US4908984A - Culturing plants with a dwarf habit - Google Patents

Culturing plants with a dwarf habit Download PDF

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Publication number
US4908984A
US4908984A US07/324,967 US32496789A US4908984A US 4908984 A US4908984 A US 4908984A US 32496789 A US32496789 A US 32496789A US 4908984 A US4908984 A US 4908984A
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United States
Prior art keywords
plant
cavity
pot
groove
inner face
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Expired - Fee Related
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US07/324,967
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael Lenke
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FOLAG AG KUNSTSTOFFWERKE
Flog AG Kunststoffwerke
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Flog AG Kunststoffwerke
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Assigned to FOLAG AG KUNSTSTOFFWERKE reassignment FOLAG AG KUNSTSTOFFWERKE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: LENKE, MICHAEL
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Assigned to FOLAG AG KUNSTSTOFFWERKE reassignment FOLAG AG KUNSTSTOFFWERKE RE-RECORD OF AN ASSIGNMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL 5181 / FRAME 844 ON 10/28/89, TO CORRECT THE HABITAT OF THE ASSIGNEE. Assignors: LENKE, MICHAEL
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
    • A01G22/67—Dwarf trees, e.g. bonsai

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of growing dwarf plants in which plant propagative material, such as a young plant, a seed, a bulb, a rooted cutting, a sucker or the like, is placed in a plant pot with a substrate whose volume is insufficient for full growth of said plant material and whose wall permits gas exchange.
  • plant propagative material such as a young plant, a seed, a bulb, a rooted cutting, a sucker or the like
  • the invention furthermore relates to a plant pot made of a material permitting gas exchange such as fired clay.
  • German unexamined specification, 2,434,538 has an account of a method of growing plants such that coiling of the roots may be effectively prevented for a certain length of time if the pot is lined with a layer of open-celled soft foam with a thickness of about 1 to 10 mm.
  • Austrian Pat. No. 350,831 describes a method for limiting the amount of growth of plants involving culture in very small containers in which root coiling is prevented by having apertures in the wall of the container which are so small that they substantially prevent the growth of the roots therethrough but however allow the passage of nutrients.
  • the container whose wall thickness is preferably at the most four times the clearance width of the apertures, then has to be surrounded by nutrient substrate, the plant then taking up at least a part of the nutrients as needed for growth to the desired size by way of small root hairs from the surrounding nutrient substrate, whereas the porous plant container has to be of a size that is smaller than that which would be needed for growth to the desired size.
  • One aim of the present invention is to grow plants with a permanent dwarf habit without the disadvantages involved in the prior art methods.
  • the way of attaining this aim is based on the surprising discovery that root coiling in pots made of conventional plant pot materials may be efficiently checked if the wall of the plant pot surrounding the mass of roots in the pot, whose volume has to be made smaller than for normal growth of the plant, is made with at least one blind channel running approximately outwards such that the roots may grow into this channel but whose width and length are so dimensioned that it is not possible for the roots to reverse their direction of growth. Since the entire mass of solid nutrient substrate has to be accommodated inside the pot, the volume of the space available for growth of the plant roots will control the size of the plant of the degree of dwarf growth, this being unlike the case with the prior art.
  • the invention accordingly relates to a method for the culturing of plants with a dwarf habit, in which a young plant or possibly a seed, bulb, rooted cutting, sucker or the like is placed in a plant pot with substrate having a volume that is insufficient for full growth, and having a wall permitting gas exchange, characterized in that the plant cavity in the plant pot is connected with at least one blind channel running in an outward direction and having at least generally parallel respiration-promoting walls, whose clearance width is at least long enough in its dimensions that it is possible for roots to grow into it, but at the most has a size equal to the diameter of one of the primary roots of the plant to be grown and whose length is more than twice the clearance width.
  • the clearance width of the channels has to be at least such that not only fine root hairs may grow into it but even a complete root strand.
  • the clearance width is not to be made too large, because the effect of the present invention is based on the fact that owing to the small width of the blind channel the root is kept from reversing when it reaches the end of the blind channel and furthermore the increase in thickness of the roots with growth is such that the roots block the inlet of the channel.
  • the clearance width of the blind channel in accordance with the invention is therefore not to substantially exceed the diameter of one of the primary roots of the plant to be grown and will have to be chosen to be in line with the species of plant to be cultured.
  • this width may be in a range extending from at least a few tenths of a millimeter to several millimeters, as for example up to 5 to 7 millimeters.
  • a further important consideration in connection with success of the method is that a certain minimum ratio of the length, or depth, of the blind channel to the width of the channel be adhered to.
  • This ratio is best chosen to be between three and six. At a ratio between two and three there is admittedly a fair degree of certainty that there will be no reversal, but in the case of many plants the chance of reversal of a root growing into the blind channel is not to be fully excluded under conditions favourable for plant growth.
  • a ratio in excess of six does not have any unfavorable botanical effects, but it is to be considered that the shape of the plant pot as a whole may then be unwieldy. In practice a ratio of four to five has proved useful for most plants likely to be cultured.
  • blind channels will normally extend in an outward direction radially i.e. into the circumferential pot wall, although in addition they may usually extend downwardly in an axial direction, i.e. into the pot bottom.
  • a plant Once a plant has been placed in the plant cavity, its roots will firstly start growing in an outward direction until they reach the wall of the plant cavity. After a short length of coiled growth the roots will soon reach the aperture of one of the blind channels and will then continue radial growth in an outward direction, or if the blind channel extends into the floor part of the pot, the roots will grow axially downwards. If root growth reaches the end of a blind channel, the roots will not be able to grow back again, because the given ratio of length and depth of the blind channel to the clearance width will mean that the roots will have more or less shut off the aperture of the channel opening into the plant cavity by the time the tip of the root has reached the end of the blind channel.
  • the extention of the tangled mass of roots of the plant is thus terminated when all roots in the tangled mass, which have grown into the blind channel or channels, have reached the end of the channel or channels.
  • the roots whose growth has come to a halt are not able to grow in a spiral or coil and during the ensuing time they will form root hairs more or less completely filling up the blind channels; owing to the porosity of the material they are sufficiently supplied with oxygen, and preferably with water as well in the blind channel. This check on the root growth leads to a permanent dwarf habit such that the plants are not able to be distinguished from those grown using the classic bonsai method.
  • the wall of the pot cavity and of the blind channel or channels has to permit gas exchange so as to make for optimum ventilation of the roots adjacent to the wall but not able to grow into it.
  • the porosity of the wall material that consists of fired clay, pumice or similar materials, is such that the wall material is pervious to water and the nutrients dissolved therein. This makes it possible for the plant to be supplied with water and nutrients through the peripheral wall of the plant pot.
  • This embodiment of the method of the invention dispensing with the supply of nutrients from the outside through the plant wall is more especially to be preferred because it represents a more reliable way of caring for the plant and, as regards the properties of the plant pot, does not call for any substantial limitations, it only being necessary for the material of the wall to be pervious to water, while on the other hand it is not necessary for there to be any transport of nutrients through the wall.
  • the plants may be cultivated with a dwarf habit without needing any more care than regular watering, so that the culture of plants with a dwarf habit is something that will be, in contrast to all other methods known so far, quite free of problems for those without green fingers.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a plant pot, which is suitable for undertaking the method of the invention and is manufactured of a material allowing gas exchange, more especially fired clay and which is characterized by a cavity in the pot, for the plant, extending outwards in the form of one blind channel or two or more such blind channels in a symmetrical arrangement, such channel being at right angles to a bottom of the pot and extending out beyond the said cavity into the thickness of the wall of said cavity and/or the bottom thereof, such channel having an inner open end opening into the said cavity, such slot-like blind channel having a clearance width in a range extending from some tenths of a millimeter to several millimeters and having a depth amounting to more than twice the clearance width.
  • Both the plant cavity of the plant pot in accordance with the invention and also the pot itself may have a very large number of different forms.
  • the plant cavity may be round, quadrilateral or polygonal.
  • the lengthways cross section may be of equal diameter from end to end, but preferably it becomes narrower towards the bottom so as not to depart from the traditional form.
  • the wall of the plant cavity may be internally smooth or grooved, the latter form leading to an increase in the specific surface area and therefore contributing to an improved supply with oxygen and/or water.
  • the entire plant pot may also, and independently from the form of the cavity for the plant within it, be round, quadrilateral or polygonal. It has to be of a size to allow for the blind channels that extend outwards from the plant cavity. These blind channels may also be formed within inserts placed in the plant pot and decreasing its volume. However it is preferred to design the pot with such a wall thickness that all blind channels extending from the plant cavity are accommodated therein.
  • blind channel In order to fulfill the purpose of the invention it suffices if only one blind channel is provided. If more than one blind channel be present, then it is preferred for these to be placed symmetrically in the plant pot. In such a case with two to four oppositely placed slot-like channels it is possible for opposite channels to be joined together by slots in the bottom of the pot.
  • the slot-like blind channels may be of equal length or they may be unequal in length, the latter possibility being the case more especially in polygonal bowls whose internal cavity, for the plant, is assymmetrical in line with the bonsai tradition.
  • the depth of the channels prefferably be three to six times their clearance width, the more limited range for the preferred depth range being four to five times the clearance width.
  • the circumferential wall of the plant pot is made of a material which permits gas exchange and is preferably pervious to water, even if it is not completely pervious with respect to dissolved nutrients, it is best for the pot to be surrounded by a water-impervious layer on the bottom and walls in order to cut down loss of water by evaporation in an outward direction.
  • this layer may be produced quite simply by placing the pot in a cover of material impervious to water, such as glazed ceramic ware, earthenware, porcelain, synthetic resin, metal or impregnated wood or the like, the size of such outer cover being so large that there is a gap between the outer cover and the plant pot as such, such gap serving as a reservoir for water or for a nutrient solution.
  • This gap may be made broader at some positions, as for example at the corners in the case of polygonal pots, in order to form a watering hole facilitating the operation of pouring water into the arrangement.
  • the outer cover may also be such that it makes contact with the outer part of the plant pot completely.
  • the supply of water will have to be via the plant pot cavity, it being convenient in this connection to provide the top side of the plant pot with a conically converging face running downwards and inwards so that the introduction of the liquid directly into the substrate in the plant pot cavity will be simplified.
  • the outer cover or vessel For plants above a certain size it is convenient to make the outer cover or vessel so as to have a certain degree of mechanical strength and not to have any gap between the outer skin and the plant pot as such, since the roots of large plants may cause the plant pot as such to burst open.
  • the plant vessel itself to be provided with a water-proof and preferably diffusion-proof cover layer in the form of a coating on the circumferential wall of the plant pot.
  • a coating may for example take the form of a directly fired-on glaze, this being an advantage as regards production and it furthermore makes the pot highly appealing to the eye.
  • coatings of a different form for example by painting, dipping or spraying.
  • the materials then used may for example be resins or wax. This offers the advantage that the high firing temperature needed for glazing is not necessary and there will be a great range of variation as regards coloration and artistic design.
  • the top part of the wall of the plant vessel has to be kept free of coating in order to permit gas exchange with the atmosphere.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a plant pot with an outer cover or outer pot leaving a gap between it and the plant pot.
  • FIG. 2 is a section through the plant pot to be seen in plan view taken on the line A-B.
  • FIG. 3 shows a plant pot in keeping with the invention without an outer gap and with a water-proof outer skin contacting it.
  • FIG. 1 shows a plant pot 2 with a round design, it being so accommodated in a water-tight receiving vessel 4 that there is a gap between them.
  • a plant or pot cavity 8 that becomes narrower frustoconically as will be seen from FIG. 2.
  • Two oppositely placed blind channels 10 are formed extending from the plant cavity 8, of which each one, as will be seen from FIG. 2, takes the form of a slot that is open at its top, and which is continued under the bottom of the plant cavity 8 to make a connection with the other.
  • These slots 10 have radially inner openings 11 into the plant cavity 8.
  • the plant cavity 8 is filled with a substrate 12 and serves to accommodate the plant 14, the roots 24 of which have already grown into the blind channels 10, as also indicated in FIG. 2.
  • the gap 6 between the receiving vessel 4 and the plant pot 2 is filled with water 16, something readily carried out by pouring the water into the watering hole 20.
  • the wall of the plant pot 2 is designed with a gently sloping conical rim face 22 to facilitate pouring water or nutrient solution into the plant cavity 8.
  • the inner frusto-conical face 9 of the pot around the plant cavity 8 is grooved at 18 in FIG. 1. Since the water 16 is stored outside the plant pot 2, it has to make its way through the porous material of the plant pot 2 prior to reaching the tangled roots 24 of the plant 14. When this takes place the porous material of the plant pot 2 absorbs water so that the plant 14 is protected against desiccation if the owner should forget to top up the gap with water in good time.
  • FIG. 3 A form of the plant pot in keeping with the invention, in which there is no gap and the pot is covered with a water-proof coating, is to be seen in FIG. 3.
  • the water-proof covering layer, that adheres to the outer circumferential wall 3 of the plant pot 2, is referenced 26. Since with this form of the plant pot, in keeping with the invention, an external supply of water is not possible through the wall, all the water has to be supplied from the plant cavity using the sloping part 22. It is naturally possible to make many variations in the design of the pot, for example as regards the form, number and placement of the blind channels etc. In this respect, a second blind channel is shown in FIG. 1 at 28. To take an example, the blind channels might be made so as not to extend into the bottom part of the pot.
  • the plant pot 2 has a bottom portion 40 having a top surface 42 and a lower surface 44 and a perimeter wall portion 46 having a frusto-conical inner face 48 and an outer face 50.
  • the grooves 18 and blind channels 10 (and 28) extend into the frusto-conical inner surface 48.
  • the method and the plant pots of the present invention it is therefore possible to grow attractive looking decorative plants with a dwarf habit with little trouble and without specialized horticultural knowledge.
  • the method described herein is naturally not limited to decorative plants and the method of the invention may also be used for the culture of crop plants, as may for example be of value for plant breeding. In this respect it significant that the method of the invention does not have a permanent effect on a plant in the sense that when the plant is transferred to a conventional pot or to natural soil it may immediately grow naturally again.
  • primary root herein is used in the sense of roots with a diameter above that of root hairs.

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  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Hydroponics (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Led Device Packages (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
US07/324,967 1984-07-13 1989-03-16 Culturing plants with a dwarf habit Expired - Fee Related US4908984A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3425919 1984-07-13
DE3425919 1984-07-13
DE3500518 1985-01-09
DE3500518 1985-01-09

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US07105467 Continuation 1987-10-05

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US (1) US4908984A (xx)
EP (2) EP0188469A1 (xx)
AT (2) AT382064B (xx)
AU (2) AU587575B2 (xx)
BR (1) BR8501421A (xx)
CA (1) CA1272601A (xx)
DE (2) DE3590314D2 (xx)
DK (1) DK167595B1 (xx)
ES (2) ES8802601A1 (xx)
FI (1) FI84007C (xx)
FR (1) FR2567360B1 (xx)
IL (1) IL75784A0 (xx)
IT (1) IT1185245B (xx)
NO (1) NO860914L (xx)
NZ (1) NZ211643A (xx)
PT (1) PT80803B (xx)
WO (1) WO1986000493A1 (xx)

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US6453610B2 (en) * 1999-08-06 2002-09-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for modifying root growth
US6536159B1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2003-03-25 Peter Hubertus Elisabeth Van Den Ende Plant pot
US20040065012A1 (en) * 2002-09-18 2004-04-08 Byles Joe Don Water and air retaining flower and landscape planter pot method and apparatus
US20040124145A1 (en) * 1998-02-05 2004-07-01 Tonkin Mark Christopher Water purification apparatus
US20060070299A1 (en) * 2003-06-13 2006-04-06 Takashi Furumura Greening system
US20060150497A1 (en) * 2004-12-20 2006-07-13 Kaprielian Craig L Method of hydroponic cultivation and components for use therewith
US20070237584A1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2007-10-11 Byles Joe D Modular, self contained, engineered irrigation landscape and flower bed panel
US20090320367A1 (en) * 2008-06-27 2009-12-31 Smith Herrick Engineering LLC Plant cultivation method and apparatus
US20100005716A1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2010-01-14 Byles Joe D Portable Apparatus for Promoting and Containing Plant Growth
US20100307056A1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2010-12-09 Byles Joe D Modular Planting and Irrigation Device, System and Method
US20110271591A1 (en) * 2010-05-06 2011-11-10 Walton Charles F Method for maintaining plants
US20210274728A1 (en) * 2018-10-30 2021-09-09 Fujian Sanan Sino-Science Photobiotech Co., Ltd. Nursery block

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1272601A (en) * 1984-07-13 1990-08-14 Michael Lenke Culturing plants with a dwarfed habit
FR2629676B1 (fr) * 1988-04-11 1991-07-19 Bonthoux Francois Pot a reserve d'eau et regulation d'humidite, adapte a la culture des arbres nains dits japonais
JP2987793B2 (ja) * 1993-01-28 1999-12-06 日本たばこ産業株式会社 ユリの矮化処理方法及び矮化処理されたユリの球根
DE19705130A1 (de) * 1997-02-11 1998-08-13 Hermann Stoever Pflanzgefäß
FR2759540A1 (fr) * 1997-02-20 1998-08-21 Claude Flory Arbres ou arbustes de rocaille nains, procede d'obtention, et composition nutritive concue a cet effet
AT513873B1 (de) * 2013-02-01 2014-11-15 Walter Pötscher Pflanzgefäß, insbesondere eine Schale

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CA1272601A (en) * 1984-07-13 1990-08-14 Michael Lenke Culturing plants with a dwarfed habit
AU5778386A (en) * 1985-03-22 1986-10-13 Lenke, M. A plant pot for miniature plants

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AT88256B (de) * 1920-10-14 1922-05-10 Otto Koeszl Verfahren und Gerät zur Veredelung von Saatgetreide.
US2344794A (en) * 1943-03-22 1944-03-21 Vallinos Nicholas Combination flowerpot and jardiniere
US2814161A (en) * 1955-07-29 1957-11-26 Winifred L Hawkins Plant receptacle
CH381008A (fr) * 1962-08-07 1964-08-14 Weber Robert Support de culture destiné à améliorer la végétation d'un plant
FR1430536A (fr) * 1964-03-12 1966-03-04 Barrière de protection pour routes, comportant des blocs de béton ou de pierre reliés élastiquement
FR1477854A (fr) * 1966-04-19 1967-04-21 Support pour pot de plante
US3513593A (en) * 1967-09-14 1970-05-26 American Can Co Synthetic soil block with recess
US3524279A (en) * 1967-09-27 1970-08-18 American Can Co Synthetic plant growth medium with overwrap
US3534497A (en) * 1968-02-09 1970-10-20 Keyes Fibre Co Means for germinating seeds and replanting seedlings or the like grown therefrom
GB1400450A (en) * 1971-10-19 1975-07-16 Temple P E L Selfwatering cultivation bed
SU406511A1 (ru) * 1972-01-31 1973-11-21 Всесоюзный научно исследовательский институт садоводства имени И. В. Мичурина ВПТБАвтор
US3830015A (en) * 1972-03-10 1974-08-20 C Belgiorno Root separating means for plant container
US3973355A (en) * 1974-01-18 1976-08-10 Agritec Co. Self-contained hydrophilic plant growth matrix and method
US4006558A (en) * 1975-09-11 1977-02-08 Native Plants, Inc. Seedling plant propagation container
US4098021A (en) * 1976-01-21 1978-07-04 Bruno Gruber Container for restricting the growing size of plants and method of applying the same
DE2744143A1 (de) * 1977-09-30 1979-04-05 Bruno Gruber Verfahren zum zuechten von pflanzen und behaelter zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
DE3047646A1 (de) * 1980-02-15 1981-09-10 Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB, 79180 Falun Saemlingseinheit zum keimenlassen und wachsenlassen von saemlingen
DE3047818A1 (de) * 1980-12-18 1982-07-08 Bruno 8039 Puchheim Gruber Behaelter zum zuechten von pflanzen mit abnormalem wachstum und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4497132A (en) * 1981-11-09 1985-02-05 Board Of Regents For The Oklahoma Agricultural And Mechanical Colleges Acting For And On Behalf Of Oklahoma State University Air-root-pruning container
NL8202349A (nl) * 1982-06-10 1984-01-02 Far West Botan Inc Plantenpot.
US4442628A (en) * 1983-04-20 1984-04-17 Board Of Regents For Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges Acting For Oklahoma State University Root-pruning container
NL8401298A (nl) * 1984-04-19 1985-11-18 Adee Agro B V Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een kiempot, kiempot en werkwijze voor het ontkiemen van zaden met behulp van een kiempot.

Cited By (19)

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US20070237584A1 (en) * 2002-06-20 2007-10-11 Byles Joe D Modular, self contained, engineered irrigation landscape and flower bed panel
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US20060150497A1 (en) * 2004-12-20 2006-07-13 Kaprielian Craig L Method of hydroponic cultivation and components for use therewith
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US20210274728A1 (en) * 2018-10-30 2021-09-09 Fujian Sanan Sino-Science Photobiotech Co., Ltd. Nursery block

Also Published As

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DK167595B1 (da) 1993-11-29
CA1272601A (en) 1990-08-14
ES8802601A1 (es) 1988-04-16
ES295690Y (es) 1988-01-01
ES295690U (es) 1987-07-01
IT8521552A0 (it) 1985-07-12
DE3590314D2 (en) 1986-09-18
FR2567360B1 (fr) 1987-01-16
PT80803A (de) 1985-08-01
IT1185245B (it) 1987-11-04
AT382064B (de) 1987-01-12
EP0174461A1 (de) 1986-03-19
DK116986A (da) 1986-03-13
WO1986000493A1 (en) 1986-01-30
ATA186285A (de) 1986-06-15
AU587575B2 (en) 1989-08-24
FI84007B (fi) 1991-06-28
PT80803B (pt) 1987-06-17
EP0174461B1 (de) 1988-04-06
FI861008A0 (fi) 1986-03-11
FR2567360A1 (fr) 1986-01-17
AU4602985A (en) 1986-02-10
DE3562063D1 (en) 1988-05-11
NO860914L (no) 1986-03-11
AU4174385A (en) 1986-01-16
IL75784A0 (en) 1985-11-29
ATE33329T1 (de) 1988-04-15
BR8501421A (pt) 1986-04-22
NZ211643A (en) 1988-06-30
FI861008A (fi) 1986-03-11
EP0188469A1 (de) 1986-07-30
FI84007C (fi) 1991-10-10
DK116986D0 (da) 1986-03-13

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