US5738926A - Metallized polyester film capacitor - Google Patents

Metallized polyester film capacitor Download PDF

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Publication number
US5738926A
US5738926A US07/978,959 US97895992A US5738926A US 5738926 A US5738926 A US 5738926A US 97895992 A US97895992 A US 97895992A US 5738926 A US5738926 A US 5738926A
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Prior art keywords
polyester film
film capacitor
capacitor according
coating layer
resin
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US07/978,959
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English (en)
Inventor
Shinichi Kinoshita
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Mitsubishi Polyester Film Corp
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Mitsubishi Polyester Film Corp
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Priority claimed from JP3316936A external-priority patent/JPH05152159A/ja
Priority claimed from JP6630892A external-priority patent/JPH05275276A/ja
Application filed by Mitsubishi Polyester Film Corp filed Critical Mitsubishi Polyester Film Corp
Assigned to DIAFOIL HOECHST COMPANY, LIMITED reassignment DIAFOIL HOECHST COMPANY, LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: KINOSHITA, SHINICHI
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G4/002—Details
    • H01G4/005—Electrodes
    • H01G4/015—Special provisions for self-healing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G4/002—Details
    • H01G4/018—Dielectrics
    • H01G4/20—Dielectrics using combinations of dielectrics from more than one of groups H01G4/02 - H01G4/06
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
    • Y10T428/24967—Absolute thicknesses specified
    • Y10T428/24975—No layer or component greater than 5 mils thick
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31565—Next to polyester [polyethylene terephthalate, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31605—Next to free metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31678—Of metal
    • Y10T428/31681—Next to polyester, polyamide or polyimide [e.g., alkyd, glue, or nylon, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a metallized polyester film capacitor. More particularly, the present invention relates to a metallized polyester film capacitor which has an excellent moist heat resistance and an improved adhesiveness between a vapor-deposited metal and a substrate film.
  • Polyester films such as polyethylene terephthalate films have excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance and electric properties, so that they are frequently used as a substrate film for capacitors. With the recent development of various electronic machines, however, polyester films have been required to have higher properties. One of the properties required is a long-term stability of a high moist heat resistance.
  • a metallized polyester film is disadvantageous in that the adhesiveness of the substrate film to the vapor-deposited metal is poor, especially, in an environment of a high temperature and a high humidity. When a capacitor of such a metallized polyester film is exposed to a high temperature and a high humidity, the moisture is penetrated at the interface between the substrate film and the vapor-deposited metal, so that the capacitance of the capacitor is lowered with passage of time. Thus, a metallized polyester film is required to have improved moist heat resistance so as to produce a capacitor having long-term durability.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOKAI) No. 60-115214(1985) discloses a film capacitor having a vinylidene chloride coating layer
  • Japanese Patent Application (KOKAI) No. 60-120511(1985) discloses a film capacitor having a coating layer of a mixture containing melamine and/or a urea resin as the essential ingredient. These capacitors have an excellent moist heat resistance.
  • European Patent 0 484 956 A teaches a metallized polyester film capacitor element produced by winding or stacking a metallized polyester film or a plurality of the metallized film, the metallized polyester film being produced by the following steps: coating solution containing a resin comprising a polyurethane or a polyester and an epoxy compound at least on one surface of a polyester film to obtain a film having a coating layer at least on one surface of the film, the center line average roughness (Ra) of the coating layer being in the range from 0.005 to 0.5 mm; and vapor-depositing a metal on the surface of the coating layer to obtain the metallized polyester film.
  • the obtained metallized polyester film capacitor has an excellent moist heat resistance.
  • the present invention has been achieved on the basis of this finding.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor comprising: a metallized polyester film composed of a polyester film, a coating layer formed at least on one side of the polyester film, an alkali metal content of the coating layer being not more than 1000 ppm, and a metal vapor-deposited on the coating layer.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor comprising: a metallized polyester film composed of a polyester film, a coating layer formed at least on one side of the polyester film, which is composed of (a) at least one of resins having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof and (b) at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate compound, an epoxy compound and an amine compound, an alkali metal content of the coating layer being not more than 1000 ppm, and a center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the coating layer being 0.005 to 0.5 mm; and a metal vapor-deposited on the coating layer.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor comprising: a metallized polyester film composed of a polyester film, a coating layers formed on both sides of the polyester film, an alkali metal content of the coating layer being not more than 1000 ppm, and a metal vapor-deposited on each of the coating layers; and a polyester film or a polyester film in which the coating layer is formed at least on one side of the polyester film and an alkali metal content of the coating layer is not more than 1000 ppm.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor comprising: a metallized polyester film composed of a polyester film, coating layers formed on both side of the polyester film and composed of (a) at least one of resins having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof and (b) at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of an isocyanate compound, an epoxy compound and an amine compound, an alkali metal content of the coating layer being not more than 1000 ppm and a center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the coating layer being 0.005 to 0.5 mm, and a metal vapor-deposited on each of the coating layers; and a polyester film or a polyester film in which the coating layer is formed at least on one side of the polyester film and an alkali metal content of the coating layer is not more than 1000 ppm.
  • the polyester in the polyester film in the present invention is polyethylene terephthalate in which not less than 80 mol % of the structural units is ethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate in which not less than 80 mol % of the structural units is ethylene naphthalate, or poly-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate in which not less than 80 mol % of the structural units is 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate.
  • the copolymer components other than the above-described main structural units are, for example, diols such as diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, polyethylene glycol and polytetramethylene glycol, dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and ester-forming derivatives thereof, and oxymonocarboxylic acids such as oxybenzoic acid and ester-forming derivatives thereof.
  • diols such as diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, polyethylene glycol and polytetramethylene glycol
  • dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid, adipic acid, azel
  • the polyester film in the present invention may contain additive particles, deposited particles and the catalyst residues which form the protuberances on the surface of the film in the amount which does not deteriorate the later-described properties of the capacitor.
  • the polyester film may also contain antistatic agent, stabilizer, lubricant, crosslinking agent, anti-blocking agent, antioxidant, coloring agent, light shielding agent, UV absorber, etc. as the additives other than the above-described protuberance-forming agents in the range which does not deteriorate the properties of the capacitor.
  • the coating layer in the present invention is composed of an organic solvent-soluble, a water-soluble or a water-dispersible resin.
  • the coating layer in the present invention is obtained by applying a coating solution containing at least organic solvent-soluble, one water-soluble or water-dispersible resin selected from the group consisting of polyesters, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, ether resins, butadiene resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins and cellulose resins, or at least one of resins using the said resins as a skeleton resin to at least one surface of the polyester film, and drying the coating solution.
  • these resins urethane resins, polyesters and resins using urethane resins or polyesters as a skeleton resin are preferable.
  • the skeleton resin there can cited polyesters, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, ether resins, butadiene resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins and cellulose resins.
  • the urethane resins are composed of, for example, the following polyols, polyisocyanates, chain-lengthening materials and crosslinking agents.
  • polyethers such as polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol and polyoxytetramethylene glycol
  • polyesters such as polyethylene adipate, polyethylene-butylene adipate and polycaprolactone, acrylic polyols and castor oil may be exemplified.
  • tolylene diisocyanate phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate may be exemplified.
  • chain-lengthening materials or crosslinking agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, hydrazine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, 4,4'-diaminophenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and water.
  • polyesters As the components forming the polyesters, the following polycarboxylic acid and polyhydroxy compound may be exemplified.
  • polycarboxylic acid telephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, orthophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 4,4'-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 2,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 2-potassium sulfo terephthalic acid, 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedicarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, trimesic acid, trimellitic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, trimellitic acid monopotassium salt and the ester-forming derivatives thereof may be exemplified.
  • ethylene glycol 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, p-xylyene glycol, bisphenol A-ethylene glycol additives, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, polytetramethyleneoxide glycol, dimethylolpropionic acid, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, sodium dimethylolethyl sulfonate and potassium dimethylolpropionate may be exemplified.
  • At least one compound is selected from each of the groups, and the selected compounds are synthesized by ordinary polycondensation to produce the polyesters.
  • the polyesters in the present invention also includes composite high-molecular compounds having a polyester component such as an acrylic-grafting polyester and polyester polyurethane obtained by chain-lengthening a polyester polyol which are described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOKAI) No. 1-165633(1989).
  • a polyester component such as an acrylic-grafting polyester and polyester polyurethane obtained by chain-lengthening a polyester polyol which are described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOKAI) No. 1-165633(1989).
  • the coating solution used in the present invention water is used as a medium from the viewpoint of safety and hygiene.
  • the coating solution may also contain an organic solvent as an assistant of such resins within the scope of the present invention.
  • the coating solution may be obtained by forcibly dispersing such resin by a surfactant or the like, but it is preferably a self-dispersion-type resin having a hydrophilic nonionic component such as polyethers or a cationic group such as a quaternary ammonium salts, more preferably a water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having an anionic group.
  • the water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having an anionic group of the present invention is polyesters, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, urethane resins, cellulose resins, or ones obtained by copolymerizing or grafting the said skeleton resin with compounds having an anionic group.
  • the anionic group sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid and a salt thereof are preferable.
  • the counter ions to the anionic group are preferably used alkali metal ions (lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion or ammonium ion).
  • the counter ions are selected from amine onium ions including ammonium ion.
  • the amount of anion group in the water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having the anion group is preferably 0.05 to 8 wt %. If the anion group content is less than 0.05 wt %, the water solubility or water dispersibility of the resin is sometimes lowered. On the other hand, if the anion group content exceeds 8 wt %, the water resistance of the coating layer is sometimes lowered and the coating layer moistens so that the films stick each other or the moist heat resistance of the capacitor is sometimes lowered.
  • the polyesters of the water-soluble or water-dispersible resins used in the present invention is preferably polyesters having Tg of not more than 80° C., preferably 0° to 70° C.; more preferably polyesters having sulfonate (--SO 3 M) group; still more preferably polyesters wherein an acidic moiety contains 1 to 10 mol % of sulfo aromatic dicarboxylic acid unit or salts thereof unit; most preferably polyesters wherein an acidic moiety contains 1 to 10 mol % of sulfo isophthalic acid unit or salts thereof.
  • the urethane resins of the water-soluble or water-dispersible resins used in the present invention is preferably urethane resins having carboxylic acid group (--COOH) or salts thereof as a hydrophilic group; more preferably urethane resins wherein a polyol moiety contains not less than 50 mol %, preferably not less than 70 mol % of polyester polyol unit; still more preferably urethane resins wherein a isocyanate moiety contains not less than 50 mol %, preferably not less than 70 mol % of aromatic diisocyanate unit and/or isophorone diisocyanate unit.
  • An amount of the organic solvent-soluble resins, the water-soluble resins or the water-dispersible resins is not less than 60 wt %, preferably not less than 70 wt %, more preferably not less than 90 wt %.
  • the coating solution used in the present invention may contain a crosslinking agent such as isocyanate compounds, epoxy compounds, amine compounds, aziridine compounds, silane coupling agents, titanium coupling agents, zirco-aluminate coupling agents, peroxides, heat and light-reactive vinyl compounds and photosensitive resins.
  • a crosslinking agent such as isocyanate compounds, epoxy compounds, amine compounds, aziridine compounds, silane coupling agents, titanium coupling agents, zirco-aluminate coupling agents, peroxides, heat and light-reactive vinyl compounds and photosensitive resins.
  • the content of this crosslinking agent is not more than 40 wt %.
  • the coating solution may also contain a lubricant, for example, inorganic fine particles such as silica, silica sol, alumina, alumina sol, zirconium sol, kaolin, talc, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, titanium oxide, barium sulfate, carbon black, molybdenum sulfide and antimony oxide sol and organic fine particles such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, epoxy resin, silicone resin and fluorine resin within the range which maintains the later-described surface roughness.
  • the lubricant content is not more than 40 wt %, preferably not more than 20 wt %.
  • the coating solution may further contain, if necessary, antifoaming agent, coaterbility improving agent, thickening agent, antistatic agent, organic lubricant, antioxidant, UV absorber, foaming agent, dye, pigment, etc.
  • the alkali metal content greatly influences the properties of the capacitor.
  • An excess of an alkali metal greatly lowers the capacitance of the capacitor when it is exposed to a high temperature and a high humidity applying a DC voltage thereto.
  • the alkali coating solution is therefore not more than 1000 ppm, preferably not more than 500 ppm, more preferably not more than 200 ppm.
  • an alkali metal is contained in the coating solution as impurities in the process of synthesis of a raw material to the preparation of the coating solution in the actual industrial production.
  • Commercially available service water or ground water is often used in the preparation of the raw materials thereof.
  • an alkali ion is generally used as the counter ions of a hydrophilic functional group of an anionic resin which is preferably used in the present invention. In these cases, the coating solution of the present invention is obtained by deionization as occasion demands.
  • the coating layer of the present invention is composed of (a) at least one resin selected from the group of resins having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof, (b) at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of isocyanate compounds, epoxy compounds and amine compounds, and, if necessary, a lubricant.
  • the resin having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof in the present invention is a resin crosslinked by the later-described crosslinking agent and having a high adhesiveness to the vapor-deposited metal layer.
  • Resins in which all the carboxyl groups and/or the hydroxyl groups may be the salts thereof, or parts of the carboxyl groups and/or the hydroxyl groups at the ends or side chains may be salts, can be used.
  • the resin having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof in the present invention is polyesters, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, urethane resins, cellulose resins, or ones obtained by copolymerizing or grafting a skeleton resin with compounds having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof.
  • polyesters vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, ether resins, butadiene resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins and cellulose resins may be exemplified.
  • urethane resins and polyesters are preferable.
  • the counter ions to the carboxylic group and the hydroxyl group in the resin are mono-valent ions, preferably amine onium ions containing hydrogen ions and ammonium ions.
  • an organic solvent may be used, but water is preferably used as a medium from the viewpoint of safety and hygiene.
  • the coating solution may be obtained by forcibly dispersing such resin by a surfactant or the like, but as the skeleton resin, a self-dispersion-type resin having a hydrophilic nonionic component such as a polyethers or a cationic group such as a quaternary ammonium salt, more preferably a water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having an anionic group, is preferred.
  • a self-dispersion-type resin having a hydrophilic nonionic component such as a polyethers or a cationic group such as a quaternary ammonium salt, more preferably a water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having an anionic group, is preferred.
  • the water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having an anionic group is obtained by copolymerizing or grafting the said skeleton resin with compounds having an anionic group.
  • the anionic group sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid and a salt thereof are preferable.
  • the counter ions to the anionic group are used alkali metal ions. But, the viewpoint of the moist heat resistance of the capacitor, in order to adjust the alkali metal content of the coating layer the counter ions are preferably selected from amine onium ions including ammonium ion.
  • the amount of anion group in the water-soluble or water-dispersible resin having the anion group is preferably 0.05 to 8 wt %.
  • the polyesters of the water-soluble or water-dispersible resins used in the present invention is preferably polyesters having Tg of not more than 80° C., preferably 0° to 70° C.; more preferably polyesters having sulfonate (--SO 3 M) group; still more preferably polyesters wherein an acidic moiety contains 1 to 10 mol % of sulfo aromatic dicarboxylic acid unit or salts thereof unit; most preferably polyesters wherein an acidic moiety contains 1 to 10 mol % of sulfo isophthalic acid unit or salts thereof.
  • the urethane resins of the water-soluble or water-dispersible resins used in the present invention is preferably urethane resins having carboxylic acid group (--COOH) or salts thereof as a hydrophilic group; more preferably urethane resins wherein a polyol moiety contains not less than 50 mol %, preferably not less than 70 mol % of polyester polyol unit; still more preferably urethane resins wherein a isocyanate moiety contains not less than 50 mol %, preferably not less than 70 mol % of aromatic diisocyanate unit and/or isophorone diisocyanate unit.
  • An amount of the resins having a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or salts thereof is 60 to 99 wt %, preferably 70 to 98 wt %.
  • the coating layer contains at least one crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of isocyanate compounds, epoxy compounds and amine compounds in addition to the resin having a carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or salts thereof.
  • the isocyanate compounds are used in order to enhance the adhesiveness to the vapor-deposited metal film by being crosslinked with the resin having a carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or salts thereof. It is preferably isocyanate compounds having at least two isocyanate groups. It may be either a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound.
  • Examples of such an isocyanate compound are 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate hydride, diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate hydride, paraphenylene diisocyanate, 1-chloro-2,4-phenyl diisocyanate, 1-chloro-1,4-phenyl diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalen diisocyanate, 4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, trimer of isophorone diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, methylenebis(4-phenylmethane)triisocyanate
  • the epoxy compounds are used in order to enhance the adhesiveness with the vapor-deposited metal film by being crosslinked with the resin having a carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or salts thereof. It is preferably epoxy compounds having at least two epoxy groups.
  • Examples of such an epoxy compound are diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and origomers thereof, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A hydrate and origomers thereof, diglycidyl orthophthalate, diglycidyl isophthalate, diglycidyl terephthalate, diglycidyl p-oxybenzoate ether, diglycidyl tetrahydrophthalate, diglycidyl hexahydrophthalate, diglycidyl succinate, diglycidyl sebacate, diglycidyl adipate, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol diglycidyil ether, 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol
  • the amine compound is used in order to enhance the adhesiveness with a vapor-deposited metal film by being crosslinked with the resin having a carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or salts thereof.
  • the amine compound amino compounds such as melamine, urea and benzoguanamine, amino resins obtained by the addition condensation of these amino compounds with formaldehyde or an alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hexamethylenediamine, and triethanolamine may be cited.
  • the amine compound is not restricted thereto.
  • the content of the crosslinking agent selected from the isocyanate compounds, the epoxy compounds and the amine compounds in the coating layer of the present invention is in the range of 1 to 40 wt %, preferably in the range of 2 to 30 wt %, more preferably in the range of 3 to 20 wt %. If the content of the crosslinking agent is too small, the improvement of the adhesiveness, especially, the water-resisting adhesiveness can sometimes not be expected. When the content of the crosslinking agent is too large, the adhesiveness, especially, the water-resisting a adhesiveness is apt to be lowered probably because of the crosslinking agent which remains unreacted.
  • the coating solution may contain other crosslinking agent such as aziridine compounds, silane coupling agents, titanium coupling agents, zirco-aluminate coupling agents, peroxides, heat and light-reactive vinyl compounds and photosensitive resins than the above-described crosslinking agent of the present invention.
  • the content of this crosslinking agent other than the essential crosslinking agent of the present invention is not more than 40 wt %.
  • the coating solution may also contain a lubricant such as silica, silica sol, alumina, alumina sol, zirconium sol, kaolin, talc, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, titanium oxide, barium sulfate, carbon black, molybdenum sulfide and antimony oxide sol as inorganic fine particles and polystyrene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, epoxy resin, silicone resin and fluorine resin as organic fine particles within the range which maintains the later-described surface roughness.
  • the lubricant content is not more than 40 wt %, preferably not more than 20 wt %.
  • the coating solution may further contain, if necessary, antifoaming agent, coaterbility improving agent, thickening agent, antistatic agent, organic lubricant, antioxidant, UV absorber, foaming agent, dye, pigment, etc.
  • the coating solution may also contain another polyesters, polyurethanes, acrylic resins or vinyl resins as a polymer in addition to the above-described essential resin of the present invention.
  • a method of applying the coating solution in the process of producing the biaxially stretched polyester film a method of applying the coating solution to an un-stretched polyester film and successively or simultaneously biaxially stretching the film; a method of applying the coating solution to a uniaxially stretched polyester film and stretching the resultant film in the direction perpendicular to the uniaxial direction; and a method of applying the coating solution to a biaxially stretched film and further stretching the resultant film in the transverse and/or machine direction can be cited.
  • the stretching process is preferably carried out at a temperature of 60° to 130° C., and the stretching ratio is ordinarily at least 4 times, preferably 6 to 20 times as expressed by the area ratio.
  • the stretched film is ordinarily heat-treated at a temperature of 150° to 250° C. It is also preferable to relax the stretched film by 0.2 to 20% in the machine and transverse directions in the maximum temperature zone of heat treatment and/or the cooling zone at the exit of heat treatment.
  • a more preferable method is a method of applying the coating solution to a uniaxially stretched polyester film stretched to 2 to 6 times at a temperature of 60° to 130° C.
  • this method it is possible to dry the coating layer simultaneously with the stretching of the substrate film and make the thickness of the coating layer small in accordance with the stretching ratio of the film, so that it is possible to produce a film suitable as base material of a polyester film at a comparatively low cost.
  • the coating solution in the present invention may be applied to either one side or both sides of the polyester film.
  • a coating layer other than the coating layer of the present invention may be formed on the other side of the film so as to impart other properties to the polyester film.
  • the polyester film may be subjected to chemical treatment or discharging treatment before the coating solution is applied thereto in order to improve the coating property and the adhesiveness of the coating layer to the base film.
  • the thickness of the coating layer is preferably 0.01 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.02 to 1 ⁇ m. Although the thickness of the coating layer is preferably small in consideration of the demand for miniaturized capacitors, if the thickness is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, since it is difficult to apply the coating solution uniformly, the product is apt to form an uneven coating layer.
  • the contact angle (hereinunder referred to as "waterdrop contact angle”) between a waterdrop and the coating layer formed in the above-described manner is preferably not less than 60°. If the waterdrop contact angle is less than 60°, the water-resisting adhesiveness to the vapor-deposited metal film is lowered so much that it is difficult to impart moist heat resistance to the capacitor of the present invention. An attention must therefore be paid to the amount of hydrophilic group, the amount of emulsifier and the amount of hydrophilic compound.
  • the center line average roughness (Ra) of the surface of the coating layer formed in this way is preferably in the range of 0.005 to 0.5 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 0.02 to 0.3 ⁇ m, still more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 ⁇ m. If the Ra is too small, the slipperiness of the film is sometimes insufficient for good operability. On the other hand, if the Ra is too large, the surface is so rough that the withstand voltage is apt to be lowered. In addition, such a rough surface of the film is unfavorable for the demand for miniaturized capacitors having a larger capacity.
  • metals such as aluminum, palladium, zinc, nickel, gold, silver, copper, indium, tin, chromium and titanium are usable as the vapor-deposited metal on the coating layer. These metals also include the oxides thereof. Among these, aluminum is the most preferable.
  • the thickness of the vapor-deposited metal film is preferably in the range of 10 to 5000 ⁇ . Deposition method is generally carried out by vapor-vacuum deposition, and it may be carried out by the method such as electroplating, sputtering, etc.
  • the vapor-deposited metal film may be formed on both sides of the polyester film. It is also possible to subject the vapor-deposited metal film to surface treatment or to coat the vapor-deposited metal film with another resin.
  • the capacitor of the present invention is produced from the thus-obtained capacitor element by ordinary method including the steps of pressing under heating, taping, metallikon, voltage treatment, sealing of both end surfaces and attachment of lead wires.
  • the method of producing the capacitor is not restricted thereto.
  • a capacitance changing ratio of the capacitor of the present invention which is allowed to stand for 1000 hours in an atmosphere of a temperature of 60° C. and a humidity of 95% RH applying a DC voltage of 60V/ ⁇ m between the electrodes is -10 to 10%, preferably -5 to 5%.
  • a withstand voltage of the capacitor of the present invention is not less than 0.2 kV/ ⁇ m, preferably not less than 0.4 kV/ ⁇ m.
  • the metallized polyester film capacitor of the present invention has an excellent moist heat resistance, so that it is useful for the enhancement of the long-term reliability of capacitors.
  • the present invention has a high industrial value.
  • Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr contents were quantitatively analyzed by using an atomic absorption-photometer (Spectro AA, manufactured by Barlane Corp.) by a calibration curve method.
  • the center line surface roughness was obtained.
  • the radius of the tip of the stylus was 2 ⁇ m
  • the load was 30 mg
  • the cut-off value was 0.8 mm.
  • the contact angle between a waterdrop of distilled water and a sample film was measured at a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50% RH by using a contact angle gauge (Model CA-DT-A, manufactured by Kyowa Kaimenkagaku K.K.).
  • the waterdrop contact angle was measured at left and right points in each of three sample films, and the average value of the six values in total was expressed as the waterdrop contact angle.
  • the diameter of a waterdrop was 2 mm and the value was read 1 minute after dropping the water.
  • a polyester film having the same thickness as the base polyester film was laminated by ordinary dry lamination method, and the resultant laminate was aged at a temperature of 40° C. for 48 hours.
  • the thus-obtained laminate was cut into a slip of 15 mm in width and dipped in hot water of 50° to 55° C. (hot water treatment).
  • the withstand voltage of a sample film was measured in accordance with JIS C-2319.
  • the voltage was raised at a rate of 100 V/sec in an atmosphere of a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50% RH by using a 10-kV DC withstand voltage tester, and the voltage at the point of time when the film was broken and a short-circuit was caused was read.
  • a capacitor was allowed to stand in an atmosphere of a temperature of 60° C. and a humidity of 95% RH for 1000 hours and the rate of change in the capacitance was obtained on the basis of the initial capacitance.
  • the value obtained by subtracting the initial capacitance from the capacitance after 1000 hours was divided by the initial capacitance, and the quotient was expressed in a percentage.
  • a capacitor was allowed to stand in an atmosphere of a temperature of 60° C. and a humidity of 95% RH for 1000 hours applying a DC voltage of 60 V/ ⁇ m between the electrodes, and the rate of change in the capacitance was obtained on the basis of the initial capacitance.
  • the value obtained by subtracting the initial capacitance from the capacitance after 1000 hours was divided by the initial capacitance, and the quotient was expressed in a percentage.
  • Polyethylene terephthalate containing 0.3 wt % of silica particles of an average particle diameter of 1.2 ⁇ m and having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.66 was melt-extruded at a temperature of 290° C. to produce an amorphous sheet, and then stretched at a temperature of 90° C. to 4.2 times in the machine direction.
  • a water-dispersible polyurethane (Hydrane AP40 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group
  • 10 parts of triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and water as a medium was applied to both surfaces of the resultant
  • the coating layer had a thickness of 0.04 ⁇ m and the base polyester film had a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
  • the alkali metals in the coating solution were 44 ppm of Na and 5.8 ppm of K (calculated as the solid content). The other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • the waterdrop contact angle of the coating layer was 63°, and the average center line surface roughness (Ra) thereof was 0.020 ⁇ m.
  • Aluminum was vapor-deposited on the coating layer of the film to a thickness of 450 ⁇ under a pressure of 10 -4 Torr in the vacuum chamber of a resistance-heating metal vapor-depositing apparatus.
  • Aluminum was vapor-deposited in stripes in the machine direction of the polyester film such that the vapor-deposited portions each having a width of 8 mm were arranged at intervals of 1 mm.
  • the metallized polyester film was slit into tapes of 4.5 mm in width such that each tape had an unvapor-deposited portion of 0.5 mm in width at the left or right margin thereof.
  • the metallized film capacitor obtained in this manner had excellent withstand voltage and excellent moist heat resistance, and made only a slight change in the capacitance, as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the coating solution was not applied.
  • the capacitor was inferior in the moisture and heat resistance to the one in Example 1.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was obtained by adding sodium chloride to the coating solution in Example 1 so that Na content was 2000 ppm, K content was 5.8 ppm (calculated as the solid content), and the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • the capacitor was inferior in the moist heat resistance to the capacitor in Example 1.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was obtained by adding sodium chloride to the coating solution in Example 1 so that Na content was 1000 ppm, K content was 5.8 ppm (calculated as the solid content), and the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was obtained by adding sodium chloride to the coating solution in Example 1 so that Na content was 500 ppm, K content was 5.8 ppm (calculated as the solid content), and the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was obtained by adding sodium chloride to the coating solution in Example 1 so that Na content was 200 ppm, K content was 5.8 ppm (calculated as the solid content), and the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 100 parts of a water-dispersible polyester (Pluscoat RZ-124 (trade name), produced by Goo Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.) having sodium sulfonate as a functional group using water as a medium.
  • the alkali metals in the coating solution were 2900 ppm of Na and 15.6 ppm of K (calculated as the solid content).
  • the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • the capacitor was inferior in the moist heat resistance to the capacitor in Example 1.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was obtained by passing the coating solution in Comparative Example 3 through a sulfonic acid-type ion-exchange resin column so that Na content was 25 ppm, K content was 1.6 ppm (calculated as the solid content), and the other metal content was below the minimum limit of detection.
  • the metallized film capacitor obtained in this manner had excellent withstand voltage and excellent moist heat resistance, and made only a slight change in the capacitance.
  • a polyester (B) containing 1.0 wt % of calcium carbonate of an average particle diameter of 1.6 ⁇ m was obtained in the same way as the polyester (A) except for adding calcium carbonate of an average particle diameter of 1.6 ⁇ m.
  • Hydrane AP40 trade name
  • the obtained film was stretched at a temperature of 110° C. to 3.9 times in the transverse direction, and then heat-treated at a temperature of 230° C., thereby obtaining a biaxially stretched polyester film.
  • the coating layer had a thickness of 0.04 ⁇ m and the base polyester film had a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
  • the waterdrop contact angle of the coating layer was 63°, and the average center line surface roughness (Ra) thereof was 0.020 ⁇ m.
  • Aluminum was vapor-deposited on the coating layer of the film to a thickness of 450 ⁇ under a pressure of 10 -4 Torr in the vacuum chamber of a resistance-heating metal vapor-depositing apparatus.
  • Aluminum was vapor-deposited in stripes in the machine direction of the polyester film such that the vapor-deposited portions each having a width of 8 mm were arranged at intervals of 1 mm.
  • the metallized polyester film was slit into tapes of 4.5 mm in width such that each tape had an unvapor-deposited portion of 0.5 mm in width at the left or right margin thereof.
  • the metallized film obtained proved to have excellent adhesiveness as a result of evaluation.
  • the metallized film capacitor obtained in this manner had excellent withstand voltage and excellent moist heat resistance, and made only a slight change in the capacitance, as shown in Table 3.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except that no coating solution was applied to the film.
  • the capacitor was inferior in the moist heat resistance to the capacitor in Example 6.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 50 parts of a water-dispersible polyurethane (Hydrane AP40(trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group, 50 parts of triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and water as a medium.
  • Hydrane AP40 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group
  • 50 parts of triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 50 parts of triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and water as a medium.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 100 parts of a water-dispersible polyester (Hydrane AP40 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group, and water as a medium.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 90 parts of a water-dispersible polyurethane (Hydrane AP40 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group, 10 parts of alkylolmelamine (Beckamine J101 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon ink & Chemicals, Inc), and water as a medium.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 80 parts of a water-dispersible polyester (Polyester WR961 (trade name), produced by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group, 20 parts of isocyanate blocked with carbamoyl sulfonate (Erastrone TO16 (trade name), produced by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), and water as a medium.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced in the same way as in Example 6 except for the coating solution.
  • the coating solution was composed of 100 parts of a water-dispersible polyester (Polyester WR961 (trade name), produced by Nippon Synthetic Chemical industry Co., Ltd.), and water as a medium.
  • TP-236 (trade name), produced by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) having a carboxyl group and 10 parts of polyisocyanate (Coronate L (trade name), produced by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.) in a mixed solvent of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced from the thus-obtained polyester film in the same way as in Example 6.
  • Polyethylene terephthalate containing 0.1 part of silica having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m was melt-extruded at a temperature of 290° C. to produce an amorphous sheet, and the sheet was stretched at a temperature of 90° C. to 4.2 times in the machine direction.
  • a coating solution composed of 85 parts of a water-dispersible polyurethane (Hydrane AP40 (trade name), produced by Dai-Nippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc) having ammonium carboxylate as a functional group, 10 parts of triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, 5 parts of silica sol having an average particle diameter of 0.06 ⁇ m, and water as a medium was applied to both surfaces of the resultant film.
  • a metallized polyester film capacitor was produced from the thus-obtained polyester film in the same way as in Example 6.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Fixed Capacitors And Capacitor Manufacturing Machines (AREA)
US07/978,959 1991-11-29 1992-11-23 Metallized polyester film capacitor Expired - Lifetime US5738926A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP3-316936 1991-11-29
JP3316936A JPH05152159A (ja) 1991-11-29 1991-11-29 金属蒸着ポリエステルフイルムコンデンサ
JP4-066308 1992-03-24
JP6630892A JPH05275276A (ja) 1992-03-24 1992-03-24 金属蒸着ポリエステルフィルムコンデンサ

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US6235384B1 (en) * 1998-06-04 2001-05-22 H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc. Aqueous laminating adhesive composition and a method of using thereof
US20040041678A1 (en) * 2002-09-03 2004-03-04 Young Patrick H. Metalized polyester film with heat-seal layer on opposite side for flyback transformer application
US20100136330A1 (en) * 2007-04-23 2010-06-03 Honda Motors Co., Ltd. Precoated metal sheet
US7862856B1 (en) * 2006-03-10 2011-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Method for making high temperature polymer dielectric compositions incorporating diamond-like hydrocarbon units for capactive energy storage applications
US20110310527A1 (en) * 2009-03-05 2011-12-22 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Dielectric resin composition for film capacitor, method for producing the same, and film capacitor
US20120217040A1 (en) * 2009-10-28 2012-08-30 Teijin Dupont Films Japan Limited Biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation and film capacitor made using biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation
US20170125615A1 (en) * 2015-11-02 2017-05-04 S-Energy Co., Ltd. Back sheet, method of manufacturing the same, solar cell module using the same and method of manufacturing solar cell
CN111225994A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2020-06-02 东丽先端材料研究开发（中国）有限公司 一种金属化薄膜

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CN100387643C (zh) * 2002-11-14 2008-05-14 仪化集团公司 聚酯薄膜及其制造方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6235384B1 (en) * 1998-06-04 2001-05-22 H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc. Aqueous laminating adhesive composition and a method of using thereof
US20040041678A1 (en) * 2002-09-03 2004-03-04 Young Patrick H. Metalized polyester film with heat-seal layer on opposite side for flyback transformer application
US6788182B2 (en) 2002-09-03 2004-09-07 Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership Metalized polyester film with heat-seal layer on opposite side for flyback transformer application
US7862856B1 (en) * 2006-03-10 2011-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Method for making high temperature polymer dielectric compositions incorporating diamond-like hydrocarbon units for capactive energy storage applications
US20100136330A1 (en) * 2007-04-23 2010-06-03 Honda Motors Co., Ltd. Precoated metal sheet
US9416216B2 (en) * 2009-03-05 2016-08-16 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Dielectric resin composition for film capacitor and film capacitor
US20110310527A1 (en) * 2009-03-05 2011-12-22 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Dielectric resin composition for film capacitor, method for producing the same, and film capacitor
US20120217040A1 (en) * 2009-10-28 2012-08-30 Teijin Dupont Films Japan Limited Biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation and film capacitor made using biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation
US9754721B2 (en) * 2009-10-28 2017-09-05 Teijin Dupont Films Japan Limited Biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation and film capacitor made using biaxially oriented film for electrical insulation
US20170125615A1 (en) * 2015-11-02 2017-05-04 S-Energy Co., Ltd. Back sheet, method of manufacturing the same, solar cell module using the same and method of manufacturing solar cell
US10224445B2 (en) * 2015-11-02 2019-03-05 S-Energy Co., Ltd. Back sheet, method of manufacturing the same, solar cell module using the same and method of manufacturing solar cell
CN111225994A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2020-06-02 东丽先端材料研究开发（中国）有限公司 一种金属化薄膜
CN111225994B (zh) * 2018-04-27 2022-05-17 东丽先端材料研究开发（中国）有限公司 一种金属化薄膜

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CA2083730A1 (en) 1993-05-30
EP0545227B1 (en) 1999-01-27
DE69228294T2 (de) 1999-09-09
MX9206782A (es) 1994-05-31
DE69228294D1 (de) 1999-03-11
EP0545227A3 (es) 1994-01-05
EP0545227A2 (en) 1993-06-09

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