u-layer of Example 7 is changed from 1.5 to 0.5, and the silver/binder volume ratio of the whole of the photosensitive layer is kept at 1.5 by adjusting in the o-layer and the m-layer, b 2 * is in the direction of improvement, and it was noted that it is also effective to change the silver/binder volume ratio of the u-layer to not more than 1.0.
  • the samples of Examples 11 to 22 shown in Table 3 are a sample in which assuming the use of the foregoing Mercapto Compound F in the u-layer, the effect for improving the color tint was investigated in the case of changing the content of silver bromide of the silver halide emulsion in the u-layer from 30% by mole to 50% by mole or 70% by mole, in the case of changing the silver/binder volume ratio in each of the u-layer and the o-layer from 1.0 to 0.3 while keeping the average silver/binder volume ratio in the whole of the photosensitive layer at 1.0, or in the case of a combination thereof.
  • the color tint unevenness is improved to an extent that it is not viewed.
  • the color tint unevenness is more hardly viewed, and by changing the content of silver bromide from 30% by mole to 50% by mole or 70% by mole as in Examples 15 and 16, the color tint unevenness is more hardly viewed.
  • the direction of decreasing the silver density in the o-layer has an effect for shifting the color tint slightly bluish. This may be sometimes more desirable in relation to the colors in the surroundings and is effective for color tint adjustment.
  • the samples of Examples 23 to 25 shown in Table 3 are a sample in which the silver/binder volume ratio in each of the u-layer and the o-layer is lowered while keeping only the silver/binder volume ratio in the m-layer at 1.0.
  • Examples 23 and 14, Examples 24 and 17, and Examples 25 and 20 are different from each other only in the silver/binder volume ratio in the m-layer are not different in the measured values of the reflection chromaticity. With respect to the conductivity, the resistance value in Examples 23 to 25 tends to be slightly higher.
  • the touch panel shown in FIG. 4 was fabricated using each of the transparent electrode sheets of Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7.
  • a touch panel of Example 101 was fabricated in the following manner.
  • the transparent electrode sheet of Example 1 was used for the upper transparent electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 shown in FIG. 4 , and the upper transparent electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 were stuck to each other with an adhesive such that not only the upper electrode 21 and the lower electrode 22 faced and opposed, but the conduction directions of the two electrode sheets took an angle of 90° from each other and formed a uniform pattern shown in FIG. 11 .
  • a distance between the upper transparent electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 was adjusted to 50 ⁇ m with a frame-like spacer.
  • touch panels of Examples 102 to 122 and Comparative Examples 101 to 107 were fabricated.
  • Examples 101 to 125 according to the present invention are reduced in the difference in color tint.
  • Comparative Examples 105, 106 and 107 not using a mercapto compound are concerned with a sample in which the coated silver amount is equal, and the silver/binder volume ratio is increased in the order of numerical values, and in these samples, the absolute value of ⁇ b* becomes large correspondingly, namely the difference in color tint expands.
  • the difference in color tint is small to one degree or another as compared with that in those of the Comparative Examples not using a mercapto compound.
  • Compounds A, B, F and G that are a fused ring compound exhibit a large improving effect, and in particular, it was noted that Compounds F and G having a sulfo group or a carboxyl group at any one of from the 4-position to the 7-position of 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole are preferable.
  • the touch panel using the foregoing Mercapto Compound F in the u-layer of Example 111 is improved to an extent that the color tint unevenness is not viewed.
  • the touch panel of Example 114 in which the silver density in the u-layer is further regulated to about 0.3 the color tint unevenness is more hardly viewed, and by changing the content of silver bromide from 30% by mole to 50% by mole or 70% by mole as in Examples 115 and 116, the color tint unevenness can be made to be still more hardly viewed.
  • the direction of decreasing the silver density in the o-layer as in Example 117 has an effect for shifting the color tint slightly bluish. This may be sometimes more desirable in relation to the colors in the surroundings and is effective for color tint adjustment.
  • the touch panel shown in FIG. 3 was fabricated using each of the transparent electrode sheets of Examples 3, 5 and 6 and Comparative Example 5.
  • a touch panel of Example 223 was fabricated in the following manner.
  • the transparent electrode sheet of Example 3 was used for the upper transparent electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 shown in FIG. 3 , and the upper transparent electrode sheet 11 and the lower electrode sheet 12 were stuck to each other with an adhesive such that not only the upper electrode 21 and the lower electrode 22 were stacked so as to make each of the transparent supports thereof face at the side of an observer (touch panel user), but the conduction directions of the two electrode sheets 11 and 12 took an angle 90° from each other and formed a uniform pattern shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the surface on which b 2 * is measured (surface of the support side of the electrode) is observed, and hence, the observer sensorily recognizers a color close to the color tint of the measured value of b 2 *.
  • the measured value of b 2 * of the transparent electrode sheet of Comparative Example 5 is 1.6
  • the measured value of b 2 * of the transparent electrode sheet of each of Examples 3, 5 and 6 is 0.1. Therefore, the touch panels of the Examples are a touch panel having a color of a uniform and substantially neutral b* axis and are preferable.
  • the difference in color tint was slightly felt in the electrode part as compared with the portion where no electrode was formed.
  • a photomask was brought into close contact with each of the Coated Samples 1, 2, 7 to 10, 13, and 15 to 32 having the preparation values shown in Tables 2 and 3, and each sample was exposed with parallel light using a high pressure mercury vapor lamp as a light source.
  • the photomask is a uniform mesh in which the whole surface thereof is a square lattice, a wire width of the lattice is 3 ⁇ m, and a side length of the lattice is 300 ⁇ m.
  • a silver iodochlorobromide cubic grain emulsion containing 0.08% by mole of silver iodide, having a ratio of silver chlorobromide of 70% by mole of silver chloride and 30% by mole of silver bromide, and having an average grain diameter of 0.22 ⁇ m and a coefficient of variation of 9% was prepared in the same manner as that in Example 1, and the same additives as those in Example 1 were added to this emulsion, thereby fabricating a photosensitive layer coating solution.
  • this photosensitive layer coating solution On the basis of the composition of this photosensitive layer coating solution, the addition amount of gelatin was adjusted so as to have a volume ratio of silver to the binder shown in Table 4, and the kind and the addition amount of the mercapto compound were changed, thereby preparing coating solutions for three front surface layers (u-layer, m-layer, and o-layer) and three rear surface layers (u-layer, m-layer, and o-layer).
  • a gelatin undercoat layer having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m and additionally on the undercoat layer an anti-halation layer having an optical density of about 1.0 and containing a dye capable of being decolored with an alkali of a developing solution were provided on the both surfaces of the resulting PET film, thereby preparing a support.
  • the above-prepared photosensitive layer coating solutions were coated on the both surfaces of this support.
  • the coating amounts were set up in terms of a coated silver amount and adjusted such that a ratio of the coated silver amounts of the three photosensitive layers (u-layer, m-layer, and o-layer) was 1/2/1, and a total sum value of the silver amounts was a developed silver image thickness (unit: ⁇ m) shown in Table 4.
  • the volume ratio of silver to the binder shown in Table 4 was reduced into a volume assuming that the density of the developed silver was 10.5, and the density of the binder was 1.34.
  • the addition amount of the mercapto compound which was added to the photosensitive layer coating solution is expressed in terms of “mg” as an addition amount of the mercapto per gram of silver.
  • the structures of the mercapto compounds used are the same as the compounds used in Examples 1 to 25.
  • a protective layer having a film thickness of 0.15 ⁇ m and made of gelatin containing an antiseptic was provided on the o-layer.
  • the four layers including the three photosensitive layers and the protective layer were coated using a simultaneous coating machine, thereby fabricating Photosensitive Materials 401 to 415.
  • each of the above-prepared Photosensitive Materials 401 to 415 was subjected to double-sided exposure using the double-sided exposure machine shown in FIG. 14 .
  • the exposure was carried out using a high pressure mercury vapor lamp as a light source, the mask for pattern formation shown in FIG. 9 as a photomask on the front surface side, and the mask for pattern formation shown in FIG. 10 as a photomask on the rear surface side.
  • the windows for light transmission of the used masks are the same pattern as those shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , respectively, a wire width of the unit square lattice forming the lattices is 3 ⁇ m, and a side length of the lattice is 300 ⁇ m.
  • Example 2 After the exposure, the same development and fixing treatments as those in Example 1 were carried out, thereby obtaining Transparent Conductive Sheets 401 to 415 of a double-sided electrode type.
  • a polyethylene terephthalate film having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m was stuck with an adhesive onto the front surface side of the Transparent Conductive Sheet 401 of a double-sided electrode type as obtained by the foregoing development treatment.
  • a glass sheet having a thickness of 3 mm was stuck with an adhesive onto the rear surface side of the Transparent Conductive Sheet 401, thereby fabricating a touch panel of Comparative Example 401.
  • Touch panels of Comparative Examples 402 and 403 and touch panels of Examples 401 to 412 were fabricated in the same manner as that in Comparative Example 401, except for using the Transparent Conductive Sheets 402 to 415, respectively in place of the Transparent Conductive Sheet 401.
  • Photosensitive Materials Nos. 404 to 415 are concerned with a sample in which the mercapto compound is added to only the photosensitive layer of the rear surface.
  • the transparent conductive sheet of a double-sided electrode type of Comparative Example 4 in which all of the photosensitive layers of the front surface and the rear surface do not use a mercapto compound, has a sufficient resistance value as an electrode constituting a capacitive touch panel, the unevenness of color tint is observed, and the visibility is poor. Furthermore, for the purpose of decreasing the resistance, when the silver/binder volume ratio is increased as in Comparative Examples 402 and 403, namely the silver density is increased, the color tint is more deteriorated.
  • the mercapto compound is added to only the rear surface, the addition to the rear surface is preferable. So far as the rear surface is concerned, it is preferable to add the mercapto compound to the u-layer that is a photosensitive layer close to the support. As is noted from comparison between Examples 401 and 411, or comparison between Examples 405 and 412, it is noted that it is preferable to localize the mercapto compound in a lower layer (namely, a layer close to the support). Incidentally, since the silver amount of the m-layer is two times the silver amount of the u-layer, a total addition amount of the mercapto compound is the same amount between Examples 401 and 411.
  • the effect for improving the color tint also varies depending upon the kind of the mercapto compound, and in Examples 407 to 409 using monocyclic Mercapto Compounds C, D and E, respectively, the effect for improving the color tint is a little as compared with Comparative Example 401 not using a mercapto compound.
  • Example 403 in which the silver density is regulated to 2 for the purpose of further decreasing the resistance, and Compound F is added to the u-layer of the photosensitive layer on the rear surface, the color tint unevenness is the smallest, and a low resistance is realized.
  • Example 410 is concerned with a sample in which not only Mercapto Compound F is added to the photosensitive layer of the rear surface, but the silver density is increased from 0.7 to 1.5.
  • Example 410 exhibits that not only by making the lower electrode of the touch panel have a low resistance, the sensing capacity of capacitance can be enhanced, but at the time of viewing, the color tint unevenness of electrode can be improved.
  • the mercapto compound is added only to the photosensitive layer of the rear surface.
  • the mercapto compound is added to the photosensitive layer of the front surface, it is also possible to make the adjustment such that an observer feels that a balance in the difference in color tint between the front surface and the rear surface is neutral.
  • the electrode sheet according to the present invention is of a low resistance, it is able to provide a touch panel which even when formed so as to have a large area, is excellent in terms of responsibility, is excellent in terms of in addition to a color tint, visibility such that when seen as a screen, neither extraneous matter nor moire or the like is felt, and is able to achieve multi-touch.
  • the electrode can be formed by a stable step that is a development treatment, a touch panel which is excellent in terms of stability on processing and manufacturing and stable in terms of quality can be obtained.
  • a transparent conductive sheet to be used for resistive film type touch panels having an excellent color tone, an electromagnetic wave shielding sheet, a heater sheet, and an antistatic sheet can be obtained.
  • Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-008327 Japanese patent application filed on Apr. 13, 2011
  • Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-089400 Japanese patent application filed on Apr. 13, 2011

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