US5103166A - Semiconductor integrated circuit chip having an identification circuit therein - Google Patents
Semiconductor integrated circuit chip having an identification circuit therein Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5103166A US5103166A US07/578,284 US57828490A US5103166A US 5103166 A US5103166 A US 5103166A US 57828490 A US57828490 A US 57828490A US 5103166 A US5103166 A US 5103166A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- chip
- voltage
- identification
- power supply
- limiting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000013095 identification testing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/0203—Particular design considerations for integrated circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/006—Identification
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C5/00—Details of stores covered by group G11C11/00
- G11C5/02—Disposition of storage elements, e.g. in the form of a matrix array
- G11C5/04—Supports for storage elements, e.g. memory modules; Mounting or fixing of storage elements on such supports
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C7/00—Arrangements for writing information into, or reading information out from, a digital store
- G11C7/10—Input/output [I/O] data interface arrangements, e.g. I/O data control circuits, I/O data buffers
- G11C7/1015—Read-write modes for single port memories, i.e. having either a random port or a serial port
- G11C7/1045—Read-write mode select circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/544—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts, e.g. registration marks, alignment structures, wafer maps
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
- G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
- G11C29/08—Functional testing, e.g. testing during refresh, power-on self testing [POST] or distributed testing
- G11C29/12—Built-in arrangements for testing, e.g. built-in self testing [BIST] or interconnection details
- G11C2029/4402—Internal storage of test result, quality data, chip identification, repair information
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C29/00—Checking stores for correct operation ; Subsequent repair; Testing stores during standby or offline operation
- G11C29/04—Detection or location of defective memory elements, e.g. cell constructio details, timing of test signals
- G11C29/08—Functional testing, e.g. testing during refresh, power-on self testing [POST] or distributed testing
- G11C29/12—Built-in arrangements for testing, e.g. built-in self testing [BIST] or interconnection details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2223/00—Details relating to semiconductor or other solid state devices covered by the group H01L23/00
- H01L2223/544—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts
- H01L2223/54433—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts containing identification or tracking information
- H01L2223/5444—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts containing identification or tracking information for electrical read out
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2223/00—Details relating to semiconductor or other solid state devices covered by the group H01L23/00
- H01L2223/544—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts
- H01L2223/54473—Marks applied to semiconductor devices or parts for use after dicing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Definitions
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit chip having an identification circuit that is simple in construction and facilitates the identification of the semiconductor chip.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit chip having a pair of power voltage supply terminals, at least three input terminals and an identification circuit, which is connected with one of the power voltage supply terminals and three of the input terminals.
- the identification circuit comprises a voltage limiter, an option device, and a switch device.
- the voltage limiter limits the input potential difference between the power voltage supply terminal and one of the three input terminals to a predetermined limiting voltage level and generates a predetermined control voltage by dividing the limiting voltage level.
- the option device is connected between the remaining two input terminals to identify the chip according to whether a current path is formed during the manufacturing process of said chip.
- the switch device is connected in series with the option device and is turned on by the control voltage supplied from the voltage limiter.
- FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of an option device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of an identification circuit according to the present invention for identifying two or more kinds of chips.
- the identification circuit 30 is connected with the power source supply terminal Vss and three input terminals IN1 to IN3.
- the identification circuit 30 comprises a voltage limiter 32, an option device 34 and a switch device 36.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Design And Manufacture Of Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Tests Of Electronic Circuits (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
- Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
- For Increasing The Reliability Of Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
- Dram (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR90-7481 | 1990-05-23 | ||
KR1019900007481A KR920007535B1 (ko) | 1990-05-23 | 1990-05-23 | 식별회로를 구비한 반도체 집적회로 칩 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5103166A true US5103166A (en) | 1992-04-07 |
Family
ID=19299365
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/578,284 Expired - Lifetime US5103166A (en) | 1990-05-23 | 1990-09-06 | Semiconductor integrated circuit chip having an identification circuit therein |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5103166A (ja) |
JP (2) | JPH079753B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR920007535B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1025261C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE4026326C2 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2662505B1 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2244339B (ja) |
HK (1) | HK21896A (ja) |
IT (1) | IT1242519B (ja) |
NL (1) | NL194814C (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2034306C1 (ja) |
SE (1) | SE508000C2 (ja) |
Cited By (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5332973A (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 1994-07-26 | The University Of Manitoba | Built-in fault testing of integrated circuits |
US5426375A (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1995-06-20 | Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing high speed performance and hot carrier lifetime in a MOS integrated circuit |
US5440230A (en) * | 1993-04-02 | 1995-08-08 | Heflinger; Bruce L. | Combinatorial signature for component identification |
EP0852811A1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-07-15 | Intel Corporation | An integrated circuit package with permanent identification of device characteristics and method for adding the same |
US5787174A (en) * | 1992-06-17 | 1998-07-28 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Remote identification of integrated circuit |
US5818251A (en) * | 1996-06-11 | 1998-10-06 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Apparatus and method for testing the connections between an integrated circuit and a printed circuit board |
US5844803A (en) * | 1997-02-17 | 1998-12-01 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method of sorting a group of integrated circuit devices for those devices requiring special testing |
US5907492A (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 1999-05-25 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for using data regarding manufacturing procedures integrated circuits (IC's) have undergone, such as repairs, to select procedures the IC's will undergo, such as additional repairs |
US5915231A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1999-06-22 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method in an integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing process for identifying and redirecting IC's mis-processed during their manufacture |
US5927512A (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1999-07-27 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for sorting integrated circuit devices |
US5959912A (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 1999-09-28 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | ROM embedded mask release number for built-in self-test |
US5984190A (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1999-11-16 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for identifying integrated circuits |
US6072574A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 2000-06-06 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Integrated circuit defect review and classification process |
US6100486A (en) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-08-08 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for sorting integrated circuit devices |
US6225818B1 (en) | 1998-05-04 | 2001-05-01 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Integrated circuits including function identification circuits having operating modes that identify corresponding functions of the integrated circuits |
US6226394B1 (en) | 1998-02-20 | 2001-05-01 | Micron Tecnology, Inc. | Non-lot based method for assembling integrated circuit devices |
US6265232B1 (en) | 1998-08-21 | 2001-07-24 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Yield based, in-line defect sampling method |
WO2001054195A1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2001-07-26 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Integrated circuit package incorporating programmable elements |
US6268228B1 (en) * | 1999-01-27 | 2001-07-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Electrical mask identification of memory modules |
US6351116B1 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2002-02-26 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | System and method for on-line hall sensor programming |
US6427092B1 (en) | 1997-03-24 | 2002-07-30 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for continuous, non lot-based integrated circuit manufacturing |
US6430016B1 (en) * | 2000-02-11 | 2002-08-06 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Setpoint silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) electrostatic discharge (ESD) core clamp |
US20030042316A1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-06 | Nobuyuki Teraura | Electronic device with ID tag, central processing unit with ID tag, and ID tag for electronic device |
US6622270B2 (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 2003-09-16 | Micron Technology, Inc. | System for optimizing anti-fuse repair time using fuse ID |
US6772356B1 (en) | 2000-04-05 | 2004-08-03 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | System for specifying core voltage for a microprocessor by selectively outputting one of a first, fixed and a second, variable voltage control settings from the microprocessor |
US20040158783A1 (en) * | 2003-02-12 | 2004-08-12 | Micron Technology, Inc. | System and method for analyzing electrical failure data |
US20050099201A1 (en) * | 2002-09-05 | 2005-05-12 | Jesus Ferreira | Semi-conductor component testing system with a reduced number of test channels |
US20050242964A1 (en) * | 1992-08-12 | 2005-11-03 | Tuttle John R | Miniature radio frequency transceiver |
US20050263605A1 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2005-12-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Method for identifying semiconductor integrated circuit device, method for manufacturing semiconductor integrated circuit device, semiconductor integrated circuit device and semiconductor chip |
US20060151618A1 (en) * | 2005-01-12 | 2006-07-13 | Ki-Rock Kwon | Multi-chip devices, circuits, methods, and computer program products for reading programmed device information therein |
US7120513B1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2006-10-10 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for using data regarding manufacturing procedures integrated circuits (ICS) have undergone, such as repairs, to select procedures the ICS will undergo, such as additional repairs |
US7188261B1 (en) | 2001-05-01 | 2007-03-06 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Processor operational range indicator |
US7839285B2 (en) | 1997-08-20 | 2010-11-23 | Round Rock Resarch, LLC | Electronic communication devices, methods of forming electrical communication devices, and communications methods |
US20120007248A1 (en) * | 2010-07-09 | 2012-01-12 | Jin Yong Seong | Multi-chip package including chip address circuit |
US10312704B2 (en) | 2001-10-22 | 2019-06-04 | Apple Inc. | Power adapters for powering and/or charging peripheral devices |
US11316504B2 (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2022-04-26 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Apparatus comprising a differential amplifier |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5363134A (en) * | 1992-05-20 | 1994-11-08 | Hewlett-Packard Corporation | Integrated circuit printhead for an ink jet printer including an integrated identification circuit |
JP3659981B2 (ja) * | 1992-07-09 | 2005-06-15 | アドバンスト・マイクロ・ディバイシズ・インコーポレイテッド | ダイ特定情報に特徴付けられるダイ上の集積回路を含む装置 |
DE10018356B4 (de) * | 2000-04-13 | 2005-05-04 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Identifizieren eines elektronischen Steuergeräts und dafür geeignetes Steuergerät |
GB2374426B (en) * | 2001-02-07 | 2003-10-29 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Apparatus for recognizing chip identification and semiconductor device comprising the apparatus |
KR100393214B1 (ko) | 2001-02-07 | 2003-07-31 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 패드의 수를 최소화하기 위한 칩 식별 부호 인식 장치 및이를 내장한 반도체 장치 |
JP4272968B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-16 | 2009-06-03 | エルピーダメモリ株式会社 | 半導体装置および半導体チップ制御方法 |
GB0617697D0 (en) * | 2006-09-08 | 2006-10-18 | Algotronix Ltd | Method of actively tagging electronic designs and intellectual property cores |
US9879897B2 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2018-01-30 | Frosty Cold, Llc | Cooling agent for cold packs and food and beverage containers |
US10155698B2 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2018-12-18 | Frosty Cold, Llc | Cooling agent for cold packs and food and beverage containers |
CN104228347B (zh) * | 2013-06-18 | 2016-08-17 | 研能科技股份有限公司 | 喷墨头芯片 |
JP6091393B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-01 | 2017-03-08 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
US20160065334A1 (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2016-03-03 | R&D Circuits, Inc | Structure and Implementation Method for implementing an embedded serial data test loopback, residing directly under the device within a printed circuit board |
Citations (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3639787A (en) * | 1969-09-15 | 1972-02-01 | Rca Corp | Integrated buffer circuits for coupling low-output impedance driver to high-input impedance load |
US4020365A (en) * | 1976-03-22 | 1977-04-26 | Intersil Incorporated | Integrated field-effect transistor switch |
US4150331A (en) * | 1977-07-29 | 1979-04-17 | Burroughs Corporation | Signature encoding for integrated circuits |
US4301403A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1981-11-17 | Measurement Technology Ltd. | Electrical circuit testing |
US4465973A (en) * | 1982-05-17 | 1984-08-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Pad for accelerated memory test |
US4510673A (en) * | 1983-06-23 | 1985-04-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Laser written chip identification method |
US4549096A (en) * | 1980-01-28 | 1985-10-22 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Monolithically integrated semiconductor circuit with transistors |
GB2167196A (en) * | 1984-11-09 | 1986-05-21 | Membrain Ltd | Device orientation test method |
US4595875A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1986-06-17 | Monolithic Memories, Incorporated | Short detector for PROMS |
US4698589A (en) * | 1986-03-21 | 1987-10-06 | Harris Corporation | Test circuitry for testing fuse link programmable memory devices |
US4719418A (en) * | 1985-02-19 | 1988-01-12 | International Business Machines Corporation | Defect leakage screen system |
US4743841A (en) * | 1985-05-20 | 1988-05-10 | Fujitsu Limited | Semiconductor integrated circuit including circuit elements evaluating the same and having means for testing the circuit elements |
US4779043A (en) * | 1987-08-26 | 1988-10-18 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Reversed IC test device and method |
US4853628A (en) * | 1987-09-10 | 1989-08-01 | Gazelle Microcircuits, Inc. | Apparatus for measuring circuit parameters of a packaged semiconductor device |
US4942358A (en) * | 1988-11-02 | 1990-07-17 | Motorola, Inc. | Integrated circuit option identification circuit and method |
US4961053A (en) * | 1985-07-24 | 1990-10-02 | Heinz Krug | Circuit arrangement for testing integrated circuit components |
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US4992727A (en) * | 1988-06-29 | 1991-02-12 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Integrated circuits |
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-
1990
- 1990-05-23 KR KR1019900007481A patent/KR920007535B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-08-14 GB GB9017779A patent/GB2244339B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-14 IT IT02127490A patent/IT1242519B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1990-08-17 NL NL9001837A patent/NL194814C/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-08-20 FR FR909010474A patent/FR2662505B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-20 JP JP2219871A patent/JPH079753B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-20 SE SE9002701A patent/SE508000C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-08-20 DE DE4026326A patent/DE4026326C2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-25 CN CN90107204A patent/CN1025261C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-09-04 RU SU904830937A patent/RU2034306C1/ru active
- 1990-09-06 US US07/578,284 patent/US5103166A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-02-01 HK HK21896A patent/HK21896A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-09-08 JP JP2000272748A patent/JP3343345B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (18)
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US3639787A (en) * | 1969-09-15 | 1972-02-01 | Rca Corp | Integrated buffer circuits for coupling low-output impedance driver to high-input impedance load |
US4020365A (en) * | 1976-03-22 | 1977-04-26 | Intersil Incorporated | Integrated field-effect transistor switch |
US4150331A (en) * | 1977-07-29 | 1979-04-17 | Burroughs Corporation | Signature encoding for integrated circuits |
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Cited By (116)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5332973A (en) * | 1992-05-01 | 1994-07-26 | The University Of Manitoba | Built-in fault testing of integrated circuits |
US5787174A (en) * | 1992-06-17 | 1998-07-28 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Remote identification of integrated circuit |
US20070103316A1 (en) * | 1992-08-12 | 2007-05-10 | Tuttle John R | Radio frequency identification device and method |
US7746230B2 (en) | 1992-08-12 | 2010-06-29 | Round Rock Research, Llc | Radio frequency identification device and method |
US8018340B2 (en) | 1992-08-12 | 2011-09-13 | Round Rock Research, Llc | System and method to track articles at a point of origin and at a point of destination using RFID |
US20050242964A1 (en) * | 1992-08-12 | 2005-11-03 | Tuttle John R | Miniature radio frequency transceiver |
US5426375A (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1995-06-20 | Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing high speed performance and hot carrier lifetime in a MOS integrated circuit |
US5440230A (en) * | 1993-04-02 | 1995-08-08 | Heflinger; Bruce L. | Combinatorial signature for component identification |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2001135796A (ja) | 2001-05-18 |
NL194814C (nl) | 2003-03-04 |
HK21896A (en) | 1996-02-09 |
IT9021274A1 (it) | 1991-11-24 |
KR920007535B1 (ko) | 1992-09-05 |
NL194814B (nl) | 2002-11-01 |
RU2034306C1 (ru) | 1995-04-30 |
CN1056770A (zh) | 1991-12-04 |
DE4026326C2 (de) | 1995-07-27 |
CN1025261C (zh) | 1994-06-29 |
GB2244339B (en) | 1994-04-27 |
DE4026326A1 (de) | 1991-11-28 |
GB9017779D0 (en) | 1990-09-26 |
GB2244339A (en) | 1991-11-27 |
IT1242519B (it) | 1994-05-16 |
NL9001837A (nl) | 1991-12-16 |
JP3343345B2 (ja) | 2002-11-11 |
SE508000C2 (sv) | 1998-08-10 |
FR2662505A1 (fr) | 1991-11-29 |
IT9021274A0 (it) | 1990-08-14 |
FR2662505B1 (fr) | 1994-09-09 |
KR910020883A (ko) | 1991-12-20 |
JPH079753B2 (ja) | 1995-02-01 |
SE9002701L (sv) | 1991-11-24 |
SE9002701D0 (sv) | 1990-08-20 |
JPH0428088A (ja) | 1992-01-30 |
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