US6326495B2 - Process for preparing 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes and intermediates useful therein - Google Patents

Process for preparing 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes and intermediates useful therein Download PDF

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US6326495B2
US6326495B2 US09/516,549 US51654900A US6326495B2 US 6326495 B2 US6326495 B2 US 6326495B2 US 51654900 A US51654900 A US 51654900A US 6326495 B2 US6326495 B2 US 6326495B2
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methoxybenzyl
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Frank J. Urban
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • R 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 8 ) alkenyl; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and 1′-methyl thereof, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl; a saturated or unsaturated (C 4 -C 7 ) heterocyclic-(CH 2 ) m —group where m is 0, 1, or 2, comprising one or two heteroatoms selected from O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , N, NR 3 , O and N or NR 3 , S or S( ⁇ O) 2 and N or NR 3 , and N or N 3 and N or NR 3 , where R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, (C 2 -C 4 ) alkenyl, (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, CO 2 R 3a , CONR 3a R 3b , NR 3a R 3b , NO 2 , or SO 2 NR 3a R 3b ; where R 3a and R 3b are independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; Z is O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , C( ⁇ O), or NR 3 ; and Y is —(C 1 -C 4 ) alkylene- or —(C 2 -C 4 ) alkenylene-, either of which is optionally mono-substituted by hydroxy; wherein each above-recited alkyl, alkenyl,
  • pentaaza-as-indacenes are known compounds having biological activity as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). That biological activity makes said pentaaza-as-indacenes useful in the treatment of various inflammatory, allergic and immunological diseases and conditions, which include asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • PDE4 phosphodiesterase type IV
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • a preparation process for 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H -1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes which is known in the art and described in above-mentioned published application WO 96/39408, uses a p-methoxyphenyl N-protecting group in the initial stages of the synthesis.
  • the overall preparation process, depicted for the species where R 1 is 2-thienyl, is represented by reaction Scheme 1 set out further below.
  • step a of the overall synthesis 2-pyrrolidinone and 4-iodoanisole are heated in the presence of copper powder and potassium carbonate to give the N-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, which in step b is treated with ethylmagnesium bromide Grignard reagent to give an aliphatic ketone after ring opening of the pyrrolidinone.
  • This ketone is isolated and then undergoes ring closure to form the 3-hydroxy-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-one intermediate in steps c and d using ethyl oxalyl chloride and sodium hydroxide in step c and sodium ethoxide and ethanol in step d.
  • the corresponding 3-methoxy intermediate is obtained in step e by treatment with 3-methyl-p-tolyltriazine, after which in step f the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-7-oxo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine intermediate is obtained by ring closure using cyclopentyl hydrazine hydrochloride.
  • the 4-methoxyphenyl N-protecting group is removed in step g by treatment with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate to give the lactam intermediate, after which in step h the lactam intermediate is converted to the corresponding thiolactam intermediate by treatment with phosphorus pentasulfide.
  • the tricyclic final product is prepared in steps i′, j and k by treatment with anhydrous hydrazine in step i, followed by treatment with 2-thiophene carbonyl chloride in step j and refluxing in step k.
  • Step a for example, is a neat reaction carried out in the presence of copper powder and potassium carbonate at a temperature of about 150° C.
  • the reaction of step a becomes exothermic and may form an intractable solid mass upon cooling unless the solvent, e.g., ethyl acetate, is added immediately to the crude melt comprising the reaction mixture.
  • step e the cost of the triazine reactant, 3-methyl-p-tolyltriazine, is sufficiently high that it creates a problem with the overall economics of the process in Scheme 1, especially when considered in light of the fact that the yields in virtually all of the steps in the process of Scheme 1 are sub-optimal.
  • step b the aliphatic ketone prepared with the aid of the Grignard reagent, ethylmagnesium bromide, may be carried out in ethyl ether with substantially no problems, but in tetrahydrofuran, a much less problematic solvent, there is a tendency for side reactions to take place, leading to side products and potential stability problems.
  • the p-methoxyphenyl protected amino ketone prepared in step b may be sufficiently unstable that it cannot be stored. Other problems may arise with regard to the synthesis and purification of the cyclopentyl hydrazine reactant; and the ceric ammonium nitrate deprotection of the p-methoxyphenyl amide.
  • Still further problems may be encountered with the procedures entailed in the use of thiolactam chemistry to introduce the triazole component of the tricyclic nucleus of the final products.
  • These include the use of anhydrous hydrazine when introducing the triazole ring with thienoyl chloride.
  • Anhydrous hydrazine is a hazardous chemical substance, fuming in air, and capable of exploding during distillation if traces of air are present.
  • the present invention is in the field of methods used for synthetic preparation of 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes, which are known compounds which possess biological activity as selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type IV and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
  • PDE phosphodiesterase
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • the process of the present invention have direct beneficial utility in providing the art with an improved method for obtaining compounds which are in turn known to be useful in the treatment of asthma, arthritis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive airway disease, psoriasis, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, and other inflammatory diseases, AIDS, septic shock and other diseases in mammals, especially humans.
  • AMP cyclic adenosine phosphate
  • inhibition of the phosphodiesterases has been a target for modulation and, accordingly, therapeutic intervention in a range of disease processes.
  • distinct classes of PDE have been recognized, e.g., in J. A. Beavo et al., TiPS, 11, 150, (1990), and their selective inhibition has led to improved drug therapy. See, e.g., C. D. Nicholson, M. S. Hahid, TiPS, 12, 19, (1991).
  • PDE type IV can lead to inhibition of inflammatory mediator release, e.g., in M. W. Verghese et al., J. Mol. Cell Cardiol., 12 (Suppl. II), S 61, (1989) and airway smooth muscle relaxation, e.g., in T. J. Torphy, “Directions for New Anti-Asthma Drugs,” eds S. R. O'Donnell and C. G. A. Persson, 1988, 37 Birkhauser-VeHag.
  • compounds such as the above-mentioned 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes which inhibit PDE type IV but have poor activity against other PDE types, are able to inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators and relax airway smooth muscle without causing undesired cardiovascular or antiplatelet effects.
  • the 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacenes are also useful as inhibitors of TNF production, which is recognized to be involved in many infectious and auto-immune diseases. See, e.g., W. Friers, FEBS Letters, 285, 199, (1991). Furthermore, it has been shown that TNF is the prime mediator of the inflammatory response seen in sepsis and septic shock. See, e.g., C. E. Spooner et al., Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 62, S11, (1992).
  • the present invention is concerned with an improved method of preparing an 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0):
  • R 1 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 8 ) alkenyl; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and 1′-methyl thereof; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl; a saturated or unsaturated (C 4 -C 7 ) heterocyclic-(CH 2 ) n —group where n is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2, comprising one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , N, NR 3 , O together with N or NR 3 , S or S( ⁇ O ) 2 together with N or NR 3 , and N or NR 3 together with N or NR 3 ; where:
  • R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl
  • R 1 is a group of Formula (1.1.0):
  • a is an integer selected from 1 through 5, inclusive;
  • b and c are each independently an integer selected from 0 and 1;
  • R 5 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; hydroxy; (C 1 C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 4 ) alkenyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; halogen; trifluoromethyl; CO 2 R 3a ; CONR 3a R 3b ; NR 3a R 3b ; NO 2 ; and SO 2 NR 3a R 3b ; where
  • R 3a and R 3b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl;
  • Z is O, S, S( ⁇ O)2, C( ⁇ O), or NR 3 ;
  • Y is —(C 1 -C 4 ) alkylene- or —(C 2 -C 4 ) alkenylene-, either of which is optionally mono-substituted by hydroxy;
  • each above-recited alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and heterocyclic group is substituted by 0 to 3 substituents comprising a member independently selected from group consisting of (C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl, trifluoromethyl, and halogen;
  • R 1 has the same meaning as set out further above; whereby there is produced said 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • the present invention is also concerned with several different groups of novel intermediates which are useful in the above-described process of preparing an 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • One group of such novel intermediates comprises tosylate and besylate salts of a pyrazolopyridinone compound N-protected by p-methoxybenzyl, of Formulas (8.1.0) and (8.1.1), respectively:
  • Another group of novel intermediates of the present invention comprises an imino ester (imidate) compound of Formula (10.1.0):
  • the improved process of preparation of the present invention is concerned with making therapeutically useful compounds of Formula (1.0.0):
  • R 1 is, inter alia, a member independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 8 ) alkenyl; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and 1′-methyl thereof; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl; a saturated or unsaturated (C 4 -C 7 ) heterocyclic-(CH 2 ) n —group where n is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2, comprising one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , N, NR 3 , O together with N or NR 3 , S or S( ⁇ O) 2 together with N or NR 3 , and N or NR 3 together with N or
  • the improved method of preparation of the present invention is suitable for preparing said compounds where the R 1 moiety has the meaning of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 8 ) alkenyl; (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and 1′ methyl thereof; or (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl.
  • R 1 The expression “and 1′-methyl thereof” used in association with the (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl definition of R 1 means that optionally a methyl group is attached to the same carbon by which said (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl group is attached to the tricyclic nucleus of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).
  • R 1 is readily distinguishable from the meaning “(C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl”, in which case an alkylene bridge, e.g., methylene, is interposed between said (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl group and said tricyclic nucleus.
  • R 1 will be defined as a moiety of Formula (1.2.0):
  • the method of the present invention is especially suitable for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where R 1 has the meaning of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 3-methyl-3-cyclohexyl.
  • the improved method of preparation of the present invention is further suitable for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where the R 1 moiety has the meaning of a saturated or unsaturated (C 4 -C 7 ) heterocyclic-(CH 2 ) n — group where n is an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2, comprising one or two heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , N, NR 3 , O together with N or NR 3 , S or S( ⁇ O) 2 together with N or NR 3 , and N or NR 3 together with N or NR 3 ; where R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
  • the method of the present invention is especially suitable for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where R 1 has the meaning of one of the following unsaturated (C 5 -C 6 ) heterocyclic-(CH 2 ) n -groups:
  • the improved method of preparation of the present invention is still further suitable for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where the R 1 moiety has the meaning of a group of Formula (1.1.0):
  • a is an integer selected from 1 through 5, inclusive; b and c are each independently an integer selected from 0 and 1; R 5 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; hydroxy; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; (C 2 -C 4 ) alkenyl; (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy; (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkoxy; halogen; trifluoromethyl; CO 2 R 3a ; CONR 3a R 3b ; NR 3a R 3b ; NO 2 ; and SO 2 NR 3a R 3b ; where R 3a and R 3b are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl; Z is O, S, S( ⁇ O) 2 , C( ⁇ O), or NR 3 ; and Y is —(C 1 -C 4 ) alkylene- or —(C 2 -C 4 ) alkenylene-, either of
  • the method of the present invention is especially suitable for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where a is 1 or 2; b is 1; c is 0; Y is —(C 1 -C 2 ) alkylene-; and R 5 is methyl, methoxy, hydroxy, chloro, iodo, or trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 has the meaning of one of the following groups:
  • Step (a) in Scheme 2 above-illustrated there is formed a reaction mixture of ⁇ -caprolactone and p-methoxybenzylamine which is subjected to heating in order to produce an amino alcohol compound N-protected by p-methoxybenzyl, of Formula (2.0.0)
  • the reaction sequence of this Step (a) may be illustrated as follows:
  • the ⁇ -caprolactone of Formula (2.1.0) is reacted with the 4-methoxybenzylamine of Formula (2.2.0) neat, i.e., without a solvent, and heated to a temperature in the range of 70° to 950° C., preferably from 80° to 850° C. and held at that temperature for from 12 to 24 hours, preferably 16 hours.
  • the amide product of Formula (2.0.0) is obtained using conventional separation procedures as a crystalline solid.
  • This step improves upon such procedures as, e.g., reduction of the ⁇ -caprolactone of Formula (2.1.0) using di-iso-butylaluminum hydride (DiBAl-H) in methylene chloride followed by reductive amination of the resulting lactol with p-methoxybenzylamine and sodium triactoxyborohydride [NaHB(OAc) 3 ], in terms of the elimination of the reducing agent and solvent which would otherwise have been required in the first step.
  • DiBAl-H di-iso-butylaluminum hydride
  • NaHB(OAc) 3 sodium triactoxyborohydride
  • the second step also results in the production of a more stable amino alcohol intermediate product of Formula (3.0.0).
  • the p-methoxybenzylamine reactant of Formula (2.2.0) has been employed, rather than the corresponding p-methoxyphenylamine. It has been found that where such a p-methoxyphenyl group replaces the p-methoxybenzyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the amino alcohol intermediate of Formula (3.0.0), that the resulting compound is unstable when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
  • Step (b) in Scheme 2 above is described in the paragraph immediately below.
  • Step (b) is that of an N-substituted amide to the corresponding amine and is accomplished using a reducing agent for amides.
  • reducing agents are known to the artisan and usually consist of the hydride type, e.g., borane-ammonia complex, BH 3 .NH 3 ; borane-tert-butylamine complex, (CH 3 ) 3 CNH 2 .BH 3 ; borane-trimethylamine complex, (CH 3 ) 3 N.BH 3 ; aluminum hydride, AlH 3 ; sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, [(CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 O) 2 AlH 2 ]Na; or sodium borohydride, NaBH 4 .
  • the preferred reducing agent is sodium borohydride, NaBH 4 , while other reducing agents are less preferred, e.g., lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH 4 , because it would produce too vigorous a reaction.
  • the reducing agent is used in conjunction with a proton source which is added subsequently, and which is preferably a weak acid or THF solution of such an acid, e.g., acetic acid.
  • the reducing agent and proton source are added to a suitable solvent such as methanol, ethanol, diethylether, formic acid, acetic acid, formamide, and tetrahydrofuran, THF.
  • the preferred solvent is THF.
  • Step (b) the sodium borohydride reducing .agent is added to the THF solvent, after which the 4-hydroxyhexanoic acid 4-benzylamide of Formula (2.0.0) prepared in Step (a) is added as a solid.
  • the reaction mixture is thereafter cooled, acetic acid in THF is added, and the reaction mixture is heated to a gentle reflux temperature in the range of 60° to 70° C. for a period of time from 14 to 18 hours, preferably 16 hours.
  • Hydrogen gas is removed during the reaction and unreacted amide is removed by extraction with ethyl acetate after addition of 1N HCl to decompose excess reagent.
  • the pH of the reaction mixture is raised to 11 in order to permit the amino alcohol intermediate product of Formula (3.0.0) to be extracted into ethyl acetate and held for use in the succeeding Step (c).
  • Step (c) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • acylation carried out in Step (c) is that of an amine with an acid chloride in an aqueous alkaline solution in accordance with the well-known conditions of the “Schotten-Baumann reaction”. See Schotten, Ber. 17, 2544 (1884); and Georg, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters,. 4, 335 (1994).
  • the aqueous alkali is added in order to combine with the HCl which is liberated during the reaction.
  • an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate is utilized for this purpose.
  • An additional solvent preferably ethyl acetate, is employed to prepare a solution of the ethyl oxalyl chloride reactant of Formula (3.1.0), since the reaction mixture began as an ethyl acetate solution of the amino alcohol intermediate product of Formula (3.0.0), prepared in Step (b).
  • the acid chloride reactant used in Step (c) is ethyl oxalyl chloride of Formula (3.1.0).
  • the reaction is exothermic; accordingly, the ethyl oxalyl chloride is added over time, preferably from 20 to 30 minutes, while at the same time the reaction temperature is preferably maintained at 0° to 5° C.
  • the reaction is complete within a short period of time of from 1 to 2 hours, but the reaction mixture is optionally stirred at room temperature of from 20° to 25° C. for an additional period of time of from 14 to 18 hours, preferably 16 hours, in order to permit any residual ethyl oxalyl chloride which is unreacted to be removed by decomposition.
  • the product of Formula (4.0.0), an oil is obtained using conventional separation procedures, and is structurally an oxalamic acid ethyl ester which is N-protected by the p-methoxy benzyl group.
  • This intermediate product is used as the starting material in the next step essentially without additional purification.
  • Step (d) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated oxidation carried out in Step (d) is that of a secondary alcohol moiety to a keto moiety, which may be carried out using strong oxidizing agents under suitable oxidation conditions in accordance with methods of which the artisan is well aware.
  • the “Jones oxidation reaction” which is carried out in the presence of chromic acid, aqueous sulfuric acid, and acetone, is suitable. See, e.g., Bowden et al., J. Chem. Soc., 39 (1946); or Ley and Madin, Comp. Org. Syn., 7, 253-256 (1991).
  • the method is especially useful since it proceeds rapidly with high yields and does not disturb any of the other double bonds present.
  • the method is also very straightforward since it only requires that the secondary alcohol of Formula (4.0.0) be dissolved in acetone and then titrated with the “Jones reagent” consisting of a solution of chromic acid and sulfuric acid in water.
  • oxidation process suitable for use in Step (d) of the present invention is that involving the use of acid dichromate, H 2 CrO 4 ; and various other oxidation catalyst compositions involving chromium, e.g., chromic oxide, Cr 2 O 3 ; chromic hydroxide, Cr(OH) 3 .nH 2 O; chromic acetate, Cr(CH 3 COO) 3 .
  • chromium e.g., chromic oxide, Cr 2 O 3 ; chromic hydroxide, Cr(OH) 3 .nH 2 O; chromic acetate, Cr(CH 3 COO) 3 .
  • Step (d) Another well-known process for oxidizing secondary alcohols to ketones which is suitable for carrying out Step (d) is the “Sarett oxidation reaction”, which uses a CrO 3 -pyridine complex as the oxidation catalyst. See, e.g., Poos et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 422 (1953); or Hasan and Rocek, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 1444, 3762 (1975).
  • Suitable oxidation catalysts and procedures for using them to convert a secondary alcohol of Formula (4.0.0) to the corresponding ketone of Formula (5.0.0), and one which is preferred for use in Step (d) of the process of the present invention include but are not limited to the use of sodium hypochlorite oxidizing agent in the presence of the catalyst 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical (TEMPO).
  • TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical
  • the structure of the TEMPO catalyst may be represented by the following Formula (4.1.0):
  • the sodium hypochlorite solution be made fresh when carrying out Step (d) by dissolving calcium hypochlorite and sodium carbonate in water and adjusting the pH of the resulting solution to from 9.0 to 10.0, preferably 9.5 with sodium bicarbonate, followed by filtering of said solution to remove remaining calium carbonate side product in the solution.
  • the reaction mixture comprises the secondary alcohol of Formula (4.0.0) dissolved in methylene chloride, CH 2 Cl 2 ; and potassium bromide, KBr, dissolved in water.
  • the TEMPO catalyst is added to the reaction mixture, which is then cooled to a temperature of 0° to 10° C., preferably 0° to 50° C., after which the sodium hypochlorite oxidizing agent is slowly added to the reaction mixture, which is maintained at a temperature of 10° to 20° C., preferably 100 to 15° C.
  • the product is an oil, which is obtained using conventional separation procedures, and which is used in the next step of the process without additional purification.
  • a still more preferred manner of carrying out Step (d) as above-described involves the use of a polymer to support the oxidizing agent, sodium hypochlorite as the active ion OCl ⁇ , and/or the TEMPO catalyst. See McKillop; Young, Synthesis, 401-422 (1979). Said still more preferred manner of carrying out Step (d) also involves the use of phase transfer catalysis, since the reaction taking place is a nucleophilic substitution in which the substrate is relatively insoluble in water and other polar solvents, while the nucleophile is an anion which is soluble in water but not in the substrate or other organic solvents. See Dehmlow; Dehmlow Phase Transfer Catalysis, 2 nd ed.; Verlag Chemie: Deerfield Beach, Fla. (1983).
  • Step (e) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated ring closure carried out in Step (e) comprises a base-catalyzed cyclization of dicarboxylic acid esters to form a ⁇ -keto ester.
  • the asterisk (“*”) in the dicarboxylic acid of Formula (5.0.0) indicates the point of separation of one of the esters to form an ethanol side product not shown in the above-recited reaction scheme.
  • the ring closure involved is an organic name reaction referred to as the “Dieckmann condensation reaction”. See Dieckmann, Ber. 27, 102, 965 (1894); or Davis and Garrett, Comp. Org. Syn. 2, 806-829 (1991).
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a relatively strong base such as sodium ethoxide or potassium tert-butoxide, and in a suitable solvent, e.g., dry tetrahydrofuran, di-iso-propyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, and toluene.
  • a relatively strong base such as sodium ethoxide or potassium tert-butoxide
  • a suitable solvent e.g., dry tetrahydrofuran, di-iso-propyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, and toluene.
  • the base is added gradually over a period of 15 to 45 minutes, preferably 30 minutes, while the reaction mixture temperature is kept below from 30° to 40° C., preferably below 35° C.
  • the reaction proceeds to completion in from 0.5 to 1.5 hours, usually 1.0 hour with the reaction mixture being at room temperature, ie., from 20° to 25° C.
  • Step (f) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated reaction involves the O-methylation of a pyridinone compound of Formula (6.0.0) whereby there is produced a 3-methoxy-pyridinone compound N-protected by p-methoxybenzyl, of Formula (7.0.0). It is desirable to obtain selective O-methylation of the alcohol group without corresponding C-methylation; consequently, some reactions have proved unsuitable, e.g., treatment with methyl iodide in acetone with potassium carbonate.
  • One successful approach is alkylation of the alcohol group with an inorganic ester, specifically, methylation with dimethylsulfate.
  • this reaction is carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent in the presence of cesium carbonate, Cs 2 CO 3 , with gradual addition of the dimethylsufate over a period of 15 to 45 minutes, preferably 30 minutes, while the reaction mixture temperature is kept at from 15° to 30° C., preferably from 20° to 25° C. Thereafter, the reaction mixture is maintained at this temperature and stirred for from 12 to 20 hours, usually 16 hours.
  • the product, an oil is obtained using conventional separation procedures.
  • Step (g) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated reaction involves preparation of the pyrazole-containing compound of Formula (8.0.0) by treating the 3-methoxy-pyridinone compound of Formula (7.0.0) with the cyclopentylhydrazine dihydrochloride of Formula (7.1.0).
  • this reaction is carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent with heating of the reaction mixture to from 75° to 95° C., preferably 88° C., for from 8 to 16 hours, preferably 12 hours, while the reaction mixture is being swept by nitrogen in order to remove methanol, THF, and HCl.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • the product is a thick, dark oil which may be used in the next step of the process of the present invention without further treatment, or which alternatively, may be purified as a p-toluenesulfonic acid or benzenesulfonic acid salt, using conventional separation procedures.
  • the compound of Formula (8.0.0) is to be purified as the p-toluenesulfonic acid or benzenesulfonic acid salt, in a preferred embodiment it is dissolved in ethyl acetate and treated with anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic acid or anhydrous benzenesulfonic acid dissolved in ethyl acetate.
  • the respective salt crystallizes from the reaction mixture, which is then cooled and filtered to provide the pure tosylate or benzenesulfonate salt.
  • a key reactant in Step (g) described above is the cyclopentylhydrazine dihydrochloride of Formula (7.1.0), which may be prepared in accordance with several methods known in the literature.
  • the method described in Syn. Comm. 11, 43 (1981) is used in which cyclopentanol is treated with di-teit-butylazodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine in accordance with the reaction scheme which may be illustrated as follows:
  • the above-described reaction is based on an organic name reaction referred to as the “Mitsunobu reactions”, which involves the condensation of alcohols and acidic components on treatment with dialkyl azodicarboxylates and trialkyl-or triarylphosphines, occurring primarily with inversion of configuration via an intermediary oxyphosphonium salt.
  • Mitsunobu et al. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 40, 935 (1967); Brown et al., Tetrahedron 50, 5469 (1994); Edwards et al., ibid. 5579; and Hughes, Org. React. 42, 335-656 (1992).
  • the cyclopentanol of Formula (7.1.1) and triphenylphosphine are dissolved together in a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), and thereafter the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of from 2° to 8° C., preferably 5° C.
  • a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF)
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate dissolved in THF is then added to the reaction mixture over a period of from 1 hour to 3 hours, preferably 2 hours, while the temperature of the reaction mixture is kept below 6° C.
  • the reaction mixture is permitted to rise to room temperature, i.e., 20° to 25° C.
  • Step (g) A solid product is then isolated as the dihydrochloride salt using conventional separation procedures.
  • the major product may be either the dihydrochloride salt or the monohydrochloride salt, depending upon the stoichiometry of the amount of 6N HCl which is added. Either salt performs well in the reaction of above-described Step (g).
  • Step (h) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated reaction involves deprotection of the pyrazolopyridinone compound of Formula (8.0.0) by removal of the p-methoxybenzyl group therefrom, whereby there is formed the lactam compound of Formula (9.0.0). Removal of the p-methoxybenzyl group is accomplished in accordance with well known methods for the deprotection of amines where the protecting group is a p-methoxybenzyl group. It is further noted that the reaction of Step (g) described in detail further above, and the deprotection of Step (h) may be carried out without isolation of the product of Step (g), i.e., both reactions may be carried out in tandem in the same reaction vessel.
  • Step (h) is carried out at a temperature of from 50° to 60° C., preferably 55° C., which ordinarily requires cooling of the reaction mixture after the completion of Step (g).
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • Methanesulfonic acid, CH 3 SO 3 H is next added to the reaction mixture, the temperature of which is now raised to from 65° to 75° C., preferably 70° C., at which temperature the reaction mixture is maintained for from 11 ⁇ 2 to 21 ⁇ 2 hours, preferably 2 hours.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of from 15° to 30° C., preferably 20° to 25° C., after which a solid product lactam of Formula (9.0.0) is obtained by conventional separation procedures.
  • Step (i) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • the above-illustrated reaction involves esterification of the lactam compound of Formula (9.0.0) to the corresponding imino ester, i.e., imidate compound of Formula (10.0.0).
  • This esterification is accomplished by using triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, (CH 3 CH 2 ) 3 OBF 4 , an agent used in the preparation of ⁇ -aminoesters from lactams. See Synth. Commun. 18, 1625 (1988).
  • a solution of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, (CH 3 CH 2 ) 3 OBF 4 in methylene chloride is slowly added to a suspension of the lactam compound of Formula (9.0.0) in methylene chloride over a period of from 30 to 50 minutes, preferably 40 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature of from 15° to 25° C., preferably from 18° to 22° C., for a period of from 18 to 24 hours, preferably 21 hours.
  • the product, an oil is obtained using conventional separation procedures.
  • Step (j) of the process of the present invention may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
  • a solution of the compound of Formula (10.0.0) in 1-butanol, and of 2-thiophenecarboxylic hydrazide, or alternatively, of 2,2-dimethylpropionic carboxylic hydrazide is heated at a temperature from 85° to 95° C., preferably 90° C. over a period of from 36 to 60 hours, preferably 48 hours.
  • the product, a white solid and an off-white solid, respectively, is obtained using conventional separation procedures.
  • the choice of solvent in which to dissolve the compound of Formula (10.0.0) and the particular carboxylic hydrazide which is to be used to prepare the desired compound of Formula (1.0.0), is dependent largely upon the ability of the candidate solvent to adequately dissolve the above-mentioned reactants, as well as to have a desirably low boiling point so that the reaction mixture can be refluxed for long periods of time without danger of degrading either the reactants or the final product.
  • the solvent should be available in high purity and at a reasonable cost.
  • 1-Butanol is especially suitable as a solution of 63% alcohol and 37% water, which forms a constant boiling mixture boiling at 92° C.
  • Other suitable solvents include those selected from the group consisting of n-amyl ether, iso-amyl acetate, isopentyl alcohol, and iso-propyl alcohol.
  • Step (j) is the point in the process of the present invention where the different substituents which define the R 1 group are introduced into the structure of the final product defined by Formula (1.0.0).
  • the last step intermediate, and consequently a key intermediate, in the process of the present invention comprises the imino ester (imidate) compound of Formula (10.0.0):
  • the key, last step intermediate of Formula (10.0.0) is reacted with a hydrazine of appropriate structure to provide the desired meaning of R 1 in the final products of Formula (1.0.0).
  • the reaction not only serves to insert the desired substituent R 1 into the compound of Formula (10.0.0), but it also serves to provide a further ring closure to form the “triazolyl” component of the tricyclic final product of Formula (1.0.0).
  • the suitable carboxylic hydrazide compound of Formula (11.0.0) is a member selected from the group consisting of those recited as follows:
  • R 1 Hydrazide Name R 1 Hydrazide Name 3-Methyl- Methyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-Pyridin- 2-yl- 2-Pyridinyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-Ethyl- Ethyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-Pyridin- 4-yl- 4-Pyridinyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-n-Propyl- n-Propyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-Thio- phen-2-yl 2-Thio- phene- carboxylic hydrazide 3-iso- Propyl- iso-Propyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-(2- Chloro)- pyridin-3- yl- 3-(2-Chloro- pyridinyl)- carboxylic hydrazide 3-tert- Butyl- Tert-butyl- carboxylic hydrazide 3-(3- Methoxy)-
  • carboxylic hydrazide reactants of Formula (11.0.0) are available commercially.
  • 2-thiophenecarboxylic hydrazide is available from Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. 63178-9916, under catalog no. T3,261-1.
  • a carboxylic hydrazide is not commercially available, e.g., the tert-butylcarboxylic hydrazide, it may be prepared using methods published in the technical literature and well known to the person of ordinary skill in the art of synthesizing such organic compounds. Such a method was developed for preparing the tert-butylcarboxylic hydrazide, which is more appropriately named 2,2-dimethylpropionic carboxylic hydrazide. That method is described below.
  • the method developed for preparing 2,2-dimethylpropionic carboxylic hydrazide is a modification of a method described in published European application EP 653 419 (1995) assigned to Shell Oil [ Chem. Abs. 123: 32678b (1995)]. which utilizes pivalic acid, hydrazine hydrate, and catalytic TiO 2 .
  • the reaction was carried out using n-propanol as the solvent, along with 1 mol % of Ti(i-PrO) 4 , which hydrolyzes immediately upon addition to the reaction mixture to give amorphous TiO 2 active catalyst. After the reaction mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, the n-propanol solvent is distilled from the reaction vessel, azeotropically removing water from the reaction mixture.
  • the solid TiO 2 active catalyst can be filtered from the reaction mixture.
  • the residue can be stripped and repulped in petroleum ether to give the desired 2,2-dimethylpropionic carboxylic hydrazide in high purity and in an 88% yield.
  • the present invention also relates to novel intermediate compounds utilized in the above-described process steps for preparing an 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • One group of such novel intermediates comprises a member selected from the group consisting of the tosylate and besylate salts of a pyrazolopyridinone compound N-protected by p-methoxybenzyl, of Formulas (8.1.0) and (8.1.1), respectively:
  • Another group of novel intermediates of the present invention comprises an imino ester (imidate) compound of Formula (10.0.0):
  • the tosylate and besylate salts may be represented by Formulas (10.1.0) and (10.2.0) as follows:
  • a further preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) consisting of only two steps, which commences with starting compounds of Formula (9.0.0), which are known as described in Scheme 1 detailed further above.
  • This two step process may be represented by Scheme 3 as follows:
  • the present invention is further concerned with an improved method of preparing an 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0):
  • R 1 is as defined further above; comprising:
  • R 1 has the same meaning as set out further above; whereby there is produced said 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • a still further preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of Formula (1.0.0) consisting of a single step, which commences with the novel intermediate of Formula (10.0.0), which may be prepared in accordance with the process steps and procedures detailed further above.
  • This single step process may be represented by Scheme 4 as follows:
  • the present invention is yet further concerned with an improved method of preparing an 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0):
  • R 1 is as defined further above; comprising:
  • R 1 has the same meaning as set out further above; whereby there is produced said 8-cyclopentyl-6-ethyl-3-[substituted]-5,8-dihydro-4H-1,2,3a,7,8-pentaaza-as-indacene compound of Formula (1.0.0).
  • R 1 is as defined further above; comprising:
  • said reducing agent being used in conjunction with a proton source comprising a weak acid or tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of such an acid, preferably acetic acid; and said reducing agent and proton source being added to a solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, diethylether, formic acid, acetic acid, formamide, and tetrahydrofuran, THF, preferably THF;
  • a proton source comprising a weak acid or tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of such an acid, preferably acetic acid
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • said amide of Formula (2.0.0) is added as a solid to said reaction mixture which is thereafter cooled; said proton source in said solvent is added to said reaction mixture, which is then heated to a gentle reflux temperature in the range of 60° to 70° C. for a period of time from 14 to 18 hours, preferably 16 hours; hydrogen gas being removed as a byproduct and unreacted amide being removed by extraction with ethyl acetate after addition of 1N HCl in order to decompose excess reagent; and thereafter raising the pH of said reaction mixture to from 10 to 12, preferably 11 in order to permit the product of Formula (3.0.0) to be extracted into ethyl acetate and held for use in the next step;
  • reaction which takes place is exothermic, whereupon said acid chloride, preferably ethyl oxalyl chloride, is added over time, preferably from 20 to 30 minutes, and said reaction temperature is maintained at 0° to 5° C. until said reaction is complete in from 1 to 2 hours; whereafter said reaction mixture is optionally stirred at from 20° to 25° C. for from 14 to 18 hours, preferably 16 hours, to permit unreacted acid chloride, preferably ethyl oxalyl chloride, to be removed by decomposition;
  • said acid chloride preferably ethyl oxalyl chloride
  • sodium hypochlorite oxidizing agent in the presence of the catalyst 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical (TEMPO), wherein said sodium hypochlorite solution be made fresh when carrying out said oxidizing, comprising: dissolving calcium hypochlorite and sodium carbonate in water and adjusting the pH of the resulting solution to from 9.0 to 10.0, preferably 9.5 with sodium bicarbonate, followed by filtering of said solution to remove remaining calcium carbonate side product in said solution; and further
  • a reaction mixture is established as a solution of said compound of Formula (4.0.0) in methylene chloride, CH 2 Cl 2 ; in addition to potassium bromide, KBr, dissolved in water; to which said TEMPO catalyst is added and said reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of from 0° to 10° C., preferably from 0° to 5° C.; after which said sodium hypochlorite oxidizing agent is slowly added while said reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature of from 10° to 20° C., preferably from 10° to 15° C.;
  • said compound of Formula (8.0.0) may be used in the next step of the process without further treatment, or alternatively, may be purified as a p-toluenesulfonic acid or benzenesulfonic acid salt by dissolving said compound of Formula (8.0.0) in ethyl acetate and thereafter treating it with anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic acid dissolved in ethyl acetate or anhydrous benzenesulfonic acid dissolved in ethyl acetate; whereupon the respective salt crystallizes from the reaction mixture thus formed, which is then cooled and filtered to provide the pure tosylate or benzenesulfonate salt;
  • R 1 is 2-thiophene or tert-butyl; wherein a reaction mixture is established with a solution of said compound of Formula (10.0.0) in 1-butanol, and of 2-thiophenecarboxylic hydrazide, or alternatively, of 2,2-dimethylpropionic carboxylic hydrazide; and said reaction mixture is heated at a temperature of from 85° to 95° C., preferably 90° C. over a period of from 36 to 60 hours, preferably 48 hours.
  • the slurry was cooled to 25° C. and granulated for 3 hours.
  • the solid was collected by filtration and washed with a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and hexanes.
  • the wet cake was vacuum dried with no additional heat to produce 46.05 Kg (72.8%) of the desired amide; mp 81-82° C.
  • Tetrahydrofuran (121 gal, 458 L) and sodium borohydride (22.154 kg, 585.6 moles) were charged to a clean and dry nitrogen purged 500 gallon glass lined tank.
  • the suspension was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at 20-25° C. then 4-hydroxyhexanoic acid 4-methoxy-benzylamide (45.75 kg, 182 moles) was added as a solid.
  • the reaction was cooled to 5-10° C. and over a 4 to 8 hour period a solution of acetic acid (9.1 gallons, 34.4 L) in tetrahydrofuran (12 gal, 45.4 L) was added keeping the temperature at 0-10° C. A slight nitrogen bleed was kept on the tank to help remove the hydrogen.
  • 6-(4-Methoxybenzylamino)hexan-3-ol 24 kg, 101.1 moles
  • ethyl acetate 158 gal, 598 L
  • This solution was cooled to 0-5° C., then a solution of sodium bicarbonate (16.988 Kg, 202.2 moles in 51 gal (193 L) of water) was added, maintaining a temperature of 0° to 5° C.
  • a solution of ethyl oxalyl chloride (16.566 Kg, 121.4 moles) in ethyl acetate (20 gal, 75.7 L) was added while maintaining a temperature of 0-5° C. over a time period of about 25 minutes.
  • Potassium bromide (593 g, 5 moles) was dissolved in water (5 gal, 18.9 L) in a 100 gallon tank. A solution of oxalamide alcohol (33.62 Kg, 99.6 moles) in methylene chloride (34 gal, 128.7 L) was added. The 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) free radical catalyst (150 g) was added and the reaction cooled to 0-5° C.
  • TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy
  • Fresh sodium hypochlorite solution (prepared from calcium hypochlorite (12.11 kg) and sodium carbonate (17.96 kg) in water (100 gal, 378.5 L) adjusted to pH 9.5 with sodium bicarbonate (1.7 kg) and filtered to remove calcium carbonate) was added slowly keeping the temperature at 10-15° C.
  • the layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with 8 gallons of additional methylene chloride.
  • the combined organic layers were washed with a solution made up with concentrated HCl (5.4 L) and potassium iodide (331 g) in water (3.84 gal, 14.5 L). The organic layer was then washed with a solution of sodium thiosulfate (1197 g) in water (5.3 gal, 20 L).
  • the methylene chloride was washed with 10 gal (37.85 L) of water and then stripped without vacuum to an oil. The oil was stripped further after being transferred to the 50 L reactor. A yield of 33.407 kg of product was obtained, but this material contained 15 wt % methylene chloride (by nmr). The corrected yield was 28.396 kg (85.0% of theoretical).
  • Oxalamide ketone (28.296 Kg, 84.4 moles) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (28 gal, 106 L) in a clean and dry 100 gallon tank. This solution was added to a solution of potassium t-butoxide (10.392 Kg) in tetrahydrofuran (42 gal, 159 L) in a 300 gallon tank over a 30 minute period keeping the temperature ⁇ 35° C. After 1 hour at 20-25° C., the reaction was complete by HPLC. Water (98 gal, 371 L) was added to the reaction, followed by iso-propyl ether (24 gal, 90.8 L).
  • the layers were separated and the aqueous containing the product as its potassium salt was washed a second time with iso-propyl ether.
  • the aqueous was evaporated partially in vacuo to remove any residual THF and acidified to pH 2.1 by the addition of 6N HCl (4 gal, 15.1 L).
  • the resulting slurry was filtered and the solids washed with water.
  • the product was air dried at 50° C. to provide 17.9 kg of product (73%); mp 102-103° C.
  • the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (108 gal, 408.8 L) and was washed with water (4 ⁇ 22 gal (83.3 L)).
  • the ethyl acetate solution was washed with a solution made up of 6.94 liters 50% sodium hydroxide in 22 gal (83.3 L) of water followed by washing with a solution made up with 6.94 liters of concentrated HCl in 22 gal (83.3 L) of water.
  • the organic solution was dried by washing with brine (14 gal, 53 L)
  • the ethyl acetate was vacuum stripped to an oil which was suitable for use in the next step.
  • the estimated yield based on NMR analysis of residual solvent was 89%. A small sample was isolated for characterization.
  • the benzenesulfonic acid salt was formed in the same manner; mp 126.6-131.4° C.
  • the reaction mixture from Example 8 was cooled to 55° C. and slowly thereto trifluoroacetic acid (87.3 kg, 764 moles) was added while keeping the temperature between 50-60° C. The first 1 ⁇ 3 of the charge was exothermic and required external cooling. Methanesulfonic acid (6342 ml, 97.7 moles) was added and the reaction was warmed to ⁇ 70° C. for two hours. The reaction was cooled to 20-25° C. and methylene chloride (17 gal, 64 L) was added followed by the slow addition of water (17 gal, 64 L). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was diluted further with water (6 gal, 22.7 L) and then re-extracted with methylene chloride (6 gal, 22.7 L).
  • the combined methylene chloride layers were mixed with water (29 gal, 110 L) and then brought to pH ⁇ 7.0 by the addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate (ca. 45 gal, 170 L).
  • the layers were separated and the methylene chloride atmospherically distilled to about 9 gal (35 L).
  • Ethyl acetate (13 gal, 49 L) was added and the reaction mixture was distilled to about 9 gal (35 L).
  • the resulting slurry was cooled and granulated.
  • the solids were collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate and vacuum dried at 40° C. under full vacuum. The yield was 7.91 kg, 71.2%; mp 152-153° C.

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