US20200407421A1 - Delivery of payloads to stem cells - Google Patents

Delivery of payloads to stem cells Download PDF

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US20200407421A1
US20200407421A1 US16/643,942 US201816643942A US2020407421A1 US 20200407421 A1 US20200407421 A1 US 20200407421A1 US 201816643942 A US201816643942 A US 201816643942A US 2020407421 A1 US2020407421 A1 US 2020407421A1
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cells
gla
protein
stem cell
prs
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Terry Hermiston
Maxine Bauzon
Christopher H. Contag
Jonathan Hardy
Francis Gerard Blankenberg
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Gladiator Biosciences Inc
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Gladiator Biosciences Inc
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Assigned to GLAdiator Biosciences, Inc. reassignment GLAdiator Biosciences, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HERMISTON, TERRY, BLANKENBERG, Francis Gerard, BAUZON, MAXINE, Contag, Christopher H, HARDY, JONATHAN
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/482—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A61K38/4833—Thrombin (3.4.21.5)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1808—Epidermal growth factor [EGF] urogastrone
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/482—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A61K38/4846—Factor VII (3.4.21.21); Factor IX (3.4.21.22); Factor Xa (3.4.21.6); Factor XI (3.4.21.27); Factor XII (3.4.21.38)
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    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
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    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
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    • A61K49/001—Preparation for luminescence or biological staining
    • A61K49/0013—Luminescence
    • A61K49/0017—Fluorescence in vivo
    • A61K49/0019—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules
    • A61K49/0021—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules the fluorescent group being a small organic molecule
    • A61K49/0041—Xanthene dyes, used in vivo, e.g. administered to a mice, e.g. rhodamines, rose Bengal
    • A61K49/0043—Fluorescein, used in vivo
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0603—Embryonic cells ; Embryoid bodies
    • C12N5/0605—Cells from extra-embryonic tissues, e.g. placenta, amnion, yolk sac, Wharton's jelly
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0647—Haematopoietic stem cells; Uncommitted or multipotent progenitors
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0693—Tumour cells; Cancer cells
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0693—Tumour cells; Cancer cells
    • C12N5/0695—Stem cells; Progenitor cells; Precursor cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/035—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal for targeting to the external surface of a cell, e.g. to the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, GPI- anchored eukaryote proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/60—Fusion polypeptide containing spectroscopic/fluorescent detection, e.g. green fluorescent protein [GFP]
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    • C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
    • C12N2502/30—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by tumour cells
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0625—Epidermal cells, skin cells; Cells of the oral mucosa
    • C12N5/0631—Mammary cells
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0652—Cells of skeletal and connective tissues; Mesenchyme
    • C12N5/0662—Stem cells
    • C12N5/0663—Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC)
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    • C12N5/0681—Cells of the genital tract; Non-germinal cells from gonads
    • C12N5/0682—Cells of the female genital tract, e.g. endometrium; Non-germinal cells from ovaries, e.g. ovarian follicle cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This application contains a sequence listing submitted electronically via EFS-web, which serves as both the paper copy and the computer readable form (CRF) and consists of a file entitled “ST-CT1-PCT_sequence.txt”, which was created on Sep. 5, 2018, which is 9,831 bytes in size, and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of targeting stems cells, in particular non-apoptotic stem cells, employing a GLA domain, for example to facilitate entry into the cell.
  • GLA domains are contained in a number of GLA proteins, such as Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, Protein S (PrS), Protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA 4.
  • GLA proteins such as Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, Protein S (PrS), Protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA 4.
  • GLA domains of so-called GLA proteins are able to bind phosphatidylserine (PtdS also referred to as PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells, such as cancer cells and pathogen infected cells.
  • PtdS phosphatidylserine
  • Molecules excluding the catalytic domain, which specifically bind phosphatidyl serine are disclosed in WO2014/151535 and WO2014/151683, incorporated herein by reference.
  • GLA domains (Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic) are protein domains which have been modified by vitamin K dependent post-translational carboxylation of glutamate residues in the amino sequence to provide gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla).
  • the GLA domain binds calcium ions by chelating them between two carboxylic acid residues. These residues are part of a region that starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of GLA proteins, and that ends with a conserved aromatic residue. This results in a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif that is found in the middle of the domain, which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.
  • GLA domains of the present disclosure can be employed to target stem cells, such as non-apoptotic stem cells and/or cancer stem cells. This is even more surprising because the inventors have evidence to suggest that normally healthy differentiated cells are not bound by the GLA domains employed in the present disclosure.
  • stem therapy which is used to treat conditions such as haematological cancers, such as leukemia.
  • the stem cell therapy can only be given once the patient's own bone marrow/stems cells/immune system has been wiped clean.
  • This wiping clean process requires “obliteration therapies”, for example high doses of chemo, radiation therapy, and/or B cell depletion therapy.
  • This “obliteration therapy” has many side effects, for example mouth and throat pain (which may make it difficult for the patient to eat), nausea and vomiting, susceptibility to infection, such as pneumonia and CMV infection, anemia, bleeding, infertility, cognitive dysfunction, etc. These side effects are very severe, and are difficult for patients, especially children to cope with. It would greatly improve patient quality of life if these side effects could be minimized or eliminated.
  • the treatment is reserved for only the severest of cases because the risk associated with the treatment are significant.
  • the present disclosure allows the chemotherapy to be specifically targette to the stems by employing the GLA-component.
  • the present invention provides a mechanism for “specifically” targeting stem cells, in particular non-apoptotic stem cells.
  • Stem cells targeted by the method can, for example be isolated, treated (including genetic correction, augmentation, addition), labelled, transformed and/or eliminated.
  • the method of the present disclosure can be employed to deliver therapeutics interventions to stem cells, for example genetic material and/or proteineous material and/or chemical therapies.
  • stems cells By linking the GLA domain of the present disclosure to a detectable label, such as fluorescent label, his-tag or a magnetic bead, then stems cells can isolated and sorted etc. This may be useful in a diagnostic or isolating stems cells for further manipulation to render them useful in therapeutic application.
  • a detectable label such as fluorescent label, his-tag or a magnetic bead
  • the GLA-component binds surface exposed phosphatidylserine on the cells, before internalisation.
  • phosphatidylserine Whilst not wishing to be bound by theory the present inventors believe that not all phosphatidylserine is equivalent from a biological perspective. The inventors believe that the phosphatidylserine exposes by the enzyme TMEM16F is involved in immune suppression and is the one “seen” by the molecules of the present disclosure.
  • the stem cell is an adult stem cells or vesicle derived therefrom, for example a somatic stem cells, such as a hematopoetic stem cell, a mesenchymal stem cell, or a stromal stem cell.
  • a somatic stem cells such as a hematopoetic stem cell, a mesenchymal stem cell, or a stromal stem cell.
  • the stem cell is an embryonic stem cell or a vesicle derived therefrom. In one embodiment the cell is not an embryonic stem cell.
  • the method relates to mammalian stem cells, for example human stem cells.
  • the stem cell discussed herein are primarily human stem cells. However, the skilled person is able to identify the relevant or corresponding stem cell population for other mammals, as required.
  • SSEA-1 is a marker for murine embryonic stem cells, human germline cells and embryonal carcinoma cells
  • SSEA-3 is a marker for primate embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germline cells, human embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells
  • SSEA-4 is a marker for primate embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, human stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells
  • CD324 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, embryonal cancer cells
  • CD90 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells
  • CD117 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, neural crest-derived melanocytes
  • the payload comprises a therapeutic agent.
  • the payload comprises a detectable label.
  • the payload comprises a DNA or RNA sequence, for example cDNA comprising a transgene or an RNAi sequence (such as miRNA, siRNA including shRNA).
  • the DNA encoding a transgene may be delivered a transcriptionally active DNA or a plasmid for transient or stable expression.
  • the payload is suitable for inducing differentiation of the stem cell, for example to activate and/or mature the cell into a specific lineage.
  • the method of the present disclosure comprises a pre-treatment of a patient, for example to induce or augment expression of PS on stem cells, for example the pre-treatment step may be treatment with radiation therapy, in particular irradiation of bone marrow cells.
  • compositions comprising a molecule for use according to the present disclosure, in particular for use as described herein.
  • the molecules according to the present disclosure are employed in the treatment of an intra-cellular target.
  • the present disclosure also extends to the use of a GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active fragment thereof, wherein said GLA-component does not comprise an active catalytic domain from a GLA protein, for intracellular targeting and delivery (including intracellular delivery of the payload).
  • the present disclosure also extends to the use of a GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active fragment thereof, wherein said GLA-component does not comprise an active catalytic domain from a GLA protein, for the manufacture of a medicament for intracellular targeting and delivery (including intracellular delivery of the payload, in particular where the payload comprises a therapeutic entity/molecule).
  • the present technology may be used to wipe out the immune cells of patient before stem cells transplantation, for example the payload will generally be a chemotherapy, for example comprising carmustine.
  • a current regime for immune cell ablation is (BCNU) 300 mg/m 2 on day ⁇ 6, etoposide 200 mg/m 2 and cytarabine 200 mg/m 2 daily from day ⁇ 5 to ⁇ 2, and melphalan 140 mg/m 2 on day ⁇ 1 (BEAM).
  • Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (2.5 mg/kg/d) was administered on days ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 1.
  • This regime can be adapted by conjugating each of the agents to a GLA molecule of the present disclosure.
  • the immune obliteration is for cancer, for a hematological cancer (for example is selected from myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloproliferative disease, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, myelodysplastic syndrome and amyloidosis, such as AML, CML, CLL or ALL)
  • a hematological cancer for example is selected from myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloproliferative disease, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, myelodysplastic syndrome and amyloidosis, such as AML, CML, CLL or ALL
  • the myeloma is selected from multiple myeloma, amyloidosis and plasmacytoma.
  • the myeloma is selected from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, asymoptomatic myeloman, symptomatic myeloma and Kahler's disease.
  • the lymphoma is selected from anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Burkitt-like lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, thyroid lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia.
  • the chronic myeloproliferative disease is selected from essential thrombocythaemia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, and polycythaemia rubra vera.
  • the leukaemia is selected from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), hairy cell leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia, such as AML.
  • AML acute myeloid leukaemia
  • hairy cell leukaemia hairy cell leukaemia
  • acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
  • chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia such as AML.
  • the ablation therapy of the present disclosure may be employed in an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis and arthritis.
  • the GLA molecule of the present disclosure is linked, for example conjugated, to a payload which comprises a detectable label.
  • detectable labels are given below.
  • the detectable label can be employed to sort or isolate the stem cells, for example employing FACs sorting, magnetic sorting or similar.
  • a method isolating or enriching stem cells employing a GLA-molecule of the present disclosure. This is advantages because historically the isolation of the certain stem cell populations, such as cancer stem cells has been very difficult.
  • the labelled GLA molecule may also be employed in vivo as an imaging agent, in particular as a diagnostic tool, for example to identify cancer stem cells in primary tumors or metastasise. This may be important for monitoring patients after surgery and/or chemotherapy to ensure the cancer is in remission.
  • the DNA transgene payloads and/or RNA payloads linker to the GLA molecule can be employed as an alternative intracellular delivery to a viral vector delivery (transduction) or traditional transfection. This can be employed to in vitro to express exogenous or endogenous proteins in the cell (for example where the modified stem cells are for reinfusion into a patient) or can be effected in vivo.
  • the genes can be expressed transiently or can be designed to be stably integrated into the stem cell.
  • the present inventors have shown that the molecules according to the present disclosure not only bind stem cells they are rapidly internalised therein along with the payload attached thereto.
  • Intra-cellular delivery as employed herein refers conveying, for example the payload to inside the cell.
  • the payload is not internalized.
  • the GLA-component and the payload is not internalised.
  • Payload refers to a molecule which is linked to the GLA domain, in particular for the purpose of intracellular delivery.
  • the link may be a link through chemical conjugation using, for example maleimide chemistry or click chemistry to anchor to moiety to a solvent exposed lysine.
  • the link may be a fusion, for example a peptide bond where the linked entity is expressed as a fusion protein with the GLA component, for example this may be suitable for certain detectable labels, such as fluorescent proteins or antibodies.
  • Linkers may be employed between the GLA-component and the payload.
  • Payloads may comprising a drug, a toxin, a polymer, a biologically active protein, therapeutic virus, oncolytic virus, viral vector, radionuclides, a metal chelating agent and/or a reporter group (such as a label).
  • 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 payloads are linked per GLA-component.
  • GLA-component refers to a polypeptide comprising a GLA-domain in the absence of catalytic domain from a GLA protein, such as protein S.
  • the polypeptide may further comprise an EGF domain and/kringle domain, for example from protein S.
  • the GLA-component comprises 30 to 300 amino acid residues, for example 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290 or 300 residues.
  • the GLA component is in the range of 4.5 to 30 kDa. In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a derivative thereof excluding the his-tag.
  • GLA domains (Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic) as employed herein are protein domains which have been modified by vitamin K dependent post-translational carboxylation of glutamate residues in the amino sequence to provide gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla).
  • the GLA domain employed in the molecules of the present disclosure comprises 30 to 45 consecutive residues from a native (wild-type) GLA domain.
  • the GLA domain comprises 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 GLA residues.
  • 30% or less of the GLA-component is GLA residues.
  • the GLA-component comprises 1 to 5 disulfide bonds, for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 disulfide bonds.
  • the GLA domain binds calcium ions by chelating them between two carboxylic acid residues. These residues are part of a region that starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of Gla proteins, and that ends with a conserved aromatic residue. This results in a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif that is found in the middle of the domain, and which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.
  • GLA domains are contained in a number of proteins, such as Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, Protein S (PrS), Protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3, and Proline rich GLA 4.
  • proteins such as Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, Protein S (PrS), Protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3, and Proline rich GLA 4.
  • GLA domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native GLA domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified GLA domain) in a suitable in vitro assay.
  • 1 to 10 percent such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%
  • modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified GLA domain) in a suitable in vitro assay.
  • EGF domain refers is a conserved protein domain. It comprises about 30 to 40 amino-acid residues and has been found in a large number of mostly animal proteins. Most occurrences of the EGF-like domain are found in the extracellular domain of membrane-bound proteins or in proteins known to be secreted. The EGF-like domain includes 6 cysteine residues.
  • the main structure of EGF-like domains is a two-stranded ⁇ -sheet followed by a loop to a short C-terminal, two-stranded ⁇ -sheet. These two ⁇ -sheets are usually denoted as the major (N-terminal) and minor (C-terminal) sheets. EGF-like domains frequently occur in numerous tandem copies in proteins: these repeats typically fold together to form a single, linear solenoid domain block as a functional unit. In one embodiment the domain employed is the full-length native domain.
  • EGF domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native EGF domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified EGF domain) in a suitable in vitro assay.
  • the protein is the full-length native domain.
  • Kringle domain refers to autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide bonds. They are characterized by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins, in a varying number of copies, in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.
  • Kringle domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native kringle domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified Kringle domain) in a suitable in vitro assay.
  • the domain employed is the full-length native domain.
  • An active fragment of a protein as employed herein is a less than the whole native protein (or relevant domain), which retains at least 50% (such as 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the active of the native full-length domain or protein in a relevant in vitro assay.
  • Catalytic domain as employed herein is a domain (or fragment) downstream of the EGF domain in the C-terminal direction, for example as illustrated in FIG. 1A .
  • In vivo as employed herein refer to work/testing/treatment in a living organism, in particular a human or animal.
  • Stem cell refers to undifferentiated cells that are capable of differentiation and includes embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, in particular adult stem cells.
  • Hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis. They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow, which is contained in the core of most bones.
  • Cancer stem cell refers to tumorigenic cells (i.e. cancer cells found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. See, for example Identification and Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells, BioessayS 2009 October; 31 (10) 1038-1049. Cancer stem cells are defined by three distinct properties: i) a selective capacity to initiate tumour and drive neoplastic proliferation: ii) an ability to create endless copies of themselves through self-renewal, and iii) the potential to give rise to more mature non-stem cell cancer progeny though differentiation. Cancer stem cells are not necessarily derived from a healthy stem cell but may originate from a differentiated cell.
  • CD34 is also known as hematopoietic progenitor cells antigen CD34, has a function as cell-cell adhesion factor. It can be employed as a marker to enrich stem populations.
  • Molecule as employed herein is used in the broadest sense and includes a synthetic chemical molecule but also macromolecules such as proteins, polymers (natural or otherwise), ribonucleic acid molecules, labels etc.
  • Payloads may comprising a drug, a toxin, a polymer, a biologically active protein, radionuclides, a metal chelating agent and/or a reporter group.
  • a drug as employed herein is intended to refer to a small chemical entity, for example which has been synthesised by organic chemistry methods, in particular a molecule approved or licensed or in the process of being licensed for therapeutic use, especially in humans.
  • Drug as employed herein also includes an anti-viral compound, an antibiotic, and an anti-cancer therapy.
  • antiviral compound refers to the class of medicaments used specifically for treating viral infections, including broad spectrum anti-viral agents and also “narrow” spectrum specific to a particular virus or particular family of viruses.
  • Antibiotic refers to medicine or agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria or destroys bacteria. Anti-bacterial and antibiotic are used interchangeable here unless the context indicates otherwise.
  • Anti-parasitic as employed herein in refers to a medicine or agent that inhibits the growth of parasite, destroys parasite or removes parasites from the host.
  • Anti-cancer therapy is a broad term which includes anti-cancer drugs, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immune-oncology therapies, etc.
  • Anti-cancer drug as employed herein generally refers to a small molecule cancer therapy.
  • Chemotherapy as herein generally refers to a cytotoxic agent and includes antineoplastics.
  • a biological therapeutic also referred to as a biopharmaceutical, biological or biologic
  • a biological source for example a recombinant proteins and fragments, including antibodies molecules, including antibodies, antibody binding fragments and multispecific antibody molecules and complex combinations of such materials.
  • a biologically active protein is a subgroup of a biological therapeutics and includes recombinant proteins and active fragments thereof (including antibody molecules).
  • Antibody molecules as employed herein include a complete antibody having full length heavy and light chains or a fragment thereof and a molecule comprising any one of the same for example a Fab, modified Fab, Fab′, modified Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, Fab-Fv, Fab-dsFv, single domain antibodies (e.g. VH or VL or VHH), scFv, bi, tri or tetra-valent antibodies, Bis-scFv, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above (see for example Holliger and Hudson, 2005, Nature Biotech.
  • Multi-valent antibodies may comprise multiple specificities e.g bispecific or may be monospecific (see for example WO 92/22853 and WO05/113605). Bispecific and multispecific antibody variants are especially considered in this example since the aim is to neutralise two independent target proteins. Variable regions from antibodies disclosed herein may be configured in such a way as to produce a single antibody variant which is capable of binding to and neutralising two target antigens.
  • Antibody and binding fragments thereof in particular small antibody fragments such as domain antibodies, VHHs, single chain Fvs (scFvs), ds-scFvs and dsFv, may be delivered intracellularly using the present technology.
  • small antibody fragments such as domain antibodies, VHHs, single chain Fvs (scFvs), ds-scFvs and dsFv.
  • the antibody or binding fragment thereof is a checkpoint inhibitor, for example an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor.
  • the antibody molecule is human or humanised.
  • a toxin is a poisonous substance, especially derived from a natural source, in particular a protein.
  • Many toxins such as calicheamicin are used in cancer therapy.
  • chemotherapeutic agents can be considered toxic (or toxins).
  • neurotoxins like snake venom are toxin but not a chemotherapeutic.
  • those skilled in the art are familiar with these technical definitions and are capable of understanding the meaning the context of the present disclosure.
  • Diagnostic as employed herein is agent used in analysis or imaging to diagnose, label or monitor or understand a disease status.
  • a diagnostic will generally comprise a reporter molecule, such as a label or similar that can visualised, measured or monitored in some way.
  • Radionuclides suitable for use the present disclosure include thallium-201, technetium-99m, Iodine-123, Iodine 131, Iodine-125, Fluorine-18 and Oxygen-15.
  • GLA-component to deliver intrabodies, for example via GLA-fusions, for example where the intrabody is fused to the N or C terminus of the GLA-component.
  • Intrabodies are able to target intracellular antigens.
  • RAS genes constitute a multigene family that includes HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS.
  • RAS proteins are small guanosine nucleotide-bound GTPases that function as a critical signaling hub within the cell.
  • the RAS/MAPK pathway has been studied extensively in the context of oncogenesis because its somatic dysregulation is one of the primary causes of cancer.
  • RAS is somatically mutated in approximately 20% of malignancies (Bos J L, Cancer Res. 49: 4682-4689, 1989).
  • the GLA-component is fuses to a RAS intrabody (described in Cetin M et al., J Mol Biol. 429:562-573, 2017).
  • Apoptosis as employed herein is cell death pathway which occurs as normal and controlled part an organism growth. Cell death by apoptosis is less damaging to surrounding tissue than cell death mechanisms, such as necrosis.
  • Necrosis as employed herein is cell death from disease or injury. It releases cytokines and factors into the surrounding tissue that may damage surrounding cells. Gangrene is an example of necrotic cell death.
  • Chemotherapeutic agent and chemotherapy or cytotoxic agent are employed interchangeably herein unless the context indicates otherwise.
  • Chemotherapy as employed herein is intended to refer to specific antineoplastic chemical agents or drugs that are “selectively” destructive to malignant cells and tissues, for example alkylating agents, antimetabolites including thymidylate synthase inhibitors, anthracyclines, anti-microtubule agents including plant alkaloids, topoisomerase inhibitors, parp inhibitors and other antitumour agents. Selectively in this context is used loosely because of course many of these agents have serious side effects.
  • the preferred dose may be chosen by the practitioner, based on the nature of the cancer being treated.
  • alkylating agents which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure include an alkylating agent nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, tetrazines, aziridines, platins and derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents.
  • Example a platinum containing chemotherapeutic agent (also referred to as platins), such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin and lipoplatin (a liposomal version of cisplatin), in particular cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.
  • chemotherapeutic agent also referred to as platins
  • platins such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin and lipoplatin (a liposomal version of cisplatin), in particular cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.
  • the dose for cisplatin ranges from about 20 to about 270 mg/m 2 depending on the exact cancer. Often the dose is in the range about 70 to about 100 mg/m 2 .
  • Nitrogen mustards include mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide and busulfan.
  • Nitrosoureas include N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and semustine (MeCCNU), fotemustine and streptozotocin.
  • Tetrazines include dacarbazine, mitozolomide and temozolomide.
  • Aziridines include thiotepa, mytomycin and diaziquone (AZQ).
  • antimetabolites which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure, include anti-folates (for example methotrexate and pemetrexed), purine analogues (for example thiopurines, such as azathiopurine, mercaptopurine, thiopurine, fludarabine (including the phosphate form), pentostatin and cladribine), pyrimidine analogues (for example fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and prodrugs thereof such as capecitabine [Xeloda®]), floxuridine, gemcitabine, cytarabine, decitabine, raltitrexed(tomudex) hydrochloride, cladribine and 6-azauracil.
  • anti-folates for example methotrexate and pemetrexed
  • purine analogues for example
  • anthracyclines examples include daunorubicin (Daunomycin), daunorubicin (liposomal), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), doxorubicin (liposomal), epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin currenity used only to treat bladder cancer and mitoxantrone an anthracycline analog, in particular doxorubicin.
  • anti-microtubule agents examples include vinca alkaloids and taxanes.
  • Vinca alkaloids include completely natural chemicals for example vincristine and vinblastine and also semi-synthetic vinca alkaloids, for example vinorelbine, vindesine, and vinflunine
  • Taxanes include paclitaxel, docetaxel, abraxane, carbazitaxel and derivatives of thereof.
  • Derivatives of taxanes as employed herein includes reformulations of taxanes like taxol, for example in a micelluar formulations, derivatives also include chemical derivatives wherein synthetic chemistry is employed to modify a starting material which is a taxane.
  • Topoisomerase inhibitors which may be employed in a method of the present disclosure include type I topoisomerase inhibitors, type II topoisomerase inhibitors and type II topoisomerase poisons.
  • Type I inhibitors include topotecan, irinotecan, indotecan and indimitecan.
  • Type II inhibitors include genistein and ICRF 193 which has the following structure:
  • Type II poisons include amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide and doxorubicin and fluoroquinolones.
  • the chemotherapeutic is a PARP inhibitor.
  • the payload comprises a fluorescent label, a chemi-lluminescent label, a radio label, an enzyme, a dye or a ligand.
  • a label in accordance with the present disclosure is defined as any moiety which may be detected using an assay.
  • reporter molecules include enzymes, radiolabels, haptens, fluorescent labels, phosphorescent molecules, chemiluminescent molecules, chromophores, photoaffinity molecules, colored particles or ligands, such as biotin.
  • Label conjugates are generally preferred for use as diagnostic agents. Diagnostic agents generally fall within two classes, those for use in in vitro diagnostics, and those for use in vivo diagnostic protocols, generally known as “directed imaging.” Many appropriate imaging agents are known in the art, as are methods for their attachment to peptides and polypeptides (see, for e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,236, 4,938,948, and 4,472,509).
  • the imaging moieties used can be paramagnetic ions, radioactive isotopes, fluorochromes, NMR-detectable substances, and X-ray imaging agents.
  • paramagnetic ions such as chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and/or erbium (III), with gadolinium being particularly preferred.
  • Ions useful in other contexts, such as X-ray imaging include but are not limited to lanthanum (III), gold (III), lead (II), and especially bismuth (III).
  • radioactive isotopes for therapeutic and/or diagnostic application, one might mention astatine 211 , 14 carbon, 51 chromium, 36 chlorine, 57 cobalt, 58 cobalt, copper 67 , 152 Eu, gallium 67 , 3 hydrogen, iodine 123 , iodine 125 , iodine 131 , indium 111 , 59 iron, 32 phosphorus, rhenium 186 , rhenium 188 , 75 selenium, 35 sulphur, technicium 99m and/or yttrium 90 .
  • Radioactively labeled peptides and polypeptides may be produced according to well-known methods in the art. For instance, peptides and polypeptides can be iodinated by contact with sodium and/or potassium iodide and a chemical oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite, or an enzymatic oxidizing agent, such as lactoperoxidase.
  • Peptides may be labeled with technetium 99m by ligand exchange process, for example, by reducing pertechnate with stannous solution, chelating the reduced technetium onto a Sephadex column and applying the peptide to this column.
  • direct labeling techniques may be used, e.g., by incubating pertechnate, a reducing agent such as SNCl 2 , a buffer solution such as sodium-potassium phthalate solution, and the peptide.
  • Intermediary functional groups which are often used to bind radioisotopes which exist as metallic ions to peptide are diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylene diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA).
  • DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
  • EDTA ethylene diaminetetracetic acid
  • Fluorescent labels suitable for use as payloads include Alexa 350, Alexa 430, AMCA, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665, BODIPY-FL, BODIPY-R6G, BODIPY-TMR, BODIPY-TRX, Cascade Blue, Cy3, Cy5,6-FAM, Fluorescein Isothiocyanate, HEX, 6-JOE, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, REG, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Renographin, ROX, TAM RA, TET, Tetramethylrhodamine, and/or Texas Red.
  • Another type of payload is that suitable for use in vitro, is where a peptide is linked to a secondary binding ligand and/or to an enzyme (an enzyme tag) that will generate a colored product upon contact with a chromogenic substrate.
  • suitable enzymes include urease, alkaline phosphatase, (horseradish) hydrogen peroxidase or glucose oxidase.
  • Preferred secondary binding ligands are biotin and avidin and streptavidin compounds. The use of such labels is well known to those of skill in the art and is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837, 3,850,752, 3,939,350, 3,996,345, 4,277,437, 4,275,149 and 4,366,241.
  • attachment methods involve the use of a metal chelate complex employing, for example, an organic chelating agent such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid anhydride (DTPA); ethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid; N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide; and/or tetrachloro-3 ⁇ -6 ⁇ -diphenylglycouril-3 attached to the antibody (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,472,509 and 4,938,948).
  • Peptides or polypeptides may also be reacted with an enzyme in the presence of a coupling agent such as glutaraldehyde or periodate. Conjugates with fluorescein markers are prepared in the presence of these coupling agents or by reaction with an isothiocyanate.
  • the label is able to stain or label the nucleus of a stem cell.
  • the virus employed in the present disclosure is an envelope virus, for example selected from a herpesvirus (such as Herpes simplex 1), a poxvirus (such as vaccina virus), a hepadnavirus, a flavivirus, a togavirus, a coronavirus, hepatitis D, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus (such as measles or Newcastle disease virus), rhabdovirus, bunyavirus, filovirus, and Rhabdoviridae (such as vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSV).
  • a herpesvirus such as Herpes simplex 1
  • a poxvirus such as vaccina virus
  • a hepadnavirus such as vaccina virus
  • flavivirus such as vaccina virus
  • a flavivirus such as vaccina virus
  • a togavirus such as vaccina virus
  • a coronavirus such as a coronavirus
  • the virus employed in the present disclosure is a non-envelope virus, for example selected from adenoviridae (such as an adenovirus), papilomaviridae, picornaviridae (such as coxsackie virus or Seneca Valley virus (eg Senecavirus)), reovirus.
  • adenoviridae such as an adenovirus
  • papilomaviridae such as an adenovirus
  • picornaviridae such as coxsackie virus or Seneca Valley virus (eg Senecavirus)
  • reovirus reovirus
  • the virus is an adenovirus, for example a human adenovirus, such as selected from a group B virus (in particular Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, Ad14, Ad16, Ad21, Ad34, Ad35, Ad51 or a chimeria thereof, such as Enadenotucirev), a group C virus (in particular Ad1, 2, 5, 6 or a chimeria thereof), a group D virus (in particular Ad8, Ad10, Ad13, Ad15, Ad17, Ad19, Ad20, Ad22, Ad30, Ad32, Ad33, Ad36, Ad37, Ad38, Ad39, Ad42, Ad43, Ad44, Ad45, A46, Ad47, Ad48, Ad49, Ad50 or a chimeria thereof), a group E virus (in particular Ad4), a group F virus (in particular Ad40, Ad41 or a chimeria thereof) and a chimeria of two or more of group B, C, D, E or F viruses.
  • a group B virus in particular Ad3, Ad7, Ad11
  • Envelope viruses have an outer membrane (envelope) covering the virus capsid.
  • the envelope is typically derived from the portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins) but also include some viral proteins. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
  • Herpes simplex virus enters cells by means of four essential glycoproteins—gD, gH/gL, gB, activated in a cascade fashion by gD binding to one of its receptors, nectin1 and HVEM. Retargeting of HSV has been achieved by the insertion of ligands and scFvs into the gC and/or gD protein or gH (Campadelli-Fiume, G et al., Rev in Med Virol 21: 213-226, 2011, Gatta, V PLoS Pathog 11: e1004907, 2015). Oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors have been developed for clinical use.
  • viruses are replication competent and have mutations in the genes that affect viral replication, neuropathogenicity, and immune evasiveness, and for example include first generation viruses such as NV1020 (R7020), dlsptk, d18.36tk, hrR3, R3616, 1716, second generation viruses such as G207 (MGH-1), 3616UB, SUP, NV1023, third generation viruses such as G47 ⁇ , transcriptional expressing vectors such as G92A, d12.CALP, Myb34.5, transgene expressing vectors such as rRP450, and other viruses such as Talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec).
  • first generation viruses such as NV1020 (R7020), dlsptk, d18.36tk, hrR3, R3616, 1716
  • second generation viruses such as G207 (MGH-1), 3616UB, SUP
  • NV1023 generation viruses such as G47 ⁇
  • transcriptional expressing vectors such as G92A
  • the HSV-1 vectors are the thought to be useful in the treatment of a wide of solid tumors, for example including glioma, melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers.
  • the HSV-1 virus infects a broad range of cells types and species, it is cytolytic by nature, the replicative life cycle of the virus results in host cell destruction, it has a well characterised and large genome (152K) but contains many non-essential genes providing up to 30K of space for the insertion of therapeutic genes.
  • HSV viruses are not mutated in the thymidine kinase gene for safety reasons.
  • Talimogene laherparepvec is an oncolytic herpes virus, which is approved for use in the treatment of melanoma.
  • Other herpes bases viruses include G207, SEPREHVIR (HSV-1716), by Virttu Biologics, HSV-1 R3616 mutant, HSV-1 1716 mutant, NV1020 (R7020), R3616 mutant (deleted RL1), KM100 mutant has insertions in UL48 (encodes the transactivator tegument protein pUL48 [VP16]) and RL2 genes, G92A, mutants, Myb34.5 and rQNestin34.5.
  • Poxvirus—Vaccina virus such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) may be employed (Galmiche M C et al., J Gen Virol 78: 3019-3027, 1997), MVA may be replaced with a p14 fusion molecule carrying an inserted scFv directed against the tumor associate antigen MUC-1 (Paul, S et al., Viral Immunol 20: 664-671, 2007) See also rev. in Liang L et al., Viruses 6: 3787-3808, 2014, Hsiao J C et al., J Virol 73: 8750-8761, 1999, rev. in Chen T L and Roffler S, Med Res. Rev.
  • MVA Modified Vaccinia Ankara
  • JX-594 by Jennerex, is a thymidine kinase-deleted Vaccinia virus plus GM-CSF.
  • GL-ONC1 is an attenuated vaccinia virus (Lister strain) that causes regression and elimination of a wide range of solid tumors in preclincal mouse models
  • Paramyxovirus such as measles or Newcastle disease virus
  • Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.
  • Measles virus has two envelope glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) attachment protein and the fusion (F) protein. Attachment, entry and subsequent cell-cell fusion is mediated via 2 measles receptors, CD46 and the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). See for example rev. in Msaouel P et al., Methods Mol Biol 797: 141-162, 2012, Robinson S. and Galanis, E. Expert Opin Biol Ther.
  • Measles virus encoding the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter or MV-NIS is an attenuated oncolytic Edmonston (Ed) strain of measles virus.
  • Ed Edmonston
  • Newcastle disease virus may also be employed.
  • Adenoviridae Adenoviruses are among the most extensively studied viruses being used as oncolytic agents. An array of peptides and proteins have been engineered into virion associated viral proteins to alter the native tropism of the virus (rev. in Verheije M H and Rottier P J M Adv Virol 2012: 798526, 2012). However, all of these are dependent upon viral assembly in the nucleus which presents significant challenges.
  • Non-enveloped viruses include Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus and Reovirus. See for example rev. in Altan-Bonnet, N, Curr Opin Microbiol 32: 77-81, 2016 and Chen Y H et al., Cell 160: 619-630, 2015, rev. in Chen T L and Roffler S, Med Res. Rev. 28: 885-928, 2008 and Kinoshita T et al., J Biochem 144: 287-294, 2008 and rev. in Verheije M H and Rottier P J M Adv Virol 2012: 798526, 2012).
  • Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL12 such as for the treatment of prostate cancer was initiated, CGTG-102 (Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF), by Oncos Therapeutics, for example for the treatment soft tissue sarcomas, Oncorine (H101), CG0070, Enadenotucirev (EnAd) WO2005/118825, OvAd1 and OvAd2 disclosed in WO2008/080003, ONCOS-102, for example for Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, and DNX-2401 for example for glioma.
  • Oncorine H101
  • Enadenotucirev EnAd
  • OvAd1 and OvAd2 disclosed in WO2008/080003
  • ONCOS-102 for example for Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
  • DNX-2401 for example for glioma.
  • Cavatak is the trade name for a preparation of wild-type Coxsackievirus A21, useful in the treatment of malignant melanoma.
  • Reovirus-Reolysin® Pelareorep; Wild-Type Reovirus; Serotype 3 Dearing; Oncolytics Biotech, for example for the treatment of various cancers and cell proliferative disorders.
  • VSV Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
  • a virus or vector employed in the method of the present disclosure comprises a transgene, for example where the transgene is to replace defective genetic material in the cell, to provide a new or augmented function in the cell, to sensitize the cell to treatment, to block a function in the cell, or to express a therapeutic protein or peptide.
  • the virus employed as the payload according to the present disclosures comprises a transgene or transgenes, for example encoding an agent independently selected from an RNAi sequence, a protein, polypeptide or peptide (for example an antibody molecule or binding fragment thereof, a chemokine, a cytokine, an immunomodulator, a fluorescent tag or an enzyme).
  • a transgene or transgenes for example encoding an agent independently selected from an RNAi sequence, a protein, polypeptide or peptide (for example an antibody molecule or binding fragment thereof, a chemokine, a cytokine, an immunomodulator, a fluorescent tag or an enzyme).
  • HSV-TK herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene
  • GCV herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase
  • the thymidine kinase protein expression can also be exploited to image and track the activity of the virotherapy during the course of treatment.
  • Positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography are both methods that are routinely used for the detection and monitoring of cancer and cancer therapies and are both viable means to detect the expression of the thymidine kinase protein when an appropriate thymidine kinase substrate is administered (Wang J Q et al., Bioorg Med Chem 13: 549-556, 2005, Tjuvajev J G et al, J Nucl Med 43: 1072-1083, 2002).
  • the NIS gene may be used and has been explored as an agent for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in oncolytic viruses, much like TK (Miller A and Russell S Expert Opin Biol Ther 16: 15-32, 2016, Ravera S et al., Annu Rev Physiol 79: 261-289, 2017, Portulano et al., Endocr Rev. 35: 106-149, 2014).
  • antibodies that interact and inhibit RAS or proteins in the RAS signaling pathway are encoded in the virus of the present disclosure, for example as fusion protein with the GLA-component.
  • RAS genes constitute a multigene family that includes HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. See for example Bos J L, Cancer Res. 49: 4682-4689, 1989; and Cetin M et al., J Mol Biol. 429:562-573, 2017.
  • the GLA-component is employed in combination with a second therapy, for example an anti-cancer therapy.
  • a second therapy for example an anti-cancer therapy. This is therapy that is administered separately to the GLA-component (i.e. is not linked to the GLA-component).
  • chemotherapeutic agents employed is a chemotherapeutic described herein, for example a platin and 5-FU or a prodrug thereof, for example cisplatin or oxaplatin and capecitabine or gemcitabine, such as FOLFOX.
  • the chemotherapy comprises a combination of chemotherapy agents, in particular cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
  • the chemotherapy combination comprises a platin, such as cisplatin and fluorouracil or capecitabine.
  • the chemotherapy combination in capecitabine and oxaliplatin in capecitabine and oxaliplatin (Xelox).
  • the chemotherapy is a combination of folinic acid and 5-FU, optionally in combination with oxaliplatin.
  • the chemotherapy is a combination of folinic acid, 5-FU and irinotecan (FOLFIRI), optionally in combination with oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX).
  • the regimen consists of: irinotecan (180 mg/m 2 IV over 90 minutes) concurrently with folinic acid (400 mg/m 2 [or 2 ⁇ 250 mg/m 2 ] IV over 120 minutes); followed by fluorouracil (400-500 mg/m 2 IV bolus) then fluorouracil (2400-3000 mg/m 2 intravenous infusion over 46 hours). This cycle is typically repeated every two weeks.
  • the dosages shown above may vary from cycle to cycle.
  • the chemotherapy combination employs a microtubule inhibitor, for example vincristine sulphate, epothilone A, N-[2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)amino]-3-pyridinyl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (ABT-751), a taxol derived chemotherapeutic agent, for example paclitaxel, abraxane, or docetaxel or a combination thereof.
  • a microtubule inhibitor for example vincristine sulphate, epothilone A, N-[2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)amino]-3-pyridinyl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (ABT-751), a taxol derived chemotherapeutic agent, for example paclitaxel, abraxane, or docetaxel or a combination thereof.
  • the combination therapy employs an mTor inhibitor.
  • mTor inhibitors include: everolimus (RAD001), WYE-354, KU-0063794, papamycin (Sirolimus), Temsirolimus, Deforolimus(MK-8669), AZD8055 and BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235).
  • the combination therapy employs a MEK inhibitor.
  • MEK inhibitors include: AS703026, CI-1040 (PD184352), AZD6244 (Selumetinib), PD318088, PD0325901, AZD8330, PD98059, U0126-EtOH, BIX 02189 or BIX 02188.
  • the combination therapy employs an AKT inhibitor.
  • AKT inhibitors include: MK-2206 and AT7867.
  • the combination employs an aurora kinase inhibitor.
  • aurora kinase inhibitors include: Aurora A Inhibitor I, VX-680, AZD1152-HQPA (Barasertib), SNS-314 Mesylate, PHA-680632, ZM-447439, CCT129202 and Hesperadin.
  • the combination therapy employs a p38 inhibitor, for example as disclosed in WO2010/038086, such as N-[4-( ⁇ 4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-1-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) ureido]naphthalen-1-yloxy ⁇ methyl) pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxyacetamide.
  • a p38 inhibitor for example as disclosed in WO2010/038086, such as N-[4-( ⁇ 4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-1-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) ureido]naphthalen-1-yloxy ⁇ methyl) pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxyacetamide.
  • the combination employs a Bcl-2 inhibitor.
  • Bcl-2 inhibitors include: obatoclax mesylate, ABT-737, ABT-263(navitoclax) and TW-37.
  • the combination therapy comprises a checkpoint inhibitor, for an anti-PD-1 inhibitor or an anti-PD-L1 inhibitor.
  • the chemotherapy combination comprises an antimetabolite such as capecitabine (xeloda), fludarabine phosphate, fludarabine (fludara), decitabine, raltitrexed (tomudex), gemcitabine hydrochloride and cladribine.
  • an antimetabolite such as capecitabine (xeloda), fludarabine phosphate, fludarabine (fludara), decitabine, raltitrexed (tomudex), gemcitabine hydrochloride and cladribine.
  • the chemotherapy combination comprises ganciclovir, which may assist in controlling immune responses and/or tumour vasculation.
  • the chemotherapy includes a PARP inhibitor.
  • the combination therapy includes an inhibitor of cancer metabolism with specific inhibition of the activity of the DHODH enzyme.
  • one or more therapies employed in the method herein are metronomic, that is a continuous or frequent treatment with low doses of anticancer drugs, often given concomitant with other methods of therapy.
  • the chemotherapy is employed in a 28 day cycle.
  • the molecules of the present disclosure are provided in a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a excipient, diluent and/or carrier.
  • the composition is as a parenteral formulation.
  • Parenteral formulation means a formulation designed not to be delivered through the GI tract. Typical parenteral delivery routes include injection, implantation or infusion.
  • the parenteral formulation is in the form of an injection.
  • Injection includes intravenous, subcutaneous, intra-cranial, intrathecal, intra-tumoural or intramuscular injection.
  • Injection as employed herein means the insertion of liquid into the body via a syringe.
  • parenteral formulation is in the form of an infusion.
  • Infusion as employed herein means the administration of fluids at a slower rate by drip, infusion pump, syringe driver or equivalent device.
  • the infusion is administered over a period in the range of 1.5 minutes to 120 minutes, such as about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 65, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110 or 115 minutes.
  • the formulation is for intravenous (i.v.) administration.
  • This route is particularly effective because it allows rapid access to the majority of the organs and tissue and is particular useful for the treatment of metastases, for example established metastases especially those located in highly vascularised regions such as the liver and lungs.
  • Therapeutic formulations typically will be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other parenteral formulation suitable for administration to a human and may be formulated as a pre-filled device such as a syringe or vial, particular as a single dose.
  • the formulation will generally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, for example a non-toxic, isotonic carrier that is compatible with the virus, and in which the virus is stable for the requisite period of time.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier for example a non-toxic, isotonic carrier that is compatible with the virus, and in which the virus is stable for the requisite period of time.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a dispersant or surfactant such as lecithin or a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80 or 40.
  • a dispersant or surfactant such as lecithin or a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80 or 40.
  • isotonic agents include sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
  • kit of parts comprising a GLA-component according to the present disclosure and a payload, wherein the payload is linked or unlinked to said GLA-component.
  • Embodiments are described herein as comprising certain features/elements. The disclosure also extends to separate embodiments consisting or consisting essentially of said features/elements.
  • FIG. 1A-D Shows various representations of GLA protein structures.
  • FIG. 1E Shows an embodiment of a GLA-component according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 Shows Protein S (PrS) and annexin staining of breast cancer cell lines treated with peroxide to induce apoptosis.
  • A human MDA-231 cells treated with peroxide and stained with FITC-PrS.
  • B untreated MDA-231 cells stained as in A.
  • C treated MDA-231 cells stained with annexin.
  • D human MCF-7 cells treated with peroxide and stained with PrS.
  • E murine MET-1 cells, as in D.
  • F murine 4T1 cells, as in D.
  • FIG. 3 Shows overlapping, yet distinct, cellular localization of PrS and annexin.
  • A murine 4T1 cells treated with peroxide and stained with Cy5 PrS (RED) and FITC annexin (GREEN). Light arrow, co-localized signals; red arrows, cells staining with PrS and not annexin; green arrow, cell staining relatively brighter with annexin but less bright with PrS, indicating distinct binding patterns (insets show PrS and annexin staining separately).
  • B treated 4T1 cells stained with FITC PrS and Cy5 annexin. Green arrows, cells staining with PrS and not annexin.
  • C Cy5 annexin staining of treated 4T1 cells pre-incubated with 1,000-fold excess of cold annexin.
  • FIG. 4 Shows staining of apoptotic COS-1 cells with PrS and annexin.
  • Cells were treated with t-BHP as described and stained with FITC annexin (left) and Cy5 PrS (right). Arrows indicate subcellular structures presumed to be apoptotic bodies.
  • FIG. 5 Shows differential staining of extracellular vesicles with PrS and annexin.
  • Extracellular vesicles were prepared from 4T1 cells and stained with FITC PrS (GREED) and Cy5 annexin (RED). Arrows indicate vesicles staining with annexin only (RED arrow), PrS only (GREEN arrow) and both proteins (light arrow).
  • FIG. 6 Shows subcellular localization of PrS and annexin.
  • C Possible apoptotic bodies.
  • FIG. 7 Shows internalization of PrS within 5 minutes. Apoptotic 4T1 cells were stained with FITC PrS (green) and Cy5 annexin (red) and imaged within 10 min of the addition of the proteins. A, Merged image. B, Hoescht nuclear stain alone.
  • FIG. 8 Shows BLI images of 4T1 tumors in mice.
  • FIG. 9 SPECT imaging of effect of doxorubicin on 4T1 tumors, using radiolabeled PrS and annexin.
  • Mice with 4T1 breast cancer tumors were imaged with 99mTc PrS (A and B), or annexin (C and D), before (A and C) and 24 h after doxorubicin (B and D).
  • FIG. 10 Shows SPECT imaging of cyclohexamide-treated mice. Five mice per panel are shown before (A and C) and 24 h after (B and D) treatment. The mice were imaged with either 99m Tc PrS (A and B), or annexin (C and D), Arrows indicate increased liver signal.
  • FIG. 11 Shows localization of Cy5 PrS to infected spleen.
  • CD1 mice were infected with bioluminescent Listeria and imaged on day 2 post infection. The mice were injected with Cy5 PrS 30 min before sacrifice, and the spleens removed and frozen. Modestly infected (A) and control uninfected (C) mice are shown. Sections of the infected (B) and uninfected (D) spleens of each mouse in the Cy5 channel are shown, merged with phase contrast images.
  • FIG. 12 Shows localization of Cy5 PrS to tumors treated with doxorubicin.
  • Mice implanted with 4T1 breast cancer tumors were treated with doxorubicin (right panels) or left untreated (left panels). 24 hours later the mice were injected intravenously with Cy5 PrS and sacrificed 30 min later. The tumors were removed, frozen, and sectioned for fluorescence microscopy. Merged Cy5/phase contrast images from four different mice are shown.
  • FIG. 13 Shows differentiation of TSCs. TSCs were cultured in the presence (left) or absence (right) of growth factors. Arrows in the right panel indicate giant cells characteristic of differentiation.
  • FIG. 14 Shows PrS staining of trophoblast stem cells and differentiated trophoblasts.
  • Trophoblast stem cells (left) were differentiated into trophoblast giant cells (right) by withdrawal of growth factors. The cells were stained with Cy5 PrS and imaged.
  • FIG. 15 Shows MSC differentiation. MSC were treated as described in the text, for differentiation into adipocytes (upper panels) or osteoblasts (lower panels). Differentiated cells exhibited the expected morphology in each case.
  • FIG. 16 Shows MSCs stained with PrS (green), annexin (red), and Hoechst (blue). Cells were imaged within 10 min of addition of the stain mixture.
  • FIG. 17 Shows TSCs stained with PrS (green, lightest area), annexin (red, light around the cell membrane), and Hoechst (blue). Cells were imaged within 5 min of addition of the stain mixture.
  • FIG. 18 Shows differential staining of TSC vesicles. TSCs were stained as in FIG. 17 . The group of cells are secreting large vesicles that stain with annexin (red) and not PrS (green).
  • FIG. 19 Shows PrS staining of C17.2 neural progenitor cells. The cells were stained with PrS-FITC and imaged with standard (non-confocal) microscopy.
  • FIG. 20 Shows internalization of PrS into TSC at 4C.
  • FITC PrS green
  • Cy5 annexin red
  • FIG. 21 Shows lineage-negative, SCA-1/c-kit staining cells from mouse bone marrow. The cells were not stained with either PI (propidium iodide; to detect dead cells) or PrS at this point in the analysis. Absence of staining for hematopoietic lineages (left panel) and staining of c-kit and SCA1 (right panel) defines the population of HSC, shown in green (lightest areas).
  • PI sodium iodide
  • FIG. 22 PrS staining of long-term HSC. HSC were isolated as in FIG. 1 , and stained with FITC PrS. SLAM pattern was determined with Cy7 (x-axis).
  • FIG. 23 PrS staining of short-term HSC. HSC were isolated as in FIG. 1 , and stained with FITC PrS. SLAM pattern was determined with Cy7 (x-axis).
  • FIG. 24 Shows internalization of PrS in long-term HSC.
  • HSC were prepared as described, stained for PrS, and examined with confocal microscopy. Green (lightest areas), FITC PrS; blue, Hoescht nuclear stain; red, PI. Note that PI stain is excluded from the nucleus, indicating the cells are alive.
  • FIG. 25 Shows an example of dead HSC exhibiting nuclear PI.
  • FIG. 26 GLA-mediated delivery is non-toxic to cells
  • This specification also includes sequences 1 to 6, in the associated sequence listing.
  • PrS is protein S GLA domain and protein S EGF domain as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • Apoptosis was induced with hydrogen peroxide or tertiary-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP).
  • the cells were plated in 24-well plates at 6 ⁇ 10 4 cells per well or Eppendorf chamber slides at 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells per well, and apoptosis was induced the next day, using 2 mM H 2 O 2 , or t-BHP for time points from 30 min to 2 hrs.
  • the wells were washed with Annexin Binding Buffer (AB; Santa Cruz Biotech), and stained with labeled protein. From past experience and the literature, 5.5 ⁇ g/ml of annexin protein was used for staining.
  • This amount was adjusted for equimolar addition of PrS by assuming the molecular weights of annexin to be 36 kD and the recombinant PrS to be 30 kD, based on the gel images provided.
  • the cells were stained for 15 min.
  • Hoechst 33342 dye was used for visualizing nucleic acid.
  • the wells were then washed with AB and observed using the EVOS fluorescence microscope while still viable.
  • the Leica SP8 microscope in the Stanford Cell Sciences Imaging Facility was employed.
  • the wells were then washed with AB and observed using the Leica sp8 microscope.
  • Hoechst 33342 dye was used for visualizing nuclei.
  • PrS was added to trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and the viability tested with trypan blue using a Nexcelom Cellometer.
  • TSCs trophoblast stem cells
  • mice 5 ⁇ 10 4 4 T1-luc cells were implanted into groups of 5 male BALB/c mice, in the left axillary fat pad.
  • the mice were imaged with in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) each day to monitor tumor growth, starting at 1 week post implantation.
  • the mice were then treated on day 11 post implantation with 13 mg/kg body weight of intraperitoneal (IP) doxorubicin, and BLI was performed the next day.
  • IP intraperitoneal
  • Control mice bearing tumors were left untreated with doxorubicin.
  • the injected dose of each protiein was 160 ⁇ l (800 ⁇ CO. The animals were then sacrificed and biodistribution was performed.
  • CD1 mice were injected intravenously with bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes .
  • This bacterial pathogen infects many organs including the spleen, in which extensive apoptosis of monocytes and granulocytes occurs.
  • spleen is the primary site of bacterial replication and so splenic BLI signals from the bacteria can be correlated with the localization of probes for apoptosis. Mice were infected and imaged each day.
  • mice When splenic signals were evident (day 2 post infection for 2 ⁇ 10 5 colony forming units of bacteria in 8 week old CD1 female mice), 300 mg/kg body mass of Cy5 PrS was injected into mice, the animals were sacrificed 30 min later, and the spleens removed, frozen in OCT, and sectioned for fluorescence microscopy. Uninfected control mice were employed.
  • FITC PrS Freshly labeled FITC PrS, prepared as described above, was employed.
  • Murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are routinely purified in this laboratory. The cells were isolated from normal mouse bone marrow by staining for c-Kit+, lineage-negative cells. To further characterize the cells, SLAM marker staining was also performed. These markers stain cells that self-renew and differentiate, whereas non-staining HSCs can only differentiate. Subsequent staining with FITC PrS revealed the percent positive in SLAM-staining cells, as shown in the Results. The cells were then sorted for FITC and examined with confocal microscopy, using Hoechst 33342 for nuclear visualization.
  • FITC-annexin showed specificity for apoptosis similar to PrS, serving as an internal positive control.
  • both FITC and Cy5 labeled PrS and annexin were prepared. 4T1 cells were treated with peroxide and stained with Cy5 and FITC labeled PrS and annexin, using both combinations of fluorophores. The cells were then visualized in the EVOS fluorescence microscope. The results are shown in FIG. 3 . Under the conditions tested, all the brightly staining cells exhibited staining with both proteins. However, whether using Cy5 or FITC, PrS appeared to stain some cells that annexin did not, albeit weakly ( FIG.
  • EVs specifically exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies (ABs)
  • MVs microvesicles
  • ABs apoptotic bodies
  • Each type of EV can transfer molecular cargo to both neighboring and distant cells, affecting cellular behaviors such as those involved in tumor development and progression.
  • EVs may play a role in nearly all the hallmarks of cancer, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppression, resisting cell death, reprogramming energy metabolism, acquiring genomic instability, and developing the tumor microenvironment. They have also been implicated in the induction of angiogenesis, control of invasion, initiation of premetastatic niches, sustaining inflammation, and evading immune surveillance. Immune cells appear to also communicate through EVs and my recognize EVs as signals from tumor cells, infected tissues and wounds. A deeper understanding of the biology of EVs and their contribution to the hallmarks of cancer is leading to new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Development of additional EV surface markers is essential to advancing this field and PrS may be such a determinant.
  • Murine 4T1 cells (lacking the Luc-GFP reporters) were plated on 8-part chamber slides at 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells per chamber and apoptosis was induced with 2 mM H 2 O 2 or t-BHP (2 hr exposure) the next day. The cells were then washed and stained for 15 min with PrS and annexin. Hoechst 33342 dye was used to stain nucleic acid. In all cases, the most brightly staining cells were stained with both probes.
  • the time course images also showed that PrS and annexin did not always stain the same cells equally at early time points.
  • the cells in FIG. 7 appear to be in different stages of apoptosis, as the cell on the left shows an uncondensed nucleus surrounded by an apparently intact nuclear membrane, whereas the right cell exhibits the strong staining often characteristic of chromatin condensation that occurs later in the apoptotic process. Staining patterns such as these may indicate that PrS binds earlier in apoptosis than annexin. Although purely conjecture at this point, such a preference would explain many of the differences between these proteins that have been observed so far. For example, the staining of some cells by PrS and not annexin, such as in FIGS.
  • 3A and B may be due to PrS binding earlier in the process of apoptosis.
  • SPECT imaging using HYNIC-labeled PrS and annexin was performed in animals given 4T1luc breast tumors and treated with doxorubicin. Because the 4T1 tumors have been labeled with luciferase, they can be imaged in mice using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI).
  • BBI bioluminescence imaging
  • This method can be used to evaluate tumor implantation and to follow progression in individual animals over time.
  • 99 mTc labeled PrS and annexin were then employed for SPECT imaging of animals treated with doxorubicin and controls.
  • An example of the results is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the images of the head and thorax of the two animals show non-specific accumulation of the PrS probe in the salivary gland, and a low signal to noise ratio using this probe. Therefore, the threshold of the display in the PrS images shown was lowered to reveal more background, resulting in the brighter false-color of the images.
  • the low signal-to-noise ratio is likely due to HYNIC labeling of only 1 mg of protein, which is sub-optimal, and also due to the inability to perform controlled studies of HYNIC:protein labeling ratio.
  • FIG. 10 SPECT imaging of mice treated with cyclohexamide, which induces apoptosis in the liver, was also performed ( FIG. 10 ).
  • FIG. 10 the whole-body images of 5 mice are shown in each panel.
  • background is seen in the kidneys.
  • Treatment of the mice with cyclohexamide increased the annexin SPECT signal in the liver.
  • the PrS showed low signal compared to annexin.
  • Annexin was able to detect the apoptotic livers of cyclohexamide treated mice, whereas PrS showed only slight increase of signal in the liver due to treatment.
  • mice infected with bacteria that induce apoptotic responses and tumor bearing mice were injected with Cy5 PrS.
  • Listeria monocytogenes a bacterial pathogen labeled with luciferase and well characterized for BLI. Characteristic BLI signals from the spleen provide for excellent co-localization studies.
  • CD1 mice were infected as described above and were imaged with BLI on day 2 post infection. The mice were then injected with Cy5 PrS and 30 min later sacrificed, and the spleens removed for sectioning and fluorescence microscopy ( FIG. 11 ).
  • TSCs Trophoblast stem cells
  • TSCs differentiate into several types of trophoblasts in culture. TSCs are prepared from mouse uterine scrapings grown in the presence of fibroblast growth factor, activin, and heparin. TSCs spontaneously differentiate into giant cells when these factors are removed from the medium ( FIG. 13 ). TSCs stained with PrS, whereas differentiated trophoblasts derived from these cells in culture did not stain ( FIG. 14 ).
  • PrS is internalized into stem cells without apoptotic induction. This result confirms observations made in tumor cell lines, in which apoptosis was induced.
  • MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
  • TSCs hematopoietic stem cells
  • the fibroblasts do not persist due to absence of growth factors and are also not retained. Thus, this simple procedure results in a nearly homogeneous population of MSCs.
  • differentiated cells showed the appearance of the respective cells.
  • Adipocytes contained large fat vesicles and osteoblasts were dark with distinctive intracellular collagen and mineralization.
  • TSCs were also stained and imaged as was done with the MSCs. The observations confirm internalization into these cells as well, which also occurs within 5 minutes of addition of the protein. The results are shown in FIG. 17 .
  • TSCs are morphologically quite variable, and can be multinucleate in the absence of differentiation, as can be seen in the figure. As with the MSCs, these primary cells shed abundant material into the medium, some of which we have established as extracellular vesicles (previous data). This material again makes the imaging difficult. Some EVs stain with annexin and not PrS, and this phenomenon can be seen in TSCs, in FIG. 18 .
  • HSC hematopoietic stem cells
  • the SLAM (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) markers CD48, CD150, CD229 and CD244 differentially stain HSC with distinct patterns such that SLAM pattern-positive staining is indicative of the ability to both self-renew and differentiate, whereas SLAM pattern-negative HSC can only differentiate.
  • the cells shown are propidium iodide (PO-negative, meaning that they are all live cells. This result confirms previous experiments demonstrating that a subset of stem cells stains with PrS without the induction of apoptosis.
  • PrS is rapidly internalized into an array of cells expressing PrS, including stem cells of many types, which suggests that PrS possesses unique characteristics amenable to manipulation toward the goal of developing a therapeutic agent.
  • the difference in specificity between PrS and annexin such as seen in FIGS. 3 and 7 suggests that binding itself is different between these two proteins.
  • the mechanism of binding, specificity, and internalization of PrS, as well as the capability of modular manipulation provide a host of possibilities.
  • Stem cells are distinct in phenotype from differentiated cells and may express PS non-apoptotically to avoid the induction of immune responses. Stem cells were stained with a GLA domain molecule of the present disclosure comprising a payload of a fluorescent label, without the induction of apoptosis.
  • Trophoblast stem cells ( FIG. 14 ) which differentiate into several types of trophoblasts in the placenta, stained with Protein S, whereas differentiated trophoblasts derived from these cells in culture did not stain. The stain was able to distinguish between in vivo differentiated stems cells and cells differentiated in vitro.
  • the molecules of the present disclosure may be employed to target cells in vivo or in ex vivo samples.

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