US9005562B2 - Ammonia borane purification method - Google Patents

Ammonia borane purification method Download PDF

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US9005562B2
US9005562B2 US13/729,316 US201213729316A US9005562B2 US 9005562 B2 US9005562 B2 US 9005562B2 US 201213729316 A US201213729316 A US 201213729316A US 9005562 B2 US9005562 B2 US 9005562B2
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ammonia borane
aqueous solution
organic liquid
basic
solvent
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US20140186252A1 (en
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Bernard Franklin SPIELVOGEL
Kevin Joel Drost
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Weylchem Sustainable Materials LLC
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BOROSCIENCE INTERNATIONAL Inc
Weylchem Sustainable Materials LLC
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Priority to PCT/US2013/077937 priority patent/WO2014106018A1/fr
Priority to ES13867387.6T priority patent/ES2662445T3/es
Priority to EP13867387.6A priority patent/EP2938572B1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B35/00—Boron; Compounds thereof
    • C01B35/08—Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C01B35/14—Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C01B35/146—Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, e.g. borazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
    • C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms

Definitions

  • This invention is directed to a method of purifying ammonia borane, which includes the steps of forming a solution of crude ammonia borane in a basic aqueous solvent, heating the aqueous solution to decompose and precipitate impurities, and removing the impurities by filtration. The aqueous solution is then cooled to decrease the solubility of the ammonia borane in the aqueous solvent, which causes a portion of the ammonia borane to precipitate or partition into an organic solvent present in the system. The portion of the ammonia borane no longer dissolved in the aqueous solvent is then separated from the aqueous solution and recovered to yield a high-purity product.
  • Ammonia borane also referred to as ammonium borane and borazane
  • ammonia borane has been investigated as an energy-dense source of hydrogen, for example, for use in hydrogen related power generation.
  • Methods of synthesis of ammonia borane are disclosed in Ramachandran et al. US 2007/0243122 A1 (“Ramachandran”). Briefly, the process involves reacting a metal borohydride with an ammonia salt, in a suitable solvent. For example, sodium borohydride is reacted with ammonium carbonate in an ether solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (“THF”) or dioxane.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • the solution is filtered and the solvent is removed under vacuum to yield solid ammonia borane.
  • the recovered ammonia borane powder may be purified by extraction with a suitable solvent, followed by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, to yield a solid ammonia borane of relatively high purity.
  • An object of the invention is to provide high-purity ammonia borane, for example, ammonia borane having a purity of 99% or higher, by weight.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an ammonia borane purification method that allows for selective removal of the impurities present in the crude ammonia borane.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method wherein the solubility of ammonia borane in a solvent varies significantly over a practical operating temperature range, e.g. from 100° C. to ⁇ 10° C.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method of ammonia borane purification that is economical to operate commercially and can be adapted to either a batch or continuous process.
  • the present method may be employed to purify crude ammonia borane produced by any of a variety of processes.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be an isolated solid, such as a dry powder, a wet filter cake, or the crude ammonia borane may be suspended in a suitable organic liquor.
  • An aqueous solution of crude ammonia borane in an aqueous solvent having a basic pH may be formed by dissolving crude ammonia borane provided in solid form.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be dissolved in an organic solvent and employed in the purification method.
  • An aqueous solution of crude ammonia borane in a basic aqueous solvent is formed by adding the basic aqueous solvent to a solution of the crude ammonia borane in an organic solvent, whereby the ammonia borane is caused to partition into the aqueous solvent.
  • the basic aqueous solvent and the organic solvent form a two-phase system.
  • the impurities present in the crude ammonia borane are soluble in the aqueous solvent and are also dissolved.
  • the solution is then heated, which causes the dissolved impurities to decompose and precipitate from the solution.
  • the impurities are then separated from the mixture, for example, by filtration.
  • 75% by weight, and preferably 90% by weight, of the impurities contained in the crude ammonia borane are removed from the mixture.
  • the aqueous ammonia borane solution (filtrate) is then cooled to decrease the solubility of the ammonia borane in the basic aqueous solvent. At least a portion of the ammonia borane originally in the aqueous solution is caused to precipitate. The precipitated ammonia borane is separated from the mixture, for example by filtration, and dried, to yield a high-purity product.
  • an organic solvent is present in the system
  • at least a portion of ammonia borane originally in the aqueous solution is caused to partition into the organic solvent, when the system is cooled.
  • a portion of the ammonia borane remains dissolved in the aqueous solvent, after the aqueous solution is cooled to decrease the solubility of the ammonia borane.
  • the aqueous solution may be cooled so that 50% or more, preferably 65% or more, of the ammonia borane present in the aqueous solution is removed, that is, the ammonia borane precipitates or partitions into an organic solvent.
  • the aqueous solution may be recycled in the process.
  • the recycled aqueous solution containing from 10% to 25% of the ammonia borane present in the aqueous solution prior to the solution being cooled to decrease the solubility of the ammonia borane therein may be used for forming an aqueous solution with additional crude ammonia borane.
  • the pH of the recycled stream may be adjusted upward, for example, by adding ammonia, prior to adding crude ammonia borane.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a continuous process for purifying ammonia borane.
  • the crude ammonia borane that is purified according to the method of the present invention may be obtained from a variety of sources.
  • a metal borohydride may be reacted with an ammonia salt in an organic ether, such a tetrahydrofuran (“THF”) or dioxane.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Processes for synthesizing ammonia borane are disclosed in the following references: Ramachandran et al. U.S. 2007/0243122 A1; Autrey et al. U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,129 B2; Yang et al. U.S. Pat. No. 8,038,980 B2; Shore et al. U.S.
  • the metal borohydride may be selected from lithium borohydride and sodium borohydride
  • the ammonia salt may be selected from ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate, or ammonium formate.
  • the reaction is conducted in an organic solvent in which ammonia borane is soluble, such as an organic ether.
  • Suitable organic ethers include THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diethylether and dioxane.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be in the form of isolated solids.
  • the mixture is filtered to remove insoluble by-products, followed by evaporation of the organic solvent from the filtrate, for example, by stripping the solvent under vacuum. After the solvent is removed, crude ammonia borane in solid form is recovered.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be in the form of a solution in an organic solvent.
  • the mixture is filtered to remove insoluble by-products.
  • the crude ammonia borane remains dissolved in the organic solvent in which the synthesis was conducted.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be in the form of a suspension or slurry in an organic liquor.
  • an organic liquid is added to the vessel.
  • the organic liquid has the properties of being water immiscible and the ammonia borane is insoluble therein.
  • the organic liquid is selected to have a boiling point higher than the organic ether solvent and facilitates stripping the remaining organic ether solvent from the liquor. Then, any remaining organic ether solvent is removed from the vessel, and the crude ammonia precipitates as a suspension or slurry in the organic liquid.
  • suitable organic liquids include pentane, hexane and heptane, in particular, the straight chain (n-) isomers thereof.
  • THF as the reaction solvent
  • n-heptane as the organic liquid has been found to be useful.
  • Crude ammonia borane that is, ammonia borane having a purity of less than 99%, may be purified according to the following methods.
  • the crude ammonia borane may be obtained from the above described methods of synthesis and may be isolated as a dry or wet solid, or the ammonia borane may be in a suspension in an organic liquor or dissolved in an organic solvent.
  • An aqueous solution of crude ammonia borane in an aqueous solvent having a basic pH may be formed by dissolving crude ammonia borane provided in solid form.
  • an aqueous solution of crude ammonia borane in a basic aqueous solvent is formed by adding the basic aqueous solvent to a solution of the crude ammonia borane in an organic solvent, whereby the formation of the aqueous solution is conducted at a temperature at which the solubility of the ammonia borane is greater in the basic aqueous solvent than in the organic solvent.
  • the basic aqueous solvent and the organic solvent form a two-phase system, although minor amounts, for example 10% by weight or less, of the organic solvent may be soluble in the aqueous solvent, especially when the system is heated.
  • the first step of the purification method is to form an aqueous solution of the crude ammonia borane in an aqueous solvent having a basic pH.
  • identity of the aqueous solvent, pH of the aqueous solvent, concentration of crude ammonia borane and temperature are selected to create such an aqueous solution.
  • concentration of crude ammonia borane and temperature are selected so that the solubility of the ammonia borane in the basic aqueous solvent varies by 50% or more over a temperature range of 50° C. or less, in particular, by 65% or more over a temperature range of 50° C. or less.
  • the parameters are selected to facilitate decomposition of the impurities, thereby rendering them insoluble in the basic aqueous solvent, when the solution is heated during the implementation of the subject purification method.
  • the pH of the aqueous solvent used to dissolve the crude ammonia borane is from 8 to 13.5, in particular, from 8 to 12.
  • Suitable aqueous solvents include solutions of inorganic hydroxides, such as alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and ammonium hydroxide.
  • Aqueous solutions of water-soluble, substituted ammonium hydroxides may also be employed, such as compounds in which the ammonium ion has from 1 to 4 substituent groups selected from alkyl, alkyl alcohol or alkyl ether groups.
  • the hydroxide compound in the basic aqueous composition comprises a volatile cationic counter ion, which evaporates when the purified ammonia borane is recovered and dried, later in the process.
  • Cationic counter ions that evaporate at 100° C. or less, may be used.
  • the purified ammonia borane may be dried under vacuum, to avoid melting or decomposing the product.
  • the crude ammonia borane is provided as a suspension in the organic liquid, such as n-heptane.
  • the organic liquid such as n-heptane.
  • the basic aqueous solvent Upon addition of the basic aqueous solvent, the ammonia borane is dissolved, and a two phase system forms, with substantially all of the ammonia borane dissolved in the aqueous phase.
  • the organic liquid may be removed from the system, for example, by any process suitable for phase separation of immiscible liquids. Alternatively, the purification process may be conducted with a portion or all of the organic liquid present.
  • the solution may be heated to a temperature of 30° C. or greater, in particular, to a temperature of 30° C. to 50° C.
  • the impurities include borates and boric acids, and cyclic borazines, which decompose to form water insoluble species, when the aqueous solution is heated.
  • the solids are separated from the solution, for example, by filtration.
  • the solids include impurities that were present in the crude ammonia borane and insoluble in the basic aqueous solvent, as well as soluble impurities that decomposed and precipitated from solution.
  • the solid impurities may contain minor amounts of the aqueous solution, with ammonia borane dissolved therein.
  • the impurity stream may be recycled in the process to recover the ammonia borane.
  • the mixture may be filtered while it is still hot, or it may be allowed to cool, taking care not to cause the ammonia borane to precipitate from the solution.
  • the solution is cooled to decrease the solubility of the ammonia borane in the aqueous solvent.
  • the solution is cooled to a temperature of 15° C. or lower, in particular, to a temperature of from 10° C. to ⁇ 10° C.
  • the conditions of the process e.g. temperature and time, may be selected to achieve a decrease of 50% or more, 65% or more, or even 75% or more of the ammonia borane present in the aqueous solution.
  • the portion of the ammonia borane that is no longer soluble in the aqueous solvent is caused to precipitate.
  • the precipitated ammonia borane is separated from the aqueous liquor, for example, by filtration, and dried.
  • the filtered ammonia borane solids may be washed with a suitable liquor, especially a liquor that displaces residual aqueous solvent retained on the ammonia borane solids and is readily volatilized in the drying process.
  • ammonia borane is caused to partition into the organic solvent.
  • the aqueous solution, absent the ammonia borane that is no longer soluble therein, and the organic solvent are then separated by, for example by phase separation, and the organic solvent is evaporated to recover high-purity ammonia borane.
  • the filtrate containing dissolved ammonia borane may be recycled in the process.
  • the recycled filtrate stream may be introduced at the beginning of the purification process to dissolve crude ammonia borane, along with make-up basic aqueous solvent, and/or additional base or precursor thereof, such as ammonia, to adjust the pH and volume to the desired concentrations.
  • the recycled filtrate may contain from 5 to 35 weight %, in particular from 10 to 25 weight %, of the ammonia borane originally dissolved in the aqueous solution, at the start of the purification process.
  • the recycled aqueous solution containing ammonia borane that remains in solution after a portion of the ammonia borane has been driven out of solution by cooling can be advantageously used in a continuous purification process.
  • FIG. 1 a representative flow diagram of a continuous purification process is illustrated.
  • a recycled stream of aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution containing ammonia borane, a stream of crude ammonia borane dissolved in THF from a synthesis reaction, and a stream of make-up aqueous ammonium hydroxide and/or ammonia are combined in a reactor and heated in step “A”.
  • Substantially all of the ammonia borane added in the THF solution partitions into the aqueous solution.
  • THF (615 g/K f ⁇ 0.1%) was charged to a 1 L jacketed flask, equipped with an agitator, condenser and feed system. Then, sodium borohydride (31.0 gm, 0.819 mol) was charged to the flask and the mixture was warmed to 30-35° C. During heating, the jacket temperature was not allowed to rise above 35° C. Once the flask reached the desired temperature range, ammonium carbonate (78.5 gm, 0.80 mol) was added over a one hour period, and off-gassing of hydrogen was observed. Once all of the ammonium carbonate has been added, the flask was slowly warmed to 42-45° C.
  • the flask was digested for an additional 4 to 6 hours. Following the digestion period, the flask was cooled to 25-30° C. At this time, the by-product, sodium ammonium carbonate (200-220 grams wet, 75-90 dry), was filtered to give a clean, clear THF solution. The mother liquor was charged back to the flask and stripped at 35-40° C. with vacuum. The strip was continued until 90-95% of the mother liquor weight was removed.
  • the high-purity ammonia borane made according to the present invention has application as a storage medium for hydrogen in vehicles containing fuel cells, as well as for any other applications where reagent grade ammonia borane may be advantageously employed.
  • Examples of applications for ammonia borane may be found in the following references: Mohajeri et al. U.S. 2008/0159949 A1; Hsueh et al. 2010/0230636 A1; Chen et al. U.S. 2010/0329974 A1; Abdur-Rashid et al. U.S. 2011/0104046 A1; Chen et al. U.S. 2011/0158881 A1; and Balema et al. WO 2011/02303.

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US13/729,316 2012-12-28 2012-12-28 Ammonia borane purification method Expired - Fee Related US9005562B2 (en)

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US13/729,316 US9005562B2 (en) 2012-12-28 2012-12-28 Ammonia borane purification method
PCT/US2013/077937 WO2014106018A1 (fr) 2012-12-28 2013-12-27 Procédé de purification de borazane
ES13867387.6T ES2662445T3 (es) 2012-12-28 2013-12-27 Método para purificar borazano
EP13867387.6A EP2938572B1 (fr) 2012-12-28 2013-12-27 Procédé de purification de borazane

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WO2015100157A1 (fr) * 2013-12-27 2015-07-02 Weylchem Sustainable Materials, Llc Procédé de purification de borane d'ammoniac
FR3041337B1 (fr) * 2015-09-18 2019-05-10 Herakles Procede de purification du borazane

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US20140186252A1 (en) 2014-07-03
WO2014106018A1 (fr) 2014-07-03
EP2938572A4 (fr) 2016-08-17
EP2938572B1 (fr) 2017-10-25
EP2938572A1 (fr) 2015-11-04
ES2662445T3 (es) 2018-04-06

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