US20220403391A1 - Aptamer-Based Multispecific Therapeutic Agents - Google Patents

Aptamer-Based Multispecific Therapeutic Agents Download PDF

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US20220403391A1
US20220403391A1 US17/629,627 US202017629627A US2022403391A1 US 20220403391 A1 US20220403391 A1 US 20220403391A1 US 202017629627 A US202017629627 A US 202017629627A US 2022403391 A1 US2022403391 A1 US 2022403391A1
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aptamer
cell
antigen binding
cells
aptamers
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Anna MIODEK
Frédéric Mourlane
Cécile Bauche
Renaud Vaillant
Philippe BISHOP
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Ixaka France SAS
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    • C12N15/115—Aptamers, i.e. nucleic acids binding a target molecule specifically and with high affinity without hybridising therewith ; Nucleic acids binding to non-nucleic acids, e.g. aptamers
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    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
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Definitions

  • Aptamers are synthetic single strand (ss) DNA or RNA molecules that form specific secondary and tertiary structures. They can specifically bind to native folded proteins, toxins or other cellular targets with high affinity and specificity. They are non-immunogenic but like antibodies, aptamers can activate or inhibit receptor functions. Their small size, stability, cost-effective and highly controlled chemical synthesis make aptamers attractive therapeutic agents. As such, aptamers are regarded as promising synthetic alternatives to monoclonal antibodies for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
  • Multispecific aptamers are two or more aptamers linked together and designed to specifically bind different epitopes with high affinity and specificity.
  • the multimeric specificity opens up a wide range of research, diagnostic, and clinical applications, including redirecting cells to another cells type (e.g., T-cell or NK cell to a tumor cell), blocking two different signaling pathways simultaneously, dual targeting of different disease mediators, and delivering payloads to specific cells.
  • precise targeting and in some cases the ability to affect specific cellular function is an important determinant of successful research, diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
  • an engineered antigen binding molecule comprising two or more different aptamer moieties linked together and capable of specifically binding to one or more cancer cell antigens and one or more immune effector cell antigens.
  • An aspect of the invention is a method for linking aptamers of interest together. In some embodiments, this can be achieved via click chemistry.
  • the length of the linker, the flexibility or mobility the linker confers to the targeting moieties, as well as the type of linker can affect immune effector cell function or interfere with the targeting aptamer moieties affecting affinity, specificity, and or conformation.
  • the selection of linker can affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the multispecific aptamer.
  • the selection of linker can affect activity and safety (e.g., immunogenicity).
  • the antigen binding moiety of the multispecific aptamer can recognize with high affinity and specificity specific antigens.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a multispecific antigen molecule containing two or more linked aptamers having different target binding specificities.
  • the multispecific aptamer can bind and bring within proximity cells expressing the targeted antigens.
  • the multispecific aptamer allows for an immune effector cell to be redirected to a cancer cell.
  • the binding of the engineered multispecific aptamer to the respective targeted epitopes allows for an immune effector cell to become activated and exert unaltered its anti-cancer killing function.
  • the antigen binding moiety of the multispecific aptamer can redirect immune effector T-cells expressing CD3, CD8, CD4, or other T-cell specific antigens to other cellular targets of interest such as CD19, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD20, CD22, CD123, BCMA, B7H3, CEA, PSMA, Her2, CD33, CD38, DLL3, EGF-R, MHC class I-related protein MR1 or Mesothelin.
  • the antigen binding moiety of the multispecific aptamer can redirect an immune effector NK cell such as via a CD16A, NKG2D, or other NK-cell specific antigen to other cellular targets of interest such as CD30, CD19, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD20, CD22, CD123, BCMA, B7H3, CEA, PSMA, Her2, CD33, CD38, DLL3, EGF-R, MHC class I-related protein MR1 or Mesothelin.
  • the multispecific aptamer can engage conditional costimulatory or immune checkpoints by simultaneous targeting of two immunomodulating targets, resulting in blockade of an inhibitory target, depletion of suppressive cells, or activation of effector cells (e.g., involving targets such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA04, Lag-3, TIM-3, or OX40) and tumor microenvironment (TME) regulators such as CD47 or VEGF.
  • targets e.g., involving targets such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA04, Lag-3, TIM-3, or OX40
  • TAE tumor microenvironment
  • the multispecific aptamer can target one or more tumor associated antigens such as PRAME, NY-ESO-1, MAGE A4, MAGE A3/A6, MAGE A10, AFP.
  • tumor associated antigens such as PRAME, NY-ESO-1, MAGE A4, MAGE A3/A6, MAGE A10, AFP.
  • the multispecific aptamer can target antigens involved in an inflammatory or autoimmune disease, cardiometabolic disease, respiratory disease, ophthalmic disease, neurologic disease, or infectious disease.
  • the multispecific aptamer is capable of activating and stimulating immune effector cells to kill cells expressing specific targeted antigens.
  • the multispecific aptamer binds to but does not activate target cells to which it binds, such as immune effector cells, but merely serves as a bridge between two targets, such as between an immune effector cell and a cancer cell.
  • the multispecific aptamer can be a drug product used in the prevention, treatment or amelioration a proliferative disease, a tumorous disease, an inflammatory disease, an immunological disorder, an autoimmune disease, an infectious disease, viral disease, allergic reactions, parasitic reactions, graft-versus-host diseases or host-versus-graft diseases in a subject in the need thereof, metabolic disease, neurologic disease, ophthalmic diseases.
  • the multispecific aptamer can be a delivery system (e.g., gene therapy applications).
  • the multispecific aptamer can be used in diagnostic applications.
  • the multispecific aptamer can be used in purification systems.
  • the multispecific aptamer can be used in cell selection or enrichments applications.
  • An aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule comprising 1) two or more target binding aptamer regions having binding specificities for different targets, and 2) one or more linkers connecting the aptamer regions.
  • the linker comprises comprises or consists of a linker moiety selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, a single-stranded nucleic acid, a double-stranded nucleic acid, self-assembling complementary oligonucleotides, a peptide, a polypeptide, an oligosaccharide, a polysaccharide, a synthetic polymer, a hydrazone, a thioether, an ester, a triazole, a nanoparticle, a micelle, a liposome, a cell, a click chemistry product and combinations thereof.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of feature 1 or feature 2 that can bind to specific targets on one or more of human cells, immune cells, cancer cells, genetically modified cells, bacteria, or viruses. 4.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of any of the preceding features that can redirect the binding of one cell type from one target cell to another target cell. 5.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of any of the preceding features that can form a bridge between an immune cell and a cancer cell. 6.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of any of the preceding features that can stimulate and activate an immune cell. 7.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of any of the previous features wherein the molecule possesses a binding specificity for an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD3, CD8, CD4, CD19, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD20, CD22, CD123, BCMA, B7H3, CEA, PSMA, Her2, CD33, CD38, DLL3, EGF-R, NKG2D ligands, MHC class I-related protein MR1, mesothelin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA04, Lag-3, TIM-3, OX40, CD47, VEGF, PRAME, NY-ESO-1, MAGE A4, MAGE A3/A6, MAGE A10, and AFP.
  • an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD3, CD8, CD4, CD19, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD20, CD22, CD123, BCMA, B7H3, CEA, PSMA, Her2, CD33, CD38, DLL3, EGF
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of feature 3 wherein the molecule binds to an immune cell expressing CD3 antigen. 10.
  • the aptamer-based multispecific antigen binding molecule of feature 1 comprising one or more CD3 antigen binding region that can bind to a T-cell and one or more PSMA antigen binding region that can bind to a PSMA expressing cell, wherein the CD3 antigen binding region and the PMSA antigen binding region are connected by one or more linkers.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematic representations of several embodiments of multispecific aptamers of the present technology.
  • FIG. 2 shows a scheme for a click chemistry reaction to link aptamers.
  • FIGS. 3 A and 3 B show binding of anti-PSMA ( 3 A) and anti-CD3 ( 3 B) aptamers to cells that do and do not express the respective antigens.
  • FIGS. 4 A and 4 B show agarose gels of monomeric and dimeric (bispecific) aptamers.
  • FIG. 5 shows the time course (half-life) of an RNA aptamer in serum.
  • FIGS. 6 A and 6 B show the binding affinities of bispecific aptamers to PSMA-positive and negative cells.
  • FIGS. 7 A and 7 B show the binding affinities of bispecific aptamers to CD3-positive and negative cells.
  • the linking moiety of an aptamer based multimeric binding molecule can be simply one or more covalent bonds between individual aptamers or can be a synthetic or naturally occurring polymer such as a hydrocarbon, polyether, polyamine, polyamide, hydrazone, thioether, ester, triazaole, nucleic acid, peptide, carbohydrate, or lipid.
  • the linking moiety is not a peptide.
  • the aptamer based multispecific molecule is devoid of peptides, and is devoid of polypeptides and proteins.
  • the linking moiety also can take the form of a nanoscale structure (such as a polymer, protein, nanoparticle, nanotube, nanocrystal, nanowire, nanoribbon, nanocrystal, micelle, or liposome), or a microscale structure (such as a microbead or a cell), or a larger structure (such as a solid support).
  • the linking moiety is a biodegradable polymer.
  • the linking moiety can be a polymer that is linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of these structures.
  • the linking moiety can also serve as the backbone for a dendrimeric structure, or a hub or star-shaped structure (such as a core structure to which two or more aptamers are bound).
  • two or more individual aptamers can be bound via non-covalent interactions either directly between the aptamers or through interaction with a linking moiety.
  • the non-covalent interactions can be, for example, one or more hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic bonds, van der Waals interactions, or a combination thereof.
  • High affinity binding pairs such as streptavidin-biotin, can be used to non-covalently link aptamers in an aptamer based multimeric binding molecule.
  • the linker can be a single covalent bond, or can include one or more ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, or van der Waals interactions.
  • the linker can include a disulfide-bridge, a heparin or heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharide (a glycosoaminoglycan), a chemical cross-linker, hydrazone, thioether, ester, or triazole.
  • the linker can be cleavable by an enzyme, allowing for release of individual apttamers and/or termination of a target-target interaction by the interaction by the aptamer based multispecific molecule.
  • the linker can have a net positive, negative, or neutral charge.
  • the linker can be as flexible or as rigid as desired to ensure preservation of the functional properties of the individual monomeric aptamer units in a multimeric construct and to promote binding to the first target and the second target, or to promote their interaction.
  • the linker can include a flexible portion, such as a polymer of 5-20 glycine and/or serine residues.
  • the linker can also contain a rigid, defined structure, such as a polymer of glutamate, alanine, lysine, and/or leucine.
  • the linker can include a hinge portion or a spacer portion.
  • the linker can include a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C50 chain or ring structure, a polyethylene glycol polymer (e.g., hexaethyleneglycol), or a modified or unmodified oligonucleotide or polynucleotide.
  • the linker can include a heparin or heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharide (a glycosoaminoglycan), a chemical cross-linker, peptide, polypeptide, hydrazone, thioether, or ester.
  • a C2-C50 linker can include a backbone of 2 to 50 carbon atoms (saturated or unsaturated, straight chain, branched, or cyclic), 0 to 10 aryl groups, 0 to 10 heteroaryl groups, and 0 to 10 heterocyclic groups, optionally containing an ether linkage, (e.g., one or more alkylene glycol units, including but not limited to one or more ethylene glycol units —O—(CH2CH2O)—; one or more 1,3-propane diol units; an amine, an amide; or a thioether.
  • an ether linkage e.g., one or more alkylene glycol units, including but not limited to one or more ethylene glycol units —O—(CH2CH2O)—; one or more 1,3-propane diol units; an amine, an amide; or a thioether.
  • the linker is a C2-C20 linker, a C2-C10 linker, a C2-C8 linker, a C2-C6 linker, a C2-C5 linker, a C2-C4 linker, or a C3 linker, wherein each carbon may be independently substituted as described above.
  • aptamers there is non-covalent bonding between aptamers, mediated for example through ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic bonding, van der Waals interactions, or a mixture thereof, without any intervening linking moiety joining the individual aptamers.
  • a single multimeric aptamer construct also can use a mixture of covalent bonding, through an intervening linker moiety connecting certain aptamers, and non-covalent bonding, without an intervening linker moiety, at other bonding sites between aptamers.
  • aptamers can be identified by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX).
  • SELEX is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163 which is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, SELEX starts with a plurality of nucleic acids (i.e., candidate aptamer sequences) containing varied nucleotide sequences which are contacted with a target. Unbound nucleic acids are separated from those that form aptamer-target complexes.
  • the aptamer-target complexes are then dissociated, the nucleic acids are amplified, and the steps of binding, separating, dissociating, and amplifying are repeated through as many cycles as desired to yield a population of aptamers of progressively higher affinity to the target. Cycles of selection and amplification can be repeated until no significant improvement in binding affinity is achieved on further repetitions of the cycle.
  • candidate aptamer sequences are created that contain multimeric aptamer constructs, such as candidate aptamer based multispecific molecules, which are then subjected to further rounds of selection as a multimeric construct.
  • Multimeric candidate aptamer constructs can be made by linking individual candidate aptamer moieties with a linking moiety, and optionally using such constructs as input for one or more rounds of SELEX.
  • individual aptamers are independently selected via one or more rounds of SELEX, and finally linked together with a linking moiety. Therefore, multimerization of monomeric aptamers as well as of multimeric aptamer constructs can be performed prior to, during, or post SELEX procedures.
  • chimeric antigen receptor cells or “CAR cells” are genetically modified cells (e.g., T-cells, NK-cells, monocytes, or others), that have been manipulated ex vivo or in vivo to express a single-chain variable domain (scFv) antibody fused, through a stalk or transmembrane domain, to the intracellular domain of a receptor (e.g., CD3-TCR) so as to endow the cell with the ability to recognize and bind one or more specific antigens and activate a cellular immune response (e.g., kill cancer cells or destroy a virus-infected cell).
  • a cellular immune response e.g., kill cancer cells or destroy a virus-infected cell.
  • a multimeric aptamer or linked aptamer of the present technology contains two or more aptamers covalently or non-covalently bound by a linking moiety.
  • the two or more aptamers can form a CAR-binding portion and a target-binding portion, each of which contains one or more aptamers.
  • the CAR-binding aptamer binds to a CAR expressed in an immune cell, such as a T cell, and in some embodiments activates the immune cell but in other embodiments (e.g., when acting as a “kill” switch) does not activate the immune cell.
  • the target is an intended target of immunotherapy, i.e., a cell intended for elimination.
  • the CAR-expressing cell and aptameric bridge are intended for use together as a system in an immunotherapy, such as CAR-T cell therapy. Binding of the aptameric bridge to the CAR as well as to the target is preferably high affinity binding.
  • the target can be a protein (such as a cell-surface receptor protein), a cell, a small molecule, or a nucleic acid.
  • the target is preferably located on the surface of a target cell, such as a cancer cell, and may or may not be found on other cells (normal cells) of the subject.
  • the target is a tumor antigen, such as CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD123, BCMA, NY-ESO-1, mesothelin, MHC class I-related protein MR1, PSA, PSMA, MART-1, MART-2, Gp100, tyrosinase, p53, ras, Ftt3, NKG2D ligangs, Lewis-Y, MUC1, SAP-1, survivin, CEA, Ep-CAM, Her2, Her3, EGFRvIII, BRCA1/2, CD70, CD73, CD16A, CD40, VEGF- ⁇ , VEGF, TGF- ⁇ , CD32B, CD79B, cMet, PCSK9, IL-4RA, IL-17, IL-23, 4-1BB, LAG-3, CTLA-4, PD-L1, PD-1, OX-40, or mutated SOD.
  • a tumor antigen such as CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD123, BCMA, NY
  • Component aptamers of an aptameric bridge also can specifically bind to combinations of such targets.
  • the target is an antigen of an infectious agent, such as gag, reverse transcriptase, tat, HIV-1 envelope protein, circumsporozoite protein, HCV nonstructural proteins, hemaglutinins; an aptamer bridge also can specifically bind to combinations of such targets.
  • the immune activation and in vivo expansion of the CAR-expressing immune cells can be turned off by administration to the subject of a peptide containing the PNE or of either the CAR-binding aptamer or target-binding aptamer of the bridge in monomeric form, any one of which will terminate the activation of the CAR-expressing immune cells by the target.
  • PNEs suitable for use with a CAR and corresponding aptameric bridge include: (i) the N-terminal 15-mer peptide ESQPDPKPDELHKSS (SEQ ID NO:2) of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, paired with an antibody binding thereto and described in Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 17(11): 1708-1717; (ii) deoxynivalenol, an E. coli mycotoxin, paired with an scFv binding thereto and described at Protein Expr. Purif. 35(1): 84-92; (iii) HPV-16 protein E5, paired with an antibody thereto described at Biomed. Res. Int.
  • A10 RNA aptamer (SEQ ID NO:8) is a 39 nucleotide-long sequence that has been selected against the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and used as a prostate specific delivery agent for siRNA (McNamara et al. 2006-Dassie et al. 2009).
  • PSMA human prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • A10 RNA aptamer (SEQ ID NO:8) is a 39 nucleotide-long sequence that has been selected against the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and used as a prostate specific delivery agent for siRNA (McNamara et al. 2006-Dassie et al. 2009).
  • PSMA human prostate-specific membrane antigen
  • CELTIC_1s, CELTIC_19s and CELTIC_core are DNA aptamers (SEQ ID NOS: 54, 63 and 65), and ARACD3-3700006 and ARACD3-0010209 are RNA aptamers (SEQ ID NOS:115 and 111), that have all been previously selected against human CD3.
  • DNA or 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-thymidine-modified RNA (2′F-RNA) aptamers were purchased from baseclick (Neuried, Germany) as HPLC-RP purified single stranded oligos synthetized via standard solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry.
  • the anti-CD3 aptamers did not activate cytokine secretion or surface marker expression even when combined with costimulatory anti-CD28 antibody, and unlike anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (data not shown).
  • A10 aptamer was modified with an azide group at its 3′-end for subsequent triazole inter-nucleotide dimerization.
  • Biotin was added to the 5′-end of A10 aptamer as a Biotin-TEG that introduces a 16-atom mixed polarity spacer between the aptamer sequence and the biotin flag.
  • a Cy5-labelled version of A10 was also synthetized.
  • CELTIC_1s, CELTIC_19s, CELTIC_core, ARACD3-3700006 and ARACD3-0010209 were modified with an alkyne group at their 5′-end for subsequent triazole inter-nucleotide dimerization. Molecular weight, purity and integrity were verified by HPLC-MS.
  • Affinity and specificity of the A10 anti-PSMA RNA aptamer was evaluated on PSMA positive and PSMA negative cells ( FIG. 3 A ).
  • Affinity and specificity of anti-CD3 aptamers were evaluated on CD3 positive and CD3 negative cells ( FIG. 3 B ).
  • Anti-PSMA A10 and anti-CD3 aptamers were heterodimerized by copper-catalyzed click reaction performed for 60 min at 45° C. with the Oligo2-Click kit L (baseclick, Neuried, Germany) according to manufacturers instructions. Reaction products were separated by gel electrophoresis on 3% agarose gel migrated in 1 ⁇ TBE buffer (Invitrogen) at 100 V during 30 min. The gels were visualized using Bio-Rad imaging system and the results are shown in FIGS. 4 A and 4 B . Gel slices corresponding to dimeric aptamers were cut out from the gel and nucleic acids were extracted for 72 h at 8° C. by passive elution in 25 mM NaCl-TE buffer. Bispecific aptamer dimers were recovered by standard sodium acetate precipitation, resuspended in sterile water and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until use.
  • RNA aptamer Stability of A10 RNA aptamer was measured in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) containing 5% FBS or the FBS alone. Biotinylated aptamer was denatured at 85° C. for 5 min and then immediately cooled on ice block to 4° C. for 5 min. The aptamer was then diluted to a final concentration of 2 ⁇ M in DPBS supplemented with 5% of FBS or in pure FBS. Samples were incubated at 37° C. for 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h or 24 h; the control sample contained the freshly prepared aptamers without incubation at 37° C.
  • DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
  • aptamer A10 incubated in DPBS buffer containing 5% FBS or in pure FBS was then determined using flow cytometry on the YL-1 channel, based on the variation of the fluorescence-positives cells number as a function of the incubation time at 37° C. The results of the measurements are shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Aptamer A10 incubated in DPBS buffer containing 5% serum was stable over 24 h. When tested in pure serum, half of the binding activity was lost within the first 2 h of incubation.
  • the affinity and specificity of anti-PSMA ⁇ anti-CD3 bispecific aptamers to target proteins expressed on cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. These studies were performed on CD3-positive Jurkat (Acute T Cell Leukemia Human Cell Line—ATCC TIB-152), CD3-negative Ramos (Burkitt's Lymphoma Human Cell Line—ATCC CRL-1596), PSMA-positive LNCaP (Human Prostate Carcinoma—ATCC CRL-1740) and PSMA-negative PC-3 (Human Prostate Carcinoma—ATCC CRL-1435) cells by incubation with biotinylated RNA/DNA aptamers in SELEX buffer or RNA/RNA aptamers in DPBS buffer, supplemented with 5% of FBS.
  • Aptamers were denatured at 85° C. for 5 min and immediately placed on ice block of 4° C. for 5 min. Test samples were subsequently diluted at two different concentration ranges: 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 nM (CD3 binding assays) and 30, 100 and 300 nM (PSMA binding assays) followed by addition of 100 nM phycoerythrin-labelled streptavidin (streptavidin-PE, eBioscience) to each solution.
  • Jurkat, Ramos, LNCaP and PC-3 cells were resuspended in the aptamer dilutions (100 ⁇ L/well) and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min in a 5% CO 2 humidified atmosphere.
  • cells were incubated with CD3 monoclonal antibodies (PE-labelled, OKT3 human anti-CD3, Invitrogen), PSMA monoclonal antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488-labelled, GCP-05 human anti-PSMA, Invitrogen), PE-streptavidin, monomeric aptamers or the respective buffers without additional reagents. After incubation, cells were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 2 min and the supernatant with unbound sequences was discarded. The pelleted cells were washed with SELEX or DPBS-5% FBS buffer (200 ⁇ L/well) and centrifuged twice in order to remove all weakly and non-specifically attached sequences.
  • CD3 monoclonal antibodies PE-labelled, OKT3 human anti-CD3, Invitrogen
  • PSMA monoclonal antibodies Alexa Fluor 488-labelled, GCP-05 human anti-PSMA, Invitrogen
  • PE-streptavidin monomeric aptamers or the respective buffer
  • the cells were then washed with 1 mg/mL salmon sperm DNA solution (100 ⁇ L/well) at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 humidified atmosphere. After 30 min, the salmon sperm solution was removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 2 min and the cells were additionally washed twice with SELEX or DPBS-5% buffer (200 ⁇ L/well) followed by centrifugation.
  • Jurkat, Ramos, LNCaP and PC-3 cells with attached DNA or RNA sequences were then fixed (BD CellFIX solution #340181) and the fluorescence-positive cells were counted by flow cytometry (AttuneNXT; Invitrogen, Inc.) on the YL-1 channel.
  • FIGS. 6 A and 6 B The results of the binding studies to PSMA-positive cells are shown in FIGS. 6 A and 6 B .
  • Three RNA/DNA aptamers (A10 ⁇ CELTIC_1s, A10 ⁇ CELTIC_19s, A10 ⁇ CELTIC_core) and two RNA/RNA aptamers (A10 ⁇ ARACD3-3700006 and A10 ⁇ ARACD3-0010209) were analyzed along with A10 monomeric aptamer.
  • binding of the tested reagents to PSMA-negative PC-3 cells was also measured.
  • a dose-dependent binding to PSMA-positive LNCaP cells was observed with A10 without reaching saturation of the signal at the highest tested concentrations. Intensity of the signal was as strong as for the antibody control.
  • Binding affinity measurements are performed using a BIAcore T200 instrument (GE Healthcare).
  • 300 Resonance Units of biotinylated aptamers are immobilized on Series S Sensor chips SA (GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer's instructions (GE Healthcare).
  • DPBS buffer is used as the running buffer.
  • the interactions are measured in the “Single Kinetics Cycle” mode at a flow rate of 30 ⁇ l/min and by injecting different concentrations of human CD3 ⁇ / ⁇ , CD3 ⁇ / ⁇ , IgG1 Fc and PSMA (Acro Biosystems).
  • the highest aptamer concentration used is 300 nM. Other concentrations are obtained by 3-fold dilution. All kinetic data of the interaction are evaluated using the BIAcore T200 evaluation software.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • Freshly prepared PBMCs were isolated from buffy coats obtained from healthy donors (Etableau für du Sang, Division Rhônes-Roche). After diluting the blood with DPBS, the PBMCs were separated over a FICOLL density gradient (FICOLL-PAQUE PREMIUM 1.077 GE Healthcare), washed twice with DPBS, resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco Invitrogen) to obtain a cell density of 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml. These PBMCs were used as effector cells.
  • LNCaP target cells were labeled with 2 ⁇ M calcein AM (Trevigen Inc, Gaithersburg, Md., USA) for 30 min at 37° C. in cell culture medium.
  • the calcein AM fluorochrome is a dye that is trapped inside live LNCaP cells and only released upon redirected lysis. After 2 washes in cell culture medium, a cell density of 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml was adjusted in RPMI-1640 medium and 100 ⁇ l aliquots of 50,000 cells were used per assay reaction.
  • a standard reaction at 37° C./5% CO 2 lasted for 4 hr and used 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells calcein AM-labeled target cells, 5 ⁇ 10 5 PBMCs (E/T ratio of 1:10) and 20 ⁇ l of bispecific aptamer solutions at 1 ⁇ M in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l.
  • the released dye in the incubation medium was quantitated in a fluorescence reader (VarioSkan Lux, ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass., USA) and compared with the fluorescence signal from a control reaction in which the cytotoxic compound was absent and a reaction in which the fluorescence signal was determined for totally lysed cells (where aptamers were replaced by A100 reagent purchased from Chemometec, Allerod, Denmark).
  • the specific cytotoxicity was calculated according to the following formula: [fluorescence (sample) ⁇ fluorescence (control)]/[fluorescence (total lysis) ⁇ fluorescence (control)] ⁇ 100.
  • FIG. 8 The results of the cytotoxicity assay obtained after 4 h incubation in presence of aptamers 100 nM with a single E:T ratio of 10:1 are shown in FIG. 8 .
  • Null to weak specific cell killing activity ( ⁇ 10%) was observed with PSMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific RNA/DNA aptamers.
  • engineered aptamer switches are able to recruit effector T lymphocytes to target cells to redirect their cytolytic machinery and eliminate a particular cell population.
  • mice bearing PSMA positive tumors are administered with aptamers that specifically bind to CD3 and PSMA, in different groups of mice, the aptamers are either in monomeric form or multimeric form.
  • Efficacy is evaluated by measuring tumor size, tumor growth and rate, and survival in the treated groups versus controls. Toxicity is assessed by the incidence of adverse reactions in treated groups versus controls.
  • mice bearing PSMA positive tumors are administered aptamers that specifically bind to CD3 and PSMA, in different groups of mice, the aptamers are either in monomeric form or multimeric form.
  • Efficacy is evaluated by measuring tumor size, tumor growth and rate, and survival in the treated groups versus controls. Toxicity is assessed by the incidence of adverse reactions in treated groups versus controls.
  • ARAA-00100001 and ARAA-01700001 aptamers were purchased from baseclick (Neuried, Germany) as HPLC-RP purified 2′-F RNA oligos synthetized via standard solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry.
  • A10 2′F-RNA aptamer was modified with an azide group at its 3′-end for subsequent triazole inter-nucleotide dimerization.
  • Biotin was added to the 5′-end of A10 aptamer as a Biotin-TEG that introduces a 16-atom mixed polarity spacer between the aptamer sequence and the biotin flag.
  • ARAA-00100001 and ARAA-01700001 were modified with an alkyne group at their 5′-end for subsequent triazole inter-nucleotide dimerization. Molecular weight, purity and integrity were verified by H PLC-MS.
  • Example 2 The procedure described in Example 1 was used to prepare bispecific anti-PSMA A10 and anti-CAR PNE aptamers.
  • the gels were visualized using Bio-Rad imaging system and the results are shown in FIG. 4 A .
  • Gel slices corresponding to dimeric aptamers were cut out from the gel and nucleic acids were extracted for 72 h at 8° C. by passive elution in 25 mM NaCl-TE buffer.
  • Bispecific aptamer dimers were recovered by standard sodium acetate precipitation, resuspended in sterile water and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until use.
  • FIG. 6 A The results of the binding studies to PSMA-positive cells are shown in FIG. 6 A .
  • Two RNA/RNA aptamers, A10 ⁇ ARAA-00100001 and A10 ⁇ ARAA-01700001 were analyzed along with A10 monomeric aptamer.
  • binding of the tested reagents to PSMA-negative PC-3 cells was also measured.
  • LNCaP target cells are labeled with 2 ⁇ M calcein AM (Trevigen Inc, Gaithersburg, Md., USA) for 30 min at 37° C. in cell culture medium.
  • the calcein AM fluorochrome is a dye that is trapped inside live LNCaP cells and only released upon redirected lysis. After 2 washes in cell culture medium, a cell density of 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/mi is adjusted in RPMI-1640 medium and 100 ⁇ l aliquots of 50,000 cells are used per assay reaction.
  • a standard reaction at 37° C./5% CO 2 lasts for 4 hr and uses 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells calcein AM-labeled target cells, 5 ⁇ 10 5 PBMCs-CAR-PNE (ETT ratio of 1:10) and 20 ⁇ l of bispecific aptamer solutions at 1 ⁇ M in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l.
  • the released dye in the incubation medium is quantitated in a fluorescence reader (VarioSkan Lux, ThermoFisher, Waltham, Mass., USA) and compared with the fluorescence signal from a control reaction in which the cytotoxic compound is absent and a reaction in which the fluorescence signal is determined for totally lysed cells (where aptamers were replaced by A100 reagent purchased from Chemometec, Allerod, Denmark).
  • the specific cytotoxicity is calculated according to the following formula: [fluorescence (sample) ⁇ fluorescence (control)]/[fluorescence (total lysis) ⁇ fluorescence (control)] ⁇ 100.
  • cytotoxicity assay results are obtained after 4 h incubation in presence of aptamers 100 nM with a single E:T ratio of 10:1. Specific cytotoxicity is measured with RNA/RNA aptamers A10 ⁇ CAR PNE that induced the killing of more than 30% of LNCaP cells. Control monomer A10 lacking the CAR PNE binding moiety is also checked for cytotoxicity.
  • the engineered aptamer switches should be able to recruit effector T lymphocytes to target cells to redirect their cytolytic machinery and eliminate a particular cell population.
  • Consensus-2 GGGX 1 TTGGCX 2 X 3 X 4 GGGX 5 CTGGC, wherein X 1 and X 2 are A, T, 118 or G; X 3 is T, C, or G; X 4 and Xs are A, T, or C.
  • Consensus-3 GX 1 TTX 2 GX 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 CX 7 GGX 8 CTGGX 9 G, 119 wherein X is A or G; X 2 is T or G; Xs and X 7 , X 9 are G or C; X 4 is T or C; X 5 is A or T; X 6 is T, C, or G; X 8 is A or C.
  • TTGACTAGTACATGACCACTTGA forward primer TAGGGAAGAGAAGGACATATGAT 123 for DNA SELEX reverse primer
  • TCAAGTGGTCATGTACTAGTCAA 124 for DNA SELEX RNA aptamer CCTCTCTATGGGCAGTCGGTGAT-(N20)- 125 library

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