US4705706A - Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing - Google Patents

Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing Download PDF

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Publication number
US4705706A
US4705706A US06/907,817 US90781786A US4705706A US 4705706 A US4705706 A US 4705706A US 90781786 A US90781786 A US 90781786A US 4705706 A US4705706 A US 4705706A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
backing
yarn
pile
sand
tufted
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US06/907,817
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English (en)
Inventor
George S. Avery
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AVCO SYNTHETIC TURF PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION Inc PO BOX 1421 ROME GEORGIA 30161
Avco Synthetic Turf Production Distribution Inc
Original Assignee
Avco Synthetic Turf Production Distribution Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Avco Synthetic Turf Production Distribution Inc filed Critical Avco Synthetic Turf Production Distribution Inc
Priority to US06/907,817 priority Critical patent/US4705706A/en
Assigned to AVCO SYNTHETIC TURF PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION, INC., P.O. BOX 1421, ROME GEORGIA 30161 reassignment AVCO SYNTHETIC TURF PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION, INC., P.O. BOX 1421, ROME GEORGIA 30161 ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: AVERY, GEORGE S.
Priority to EP19870307970 priority patent/EP0260872A3/en
Priority to NO873862A priority patent/NO873862L/no
Priority to AU78605/87A priority patent/AU7860587A/en
Priority to JP62231942A priority patent/JPS63139514A/ja
Priority to KR870010226A priority patent/KR880004173A/ko
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4705706A publication Critical patent/US4705706A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C17/00—Embroidered or tufted products; Base fabrics specially adapted for embroidered work; Inserts for producing surface irregularities in embroidered products
    • D05C17/02—Tufted products
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
    • Y10T428/23979—Particular backing structure or composition

Definitions

  • tufted carpeting is produced by stitching a plurality of rows of yarn loops through a previously-manufactured mesh-like backing so that the yarn protrudes above one face of the backing as a pile, and is drawn relatively closely against the opposite face of the backing.
  • the pile, formed as yarn loops may be permitted to remain as loops, or it may be sheared or otherwise cut to create a cut pile rather than a looped pile. It is necessary to perform a further operation on the as-tufted product in order to lock the pile in place. Otherwise, even slight pulling on any of the loops or tufts of pile yarn will separate the yarn from the backing.
  • tufted carpeting is made by stitching yarn through two or more layers of backing, e.g. having two or more different gauges (number of picks per inch); see the Avery U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,415, issued Jan. 17, 1981.
  • Multiple backings, when used, can strengthen the product, stiffen it, provide additional holding power against pulling-out of stitches, help to hold the face pile upright and help prevent back-coating composition from flowing excessively into the face pile as it is applied to the back.
  • the or a layer of the backing is made of flexible plastic film or non-woven fabric, rather than a fabric mesh.
  • the coating which is applied to the underside of the backing doubles in function as a non-slip surface-providing means; in other instances, the stitch-locking coating is itself backed with one or more layers of woven fabric, plastic film, non-woven fabric and/or a non-slip feature-providing coating.
  • Backings are made from a variety of materials, including, without limitation, natural materials typified by jute, and synthetic polymeric materials typified by polypropylene. Backings are made of varous weights, gauges and weaves.
  • the combination of the backing layer or layers, the back-loops of the tufted yarn, the stitch-locking layer and additional layers provide a substantially continuous barrier separating the face of the carpet from the base on which the carpet is laid.
  • the exact opposite--porosity through the carpeting from face to underside-- is desirable or, indeed, essential.
  • a particularly popular use of tufted carpeting is as artificial turf, both for playing surfaces for the conduct of sports activities such as football, baseball, soccer and the like, and for landscaping or decorating various indoor and outdoor sites.
  • a recent practice in the use of artificial turf has involved the spreading of sand, soil, or some other filler material onto the surface of the turf.
  • the purpose of the filler material is to provide a playing surface which is more closely similar to natural (grass/soil) playing surfaces.
  • Artificial turf as presently produced, does not allow sufficient quantities of filler material to be worked into the turf, does not allow for proper drainage of water from the surface, and erodes (wears out) too quickly when used with most filler materials.
  • the back-loops of the stitches of pile yarn of a tufted carpet are fastened to the backing by thermal bonding, obviating the need for applying an adhesive coating to the underside of the backing.
  • the thermal bonding is accomplished by using as the pile yarn a yarn made of or incorporating a synthetic thermoplastic material which becomes tacky at a temperature below that at which the backing is adversely affected.
  • yarn made of or containing polyethylene may be thermally bonded to a backing made of nylon.
  • the backing acts as a sufficient thermal barrier or heat sink as to prevent damage to the face pile during application of heat to the underside of the backing while conducting the thermal bonding step.
  • a tufted carpet of superior porosity may be made, e.g. for use as a sand-filled artificial turf.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of tufted carpet being produced in accordance with principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a similar fragmentary longitudinal cross-sectional view of the tufted carpeting of FIG. 1, in use as a sand-filled artificial turf laid on a base.
  • orientation such as “face” and “underside” refer to the tufted carpeting in its usual orientation of use, i.e. the orientation depicted in FIG. 1.
  • the product while the product is being manufactured, it or its precursor or components may be rightside-up, upside down, vertically oriented or rolled and, unless the contrary is evident from the context, terms of orientation as used herein should not be interpreted as referring to the product, its precurser or components while in such temporary states.
  • underside what is meant is the side which is the underside when the carpet is in normal use, regardless of whether that side is on the bottom, on the top or on the side while the product is being manufactured.
  • FIG. 1 A section of tufted carpeting 10 is shown in FIG. 1 at a stage after the rows of stitches of yarn 12 have been stitched into the backing 14 by utterly conventional carpet tufting machinery. Both the yarn 12 and the backing 14 may be utterly conventional. In this particular drawing figure, because it is a longitudinal sectional view, only one row of stitches is visible. Other rows substantially like the one shown should be understood to be present in planes parallel to but successively further in front of and behind the plane of this drawing figure.
  • the backing 14 is present in a plurality of (e.g. three) layers 16, 18, 20.
  • any number of layers from one to several may be used, and if two or more are present they may be alike, or they may differ from one another, e.g. in weight, number of picks per inch, composition, kind and the like.
  • the upper layer I6 may be thought of as being the surface backing
  • the middle layer 18 may be thought of as being the intermediate backing
  • the lower layer 20 may be thought of as being the bottom backing.
  • the face loops of the pile yarn have been conventionally cut so as to form sheared pile, i.e. of individual tufts 22 characterised by ends 24.
  • the pile loops may be left uncut, as is conventionally an alternative to cut pile.
  • the backloops 26 of the pile yarn are, as a result of the conventional tufting yarn stitching and looping process, drawn comparatively tight against the underside 28 of the backing 14.
  • the back-loops 26 would be fastened to the backing 14 by applying a coating of flexible adhesive material, e.g. foam rubber to the underside 28 of the backing.
  • a coating of flexible adhesive material e.g. foam rubber
  • the layers above the bottom layer have an important function of preventing the face pile of the carpeting from being damaged by the heat as the back-loops 26 are being thermally bonded to the backing.
  • the heating for effecting the thermal bonding may be applied in any of a variety of ways which may be found to be suitable.
  • a way is simply running the underside of the as-tufted backing over a sufficiently-heated platen 30 at a sufficient rate to permit the necessary heat transfer to take place. Jets of heated gas likewise could be directed in a band against the underside of the as-tufted backing.
  • one of the backing lyers, e.g. the bottom backing were to incorporate an electrically-conductive material, e.g. a ferro-metal foil or fine ferro-metal particles, radio-frequency energy could be applied to the backing from either side in order to temporarily produce sufficient heating of the pile yarn where it penetrates or is disposed adjacent that layer in order to provide the desired thermal bonding.
  • the carpeting 10 when the resulting tufted carpeting 10 is laid on a base 34, e.g. topped by particulate material 36 such as sand, the carpeting 10 may have its voids (i.e. its interstitial spaces 38) partially filled with a particulate filler 40 such as sand, which, due to the preferable porosity of the carpeting 10 is in communication with the particulate material 36 of the base.
  • a particulate filler 40 such as sand
  • the invention applies to carpeting which is produced by stitching (tufting) loops through a backing material.
  • the method of locking the stitches to the backing by thermal bonding, and the mechanism which allows for the locking of the stitches to the backing, are unique and significant features of this invention.
  • the backing i.e. so that the back-loops of the tufted yarn can be thermally bonded to the backing at a lower temperature than one which would degrade the backing.
  • the backing mterial is selected such that it will readily accept the fusing of the stitches onto it.
  • Another feature of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of multiple layers of backings, for the dual purpose of structural integrity of the final product and thermal absorption of heat energy during the production process.
  • the use of the multiple layers, as set forth, involves materials which will form a thermal barrier between the heat (supplied to the backing to fuse the stitches to the backing) source and the face pile. The absorption of heat in the multiple layers of backing keeps the temperature on the face pile below that which would result in degradation of the face pile.
  • the carpet of the present invention may incorporate a polyethylene material for the tufted stitches and a nylon backing material. These materials may be of various weights and weaves, depending upon the product application.
  • the fusion point of the polyethylene is approximately 300° F. whereas the fusion point of the nylon is approximately 600° F.
  • the polyethylene stitches fuse to the nylon backing forming a permanent bond of the stitches to the backing.
  • the intermediate and upper layers of nylon backing when used, form a heat sink: or thermal barrier because of the thermal properties of the backing material preventing unwanted heat transfer to the face pile. This process may be accomplished without the use of any separate (e.g. adhesive) bonding agent.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Carpets (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Multi-Layer Textile Fabrics (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Automatic Embroidering For Embroidered Or Tufted Products (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
US06/907,817 1986-09-16 1986-09-16 Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing Expired - Fee Related US4705706A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/907,817 US4705706A (en) 1986-09-16 1986-09-16 Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing
EP19870307970 EP0260872A3 (en) 1986-09-16 1987-09-09 Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing
NO873862A NO873862L (no) 1986-09-16 1987-09-15 Luvet teppemateriale med masker som er termisk bundet til grunnveven.
AU78605/87A AU7860587A (en) 1986-09-16 1987-09-16 Tufted carpet having stitches thermally bonded to backing
JP62231942A JPS63139514A (ja) 1986-09-16 1987-09-16 カーペット及びその製造方法
KR870010226A KR880004173A (ko) 1986-09-16 1987-09-16 터프티드 카핏과 이 카핏의 제조방법 및 이 카핏으로 된 모래충전의 인조잔디

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/907,817 US4705706A (en) 1986-09-16 1986-09-16 Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4705706A true US4705706A (en) 1987-11-10

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US06/907,817 Expired - Fee Related US4705706A (en) 1986-09-16 1986-09-16 Tufted carpeting having stitches thermally bonded to backing

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4705706A (ko)
EP (1) EP0260872A3 (ko)
JP (1) JPS63139514A (ko)
KR (1) KR880004173A (ko)
AU (1) AU7860587A (ko)
NO (1) NO873862L (ko)

Cited By (57)

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DE4217442A1 (de) * 1992-05-26 1993-12-02 Guenter Tesch Tuftingteppich und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
WO1993024698A1 (de) * 1992-05-26 1993-12-09 Tesch Guenter Tuftingteppich und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
DE4341168C1 (de) * 1993-12-02 1995-01-26 Guenter Tesch Tuftingteppich und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
WO1995030788A1 (en) * 1994-05-06 1995-11-16 Polyloom Corporation Of America Improvements in carpet making
US5578357A (en) * 1992-02-10 1996-11-26 Polyloom Corporation Of America Carpet and techniques for making and recycling same
US5618624A (en) * 1995-02-22 1997-04-08 Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co. Kg Formable, heat-stabilizable textile pile material
US5678951A (en) * 1993-02-12 1997-10-21 Sommer Levasseur Element for synthetic tennis ground and method for its production
US5876827A (en) * 1992-02-10 1999-03-02 Polyloom Corporation Of America Pile carpet
US5958527A (en) * 1998-09-21 1999-09-28 Fieldturf Holdings, Inc. Process of laying synthetic grass
US6094860A (en) * 1997-06-06 2000-08-01 Technology Licensing Corp. Stabilized turf for athletic field
US6280818B1 (en) 1999-03-03 2001-08-28 Wayn-Tex, Inc. Carpet backing components and methods of making and using the same
US6299959B1 (en) 1998-09-11 2001-10-09 Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. Filled synthetic grass
NL1015450C2 (nl) * 2000-06-15 2001-12-19 Ten Cate Nicolon B V Kunstgrasmat voor sportvelden.
US20020136846A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2002-09-26 Jean Prevost Hook and loop attachment for artificial grass
US6475592B1 (en) 1997-04-29 2002-11-05 Darwin Enterprises, Inc. Carpet backing that provides dimensional stability
US6479125B1 (en) 1997-04-29 2002-11-12 Darwin Enterprises, Inc. Backing for tufted carpet that imparts dimensional stability
US20030039773A1 (en) * 2000-08-22 2003-02-27 San Yao Method and apparatus for stabilized artificial turf
US20030102305A1 (en) * 1998-03-17 2003-06-05 Ameritherm, Inc. RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
US20030175474A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-09-18 Higgins Kenneth B. Textile constructions with stabilized primary backings and related methods
US20030175475A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-09-18 Higgins Kenneth B. Textile constructions, components or materials and related methods
US6649888B2 (en) * 1999-09-23 2003-11-18 Codaco, Inc. Radio frequency (RF) heating system
US20040077242A1 (en) * 2002-10-16 2004-04-22 Layman Bruce W. Composite backing for stabilized carpet
US20040151870A1 (en) * 2003-02-04 2004-08-05 Freudenberg Nonwovens Na Automotive tufted carpet with enhanced acoustical properties
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US20070071941A1 (en) * 2005-09-27 2007-03-29 Eleazer Howell B Moldable construction incorporating bonding interface
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US20080020174A1 (en) * 2004-07-19 2008-01-24 Stull Thomas E Synthetic turf
US20080044599A1 (en) * 2006-08-18 2008-02-21 Mondo S.P.A. Synthetic grass turf and related manufacturing method
US7357971B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2008-04-15 Columbia Insurance Company Homogenously branched ethylene polymer carpet backsizing compositions
US20080095974A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2008-04-24 Gerhard Hoffe Method of Producing a Carpet or Rug, and a Carpet or Rug Produced by Such Method
US20080124496A1 (en) * 2003-12-10 2008-05-29 Textile Management Associates, Inc. Artificial turf with granule retaining fibers
US20080124513A1 (en) * 2006-09-11 2008-05-29 Eleazer Howell B Moldable fabric with unidirectional tape yarns
EP2011919A1 (en) 2007-07-06 2009-01-07 Mondo S.p.A. Flooring material and methods of manufacture
US20090017322A1 (en) * 2007-07-11 2009-01-15 Hayes Heather J Three dimensional molded thermoplastic article
US20090304982A1 (en) * 2008-06-06 2009-12-10 Toyota Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha Carpet and method of manufacture therefor
US20100000623A1 (en) * 2006-12-04 2010-01-07 Manabu Makida Pile fabric
US20100047487A1 (en) * 2006-11-16 2010-02-25 Frank Pfeiffer Composite artificial grass and method for manufacturing same
EP2172589A1 (en) * 2008-09-25 2010-04-07 N.T.T. di Adriano Moioli & C. S.A.S. Synthetic mat and process for the production of said mat
US20100105497A1 (en) * 2003-12-10 2010-04-29 Textile Management Associates, Inc. Golf mat
US20100129570A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Precisionjet, Inc. Method for making artificial turf
US20100129571A1 (en) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-27 Precisionjet, Inc. Method for making artificial turf
US20110171401A1 (en) * 2007-04-30 2011-07-14 Charles Cook Synthetic Sports Turf Having Lowered Infill Levels
US20120219751A1 (en) * 2009-11-09 2012-08-30 Kaneka Corporation Pile fabric and process for producing same
US8283017B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2012-10-09 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet, carpet backings and methods
US20130101756A1 (en) * 2011-05-31 2013-04-25 Kolonglotech, Inc. Artificial turf structure and apparatus and method for manufacturing the same
WO2014032102A1 (en) * 2012-08-30 2014-03-06 Alltex Specialty Products Pty Ltd Artificial sports surface
US8968502B1 (en) * 2009-11-06 2015-03-03 John H. Bearden Method for coating a tufted athletic turf backing
US9051683B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2015-06-09 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet, carpet backings and methods
US9643382B2 (en) 2013-05-06 2017-05-09 Milliken & Company Fiber reinforced structural element
US20210222376A1 (en) * 2020-01-18 2021-07-22 Reed J. Seaton Roll up artificial turf
EP3717698A4 (en) * 2017-11-28 2021-08-04 Watershed Geosynthetics LLC FLOOR COVER WITH STABILIZED WATER FLOW
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CN107009631A (zh) * 2017-05-15 2017-08-04 江苏共创人造草坪有限公司 一种整体可回收人造草坪及其制备方法
FI20225886A1 (en) * 2022-10-03 2024-04-04 Jesse Salmenautio Procedure for the production of artificial grass and artificial grass

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Cited By (93)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5578357A (en) * 1992-02-10 1996-11-26 Polyloom Corporation Of America Carpet and techniques for making and recycling same
US5728444A (en) * 1992-02-10 1998-03-17 Fink; Wilbert E. Carpet and techniques for making and recycling same
US5876827A (en) * 1992-02-10 1999-03-02 Polyloom Corporation Of America Pile carpet
DE4217442A1 (de) * 1992-05-26 1993-12-02 Guenter Tesch Tuftingteppich und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
WO1993024698A1 (de) * 1992-05-26 1993-12-09 Tesch Guenter Tuftingteppich und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US5678951A (en) * 1993-02-12 1997-10-21 Sommer Levasseur Element for synthetic tennis ground and method for its production
DE4341168C1 (de) * 1993-12-02 1995-01-26 Guenter Tesch Tuftingteppich und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
WO1995030788A1 (en) * 1994-05-06 1995-11-16 Polyloom Corporation Of America Improvements in carpet making
AU681793B2 (en) * 1994-05-06 1997-09-04 Tennessee Valley Patent Development Company Improvements in carpet making
US5618624A (en) * 1995-02-22 1997-04-08 Hoechst Trevira Gmbh & Co. Kg Formable, heat-stabilizable textile pile material
US7357971B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2008-04-15 Columbia Insurance Company Homogenously branched ethylene polymer carpet backsizing compositions
US7910194B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2011-03-22 Columbia Insurance Company Homogenously branched ethylene polymer carpet backsizing compositions
US8283017B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2012-10-09 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet, carpet backings and methods
US8496769B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2013-07-30 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet, carpet backings and methods
US9051683B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2015-06-09 Columbia Insurance Company Carpet, carpet backings and methods
US9376769B2 (en) 1997-02-28 2016-06-28 Columbia Insurance Company Homogeneously branched ethylene polymer carpet backsizing compositions
US6475592B1 (en) 1997-04-29 2002-11-05 Darwin Enterprises, Inc. Carpet backing that provides dimensional stability
US6479125B1 (en) 1997-04-29 2002-11-12 Darwin Enterprises, Inc. Backing for tufted carpet that imparts dimensional stability
US6094860A (en) * 1997-06-06 2000-08-01 Technology Licensing Corp. Stabilized turf for athletic field
US6173528B1 (en) 1997-06-06 2001-01-16 Technology Licensing Corp Stabilized natural turf for athletic field
US20040159654A1 (en) * 1998-03-17 2004-08-19 Codaco, Inc. RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
US20030102305A1 (en) * 1998-03-17 2003-06-05 Ameritherm, Inc. RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
US6600142B2 (en) 1998-03-17 2003-07-29 Codaco, Inc. RF active compositions for use in adhesion, bonding and coating
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EP0260872A2 (en) 1988-03-23
NO873862L (no) 1988-03-17
JPS63139514A (ja) 1988-06-11
AU7860587A (en) 1988-03-24
KR880004173A (ko) 1988-06-02
EP0260872A3 (en) 1989-11-08
NO873862D0 (no) 1987-09-15

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