US20170240973A1 - Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna - Google Patents
Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20170240973A1 US20170240973A1 US15/442,993 US201715442993A US2017240973A1 US 20170240973 A1 US20170240973 A1 US 20170240973A1 US 201715442993 A US201715442993 A US 201715442993A US 2017240973 A1 US2017240973 A1 US 2017240973A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- genetic loci
- data set
- genetic
- sequencing
- baselining
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6809—Methods for determination or identification of nucleic acids involving differential detection
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
- C12Q1/6874—Methods for sequencing involving nucleic acid arrays, e.g. sequencing by hybridisation
-
- G06F19/22—
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
- G16B20/10—Ploidy or copy number detection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
- G16B30/10—Sequence alignment; Homology search
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
Definitions
- Cancer is caused by the accumulation of mutations within an individual's normal cells, at least some of which result in improperly regulated cell division.
- Such mutations commonly include copy number variations, in which the number of copies of a gene within a tumor genome increases or decreases relative to the subject's noncancerous cells.
- Detecting and characterizing copy number variation in tumor cells is used to monitor tumor progression, predict patient outcome, and refine treatment choices.
- Conventional methods are performed on cellular samples that are often obtained by painful and time-intensive biopsies.
- biopsies also can often only examine a fraction of the tumor cells within a subject, and thus are not always representative of the population of tumor cells.
- FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization
- PCR quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction
- a particular challenge in determining copy number variation using sequencing data is that genetic loci will exhibit variance in their depth of coverage for reasons unrelated to true copy number. For example, amplification efficiency, PCR efficiency, and guanine-cytosine content can cause differing depths of coverage even for individual genetic loci present in the sample at the same copy number. Improved methods of removing bias due to such effects are needed to improve copy number detection.
- the present disclosure provides a method comprising: (a) obtaining sequencing reads of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of a cell-free bodily fluid sample of a subject; (b) generating from the sequence reads a first data set comprising for each genetic locus in a plurality of genetic loci a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage (“read coverage”); (c) correcting the first data set by performing saturation equilibrium correction and probe efficiency correction; (d) determining a baseline read coverage for the first data set, wherein the baseline read coverage relates to saturation equilibrium and probe efficiency; and (e) determining a copy number state for each genetic locus in the plurality of genetic loci relative to the baseline read coverage.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- the first data set comprises, for each genetic locus in a plurality of genetic loci, a quantitative measure related to (i) guanine-cytosine content (“GC content”) of the genetic locus.
- the method comprises, prior to (c), removing from the first data set genetic loci that are high-variance genetic loci, wherein removing comprises: (i) fitting a model relating the quantitative measures related to guanine-cytosine content and the quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage of the genetic loci; and (ii) removing from the genetic loci at least 10% of the genetic loci, wherein the removing the genetic loci comprises removing genetic loci that most differ from the model, thereby providing the first data set of baselining genetic loci.
- the method comprises removing at least 45% of the genetic loci.
- performing saturation equilibrium correction comprises transforming the first data set of baselining data genetic loci into a saturation corrected data set by: (i) determining for each genetic locus from the first data set of baselining genetic loci a quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA molecule from the sample derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads; (ii) determining a first transformation for the read coverage by relating the read coverage of the first data set of baselining genetic loci to both the GC content of the first data set of baselining genetic loci and the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from each locus in the first data set of baselining genetic loci is represented within the sequencing reads; and (iii) applying the first transformation to the read coverage of each genetic locus from the first data set of baselining genetic loci to provide the saturation corrected data set, wherein the saturation corrected data set comprises a first set of transformed read coverages of the first data set of baselining genetic loci.
- determining the first transformation comprises (i) determining a measure related to central tendency of the read coverage of the first data set of baselining genetic loci; (ii) determining a function that fits the measure related to central tendency of the read coverage of the first data set of baselining genetic loci based on the GC content of the genetic locus and the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads; and (iii) for each genetic locus of the first data set of baselining genetic loci, determining a difference between the read coverage predicted by the function and the read coverage, wherein the difference is the transformed read coverage.
- the function is a surface approximation. In some embodiments provided herein, the surface approximation is a two-dimensional second degree polynomial.
- performing probe efficiency correction comprises transforming the saturation corrected data set into a probe efficiency corrected data set by: (i) removing from the saturation corrected data set genetic loci that are high-variance genetic loci with respect to the first set of transformed read coverages, thereby providing a second data set of baselining genetic loci; (ii) determining a second transformation for the first set of transformed read coverages related to the probe efficiency of the second data set of baselining genetic loci; and (iii) transforming the first set of transformed read coverages of the second data set of baselining genetic loci with the second transformation, thereby providing the probe efficiency corrected data set, wherein the probe efficiency corrected data set comprises a second set of transformed read coverages of the second data set of baselining genetic loci.
- removing from the first data set genetic loci that are high-variance genetic loci comprises: (i) fitting a model relating the GC content and the first set of transformed read coverages of the saturation corrected data set; and (ii) removing from saturation corrected data set at least 10% of the genetic loci, wherein the removing the genetic loci comprises removing genetic loci that most differ from the model, thereby providing the second data set of baselining genetic loci. In some embodiments provided herein, the removing is at least 45% of the genetic loci.
- probe efficiency is determined by performing the saturation equilibrium correction on one or more reference samples, wherein the probe efficiency is the transformed read coverage obtained by performing the saturation equilibrium correction.
- one or more reference samples are cell-free bodily fluid samples from a subject without cancer.
- the one or more reference samples are cell-free bodily fluid samples from a subject with cancer, wherein the corresponding genetic locus has not undergone copy number alteration.
- determining the second transformation comprises (i) fitting the probe efficiency determined for the genetic loci from the one or more reference samples to the first set of read coverages from the second data set of baselining genetic loci; (ii) dividing the transformed read coverages of each genetic locus of the second data set of baselining genetic loci by a predicted probe efficiency based on the fitting of (i).
- the method further comprises: (f) determining a third transformation for the second set of transformed read coverages by relating the transformed read coverages of the second data set of baselining genetic loci to both the GC content of the second data set of baselining genetic loci and the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the each locus in the second data set of baselining genetic loci is represented within the sequencing reads; and (g) applying the third transformation to the second set of transformed read coverages to provide a fourth data set, wherein the fourth data set comprises a third set of transformed quantitative read coverages.
- the DNA of the cell-free bodily fluid sample is enriched for the set of genetic loci using one or more oligonucleotide probes that are complementary to at least a portion of the genetic locus from the set of genetic loci.
- the GC content of each genetic locus from the set of genetic loci is a measure related to central tendency of guanine-cytosine content of the one or more oligonucleotide probes that are complementary to at least a portion of the genetic locus from the set of genetic loci.
- the read coverage of the genetic locus is a measure related to central tendency of the read coverage of regions of the genetic locus corresponding to the one or more oligonucleotide probes.
- the performing saturation equilibrium correction and the performing probe efficiency correction comprises fitting a Langmuir model, wherein the Langmuir model comprises probe efficiency (K) and saturation equilibrium constant (Isat).
- K and Isat are determined empirically for each oligonucleotide probe in the one or more oligonucleotide probes.
- the performing saturation equilibrium correction and performing probe correction comprises fitting the read coverages of the genetic loci to the Langmuir model assuming that the genetic loci are present in identical copy number states, thereby providing a baseline read coverage.
- the identical copy number states are diploid.
- the baseline rad coverage is a function dependent on the probe efficiency and the saturation equilibrium.
- determining a copy number state comprises comparing the read coverage of the genetic loci to the baseline read coverage.
- the cell-free bodily fluid is selected from the group consisting of serum, plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
- the read coverage is determined by mapping the sequencing reads to a reference genome.
- obtaining the sequencing reads comprises ligating adaptors to the DNA molecules from the cell-free bodily fluid from the subject.
- the DNA molecules are duplex DNA molecules and the adaptors are ligated to the duplex DNA molecules such that each adaptor differently tags complementary strands of the DNA molecule to provide tagged strands.
- determining the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads comprises sorting sequencing reads into paired reads and unpaired reads, wherein (i) each paired read corresponds to sequence reads generated from a first tagged strand and a second differently tagged complementary strand derived from a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule in said set, and (ii) each unpaired read represents a first tagged strand having no second differently tagged complementary strand derived from a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule represented among said sequence reads in said set of sequence reads.
- the method further comprises determining quantitative measures of (i) said paired reads and (ii) said unpaired reads that map to each of one or more genetic loci to determine a quantitative measure related to total double-stranded DNA molecules in said sample that map to each of said one or more genetic loci based on said quantitative measure related to paired reads and unpaired reads mapping to each locus.
- the adaptors comprise barcode sequences.
- determining the read coverage comprises collapsing the sequencing reads based on position of the mapping of the sequencing reads to the reference genome and the barcode sequences.
- the genetic loci comprise one or more oncogenes.
- a method comprises determining that at least a subset of the baselining genetic loci has undergone copy number alteration in the tumor cells of the subject by determining relative quantities of variants within the baselining genetic loci for which the germline genome of the subject is heterozygous. In some embodiments, the relative quantities of the variants are not approximately equal.
- baselining genetic loci for which the relative quantities of the variants are not approximately equal are removed from the baselining genetic loci, thereby providing allelic-frequency corrected baselining genetic loci.
- allelic-frequency corrected baselining genetic loci are used as the baselining loci in the methods of any one of the preceding claims.
- the present disclosure provides a method comprising: receiving into memory sequencing reads of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of a cell-free bodily fluid sample of a subject; executing code with a computer processor to perform the following steps: generating from the sequence reads a first data set comprising for each genetic locus in a plurality of genetic loci a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage (“read coverage”); correcting the first data set by performing saturation equilibrium correction and probe efficiency correction; determining a baseline read coverage for the first data set, wherein the baseline read coverage relates to saturation equilibrium and probe efficiency; and determining a copy number state for each genetic locus in the plurality of genetic loci relative to the baseline read coverage.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- the present disclosure provides a system comprising: a network; a database comprising computer memory configured to store nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence data which are connected to the network; a bioinformatics computer comprising a computer memory and one or more computer processors, which computer is connected to the network; wherein the computer further comprises machine-executable code which, when executed by the one or more computer processors, copies nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence data stored on the database, writes the copied data to memory in the bioinformatics computer and performs steps including: generating from the nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence data a first data set comprising for each genetic locus in a plurality of genetic loci a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage (“read coverage”); correcting the first data set by performing saturation equilibrium correction and probe efficiency correction; determining a baseline read coverage for the first data set, wherein the baseline read coverage relates to saturation equilibrium and probe efficiency; and determining a copy number state for each genetic locus in
- FIG. 1 illustrates exemplary oncogenes and targets for sequence capture probes.
- FIG. 2 illustrates gene-level signal versus theoretical copy number across three spike-in and probe-level signal variation across spike-in genes
- FIG. 3 illustrates a bait optimization experiment relating bait amount with unique molecular counts.
- FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate the nonlinear effects of p ( FIG. 4A ) and GC content ( FIG. 4B ) on unique molecular counts.
- FIG. 5 illustrates unique molecular counts per probe without saturation or probe-efficiency correction being performed.
- FIG. 6 illustrates post-saturation correction unique molecular counts per probe.
- FIG. 7 illustrates post-saturation and post-probe-efficiency corrected unique molecular counts per probe.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a proposed Langmuir model of interactions between true copy number and unique molecular counts related to probe saturation and probe efficiency.
- FIG. 9 illustrates the probe signal-noise reduction for the baselining genetic loci after saturation correct, probe efficiency correction, and a second round of probe efficiency correction in a typical clinical sample.
- FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B illustrate post-saturation corrected UMCs plotted against the probe efficiencies determined in the reference sample in order to perform probe-efficiency correction.
- FIG. 10A is from a subject without copy number alteration in tumor cells.
- FIG. 10B is from a subject with copy number alteration in tumor cells.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a final report of saturation and probe efficiency corrected copy number variation detection in a patient sample. Stars above a sample indicate gene amplification detected based on the corrected signal and minor-allele frequency corrected baseline optimization.
- FIG. 12 illustrates a computer system 1201 that is programmed or otherwise configured to implement methods of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 illustrates observed copy number (CN) vs. theoretical CN for the gene ERBB2 as measured using a method of the present disclosure.
- Solid dots represent an observed copy number of ⁇ 2 (a diploid sample)
- open dots represent detected amplification events
- the thick horizontal dashed line marks the mean gene CN cutoff.
- FIG. 14 illustrates observed copy number (CN) vs. theoretical CN for the gene ERBB2 as measured using a method of the present disclosure (dots) as compared to a control method (squares).
- Solid dots represent an observed copy number of ⁇ 2 (a diploid sample)
- open dots represent detected amplification events
- the thick horizontal dashed line marks the mean gene CN cut-off.
- FIG. 15 illustrates probe copy number as plotted against probes used in a validation study for a method of the present disclosure (triangles) vs. a control method (X's).
- genetic variant generally refers to an alteration, variant or polymorphism in a nucleic acid sample or genome of a subject. Such alteration, variant or polymorphism can be with respect to a reference genome, which may be a reference genome of the subject or other individual.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are a form of polymorphisms.
- one or more polymorphisms comprise one or more single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertions, deletions, repeats, small insertions, small deletions, small repeats, structural variant junctions, variable length tandem repeats, and/or flanking sequences.
- Copy number variants (CNVs), transversions and other rearrangements are also forms of genetic variation.
- a genomic alternation may be a base change, insertion, deletion, repeat, copy number variation, or transversion.
- polynucleotide generally refers to a molecule comprising one or more nucleic acid subunits.
- a polynucleotide can include one or more subunits selected from adenosine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), or variants thereof.
- a nucleotide can include A, C, G, T or U, or variants thereof.
- a nucleotide can include any subunit that can be incorporated into a growing nucleic acid strand.
- Such subunit can be an A, C, G, T, or U, or any other subunit that is specific to one or more complementary A, C, G, T or U, or complementary to a purine (i.e., A or G, or variant thereof) or a pyrimidine (i.e., C, T or U, or variant thereof).
- a subunit can enable individual nucleic acid bases or groups of bases (e.g., AA, TA, AT, GC, CG, CT, TC, GT, TG, AC, CA, or uracil-counterparts thereof) to be resolved.
- a polynucleotide is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), or derivatives thereof.
- a polynucleotide can be single-stranded or double stranded.
- subject generally refers to an animal, such as a mammalian species (e.g., human) or avian (e.g., bird) species, or other organism, such as a plant. More specifically, the subject can be a vertebrate, a mammal, a mouse, a primate, a simian or a human. Animals include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, and pets.
- a subject can be a healthy individual, an individual that has or is suspected of having a disease or a pre-disposition to the disease, or an individual that is in need of therapy or suspected of needing therapy.
- a subject can be a patient.
- a genome generally refers to an entirety of an organism's hereditary information.
- a genome can be encoded either in DNA or in RNA.
- a genome can comprise coding regions that code for proteins as well as non-coding regions.
- a genome can include the sequence of all chromosomes together in an organism. For example, the human genome has a total of 46 chromosomes. The sequence of all of these together constitutes a human genome.
- an adaptor or tag can be coupled to a polynucleotide sequence to be “tagged” by any approach including ligation, hybridization, or other approaches.
- library adaptor or “library adaptor” as used herein, generally refers to a molecule (e.g., a polynucleotide) whose identity (e.g., sequence) can be used to differentiate polynucleotides in a biological sample (also “sample” herein).
- sequencing adaptor generally refers to a molecule (e.g., a polynucleotide) that is adapted to permit a sequencing instrument to sequence a target polynucleotide, such as by interacting with the target polynucleotide to enable sequencing.
- the sequencing adaptor permits the target polynucleotide to be sequenced by the sequencing instrument.
- the sequencing adaptor comprises a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes or binds to a capture polynucleotide attached to a solid support of a sequencing system, such as a flow cell.
- the sequencing adaptor comprises a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes or binds to a polynucleotide to generate a hairpin loop, which permits the target polynucleotide to be sequenced by a sequencing system.
- the sequencing adaptor can include a sequencer motif, which can be a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a flow cell sequence of other molecule (e.g., polynucleotide) and usable by the sequencing system to sequence the target polynucleotide.
- the sequencer motif can also include a primer sequence for use in sequencing, such as sequencing by synthesis.
- the sequencer motif can include the sequence(s) needed to couple a library adaptor to a sequencing system and sequence the target polynucleotide.
- the term “about” and its grammatical equivalents in relation to a reference numerical value can include a range of values up to plus or minus 10% from that value.
- the amount “about 10” can include amounts from 9 to 11.
- the term “about” in relation to a reference numerical value can include a range of values plus or minus 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% from that value.
- the term “at least” and its grammatical equivalents in relation to a reference numerical value can include the reference numerical value and greater than that value.
- the amount “at least 10” can include the value 10 and any numerical value above 10, such as 11, 100, and 1,000.
- the term “at most” and its grammatical equivalents in relation to a reference numerical value can include the reference numerical value and less than that value.
- the amount “at most 10” can include the value 10 and any numerical value under 10, such as 9, 8, 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1.
- Quantitative measure refers to any measure of quantity including absolute and relative measures.
- a quantitative measure can be, for example, a number (e.g., a count), a percentage, a degree or a threshold.
- read coverage refers to coverage by raw sequence reads or by processed sequence reads, such as unique molecular counts inferred from raw sequence reads.
- baseline read coverage refers to expected read coverage of a probe in a sample comprising a diploid genome environment based on given probe parameters, such as GC content, probe efficiency, ligation efficiency, or pull down efficiency.
- Probe refers to a polynucleotide comprising a functionality.
- the functionality can be a detectable label (fluorescent), a binding moiety (biotin), or a solid support (a magnetically attractable particle or a chip).
- “Complementarity” refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types.
- a percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary, respectively).
- Perfectly complementary means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence.
- “Substantially complementary” as used herein refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions. Sequence identity, such as for the purpose of assessing percent complementarity, may be measured by any suitable alignment algorithm, including but not limited to the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (see e.g.
- Hybridization refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues.
- the hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence specific manner according to base complementarity.
- the complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi stranded complex, a single self-hybridizing strand, or any combination of these.
- a hybridization reaction may constitute a step in a more extensive process, such as the initiation of PCR, or the enzymatic cleavage of a polynucleotide by an endonuclease.
- hybridizable refers to the ability of the polynucleotide to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues in a hybridization reaction.
- stringent hybridization conditions refers to conditions under which a polynucleotide will hybridize preferentially to its target subsequence, and to a lesser extent to, or not at all to, other sequences. “Stringent hybridization” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays”, Elsevier, New York.
- highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
- Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
- Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm for a particular probe.
- Stringent hybridization conditions include a buffer comprising water, a buffer (a phosphate, tris, SSPE or SSC buffer at pH 6-9 or pH 7-8), a salt (sodium or potassium), and a denaturant (SDS, formamide or tween) and a temperature of 37° C.-70° C., 60° C.-65° C.
- a buffer a phosphate, tris, SSPE or SSC buffer at pH 6-9 or pH 7-8
- a salt sodium or potassium
- SDS denaturant
- An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formalin with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C., with the hybridization being carried out overnight.
- An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15 M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes.
- An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2 ⁇ SSC wash at 65° C. for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook et al. for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal.
- An example medium stringency wash for a duplex of, more than 100 nucleotides, is 1 ⁇ SSC at 45° C.
- a signal to noise ratio of 2 ⁇ (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization.
- the present disclosure provides a method comprising: (a) obtaining sequencing reads derived from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of a cell-free bodily fluid sample of a subject; (b) generating a first data set, the first data set comprising, for each genetic locus in a plurality of genetic loci, a quantitative measure related to (i) guanine-cytosine content of the genetic locus and (ii) a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the genetic locus from the sequencing reads; (c) transforming the first data set into a second data set by: (i) removing from the first data set genetic loci that are high-variance genetic loci with respect to the quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage, thereby providing a first set of remaining genetic loci; (ii) determining for each genetic locus from the first set of remaining genetic loci a quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA from the sample derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads; (iii)
- the method further comprises transforming the second data set into a third data set by: (d) removing from the second data set genetic loci that are high-variance genetic loci with respect to the first set of transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage, thereby providing a second set of remaining genetic loci; (e) determining a second transformation for the first set of transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage related to the efficiency of the second set of remaining genetic loci; and (f) transforming the first set of transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage of the second set of remaining genetic loci with the second transformation, thereby providing the third data set, wherein the third data set comprises a second set of transformed quantitative measures related to sequencing read coverage of the second set of remaining genetic loci of (d, i);
- Obtaining sequencing reads from DNA molecules of a cell-free bodily fluid of a subject can comprise obtaining a cell-free bodily fluid.
- Exemplary cell-free bodily fluids are or can be derived from serum, plasma, blood, saliva, urine, synovial fluid, whole blood, lymphatic fluid, ascites fluid, interstitial or extracellular fluid, the fluid in spaces between cells, including gingival crevicular fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, mucous, sputum, semen, sweat, urine, or any other bodily fluids.
- a cell-free bodily fluid can be selected from the group consisting of plasma, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid.
- a cell-free bodily fluid can be plasma.
- a cell-free bodily fluid can be urine.
- a cell-free bodily fluid can be cerebrospinal fluid.
- DNA molecules can be extracted from cell-free bodily fluids.
- DNA molecules can be genomic DNA.
- DNA molecules can be from cells of healthy tissue of the subject.
- DNA molecules can be from noncancerous cells that have undergone somatic mutation.
- DNA molecules can be from a fetus in a maternal sample. The skilled worker will understand that, in embodiments wherein the DNA molecules are from a fetus in a maternal sample, a subject may refer to the fetus even though the sample is maternal.
- DNA molecules can be from precancerous cells of the subject.
- DNA molecules can be from cancerous cells of the subject.
- DNA molecules can be from cells within primary tumors of the subject.
- DNA molecules can be from secondary tumors of the subject.
- DNA molecules can be circulating DNA.
- the circulating DNA can comprise circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).
- DNA molecules can be double-stranded or single-stranded.
- DNA molecule can comprise a combination of a double-stranded portion and a single-stranded portion.
- DNA molecules do not have to be cell-free.
- the DNA molecules can be isolated from a sample.
- DNA molecules can be cell-free DNA isolated from a bodily fluid, e.g., serum or plasma.
- a sample can comprise various amounts of genome equivalents of nucleic acid molecules.
- a sample of about 30 ng DNA can contain about 10,000 haploid human genome equivalents and, in the case of cfDNA, about 200 billion individual polynucleotide molecules.
- a sample of about 100 ng of DNA can contain about 30,000 haploid human genome equivalents and, in the case of cfDNA, about 600 billion individual molecules.
- Cell-free DNA molecules may be isolated and extracted from bodily fluids using a variety of techniques known in the art.
- cell-free nucleic acids may be isolated, extracted and prepared using commercially available kits such as the Qiagen Qiamp® Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit protocol.
- Qiagen QubitTM dsDNA HS Assay kit protocol, AgilentTM DNA 1000 kit, or TruSeqTM Sequencing Library Preparation; Low-Throughput (LT) protocol may be used to quantify nucleic acids.
- Cell-free nucleic acids may be fetal in origin (via fluid taken from a pregnant subject), or may be derived from tissue of the subject itself.
- Cell-free nucleic acids can be derived from a neoplasm (e.g. a tumor or an adenoma).
- cell-free nucleic acids are extracted and isolated from bodily fluids through a partitioning step in which cell-free nucleic acids, as found in solution, are separated from cells and other non-soluble components of the bodily fluid. Partitioning may include, but is not limited to, techniques such as centrifugation or filtration. In other cases, cells are not partitioned from cell-free nucleic acids first, but rather lysed. In one example, the genomic DNA of intact cells is partitioned through selective precipitation. Cell-free nucleic acids, including DNA, may remain soluble and may be separated from insoluble genomic DNA and extracted. Generally, after addition of buffers and other wash steps specific to different kits, nucleic acids may be precipitated using isopropanol precipitation. Further clean up steps may be used such as silica based columns to remove contaminants or salts. General steps may be optimized for specific applications. Non-specific bulk carrier nucleic acids, for example, may be added throughout the reaction to optimize certain aspects of the procedure such as yield.
- Cell-free DNA molecules can be at most 500 nucleotides in length, at most 400 nucleotides in length, at most 300 nucleotides in length, at most 250 nucleotides in length, at most 225 nucleotides in length, at most 200 nucleotides in length, at most 190 nucleotides in length, at most 180 nucleotides in length, at most 170 nucleotides in length, at most 160 nucleotides in length, at most 150 nucleotides in length, at most 140 nucleotides in length, at most 130 nucleotides in length, at most 120 nucleotides in length, at most 110 nucleotides in length, or at most 100 nucleotides in length.
- Cell-free DNA molecules can be at least 500 nucleotides in length, at least 400 nucleotides in length, at least 300 nucleotides in length, at least 250 nucleotides in length, at least 225 nucleotides in length, at least 200 nucleotides in length, at least 190 nucleotides in length, at least 180 nucleotides in length, at least 170 nucleotides in length, at least 160 nucleotides in length, at least 150 nucleotides in length, at least 140 nucleotides in length, at least 130 nucleotides in length, at least 120 nucleotides in length, at least 110 nucleotides in length, or at least 100 nucleotides in length.
- cell-free nucleic acids can be between 140 and 180 nucleotides in length.
- Cell-free DNA can comprise DNA molecules from healthy tissue and tumors in various amounts.
- Tumor-derived cell-free DNA can be at least 0.1% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 0.2% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 0.5% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 0.7% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 1% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 2% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 3% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 4% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 5% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 10% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 15% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 20% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, at least 25% of the total amount of cell-free DNA in the sample, or at least 30% of the total
- DNA molecules can be sheared during the extraction process and comprise fragments between 100 and 400 nucleotides in length.
- nucleic acids can be sheared after extraction can comprise nucleotides between 100 and 400 nucleotides in length.
- DNA molecules are already between 100 and 400 nucleotides in length and additional shearing is not purposefully implemented.
- a subject can be an animal.
- a subject can be a mammal, such as a dog, horse, cat, mouse, rat, or human.
- a subject can be a human.
- a subject can be suspected of having cancer.
- a subject can have previously received a cancer diagnosis.
- the cancer status of a subject may be unknown.
- a subject can be male or female.
- a subject can be at least 20 years old, at least 30 years old, at least 40 years old, at least 50 years old, at least 60 years old, or at least 70 years old.
- Sequencing may be by any method known in the art.
- sequencing techniques include classic techniques (e.g., dideoxy sequencing reactions (Sanger method) using labeled terminators or primers and gel separation in slab or capillary) and next generation techniques.
- Exemplary techniques include sequencing by synthesis using reversibly terminated labeled nucleotides, pyrosequencing, 454 sequencing, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, allele specific hybridization to a library of labeled oligonucleotide probes, sequencing by synthesis using allele specific hybridization to a library of labeled clones that is followed by ligation, real time monitoring of the incorporation of labeled nucleotides during a polymerization step, polony sequencing, SOLiD sequencing targeted sequencing, single molecule real-time sequencing, exon sequencing, electron microscopy-based sequencing, panel sequencing, transistor-mediated sequencing, direct sequencing, random shotgun sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, capillary electrophoresis,
- the sequencing method is massively parallel sequencing, that is, simultaneously (or in rapid succession) sequencing any of at least 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1 million, 10 million, 100 million, or 1 billion polynucleotide molecules.
- sequencing can be performed by a gene analyzer such as, for example, gene analyzers commercially available from Illumina or Applied Biosystems. Sequencing of separated molecules has more recently been demonstrated by sequential or single extension reactions using polymerases or ligases as well as by single or sequential differential hybridizations with libraries of probes. Sequencing may be performed by a DNA sequencer (e.g., a machine designed to perform sequencing reactions).
- a DNA sequencer can comprise or be connected to a database, for example, that contains DNA sequence data.
- a sequencing technique that can be used includes, for example, use of sequencing-by-synthesis systems.
- DNA is sheared into fragments of approximately 300-800 base pairs, and the fragments are blunt ended.
- Oligonucleotide adaptors are then ligated to the ends of the fragments.
- the adaptors serve as primers for amplification and sequencing of the fragments.
- the fragments can be attached to DNA capture beads, e.g., streptavidin-coated beads using, e.g., Adaptor B, which contains 5′-biotin tag.
- the fragments attached to the beads are PCR amplified within droplets of an oil-water emulsion. The result is multiple copies of clonally amplified DNA fragments on each bead.
- the beads are captured in wells (pico-liter sized). Pyrosequencing is performed on each DNA fragment in parallel. Addition of one or more nucleotides generates a light signal that is recorded by a CCD camera in a sequencing instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides incorporated. Pyrosequencing makes use of pyrophosphate (PPi) which is released upon nucleotide addition. PPi is converted to ATP by ATP sulfurylase in the presence of adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate. Luciferase uses ATP to convert luciferin to oxyluciferin, and this reaction generates light that is detected and analyzed.
- PPi pyrophosphate
- SOLiD sequencing genomic DNA is sheared into fragments, and adaptors are attached to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the fragments to generate a fragment library.
- internal adaptors can be introduced by ligating adaptors to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the fragments, circularizing the fragments, digesting the circularized fragment to generate an internal adaptor, and attaching adaptors to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the resulting fragments to generate a mate-paired library.
- clonal bead populations are prepared in microreactors containing beads, primers, template, and PCR components.
- templates are denatured and beads are enriched to separate the beads with extended templates.
- Templates on the selected beads are subjected to a 3′ modification that permits bonding to a glass slide.
- the sequence can be determined by sequential hybridization and ligation of partially random oligonucleotides with a central determined base (or pair of bases) that is identified by a specific fluorophore. After a color is recorded, the ligated oligonucleotide is removed and the process is then repeated.
- ion semiconductor sequencing using, for example, a system sold under the trademark ION TORRENT by Ion Torrent by Life Technologies (South San Francisco, Calif.). Ion semiconductor sequencing is described, for example, in Rothberg, et al., An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing, Nature 475:348-352 (2011); U.S. Pub. 2010/0304982; U.S. Pub. 2010/0301398; U.S. Pub. 2010/0300895; U.S. Pub. 2010/0300559; and U.S. Pub. 2009/0026082, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- Illumina sequencing is based on the amplification of DNA on a solid surface using fold-back PCR and anchored primers. Genomic DNA is fragmented, and adapters are added to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the fragments. DNA fragments that are attached to the surface of flow cell channels are extended and bridge amplified. The fragments become double stranded, and the double stranded molecules are denatured. Multiple cycles of the solid-phase amplification followed by denaturation can create several million clusters of approximately 1,000 copies of single-stranded DNA molecules of the same template in each channel of the flow cell.
- Primers, DNA polymerase and four fluorophore-labeled, reversibly terminating nucleotides are used to perform sequential sequencing. After nucleotide incorporation, a laser is used to excite the fluorophores, and an image is captured and the identity of the first base is recorded. The 3′ terminators and fluorophores from each incorporated base are removed and the incorporation, detection and identification steps are repeated. Sequencing according to this technology is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,960,120; U.S. Pat. No. 7,835,871; U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,656; U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,035; U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,345; U.S. Pat. No.
- SMRT single molecule, real-time
- each of the four DNA bases is attached to one of four different fluorescent dyes. These dyes are phospholinked.
- a single DNA polymerase is immobilized with a single molecule of template single stranded DNA at the bottom of a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW). It takes several milliseconds to incorporate a nucleotide into a growing strand. During this time, the fluorescent label is excited and produces a fluorescent signal, and the fluorescent tag is cleaved off. Detection of the corresponding fluorescence of the dye indicates which base was incorporated. The process is repeated.
- Nanopore sequencing (Soni & Meller, 2007, Progress toward ultrafast DNA sequence using solid-state nanopores, Clin Chem 53(11):1996-2001).
- a nanopore is a small hole, of the order of 1 nanometer in diameter. Immersion of a nanopore in a conducting fluid and application of a potential across it results in a slight electrical current due to conduction of ions through the nanopore. The amount of current which flows is sensitive to the size of the nanopore.
- each nucleotide on the DNA molecule obstructs the nanopore to a different degree.
- the change in the current passing through the nanopore as the DNA molecule passes through the nanopore represents a reading of the DNA sequence.
- a sequencing technique involves using a chemical-sensitive field effect transistor (chemFET) array to sequence DNA (for example, as described in U.S. Pub. 2009/0026082).
- chemFET chemical-sensitive field effect transistor
- DNA molecules can be placed into reaction chambers, and the template molecules can be hybridized to a sequencing primer bound to a polymerase.
- Incorporation of one or more triphosphates into a new nucleic acid strand at the 3′ end of the sequencing primer can be detected by a change in current by a chemFET.
- An array can have multiple chemFET sensors.
- single nucleic acids can be attached to beads, and the nucleic acids can be amplified on the bead, and the individual beads can be transferred to individual reaction chambers on a chemFET array, with each chamber having a chemFET sensor, and the nucleic acids can be sequenced.
- Another example of a sequencing technique involves using an electron microscope as described, for example, by Moudrianakis, E. N. and Beer M., in Base sequence determination in nucleic acids with the electron microscope, III. Chemistry and microscopy of guanine-labeled DNA, PNAS 53:564-71 (1965).
- individual DNA molecules are labeled using metallic labels that are distinguishable using an electron microscope. These molecules are then stretched on a flat surface and imaged using an electron microscope to measure sequences.
- adaptor sequences Prior to sequencing, adaptor sequences can be attached to the nucleic acid molecules and the nucleic acids can be enriched for particular sequences of interest. Sequence enrichment can occur before or after the attachment of adaptor sequence.
- the nucleic acid molecules or enriched nucleic acid molecules can be attached to any sequencing adaptor suitable for use on any sequencing platform disclosed herein.
- a sequence adaptor can comprise a flow cell sequence, a sample barcode, or both.
- a sequence adaptor can be a hairpin shaped adaptor, a Y-shaped adaptor, a forked adaptor, and/or comprise a sample barcode.
- the adaptor does not comprise a sequencing primer region.
- the adaptor-attached DNA molecules are amplified, and the amplification products are enriched for specific sequences as described herein.
- the DNA molecules are enriched for specific sequences after preparing a sequencing library.
- Adaptors can comprise barcode sequence.
- the different barcode can be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or more (or any length as described throughout) nucleic acid bases, e.g., 7 bases.
- the barcodes can be random sequences, degenerate sequences, semi-degenerate sequences, or defined sequences. In some cases, there is a sufficient diversity of barcodes that substantively (e.g., at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% of) each nucleic acid molecule is tagged with a different barcode sequence.
- each nucleic acid molecule from a particular genetic locus is tagged with a different barcode sequence.
- a sequencing adaptor can comprise a sequence capable of hybridizing to one or more sequencing primers.
- a sequencing adaptor can further comprise a sequence hybridizing to a solid support, e.g., a flow cell sequence.
- a sequencing adaptor can be a flow cell adaptor.
- the sequencing adaptors can be attached to one or both ends of a polynucleotide fragment.
- a sequencing adaptor can be hairpin shaped.
- the hairpin shaped adaptor can comprise a complementary double-stranded portion and a loop portion, where the double-stranded portion can be attached (e.g., ligated) to a double-stranded polynucleotide.
- Hairpin shaped sequencing adaptors can be attached to both ends of a polynucleotide fragment to generate a circular molecule, which can be sequenced multiple times.
- none of the library adaptors contains a sample identification motif (or sample molecular barcode).
- sample identification motif can be provided via sequencing adaptors.
- a sample identification motif can include a sequencer of at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, or 40 nucleotide bases that permits the identification of polynucleotide molecules from a given sample from polynucleotide molecules from other samples. For example, this can permit polynucleotide molecules from two subjects to be sequenced in the same pool and sequence reads for the subjects subsequently identified.
- a sequencer motif includes nucleotide sequence(s) needed to couple a library adaptor to a sequencing system and sequence a target polynucleotide coupled to the library adaptor.
- the sequencer motif can include a sequence that is complementary to a flow cell sequence and a sequence (sequencing initiation sequence) that can be selectively hybridized to a primer (or priming sequence) for use in sequencing.
- a primer or priming sequence
- sequencing initiation sequence can be complementary to a primer that is employed for use in sequence by synthesis (e.g., Illumina).
- Such primer can be included in a sequencing adaptor.
- a sequencing initiation sequence can be a primer hybridization site.
- the library adaptors can contain partial or no sequencer motifs.
- the library adaptors include a sequencing initiation sequence.
- the library adaptors can include a sequencing initiation sequence but no flow cell sequence.
- the sequence initiation sequence can be complementary to a primer for sequencing.
- the primer can be a sequence specific primer or a universal primer.
- Such sequencing initiation sequences may be situated on single-stranded portions of the library adaptors.
- such sequencing initiation sequences may be priming sites (e.g., kinks or nicks) to permit a polymerase to couple to the library adaptors during sequencing.
- Adaptors can be attached to DNA molecules by ligation.
- the adaptors are ligated to duplex DNA molecules such that each adaptor differently tags complementary strands of the DNA molecule.
- adaptor sequences can be attached by PCR, wherein a first portion of a single-stranded DNA is complementary to a target sequence and a second portion comprises the adaptor sequence.
- Sequence capture can be performed using immobilized probes that hybridize to the targets of interest. Sequence capture can be performed using probes attached to functional groups, e.g., biotin, that allow probes hybridized to specific sequences to be enriched for from a sample by pulldown. In some cases, prior to hybridization to functionalized probes, specific sequences such as adaptor sequences from library fragments can be masked by annealing complementary, non-functionalized polynucleotide sequences to the fragments in order to reduce non-specific or off-target binding. Sequence probes can target specific genes. Sequence capture probes can target specific genetic loci or genes. Such genes can be oncogenes.
- Exemplary genes targeted by capture probes include those shown in FIG. 1 .
- Exemplary genes with point mutations include, but are not limited to, AKT1, ATM, CCNE1, CTNNB1, FGFR1, GNAS, JAK3, MLH1, NPM1, PTPN11, RIT1, TERT, ALK, BRAF, CDH1, EGFR, FGFR2, HNF1A, KIT MPL, NRAS, RAF1, ROS1, TP53, APC, BRCA1, CDK4, ERBB2, FGFR3, HRAS, KRAS, MYC, NTRK1, RB1, SMAD4, TSC1, AR, BRCA2, CDK6, ESR1, GATA3, IDH2, MAP2K2, NFE2L2, PIK3CA, RHEB, SRC, ARID1A, CCND2, CDKN2B, FBXW7, GNAQ, JAK2, MET, NOTCH1, PTEN, RHOA, and STK11.
- SNVs point mutations
- Exemplary genes with copy number variations include, but are not limited to, AR, CCNE1, CDK6, ERBB2, FGFR2, KRAS, MYC, PIK3CA, BRAF, CDK4, EGFR, FGFR1, KIT, MET, PDGFRA, and RAF1.
- Exemplary genes with gene fusions include, but are not limited to: ALK, FGFR2, FGFR3, NTRK1, RET, and ROS1.
- Exemplary genes with indels include, but are not limited to: EGFR (for example, at exons 19 and 20), ERBB2 (for example, at exons 19 and 20), and MET (for example, skipping exon 14).
- Exemplary targets can include CCND1 and CCND2. Sequence capture probes can tile across a gene (e.g., probes can target overlapping regions). Sequence probes can target non-overlapping regions. Sequence probes can be optimized for length, melting temperature, and secondary structure.
- Guanine-cytosine content is the percentage of nitrogenous bases of a DNA molecule that are either guanine or cytosine.
- a quantitative measure related to GC content for a genetic locus can be the GC content of the entire genetic locus.
- a quantitative measure related to GC content for a genetic locus can be the GC content of the exonic regions of the gene.
- a quantitative measure related to GC content for a genetic locus can be the GC content of the regions covered by reads mapping to the genetic locus.
- a quantitative measure related to GC content can be the GC content of the sequence capture probes corresponding to the genetic locus.
- a quantitative measure related to GC content for a genetic locus can be a measure related to central tendency of the GC content of the sequence capture probes corresponding to the genetic locus.
- the measure related to central tendency can be any measure of central tendency such as mean, median, or mode.
- the measure related to central tendency can be the median.
- GC content of a given region can be measured by dividing the number of guanosine and cytosine bases by the total number of bases over that region.
- a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage is a measure indicative of the number of reads derived from a DNA molecule corresponding to a genetic locus (e.g., a particular position, base, region, gene or chromosome from a reference genome).
- a genetic locus e.g., a particular position, base, region, gene or chromosome from a reference genome.
- the reads can be mapped or aligned to the reference.
- Software to perform mapping or aligning e.g., Bowtie, BWA, mrsFAST, BLAST, BLAT
- mapping quality e.g., MAPQ
- Quantitative measures associated with sequencing read coverage can include counts of reads associated with a genetic locus. In some cases, the counts are transformed into new metrics to mitigate the effects of differing sequencing depth, library complexity, or size of the genetic locus. Exemplary metrics are Read Per Kilobase per Million (RPKM), Fragments Per Kilobase per Million (FPKM), Trimmed Mean of M values (TMM), variance stabilized raw counts, and log transformed raw counts. Other transformations are also known to those of skill in the art that may be used for particular applications.
- Quantitative measures can be determined using collapsed reads, wherein each collapsed read corresponds to an initial template DNA molecule.
- Methods to collapse and quantify read families are found in PCT/US2013/058061 and PCT/US2014/000048, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- collapsing methods can be employed that use barcodes and sequence information from the sequencing read to collapse reads into families, such that each family shares barcode sequences and at least a portion of the sequencing read sequence. Each family is then, for the majority of the families, derived from a single initial template DNA molecule.
- Counts derived from mapping sequences from families can be referred to as “unique molecular counts” (UMCs).
- determining a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage comprises normalizing UMCs by a metric related to library size to provide normalized UMCs (“normalized UMCs”).
- normalized UMCs a metric related to library size
- Exemplary methods are dividing the UMC of a genetic locus by the sum of all UMCs; dividing the UMC of a genetic locus by the sum of all autosomal UMCs.
- UMCs can, for example, be normalized by the median UMCs of the genetic loci of the two sequencing read data sets.
- the quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage can be normalized UMCs that are further normalized as follows: (i) normalized UMCs are determined for corresponding genetic loci from sequencing reads derived from training samples; (ii) for each genetic locus, normalized UMCs of the sample are normalized by the median of the normalized UMCs of the training samples at the corresponding loci, thereby providing Relative Abundances (RAs) of genetic loci.
- RAs Relative Abundances
- Consensus sequences can identified based on their sequences, for example by collapsing sequencing reads based on identical sequences within the first 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 bases. In some cases, collapsing allows for 1 difference, 2 differences, 3 differences, 4 differences, or 5 differences in the reads that are otherwise identical. In some cases, collapsing uses the mapping position of the read, for example the mapping position of the initial base of the sequencing read. In some cases, collapsing uses barcodes, and sequencing reads that share barcode sequences are collapsed into a consensus sequence. In some cases, collapsing uses both barcodes and the sequence of the initial template molecules. For example, all reads that share a barcode and map to the same position in the reference genome can be collapsed. In another example, all reads that share a barcode and a sequence of the initial template molecule (or a percentage identity to a sequence of the initial template molecule) can be collapsed.
- regions can be bins, genes of interest, exons, regions corresponding to sequence probes, regions corresponding to primer amplification products, or regions corresponding to primer binding sites.
- sub-regions of the genome are regions corresponding to sequence capture probes.
- a read can map to a region corresponding to the sequence capture probe if at least a portion of the read maps at least a portion of the region corresponding to the sequence capture probe.
- a read can map to a region corresponding to the sequence capture probe if at least a portion of the read maps to the majority of the region corresponding to the sequence capture probe.
- a read can map to a region corresponding to the sequence capture probe if at least a portion of the read maps across the center point of the region corresponding to the sequence capture probe.
- a quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of a genetic locus is the median of the RAs of the probes corresponding to genomic locations within the genetic locus. For example, if KRAS is covered by three probes, which have RAs of 2, 3, and 5, the RA of the genetic locus would be 3.
- the methods described herein can be used to increase the specificity and sensitivity of variant calling (e.g., detecting copy number variants) in a nucleic acid sample.
- the methods can decrease the amount of noise or distortion in a data sample, reducing the number of false positive variants detected.
- noise and/or distortion decrease, specificity and sensitivity increase.
- Noise can be thought of as an unwanted random addition to a signal.
- Distortion can be thought of as an alteration in the amplitude of a signal or portion of a signal.
- Noise can be introduced through errors in copying and/or reading a polynucleotide.
- a single polynucleotide can first be subject to amplification.
- Amplification can introduce errors, so that a subset of the amplified polynucleotides may contain, at a particular locus, a base that is not the same as the original base at that locus.
- a base at any particular locus may be read incorrectly.
- the collection of sequence reads can include a certain percentage of base calls at a locus that are not the same as the original base.
- this error rate can be in the single digits, e.g., 2%-3%.
- noise can be a significant problem. This can be the case, for example, when cell free DNA includes not only germline DNA, but DNA from another source, such as fetal DNA or DNA from a cancer cell. In this case, if the frequency of molecules with sequence variants is in the same range as the frequency of errors introduced by the sequencing process, then true sequence variants may not be distinguishable from noise. This could interfere, for example, with detecting sequence variants in a sample.
- Distortion can be manifested in the sequencing process as a difference in signal strength, e.g., total number of sequence reads, produced by molecules in a parent population at the same frequency. Distortion can be introduced, for example, through amplification bias, GC bias, or sequencing bias. This could interfere with detecting copy number variation in a sample. GC bias results in the uneven representation of areas rich or poor in GC content in the sequence reading.
- Methods disclosed herein comprise determining an initial set of genetic loci for use in determining a baseline by removing from a data set those genetic loci for which the quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage or the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage differs most from a predictive model (which can be referred to herein as removing high-variance genetic loci), thereby providing a first set of remaining genetic loci.
- removing these genetic loci comprises fitting a model that relates the quantitative measures related to sequencing read coverage to the quantitative measures related to GC content of the genetic loci.
- the predictive model can relate the RAs of the genetic loci to the GC content of the loci.
- the predictive model is a regression model, including non-parametric regression models such as LOESS and LOWESS regression models.
- baselining is performed by removing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% of the genetic loci that deviate the most from the predictive model.
- baselining is performed by removing at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, or at least 70% of the genetic loci that deviate the most from the predictive model.
- deviation is determined by measuring the residuals of the genetic loci relative to the model. The exact cut-off can be chosen to provide exclude a specific amount of variance from the remaining genetic loci.
- Determining the quantitative measure can comprise estimating number of initial template DNA molecules derived from a locus that were present in the sample.
- the probability that a double strand polynucleotide generates no sequence reads can be determined based on the relative number of reads representing both strands of an initial template DNA molecule and reads representing only a single strand of an initial template DNA molecule.
- the number of undetected initial template DNA molecules in a sample can be estimated based on the relative number of reads representing both strands of an initial template DNA molecule and reads representing only a single strand of an initial template DNA molecule. As an example, counts for a particular genetic locus, Locus A, are recorded, where 1000 molecules are paired (e.g., both strands are detected) and 1000 molecules are unpaired (e.g., only a single strand is detected). It should be noted that the terms “paired” and “unpaired” as used herein are distinct from these terms as sometimes applied to sequencing reads to indicated whether both ends or a single-end of a molecule are sequenced.
- the distribution of read counts for paired and unpaired molecules can be derived from such redundancy to infer the underlying distribution of original polynucleotide molecules at a particular locus. This can often lead to a better estimation of the number of unseen molecules.
- p is the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA from the sample derived from the genetic locus is represented in the sequencing reads.
- p is similarly derived, but a different model of read distribution is used (e.g., binomial, poisson, beta, gamma, and negative binomial distribution).
- a transformation for the quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage can be determined by relating the quantitative measure or transformed sequencing read coverage from a set of genetic loci with high-variance genetic loci removed to the quantitative measure related to GC content and the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads.
- the remaining genetic loci are assumed to be diploid and/or to be present at the same copy number.
- a transformation is determined by fitting a measure related to central tendency of the quantitative measures related to sequencing read coverage of the remaining genetic loci by the quantitative measure related to GC content and the quantitative measure related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads.
- a transformation can, for example, (i) fit the central tendency of the quantitative measures sequencing read coverage of the remaining genetic loci after removal of high-variance genetic loci by both the quantitative measures related to GC content and the quantitative measures related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads.
- the measure related to central tendency of the quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage of the remaining loci is the central tendency of the UMCs of the remaining genetic loci.
- a surface approximation is used to fit a surface of UMCs of the remaining genetic loci or the central tendency of the UMCs of the remaining genetic loci by (i) the quantitative measures related to GC content and (ii) the quantitative measures related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads.
- the surface approximation can be a two-dimensional second-degree polynomial surface fit of the measure related to initial template DNA molecules (e.g., UMCs) by the quantitative measures of GC content and p.
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage is the value expected based on the transformation determined above calculated from (i) the quantitative measures related to GC content and (ii) the quantitative measures related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus is represented within the sequencing reads.
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage is the residual of each genetic locus (e.g., the difference or quotient of the expected quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of a locus based on the surface approximation and the observed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the genetic locus in the sample).
- high-variance genetic loci can again be removed as described above based on the new transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage.
- the reference samples are sequencing reads from cell-free DNA from subjects without cancer. In some cases, the reference samples are sequencing reads from cell-free DNA from subjects with cancer cells that substantially lack copy number variation in the genetic loci of interest. In some cases, the reference samples are sequencing reads from cell-free DNA from subjects with cancer, where regions suspected of have undergone copy number variation are excluded from analysis. In some cases, the reference sample is a plasma sample from a subject without cancer. In some cases, the reference sample is a plasma sample from a subject with cancer.
- each of the genetic loci of the reference samples can be processed as described above in “saturation equilibrium correction” to provide transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage.
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage is the value expected based on the transformation determined above calculated from (i) the quantitative measures related to GC content and (ii) the quantitative measures related to the probability that a strand of DNA derived from the genetic locus from the reference genetic loci is represented within the sequencing reads.
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage is the residual of each reference genetic locus (e.g., the difference or quotient of the expected quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of a locus based on the surface approximation and the observed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the genetic locus in the reference sample).
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the genetic locus in the reference sample can be thought of as the “efficiency” of the genetic locus. For example, a genetic locus that is inefficiently amplified will have a lower UMC than a genetic locus (present at the same copy number in the sample) that is very efficiently amplified.
- the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the sample can be corrected based on the determined efficiency of the genetic loci from the reference sample(s). This correction can reduce variance introduced into the sample by the process of producing the sequencing reads from the sample, which can be related to ligation efficiency, pulldown efficiency, PCR efficiency, flow cell clustering loss, demultiplexing loss, collapsing loss, and alignment loss.
- correction comprises dividing or subtracting the post-saturation transformed quantitative measures of sequencing coverage of the sample by the predicted post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage.
- the predicted post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage of the genetic loci is determined by fitting a relationship between the post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage of the genetic loci from the sample and the post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the references.
- fitting comprises performing local regression (e.g., LOESS or LOWESS) or robust linear regression of the post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage of the genetic loci from the sample on the post-saturation transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage of the references.
- the fitting can be linear regression, non-linear regression, or non-parametric regression.
- the transformed quantitative measure from the probe efficiency correction can be the input into the “saturation equilibrium correction” transformation to produce a third, further transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage with reduced variance.
- transformed quantitative measures of sequencing coverage can be transformed using any of the methods disclosed herein additional times in order to further reduce the variance within the transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage.
- Gene level summaries of inferred copy number can be determined based on the transformed quantitative measures of sequencing read coverage determined as disclosed herein.
- Copy number can be inferred relative to the baseline selected in the above operations by discarding high variance genetic loci. For example, if the remaining genetic loci are inferred to be diploid in the sample, then genetic loci for which the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing coverage differ from the baseline can be inferred to have undergone copy number alteration in the tumor cells.
- gene-level z-scores are calculated using observed gene-level median of probe signal and estimated standard deviation calculated using observed probe-level standard deviation estimate in a gene and whole-genome normal diploid probe signal standard deviation.
- Sequence variants present in between 10% and 90%, between 20% and 80%, between 30% and 70%, between 40% and 60%, or approximately 50% of sequencing reads from nucleic acids from a cell-free bodily fluid can be heterozygous variants present in the germline sequence of the subject.
- genetic loci have been determined to have undergone amplification as described above.
- the quantities of variants are compared to the inferred copy number to determine if variant frequency is inconsistent with the inferred copy number.
- heterozygous genetic loci can be examined in the genetic loci that were used to determine the baseline copy number (e.g., the genetic loci remaining after exclusion of the high-variance genetic loci). In some cases, numerous genetic loci in the sample have been amplified, and this baseline can be misidentified. In such cases, heterozygosity may deviate from a 1:1 ratio, and the inaccurate baselining is detected and corrected.
- a genetic locus can be inferred to be present at a triploid copy number based on the transformed quantitative measure related to sequencing read coverage. If the germline genome of the subject has one chromosome with a first allele of the genetic locus and a second chromosome had a second allele, then the first or second allele may have duplicated in the cancer cells.
- bait pulldown process may be described as
- K in this description is bait efficiency, which is dependent on bait sequence characteristics and its interactions with DNA fragments in genomic vicinity of the targeted bait location.
- I sat is a saturation parameter driven by the limited initial bait count in the pulldown reaction, which is a function of total bait pool concentration as well as replication count.
- Replication count refers to the relative or absolute amount of sequence capture probe present.
- sequence capture arrays can provide for different molar quantities of probes on an array to account for differing probe efficiencies.
- FIG. 8 illustrates the model relating true copy number and unique molecule count based on bait efficiency, K, and saturation parameter I sat .
- Bait efficiency K is largely driven by GC content, while I sat is driven by more complex bait exhaustion mechanisms and RNA secondary structure interactions that can be crudely examined by studying unique molecule count vs. total read count interactions.
- probe signal can be further modeled by a multiplicative model involving the following assumption: under a naive model cfDNA fragments are uniformly distributed by genomic position with stochastic sampling process being the dominating factor contributing to coverage variation.
- copy number signal e.g., UMCs
- UMCs copy number signal
- probe signal can be further modeled by simple multiplicative model, involving the following assumptions. Under a na ⁇ ve model cfDNA fragments are uniformly distributed by genomic position with stochastic sampling process being the dominating factor contributing to coverage variation. Then, copy number signal, i.e. read count associated with a given probe can be modeled as:
- the underlying bait-specific copy number signal can be inferred from observed UMC (e.g., UMC of a given sequence capture probe) in relation to an established baseline by a series of steps, such as the baseline determination methods disclosed herein.
- Methods disclosed herein provide approaches for estimating probe efficiency and bait saturation from the sample and training sets. Alternately, such parameters may be inferred by performing a set of bait titration experiments, where the effect of varying target sequence concentration on UMCs is observed for each probe. If K, I sat , and UMC are known, it is then possible to determine a UMC value or range corresponding to tumor cells that have not undergone copy number variation. For example, under the assumption that most of the genetic loci have not undergone copy number alteration, the observed UMCs will largely be derived from diploid samples. Samples that have undergone copy number variation will be those genetic loci for which the UMCs fall outside the expected range for probes with their corresponding values of K and I sat . In some cases, for example, the UMC value or range will be a function depending on K and I sat for each probe. For example, the UMC corresponding to a diploid copy number can be different between two probes.
- FIG. 12 shows a computer system 1201 that is programmed or otherwise configured to implement methods of the present disclosure.
- the computer system 1201 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also “processor” and “computer processor” herein) 1205 , which can be a single core or multi core processor, or a plurality of processors for parallel processing.
- the computer system 1201 also includes memory or memory location 1210 (e.g., random-access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 1215 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 1220 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 1225 , such as cache, other memory, data storage and/or electronic display adapters.
- memory or memory location 1210 e.g., random-access memory, read-only memory, flash memory
- electronic storage unit 1215 e.g., hard disk
- communication interface 1220 e.g., network adapter
- peripheral devices 1225 such as cache, other memory, data storage and/or electronic display
- the memory 1210 , storage unit 1215 , interface 1220 and peripheral devices 1225 are in communication with the CPU 1205 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard.
- the storage unit 1215 can be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data.
- the computer system 1201 can be operatively coupled to a computer network (“network”) 1230 with the aid of the communication interface 1220 .
- the network 1230 can be the Internet, an internet and/or extranet, or an intranet and/or extranet that is in communication with the Internet.
- the network 1230 in some cases is a telecommunication and/or data network.
- the network 1230 can include a local area network.
- the network 1230 can include one or more computer servers, which can enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing.
- the network 1230 in some cases with the aid of the computer system 1201 , can implement a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled to the computer system 1201 to behave as a client or a server.
- the CPU 1205 can execute a sequence of machine-readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software.
- the instructions may be stored in a memory location, such as the memory 1210 .
- the instructions can be directed to the CPU 1205 , which can subsequently program or otherwise configure the CPU 1205 to implement methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the CPU 1205 can include fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.
- the CPU 1205 can be part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit.
- a circuit such as an integrated circuit.
- One or more other components of the system 1201 can be included in the circuit.
- the circuit is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
- the storage unit 1215 can store files, such as drivers, libraries and saved programs.
- the storage unit 1215 can store user data, e.g., user preferences and user programs.
- the computer system 1201 in some cases can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system 1201 , such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system 1201 through an intranet or the Internet.
- the computer system 1201 can communicate with one or more remote computer systems through the network 1230 .
- the computer system 1201 can communicate with a remote computer system of a user.
- remote computer systems include personal computers (e.g., portable PC), slate or tablet PC's (e.g., Apple® iPad, Samsung® Galaxy Tab), telephones, Smart phones (e.g., Apple® iPhone, Android-enabled device, Blackberry®), or personal digital assistants.
- the user can access the computer system 1201 via the network 1230 .
- Methods as described herein can be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system 1201 , such as, for example, on the memory 1210 or electronic storage unit 1215 .
- the machine executable or machine readable code can be provided in the form of software.
- the code can be executed by the processor 1205 .
- the code can be retrieved from the storage unit 1215 and stored on the memory 1210 for ready access by the processor 1205 .
- the electronic storage unit 1215 can be precluded, and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory 1210 .
- the code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine having a processor adapted to execute the code, or can be compiled during runtime.
- the code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.
- aspects of the systems and methods provided herein can be embodied in programming.
- Various aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of machine (or processor) executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine readable medium.
- Machine-executable code can be stored on an electronic storage unit, such as memory (e.g., read-only memory, random-access memory, flash memory) or a hard disk.
- “Storage” type media can include any or all of the tangible memory of the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide non-transitory storage at any time for the software programming. All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through the Internet or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another, for example, from a management server or host computer into the computer platform of an application server.
- another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links.
- a machine readable medium such as computer-executable code
- a tangible storage medium such as computer-executable code
- Non-volatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases, etc. shown in the drawings.
- Volatile storage media include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform.
- Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system.
- Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications.
- RF radio frequency
- IR infrared
- Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and/or data.
- Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.
- the computer system 1201 can include or be in communication with an electronic display 1235 that comprises a user interface (UI) 1240 for providing, for example, a report.
- UI user interface
- Examples of UI's include, without limitation, a graphical user interface (GUI) and web-based user interface.
- Methods and systems of the present disclosure can be implemented by way of one or more algorithms.
- An algorithm can be implemented by way of software upon execution by the central processing unit 1205 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates the inferred versus theoretical copy number of three genes (CCND1, CCND2, and ERBB2), demonstrating the non-linear response of normalized coverage to the amount of bait in the sample.
- FIG. 4A illustrates that the UMCs associated with each probe has a non-linear response with respect to probe p.
- FIG. 4B illustrates that UMCs associated with each probe have a non-linear response with respect to probe GC content.
- FIG. 5 illustrates UMCs of probes without performing saturation or probe-efficiency correction.
- FIG. 6 shows the same sample after saturation correction.
- FIG. 7 shows the same sample after probe efficiency correction.
- the variance within genomic positions is reduced at each stage, leading to a clearer picture of the underlying copy number variation of the tumor cells emerging.
- Genes in FIG. 7 for which the median probe post-probe efficiency correction signal is above 1.2 are called as having undergone copy number variation. Differing levels of post-probe efficiency correction signal are likely due to tumor heterogeneity or secondary tumors.
- FIG. 9 shows the typical progression of baselining genetic loci probe signal noise-reduction after saturation correction and probe efficiency correction.
- FIG. 10A illustrates a plot of probe efficiency of the reference sample(s) on the x-axis and the sample's post-saturation corrected signal from a subject without copy-number variation in tumor cells. The relationship is approximately linear.
- FIG. 10B illustrates a similar plot from a subject with copy number variation in tumor cells. The response is not as linear as FIG. 10A . Correcting by the predicted efficiency inferred by determining the relationship between the probe efficiency from the reference sample(s) and the post-saturation corrected UMCs of the baselining genetic loci (indicated in black) will reduce variation due to differing probe efficiencies in the genetic loci that have putatively undergone copy number amplification in tumor cells (dots in grey).
- FIG. 10A illustrates a plot of probe efficiency of the reference sample(s) on the x-axis and the sample's post-saturation corrected signal from a subject without copy-number variation in tumor cells. The relationship is approximately linear.
- FIG. 10B illustrates a similar
- FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary report of copy number variation from a patient sample based on post-saturation and probe-efficiency corrected UMCs and MAF-optimized baselining.
- Stars indicate points that are indicated to belong to genetic loci that have undergone copy number variation in the tumor cells of the subject.
- Cell-free DNA is obtained from a subject with cancer, a barcoded sequencing library is prepared, a panel of oncogenes is enriched by sequence capture with a probe set, and the barcoded sequencing library is sequenced.
- the sequencing reads are mapped to a reference genome and collapsed into families based on their barcode sequences and mapping position. For each genomic coordinate corresponding to a midpoint of a probe from the probe set, the number of read families spanning that midpoint is counted to obtain a per-probe UMC.
- a median per-probe UMC is determined for each gene. To perform “saturation equilibrium correction,” the genes are grouped by their median per-probe GC content. Genes for which the median per-probe UMCs differs significantly from those genes with similar median per-probe GC content are removed.
- p and GC content are determined as described herein.
- the remaining genes from the previous step are used to perform a two-dimension second-degree polynomial surface fit of the median gene-level UMC to probe p and GC content.
- the function relating p and GC content to an expected UMC is used to determine expected per-probe UMCs. Residuals are determined for the data set by dividing the observed per-probe UMCs by the expected per-probe UMCs.
- the residual UMCs of each probe are the transformed quantitative measures of sequencing coverage.
- Genes are again grouped by their median per-probe GC content, and genes whose median per-probe residual UMCs are significantly different from genes with similar median per-probe GC content are removed. “Probe efficiency” correction is then performed by obtaining residual UMCs of reference sample(s) as described in the preceding paragraphs. The residual UMCs of each probe from the sample are then divided by the residual UMCs of each corresponding probe from the reference(s) to obtain post-probe efficiency corrected UMCs.
- the remaining genes are used to perform a two-dimension second-degree polynomial surface fit of the post-probe efficiency corrected UMC to probe p and GC content.
- the function relating p and GC content to an expected post-probe efficiency corrected UMC is used to determine an expected per-probe post-probe efficiency corrected UMC. Residuals are determined for the data set by dividing the observed per-probe post-probe efficiency corrected UMC by the expected per-probe post-probe efficiency corrected UMC.
- the residual post-probe efficiency corrected UMC of each probe are the post-probe GC-corrected signal.
- the remaining genes are grouped by their median per-probe GC content, and genes whose median post-probe GC-corrected signal differs significantly from those genes with similar median per-probe GC content are removed.
- the median of the post-probe GC corrected signal is used to summarize each gene. Genes whose median post-probe GC-corrected signal is significantly different than the other genes are considered as candidates for having undergone gene amplification or deletion in the tumor cells.
- germline heterozygous alleles are determined and the relative frequency of each allele is quantified.
- Genetic loci used for baselining are found to have an approximately 1:1 ratio of alleles, validating the selection of baselining genetic loci.
- a Z-score is determined for each gene based on the gene-level median post-probe GC-corrected signals and estimated standard deviations from whole-genome normal diploid probe signals. Genes with Z-scores higher than a cut-off are reported as having undergone gene amplification in tumor cells.
- the methods described herein were validated by measuring ERBB2 copy number in a method of the present disclosure against a control method.
- the method of the present disclosure produced a linear response of observed copy number (CN) vs. theoretical copy number, with no observed false positive CNV results in a normal (healthy) cohort.
- FIG. 13 shows the inferred gene copy number vs. the theoretical copy number estimate, with solid dots representing an observed copy number of ⁇ 2 (a diploid sample), open dots representing detected amplification events and the thick horizontal dashed line marking the mean gene CN cutoff.
- FIG. 14 which depicts the data of FIG. 13 , with the control data represented by squares. All CNVs followed the expected titration trend down to 2.15 copies.
- the method of the present disclosure decreased observed “noise” in the data due to a reduction in variance, allowing a CNV to be easily distinguished as compared to the control method. See the far right side of FIG. 15 ; triangles represent the method of the disclosure, while X's represent the control method.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
- Evolutionary Biology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
- Algebra (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/442,993 US20170240973A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2017-02-27 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
US16/737,819 US11242569B2 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2020-01-08 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free DNA |
US17/552,728 US20220356527A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2021-12-16 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201562269051P | 2015-12-17 | 2015-12-17 | |
PCT/US2016/067356 WO2017106768A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2016-12-16 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
US15/442,993 US20170240973A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2017-02-27 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2016/067356 Continuation WO2017106768A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2016-12-16 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/737,819 Continuation US11242569B2 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2020-01-08 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free DNA |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20170240973A1 true US20170240973A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
Family
ID=59057742
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/442,993 Abandoned US20170240973A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2017-02-27 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
US16/737,819 Active US11242569B2 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2020-01-08 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free DNA |
US17/552,728 Pending US20220356527A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2021-12-16 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/737,819 Active US11242569B2 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2020-01-08 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free DNA |
US17/552,728 Pending US20220356527A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2021-12-16 | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free dna |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US20170240973A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3390668A4 (zh) |
JP (3) | JP2019507585A (zh) |
CN (2) | CN117174167A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA3008651A1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG11201805119QA (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2017106768A1 (zh) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9850523B1 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2017-12-26 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
US10364467B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 | 2019-07-30 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Using size and number aberrations in plasma DNA for detecting cancer |
WO2020150656A1 (en) | 2017-08-07 | 2020-07-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Methods for assessing and treating cancer |
US10741270B2 (en) | 2012-03-08 | 2020-08-11 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Size-based analysis of cell-free tumor DNA for classifying level of cancer |
US20200294624A1 (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2020-09-17 | Grail, Inc. | Systems and methods for enriching for cancer-derived fragments using fragment size |
US11062791B2 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2021-07-13 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
US11180803B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2021-11-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US11211147B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Estimation of circulating tumor fraction using off-target reads of targeted-panel sequencing |
US11211144B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for refining copy number variation in a liquid biopsy assay |
US11286531B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2022-03-29 | The Johns Hopkins University | Assaying ovarian cyst fluid |
US11410750B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2022-08-09 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11475981B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2022-10-18 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for dynamic variant thresholding in a liquid biopsy assay |
US11482303B2 (en) | 2018-06-01 | 2022-10-25 | Grail, Llc | Convolutional neural network systems and methods for data classification |
US11525163B2 (en) | 2012-10-29 | 2022-12-13 | The Johns Hopkins University | Papanicolaou test for ovarian and endometrial cancers |
US11581062B2 (en) | 2018-12-10 | 2023-02-14 | Grail, Llc | Systems and methods for classifying patients with respect to multiple cancer classes |
US11643693B2 (en) | 2019-01-31 | 2023-05-09 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Compositions and methods for isolating cell-free DNA |
US20240052419A1 (en) * | 2022-08-10 | 2024-02-15 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods and systems for detecting genetic variants |
US12024750B2 (en) | 2018-04-02 | 2024-07-02 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20190287645A1 (en) * | 2016-07-06 | 2019-09-19 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for fragmentome profiling of cell-free nucleic acids |
EP3559841A1 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2019-10-30 | Grail, Inc. | Base coverage normalization and use thereof in detecting copy number variation |
CN111278993A (zh) * | 2017-09-15 | 2020-06-12 | 加利福尼亚大学董事会 | 从无细胞核酸中检测体细胞单核苷酸变体并应用于微小残留病变监测 |
SG11202103486YA (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2021-05-28 | Guardant Health Inc | Methods, compositions and systems for calibrating epigenetic partitioning assays |
CN110232951B (zh) * | 2018-12-06 | 2023-08-01 | 苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司 | 判断测序数据饱和的方法、计算机可读介质和应用 |
WO2023282916A1 (en) | 2021-07-09 | 2023-01-12 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods of detecting genomic rearrangements using cell free nucleic acids |
EP4407042A2 (en) | 2020-07-10 | 2024-07-31 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods of detecting genomic rearrangements using cell free nucleic acids |
WO2022046947A1 (en) | 2020-08-25 | 2022-03-03 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods and systems for predicting an origin of a variant |
US20220344004A1 (en) | 2021-03-09 | 2022-10-27 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Detecting the presence of a tumor based on off-target polynucleotide sequencing data |
EP4388091A2 (en) | 2021-08-20 | 2024-06-26 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous molecular and sample barcoding |
WO2023150633A2 (en) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-08-10 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Multifunctional primers for paired sequencing reads |
Family Cites Families (287)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4725536A (en) | 1985-09-19 | 1988-02-16 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Reagent polynucleotide complex with multiple target binding regions, and kit and methods |
US6150517A (en) | 1986-11-24 | 2000-11-21 | Gen-Probe | Methods for making oligonucleotide probes for the detection and/or quantitation of non-viral organisms |
US5149625A (en) | 1987-08-11 | 1992-09-22 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Multiplex analysis of DNA |
US4942124A (en) | 1987-08-11 | 1990-07-17 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Multiplex sequencing |
US5124246A (en) | 1987-10-15 | 1992-06-23 | Chiron Corporation | Nucleic acid multimers and amplified nucleic acid hybridization assays using same |
US5656731A (en) | 1987-10-15 | 1997-08-12 | Chiron Corporation | Nucleic acid-amplified immunoassay probes |
US6040138A (en) | 1995-09-15 | 2000-03-21 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Expression monitoring by hybridization to high density oligonucleotide arrays |
US6551784B2 (en) | 1989-06-07 | 2003-04-22 | Affymetrix Inc | Method of comparing nucleic acid sequences |
US5871928A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1999-02-16 | Fodor; Stephen P. A. | Methods for nucleic acid analysis |
US5143854A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1992-09-01 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Large scale photolithographic solid phase synthesis of polypeptides and receptor binding screening thereof |
US6309822B1 (en) | 1989-06-07 | 2001-10-30 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Method for comparing copy number of nucleic acid sequences |
US5744101A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1998-04-28 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Photolabile nucleoside protecting groups |
US5925525A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1999-07-20 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Method of identifying nucleotide differences |
US5424186A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1995-06-13 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Very large scale immobilized polymer synthesis |
US5800992A (en) | 1989-06-07 | 1998-09-01 | Fodor; Stephen P.A. | Method of detecting nucleic acids |
US5200314A (en) | 1990-03-23 | 1993-04-06 | Chiron Corporation | Polynucleotide capture assay employing in vitro amplification |
WO1992010588A1 (en) | 1990-12-06 | 1992-06-25 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Sequencing by hybridization of a target nucleic acid to a matrix of defined oligonucleotides |
US6582908B2 (en) | 1990-12-06 | 2003-06-24 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Oligonucleotides |
US5981179A (en) | 1991-11-14 | 1999-11-09 | Digene Diagnostics, Inc. | Continuous amplification reaction |
US5424413A (en) | 1992-01-22 | 1995-06-13 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Branched nucleic acid probes |
US5573905A (en) | 1992-03-30 | 1996-11-12 | The Scripps Research Institute | Encoded combinatorial chemical libraries |
US6020124A (en) | 1992-04-27 | 2000-02-01 | Trustees Of Dartmouth College | Detection of soluble gene sequences in biological fluids |
US5981176A (en) | 1992-06-17 | 1999-11-09 | City Of Hope | Method of detecting and discriminating between nucleic acid sequences |
DE69431719T2 (de) | 1993-06-25 | 2003-09-18 | Affymetrix, Inc. (N.D.Ges.D.Staates Delaware) | Hybridisierung und sequenzierung von nukleinsäuren |
US5500356A (en) | 1993-08-10 | 1996-03-19 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Method of nucleic acid sequence selection |
US6309823B1 (en) | 1993-10-26 | 2001-10-30 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Arrays of nucleic acid probes for analyzing biotransformation genes and methods of using the same |
US5681697A (en) | 1993-12-08 | 1997-10-28 | Chiron Corporation | Solution phase nucleic acid sandwich assays having reduced background noise and kits therefor |
CH686982A5 (fr) | 1993-12-16 | 1996-08-15 | Maurice Stroun | Méthode pour le diagnostic de cancers. |
US20030017081A1 (en) | 1994-02-10 | 2003-01-23 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Method and apparatus for imaging a sample on a device |
US5714330A (en) | 1994-04-04 | 1998-02-03 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | DNA sequencing by stepwise ligation and cleavage |
US6013445A (en) | 1996-06-06 | 2000-01-11 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | Massively parallel signature sequencing by ligation of encoded adaptors |
US5695934A (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1997-12-09 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | Massively parallel sequencing of sorted polynucleotides |
US5604097A (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1997-02-18 | Spectragen, Inc. | Methods for sorting polynucleotides using oligonucleotide tags |
US5846719A (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1998-12-08 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | Oligonucleotide tags for sorting and identification |
US6600996B2 (en) | 1994-10-21 | 2003-07-29 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Computer-aided techniques for analyzing biological sequences |
EP0709466B1 (en) | 1994-10-28 | 2006-09-27 | Gen-Probe Incorporated | Compositions and methods for the simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple specific nucleic acid sequences |
US5750341A (en) | 1995-04-17 | 1998-05-12 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | DNA sequencing by parallel oligonucleotide extensions |
US5648245A (en) | 1995-05-09 | 1997-07-15 | Carnegie Institution Of Washington | Method for constructing an oligonucleotide concatamer library by rolling circle replication |
US5968740A (en) | 1995-07-24 | 1999-10-19 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Method of Identifying a Base in a Nucleic Acid |
GB9516636D0 (en) | 1995-08-14 | 1995-10-18 | Univ London | In-situ nucleic acid amplification and detection |
US5763175A (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1998-06-09 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | Simultaneous sequencing of tagged polynucleotides |
US5854033A (en) | 1995-11-21 | 1998-12-29 | Yale University | Rolling circle replication reporter systems |
US6156504A (en) | 1996-03-15 | 2000-12-05 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Detection of extracellular tumor-associated nucleic acid in blood plasma or serum using nucleic acid amplification assays |
WO1997035589A1 (en) | 1996-03-26 | 1997-10-02 | Kopreski Michael S | Method enabling use of extracellular rna extracted from plasma or serum to detect, monitor or evaluate cancer |
US6458530B1 (en) | 1996-04-04 | 2002-10-01 | Affymetrix Inc. | Selecting tag nucleic acids |
US6300077B1 (en) | 1996-08-14 | 2001-10-09 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Methods for the detection of nucleic acids |
WO1998015644A2 (en) | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-16 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Parallel polynucleotide sequencing method |
GB9620209D0 (en) | 1996-09-27 | 1996-11-13 | Cemu Bioteknik Ab | Method of sequencing DNA |
US6124092A (en) | 1996-10-04 | 2000-09-26 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Multiplex polynucleotide capture methods and compositions |
US6117631A (en) | 1996-10-29 | 2000-09-12 | Polyprobe, Inc. | Detection of antigens via oligonucleotide antibody conjugates |
US6046005A (en) | 1997-01-15 | 2000-04-04 | Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Nucleic acid sequencing with solid phase capturable terminators comprising a cleavable linking group |
JP4294740B2 (ja) | 1997-05-23 | 2009-07-15 | ソレクサ・インコーポレイテッド | 分析物の系列的プロセシングのためのシステムおよび装置 |
AU1603199A (en) | 1997-12-03 | 1999-06-16 | Curagen Corporation | Methods and devices for measuring differential gene expression |
US6054276A (en) | 1998-02-23 | 2000-04-25 | Macevicz; Stephen C. | DNA restriction site mapping |
US6787308B2 (en) | 1998-07-30 | 2004-09-07 | Solexa Ltd. | Arrayed biomolecules and their use in sequencing |
EP1114148A4 (en) | 1998-08-28 | 2004-12-22 | Invitrogen Corp | SYSTEM FOR RAPID HANDLING OF NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES |
WO2000014282A1 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 2000-03-16 | Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. | Method of screening for genetic polymorphism |
US6503718B2 (en) | 1999-01-10 | 2003-01-07 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Methods for detecting mutations using primer extension for detecting disease |
GB9901475D0 (en) | 1999-01-22 | 1999-03-17 | Pyrosequencing Ab | A method of DNA sequencing |
AU2308900A (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2000-08-25 | Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Uk Limited | Analysis method |
US6629040B1 (en) | 1999-03-19 | 2003-09-30 | University Of Washington | Isotope distribution encoded tags for protein identification |
CA2366459A1 (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-10-05 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Universal arrays |
DE60029092T2 (de) | 1999-04-09 | 2007-02-01 | Exact Sciences Corp., Marlborough | Verfahren zur detektion von nukleinsäuren, welche auf krebs hinweisen |
US6355431B1 (en) | 1999-04-20 | 2002-03-12 | Illumina, Inc. | Detection of nucleic acid amplification reactions using bead arrays |
CA2304260C (en) | 1999-04-20 | 2009-03-24 | Japan Bioindustry Association | Method for determining a concentration of target nucleic acid molecules, nucleic acid probes for the method and method for analyzing data obtained by the method |
US6242186B1 (en) | 1999-06-01 | 2001-06-05 | Oy Jurilab Ltd. | Method for detecting a risk of cancer and coronary heart disease and kit therefor |
US6818395B1 (en) | 1999-06-28 | 2004-11-16 | California Institute Of Technology | Methods and apparatus for analyzing polynucleotide sequences |
US6326148B1 (en) | 1999-07-12 | 2001-12-04 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Detection of copy number changes in colon cancer |
US6440706B1 (en) | 1999-08-02 | 2002-08-27 | Johns Hopkins University | Digital amplification |
US6586177B1 (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2003-07-01 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Methods for disease detection |
US6849403B1 (en) | 1999-09-08 | 2005-02-01 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Apparatus and method for drug screening |
WO2001023610A2 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2001-04-05 | Solexa Ltd. | Polynucleotide sequencing |
JP2003516138A (ja) | 1999-12-07 | 2003-05-13 | エグザクト サイエンシーズ コーポレイション | 結腸上好気性消化新生物の検出 |
US6489114B2 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2002-12-03 | Bio Merieux | Process for labeling a ribonucleic acid, and labeled RNA fragments which are obtained thereby |
DK1259643T3 (da) | 2000-02-07 | 2009-02-23 | Illumina Inc | Fremgangsmåde til detektion af nukleinsyre ved anvendelse af universel priming |
US20020072058A1 (en) | 2000-03-24 | 2002-06-13 | Voelker Leroy L. | Method for amplifying quinolone-resistance-determining-regions and identifying polymorphic variants thereof |
US20030207300A1 (en) | 2000-04-28 | 2003-11-06 | Matray Tracy J. | Multiplex analytical platform using molecular tags |
EP1158055A1 (fr) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-11-28 | Xu Qi University of Teaxs Laboratoire de Leucémie Chen | Méthode pour le diagnostic de cancers |
ATE380883T1 (de) | 2000-10-24 | 2007-12-15 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Direkte multiplex charakterisierung von genomischer dna |
US20020142345A1 (en) | 2000-12-22 | 2002-10-03 | Nelsen Anita J. | Methods for encoding and decoding complex mixtures in arrayed assays |
US20030049616A1 (en) | 2001-01-08 | 2003-03-13 | Sydney Brenner | Enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotide tags |
JP5073888B2 (ja) | 2001-03-28 | 2012-11-14 | 花王株式会社 | 静電荷像現像用トナー |
US6849404B2 (en) | 2001-05-07 | 2005-02-01 | Bioneer Corporation | Polymerase chain reaction of DNA of which base sequence is completely unidentified |
US7406385B2 (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2008-07-29 | Applera Corporation | System and method for consensus-calling with per-base quality values for sample assemblies |
DK1342794T3 (da) | 2002-03-05 | 2006-04-24 | Epigenomics Ag | Fremgangsmåde og anordning til at bestemme vævsspecificitet af fritflydende DNA i legemsvæsker |
US20030186251A1 (en) | 2002-04-01 | 2003-10-02 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Genome sequence tags |
US7727720B2 (en) | 2002-05-08 | 2010-06-01 | Ravgen, Inc. | Methods for detection of genetic disorders |
US10229244B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2019-03-12 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Methods for identifying DNA copy number changes using hidden markov model based estimations |
JP2006519977A (ja) | 2002-11-11 | 2006-08-31 | アフィメトリックス インコーポレイテッド | Dnaコピー数変化を同定するための方法 |
US7822555B2 (en) | 2002-11-11 | 2010-10-26 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Methods for identifying DNA copy number changes |
US7704687B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2010-04-27 | The Johns Hopkins University | Digital karyotyping |
EP1606417A2 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2005-12-21 | Rubicon Genomics Inc. | In vitro dna immortalization and whole genome amplification using libraries generated from randomly fragmented dna |
US20040259118A1 (en) | 2003-06-23 | 2004-12-23 | Macevicz Stephen C. | Methods and compositions for nucleic acid sequence analysis |
EP2918595B1 (en) | 2003-07-05 | 2019-12-11 | The Johns-Hopkins University | Method and compositions for detection and enumeration of genetic variations |
DE60328193D1 (de) | 2003-10-16 | 2009-08-13 | Sequenom Inc | Nicht invasiver Nachweis fötaler genetischer Merkmale |
DE10348407A1 (de) | 2003-10-17 | 2005-05-19 | Widschwendter, Martin, Prof. | Prognostische und diagnostische Marker für Zell-proliferative Erkrankungen von Brustgeweben |
US20070111233A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 | 2007-05-17 | Bianchi Diana W | Prenatal diagnosis using cell-free fetal DNA in amniotic fluid |
WO2005042781A2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2005-05-12 | Agencourt Personal Genomics Corporation | Methods for producing a paired tag from a nucleic acid sequence and methods of use thereof |
JP2007524410A (ja) | 2004-01-23 | 2007-08-30 | リングヴィテ エーエス | ポリヌクレオチドライゲーション反応の改良 |
ATE451478T1 (de) | 2004-02-12 | 2009-12-15 | Population Genetics Technologi | Genetische analyse mittels sequenzspezifischem sortieren |
US20060046258A1 (en) | 2004-02-27 | 2006-03-02 | Lapidus Stanley N | Applications of single molecule sequencing |
US20100216153A1 (en) | 2004-02-27 | 2010-08-26 | Helicos Biosciences Corporation | Methods for detecting fetal nucleic acids and diagnosing fetal abnormalities |
WO2005111242A2 (en) | 2004-05-10 | 2005-11-24 | Parallele Bioscience, Inc. | Digital profiling of polynucleotide populations |
US7276720B2 (en) | 2004-07-19 | 2007-10-02 | Helicos Biosciences Corporation | Apparatus and methods for analyzing samples |
US20060035258A1 (en) | 2004-08-06 | 2006-02-16 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Methods for identifying DNA copy number changes |
US7937225B2 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2011-05-03 | New York University | Systems, methods and software arrangements for detection of genome copy number variation |
US20060073506A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2006-04-06 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Methods for identifying biological samples |
WO2006047787A2 (en) | 2004-10-27 | 2006-05-04 | Exact Sciences Corporation | Method for monitoring disease progression or recurrence |
US7424371B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2008-09-09 | Helicos Biosciences Corporation | Nucleic acid analysis |
US7393665B2 (en) | 2005-02-10 | 2008-07-01 | Population Genetics Technologies Ltd | Methods and compositions for tagging and identifying polynucleotides |
ITRM20050068A1 (it) | 2005-02-17 | 2006-08-18 | Istituto Naz Per Le Malattie I | Metodo per la rivelazione di acidi nucleici di agenti patogeni batterici o di parassiti nelle urine. |
EP1856293A2 (en) | 2005-03-16 | 2007-11-21 | Compass Genetics, Llc | Methods and compositions for assay readouts on multiple analytical platforms |
EP1861512A4 (en) | 2005-03-18 | 2009-12-09 | Fluidigm Corp | THERMAL REACTION DEVICE AND USE METHOD THEREFOR |
EP1712639B1 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2008-08-27 | Maurice Stroun | Method for the diagnosis of cancer by detecting circulating DNA and RNA |
EP1910537A1 (en) | 2005-06-06 | 2008-04-16 | 454 Life Sciences Corporation | Paired end sequencing |
US20070020640A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 | 2007-01-25 | Mccloskey Megan L | Molecular encoding of nucleic acid templates for PCR and other forms of sequence analysis |
US7666593B2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2010-02-23 | Helicos Biosciences Corporation | Single molecule sequencing of captured nucleic acids |
DE602006011486D1 (de) | 2005-09-29 | 2010-02-11 | Keygene Nv | Screening mutagenisierter populationen mit hohem durchsatz |
US7329860B2 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2008-02-12 | Illumina, Inc. | Confocal imaging methods and apparatus |
WO2007087312A2 (en) | 2006-01-23 | 2007-08-02 | Population Genetics Technologies Ltd. | Molecular counting |
US20070172839A1 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2007-07-26 | Smith Douglas R | Asymmetrical adapters and methods of use thereof |
US8383338B2 (en) | 2006-04-24 | 2013-02-26 | Roche Nimblegen, Inc. | Methods and systems for uniform enrichment of genomic regions |
US7702468B2 (en) | 2006-05-03 | 2010-04-20 | Population Diagnostics, Inc. | Evaluating genetic disorders |
MX2008014608A (es) | 2006-05-18 | 2009-03-31 | Molecular Profiling Inst Inc | Sistema y metodo para determinar la intervencion medica individualizada para un estado de enfermedad. |
US20080124721A1 (en) | 2006-06-14 | 2008-05-29 | Martin Fuchs | Analysis of rare cell-enriched samples |
FR2904833A1 (fr) | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-15 | Bioquanta Sarl | Procede de dosage d'acide nuclieque par fluorescence |
US7754429B2 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2010-07-13 | Illumina Cambridge Limited | Method for pair-wise sequencing a plurity of target polynucleotides |
US8603749B2 (en) | 2006-11-15 | 2013-12-10 | Biospherex, LLC | Multitag sequencing ecogenomics analysis-US |
US20110014607A1 (en) | 2006-12-06 | 2011-01-20 | Jirtle Randy L | Imprinted genes and disease |
US8262900B2 (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2012-09-11 | Life Technologies Corporation | Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes using large scale FET arrays |
JP5276017B2 (ja) | 2007-01-25 | 2013-08-28 | デイナ ファーバー キャンサー インスティチュート,インコーポレイテッド | Egfr変異体仲介性疾患の治療における抗egfr抗体の使用 |
US8725425B2 (en) | 2007-01-26 | 2014-05-13 | Illumina, Inc. | Image data efficient genetic sequencing method and system |
PL2465950T3 (pl) | 2007-03-13 | 2017-12-29 | Amgen Inc. | Mutacje k-ras oraz terapia przeciwciałem anty-egfr |
WO2008148072A2 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2008-12-04 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Disease-associated genetic variations and methods for obtaining and using same |
CA2689356A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | 454 Life Sciences Corporation | System and meth0d for identification of individual samples from a multiplex mixture |
US8182993B2 (en) | 2007-06-06 | 2012-05-22 | Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. | Methods and processes for calling bases in sequence by incorporation methods |
CN106834481A (zh) | 2007-07-23 | 2017-06-13 | 香港中文大学 | 用于分析遗传变异的方法 |
US20100112590A1 (en) | 2007-07-23 | 2010-05-06 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Diagnosing Fetal Chromosomal Aneuploidy Using Genomic Sequencing With Enrichment |
US20090053719A1 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2009-02-26 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Analysis of nucleic acids by digital pcr |
EP2198293B1 (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2012-01-18 | Fluidigm Corporation | Copy number variation determination, methods and systems |
US8775092B2 (en) | 2007-11-21 | 2014-07-08 | Cosmosid, Inc. | Method and system for genome identification |
CN101999003A (zh) | 2008-02-12 | 2011-03-30 | 诺瓦蒂斯公司 | 分离无细胞凋亡或胎儿核酸的方法 |
US8216789B2 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2012-07-10 | University Of Washington | Diagnostic panel of cancer antibodies and methods for use |
US8206926B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2012-06-26 | Sequenom, Inc. | Restriction endonuclease enhanced polymorphic sequence detection |
JP2011515102A (ja) | 2008-03-28 | 2011-05-19 | パシフィック バイオサイエンシーズ オブ カリフォルニア, インコーポレイテッド | 核酸シーケンシング用組成物及び方法 |
US20110160290A1 (en) | 2008-05-21 | 2011-06-30 | Muneesh Tewari | Use of extracellular rna to measure disease |
DE102008025656B4 (de) | 2008-05-28 | 2016-07-28 | Genxpro Gmbh | Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Nukleinsäuren, Marker dafür und deren Verwendung |
US20090298709A1 (en) | 2008-05-28 | 2009-12-03 | Affymetrix, Inc. | Assays for determining telomere length and repeated sequence copy number |
US20100041048A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2010-02-18 | The Johns Hopkins University | Circulating Mutant DNA to Assess Tumor Dynamics |
US20100062494A1 (en) | 2008-08-08 | 2010-03-11 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Enzymatic oligonucleotide pre-adenylation |
WO2010021936A1 (en) | 2008-08-16 | 2010-02-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Digital pcr calibration for high throughput sequencing |
EP2318552B1 (en) | 2008-09-05 | 2016-11-23 | TOMA Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for stratifying and annotating cancer drug treatment options |
US8383345B2 (en) | 2008-09-12 | 2013-02-26 | University Of Washington | Sequence tag directed subassembly of short sequencing reads into long sequencing reads |
LT2334812T (lt) | 2008-09-20 | 2017-04-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Neinvazinis fetalinės aneuploidijos diagnozavimas sekvenavimu |
US20100301398A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-12-02 | Ion Torrent Systems Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for measuring analytes |
US8546128B2 (en) | 2008-10-22 | 2013-10-01 | Life Technologies Corporation | Fluidics system for sequential delivery of reagents |
US8236532B2 (en) | 2008-12-23 | 2012-08-07 | Illumina, Inc. | Multibase delivery for long reads in sequencing by synthesis protocols |
US20100323348A1 (en) | 2009-01-31 | 2010-12-23 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate | Methods and Compositions for Using Error-Detecting and/or Error-Correcting Barcodes in Nucleic Acid Amplification Process |
US20120165202A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2012-06-28 | Good Start Genetics, Inc. | Methods and compositions for evaluating genetic markers |
WO2010127186A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | Prognosys Biosciences, Inc. | Nucleic acid constructs and methods of use |
US8673627B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2014-03-18 | Life Technologies Corporation | Apparatus and methods for performing electrochemical reactions |
US8574835B2 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2013-11-05 | Life Technologies Corporation | Scaffolded nucleic acid polymer particles and methods of making and using |
US20130143747A1 (en) | 2011-12-05 | 2013-06-06 | Myriad Genetics, Incorporated | Methods of detecting cancer |
US9524369B2 (en) | 2009-06-15 | 2016-12-20 | Complete Genomics, Inc. | Processing and analysis of complex nucleic acid sequence data |
RU2539032C2 (ru) | 2009-06-25 | 2015-01-10 | Фред Хатчинсон Кансэр Рисёч Сентер | Способ измерения искусственного иммунитета |
WO2011011426A2 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2011-01-27 | Bar Harbor Biotechnology, Inc. | Methods for assessing disease risk |
CA2778926C (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2018-03-27 | Lifecodexx Ag | Means and methods for non-invasive diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidy |
CN102597272A (zh) | 2009-11-12 | 2012-07-18 | 艾索特里克斯遗传实验室有限责任公司 | 基因座的拷贝数分析 |
US9023769B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2015-05-05 | Complete Genomics, Inc. | cDNA library for nucleic acid sequencing |
US9752187B2 (en) | 2009-12-11 | 2017-09-05 | Nucleix | Categorization of DNA samples |
US9315857B2 (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2016-04-19 | Cellular Research, Inc. | Digital counting of individual molecules by stochastic attachment of diverse label-tags |
US8835358B2 (en) | 2009-12-15 | 2014-09-16 | Cellular Research, Inc. | Digital counting of individual molecules by stochastic attachment of diverse labels |
WO2011087760A2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-07-21 | Sequenom, Inc. | Processes and kits for identifying aneuploidy |
US10388403B2 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2019-08-20 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Analyzing copy number variation in the detection of cancer |
US20120100548A1 (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2012-04-26 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Method for determining copy number variations |
WO2012135730A2 (en) | 2011-03-30 | 2012-10-04 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Method for verifying bioassay samples |
US9260745B2 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2016-02-16 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Detecting and classifying copy number variation |
US20120010085A1 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2012-01-12 | Rava Richard P | Methods for determining fraction of fetal nucleic acids in maternal samples |
US20110177512A1 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2011-07-21 | Predictive Biosciences, Inc. | Method for assuring amplification of an abnormal nucleic acid in a sample |
US10662474B2 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2020-05-26 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Identification of polymorphic sequences in mixtures of genomic DNA by whole genome sequencing |
AU2010343278B2 (en) | 2010-01-19 | 2015-05-21 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Simultaneous determination of aneuploidy and fetal fraction |
US20130210645A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 | 2013-08-15 | The Johns Hopkins University | Personalized tumor biomarkers |
EP2547698B1 (en) | 2010-03-14 | 2015-07-29 | The Translational Genomics Research Institute | Methods of determining susceptibility of tumors to tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
CN101967517B (zh) | 2010-03-19 | 2012-11-07 | 黄乐群 | 一种无需借助pcr的基因检测方法 |
ES2703769T3 (es) | 2010-04-16 | 2019-03-12 | Chronix Biomedical | Biomarcadores de ácidos nucleicos en circulación asociados al cáncer de mama |
US9255291B2 (en) | 2010-05-06 | 2016-02-09 | Bioo Scientific Corporation | Oligonucleotide ligation methods for improving data quality and throughput using massively parallel sequencing |
US20130143214A1 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2013-06-06 | Chronix Biomedical | Prostate cancer associated circulating nucleic acid biomarkers |
EP4242327A3 (en) | 2010-06-09 | 2023-11-29 | Keygene N.V. | Combinatorial sequence barcodes for high throughput screening |
EP2400035A1 (en) | 2010-06-28 | 2011-12-28 | Technische Universität München | Methods and compositions for diagnosing gastrointestinal stromal tumors |
US20120046877A1 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2012-02-23 | Life Technologies Corporation | Systems and methods to detect copy number variation |
CA2806291C (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2023-08-29 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods for detecting signatures of disease or conditions in bodily fluids |
JP5835219B2 (ja) | 2010-07-29 | 2015-12-24 | Toto株式会社 | 光触媒塗装体および光触媒コーティング液 |
EP2601609B1 (en) | 2010-08-02 | 2017-05-17 | Population Bio, Inc. | Compositions and methods for discovery of causative mutations in genetic disorders |
US20120034603A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2012-02-09 | Tandem Diagnostics, Inc. | Ligation-based detection of genetic variants |
US11031095B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2021-06-08 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Assay systems for determination of fetal copy number variation |
EP2426217A1 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2012-03-07 | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Analytical methods for cell free nucleic acids and applications |
EP2614375A4 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2014-02-26 | Traxxsson Llc | COMBINATION METHOD FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS |
ES2523140T3 (es) | 2010-09-21 | 2014-11-21 | Population Genetics Technologies Ltd. | Aumento de la confianza en las identificaciones de alelos con el recuento molecular |
WO2012042374A2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2012-04-05 | Anssi Jussi Nikolai Taipale | Method of determining number or concentration of molecules |
EP2625320B1 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2019-03-27 | President and Fellows of Harvard College | High-throughput single cell barcoding |
US8725422B2 (en) | 2010-10-13 | 2014-05-13 | Complete Genomics, Inc. | Methods for estimating genome-wide copy number variations |
HUE039766T2 (hu) | 2010-10-22 | 2019-02-28 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | Nukleinsavak változatainak megszámlálása genom kópiaszám információ megszerzésére |
WO2012066451A1 (en) | 2010-11-15 | 2012-05-24 | Pfizer Inc. | Prognostic and predictive gene signature for colon cancer |
SG10201509766YA (en) | 2010-11-30 | 2015-12-30 | Univ Hong Kong Chinese | Detection of genetic or molecular aberrations associated with cancer |
US9163281B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2015-10-20 | Good Start Genetics, Inc. | Methods for maintaining the integrity and identification of a nucleic acid template in a multiplex sequencing reaction |
CN103384725A (zh) | 2010-12-23 | 2013-11-06 | 塞昆纳姆股份有限公司 | 胎儿遗传变异的检测 |
BR112013016708B1 (pt) | 2010-12-30 | 2021-08-17 | Foundation Medicine, Inc | Otimização de análise multigene de amostras de tumor |
WO2012097053A1 (en) | 2011-01-11 | 2012-07-19 | Via Genomes, Inc. | Methods, systems, databases, kits and arrays for screening for and predicting the risk of and identifying the presence of tumors and cancers |
WO2012103031A2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2012-08-02 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Detection of genetic abnormalities |
EP3483285B1 (en) * | 2011-02-09 | 2021-07-14 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Analysis of nucleic acids |
EP2673729B1 (en) | 2011-02-09 | 2018-10-17 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for non-invasive prenatal ploidy calling |
US20120238464A1 (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2012-09-20 | Baylor Research Institute | Biomarkers for Predicting the Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer Metastasis |
WO2012129363A2 (en) | 2011-03-24 | 2012-09-27 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Single cell nucleic acid detection and analysis |
EP2670866A4 (en) | 2011-04-05 | 2015-09-02 | Translational Genomics Res Inst | BIOMARKERS AND METHODS OF USE |
US9411937B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2016-08-09 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Detecting and classifying copy number variation |
AU2012242847B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2017-01-19 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
EP3789498A1 (en) | 2011-04-25 | 2021-03-10 | Bio-rad Laboratories, Inc. | Methods for nucleic acid analysis |
LT2705157T (lt) | 2011-05-06 | 2017-03-10 | New England Biolabs, Inc. | Ligavimo pagerinimas |
EP2710172B1 (en) | 2011-05-20 | 2017-03-29 | Fluidigm Corporation | Nucleic acid encoding reactions |
US9752176B2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2017-09-05 | Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. | Methods for preparative in vitro cloning |
WO2013019075A2 (ko) | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-07 | 연세대학교산학협력단 | 핵산분자의 제조방법 |
US10704164B2 (en) | 2011-08-31 | 2020-07-07 | Life Technologies Corporation | Methods, systems, computer readable media, and kits for sample identification |
WO2013033721A1 (en) | 2011-09-02 | 2013-03-07 | Atreca, Inc. | Dna barcodes for multiplexed sequencing |
US8712697B2 (en) | 2011-09-07 | 2014-04-29 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Determination of copy number variations using binomial probability calculations |
US20130079241A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 | 2013-03-28 | Jianhua Luo | Methods for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer and Predicting Prostate Cancer Relapse |
US10424394B2 (en) | 2011-10-06 | 2019-09-24 | Sequenom, Inc. | Methods and processes for non-invasive assessment of genetic variations |
WO2013052907A2 (en) | 2011-10-06 | 2013-04-11 | Sequenom, Inc. | Methods and processes for non-invasive assessment of genetic variations |
US9367663B2 (en) | 2011-10-06 | 2016-06-14 | Sequenom, Inc. | Methods and processes for non-invasive assessment of genetic variations |
US20130102485A1 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2013-04-25 | Inhan Lee | Method of Determining a Diseased State in a Subject |
WO2013066641A1 (en) | 2011-10-21 | 2013-05-10 | Chronix Biomedical | Colorectal cancer associated circulating nucleic acid biomarkers |
NO3051026T3 (zh) | 2011-10-21 | 2018-07-28 | ||
US20130122499A1 (en) | 2011-11-14 | 2013-05-16 | Viomics, Inc. | System and method of detecting local copy number variation in dna samples |
WO2013086352A1 (en) | 2011-12-07 | 2013-06-13 | Chronix Biomedical | Prostate cancer associated circulating nucleic acid biomarkers |
CN104094120B (zh) | 2011-12-08 | 2017-04-26 | 凡弗3基因组有限公司 | 包含mdm2的双微染色体及其方法 |
CN108611398A (zh) | 2012-01-13 | 2018-10-02 | Data生物有限公司 | 通过新一代测序进行基因分型 |
ES2665071T3 (es) | 2012-02-17 | 2018-04-24 | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center | Composiciones y métodos para identificar mutaciones de manera precisa |
CA3218231A1 (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2013-09-06 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Compositions and kits for molecular counting |
WO2013130512A2 (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2013-09-06 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Methods and uses for molecular tags |
US9670529B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2017-06-06 | Population Genetics Technologies Ltd. | Method for attaching a counter sequence to a nucleic acid sample |
WO2013130791A1 (en) | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-06 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Compositions, kits, and methods for the identification, assessment, prevention, and therapy of cancer |
US9892230B2 (en) | 2012-03-08 | 2018-02-13 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Size-based analysis of fetal or tumor DNA fraction in plasma |
WO2013138510A1 (en) | 2012-03-13 | 2013-09-19 | Patel Abhijit Ajit | Measurement of nucleic acid variants using highly-multiplexed error-suppressed deep sequencing |
WO2013142213A1 (en) | 2012-03-20 | 2013-09-26 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Methods, systems, and computer readable media for tracking and verifying receipt of contents of a delivery within an organization |
WO2013142389A1 (en) | 2012-03-20 | 2013-09-26 | University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization | Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel dna sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing |
EP4239081A3 (en) | 2012-03-26 | 2023-11-08 | The Johns Hopkins University | Rapid aneuploidy detection |
US8209130B1 (en) | 2012-04-04 | 2012-06-26 | Good Start Genetics, Inc. | Sequence assembly |
CN107435070A (zh) * | 2012-04-12 | 2017-12-05 | 维里纳塔健康公司 | 拷贝数变异的检测和分类 |
WO2013159035A2 (en) | 2012-04-19 | 2013-10-24 | Medical College Of Wisconsin, Inc. | Highly sensitive surveillance using detection of cell free dna |
WO2013166517A1 (en) * | 2012-05-04 | 2013-11-07 | Complete Genomics, Inc. | Methods for determining absolute genome-wide copy number variations of complex tumors |
ES2899687T3 (es) | 2012-05-14 | 2022-03-14 | Irepertoire Inc | Método para aumentar la precisión en la detección cuantitativa de polinucleótidos |
AU2013267609C1 (en) | 2012-05-31 | 2019-01-03 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Method for accurate sequencing of DNA |
WO2013188471A2 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2013-12-19 | Sequenta, Inc. | Method of sequence determination using sequence tags |
US11261494B2 (en) | 2012-06-21 | 2022-03-01 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Method of measuring a fractional concentration of tumor DNA |
WO2014004726A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-01-03 | Caifu Chen | Methods, compositions and kits for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancer |
WO2014014497A1 (en) | 2012-07-20 | 2014-01-23 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Detecting and classifying copy number variation in a cancer genome |
US20160040229A1 (en) | 2013-08-16 | 2016-02-11 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Systems and methods to detect rare mutations and copy number variation |
US20140066317A1 (en) * | 2012-09-04 | 2014-03-06 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Systems and methods to detect rare mutations and copy number variation |
KR20220061271A (ko) * | 2012-09-04 | 2022-05-12 | 가던트 헬쓰, 인크. | 희귀 돌연변이 및 카피수 변이를 검출하기 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
CN105531375B (zh) | 2012-12-10 | 2020-03-03 | 分析生物科学有限公司 | 靶向基因组分析的方法 |
US20140336943A1 (en) | 2013-01-05 | 2014-11-13 | Foundation Medicine, Inc. | System and method for managing genomic testing results |
US10980804B2 (en) | 2013-01-18 | 2021-04-20 | Foundation Medicine, Inc. | Methods of treating cholangiocarcinoma |
US20160034638A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-02-04 | University Of Rochester | System and Method for Detecting Population Variation from Nucleic Acid Sequencing Data |
EP3882362B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2024-05-08 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for sequencing of cell free polynucleotides |
EP2971152B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-08-01 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Identification and use of circulating nucleic acid tumor markers |
GB2584364A (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-12-02 | Abvitro Llc | Single cell bar-coding for antibody discovery |
US10017807B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-07-10 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Generating cell-free DNA libraries directly from blood |
EP2971139A4 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-12-07 | Abbott Molecular Inc | SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING THE CHANGE OF A GENOMIC COPY NUMBER |
JP6520705B2 (ja) | 2013-03-19 | 2019-05-29 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | Egfr阻害剤感受性予測方法 |
HUE061261T2 (hu) * | 2013-04-03 | 2023-05-28 | Sequenom Inc | Eljárások és folyamatok genetikai variánsok nem invazív értékelésére |
WO2014189957A2 (en) | 2013-05-23 | 2014-11-27 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Transposition into native chromatin for personal epigenomics |
JP2015096049A (ja) | 2013-11-15 | 2015-05-21 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | Vegf阻害剤長期奏功性予測方法 |
ES2660989T3 (es) | 2013-12-28 | 2018-03-27 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Métodos y sistemas para detectar variantes genéticas |
DK4026917T5 (da) | 2014-04-14 | 2024-07-15 | Yissum Research And Development Company Of The Hebrew Univ Of Jerusalem Ltd | Fremgangsmåde og kit til bestemmelse af cellers eller vævs død eller dna's vævs- eller celleoprindelse ved dna-methyleringsanalyse |
WO2015175705A1 (en) | 2014-05-13 | 2015-11-19 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Gene mutations and copy number alterations of egfr, kras and met |
IL249095B2 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2023-10-01 | Verinata Health Inc | Detection of subchromosomal aneuploidy in the fetus and variations in the number of copies |
PL3178941T3 (pl) | 2014-07-25 | 2022-02-14 | Bgi Genomics Co., Limited | Sposób oznaczania frakcji wolnych pozakomórkowych płodowych kwasów nukleinowych w próbce krwi obwodowej kobiety ciężarnej i jego zastosowanie |
WO2016015058A2 (en) | 2014-07-25 | 2016-01-28 | University Of Washington | Methods of determining tissues and/or cell types giving rise to cell-free dna, and methods of identifying a disease or disorder using same |
US20160053301A1 (en) | 2014-08-22 | 2016-02-25 | Clearfork Bioscience, Inc. | Methods for quantitative genetic analysis of cell free dna |
CN106716425A (zh) | 2014-09-10 | 2017-05-24 | 百思威基因公司 | 健康和保健管理方法及用于其实践的系统 |
EP3191628B1 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2022-05-25 | The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University | Identification and use of circulating nucleic acids |
CA2970501C (en) | 2014-12-12 | 2020-09-15 | Verinata Health, Inc. | Using cell-free dna fragment size to determine copy number variations |
EP3240911B1 (en) | 2014-12-31 | 2020-08-26 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Detection and treatment of disease exhibiting disease cell heterogeneity and systems and methods for communicating test results |
US10364467B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 | 2019-07-30 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Using size and number aberrations in plasma DNA for detecting cancer |
AU2016218631B2 (en) | 2015-02-10 | 2022-03-10 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Detecting mutations for cancer screening and fetal analysis |
US10844428B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 | 2020-11-24 | Illumina, Inc. | Error suppression in sequenced DNA fragments using redundant reads with unique molecular indices (UMIS) |
WO2017100441A1 (en) | 2015-12-08 | 2017-06-15 | Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. | Improved adapters, methods, and compositions for duplex sequencing |
WO2017181146A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 | 2017-10-19 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for early detection of cancer |
-
2016
- 2016-12-16 SG SG11201805119QA patent/SG11201805119QA/en unknown
- 2016-12-16 CN CN202311131468.XA patent/CN117174167A/zh active Pending
- 2016-12-16 WO PCT/US2016/067356 patent/WO2017106768A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-12-16 EP EP16876854.7A patent/EP3390668A4/en active Pending
- 2016-12-16 JP JP2018531350A patent/JP2019507585A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-12-16 CN CN201680081723.6A patent/CN108603228B/zh active Active
- 2016-12-16 CA CA3008651A patent/CA3008651A1/en active Pending
-
2017
- 2017-02-27 US US15/442,993 patent/US20170240973A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2020
- 2020-01-08 US US16/737,819 patent/US11242569B2/en active Active
-
2021
- 2021-04-05 JP JP2021064099A patent/JP2021101732A/ja active Pending
- 2021-12-16 US US17/552,728 patent/US20220356527A1/en active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-06-30 JP JP2023108348A patent/JP2023126874A/ja active Pending
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11773440B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2023-10-03 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US12006544B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2024-06-11 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US11459611B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2022-10-04 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US11453913B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2022-09-27 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US11180803B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2021-11-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Safe sequencing system |
US10741270B2 (en) | 2012-03-08 | 2020-08-11 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Size-based analysis of cell-free tumor DNA for classifying level of cancer |
US11031100B2 (en) | 2012-03-08 | 2021-06-08 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Size-based sequencing analysis of cell-free tumor DNA for classifying level of cancer |
US11525163B2 (en) | 2012-10-29 | 2022-12-13 | The Johns Hopkins University | Papanicolaou test for ovarian and endometrial cancers |
US10364467B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 | 2019-07-30 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Using size and number aberrations in plasma DNA for detecting cancer |
US11286531B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2022-03-29 | The Johns Hopkins University | Assaying ovarian cyst fluid |
US11817179B2 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2023-11-14 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
US9850523B1 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2017-12-26 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
US11062791B2 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2021-07-13 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
US11817177B2 (en) | 2016-09-30 | 2023-11-14 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods for multi-resolution analysis of cell-free nucleic acids |
WO2020150656A1 (en) | 2017-08-07 | 2020-07-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Methods for assessing and treating cancer |
US12024750B2 (en) | 2018-04-02 | 2024-07-02 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11783915B2 (en) | 2018-06-01 | 2023-10-10 | Grail, Llc | Convolutional neural network systems and methods for data classification |
US11482303B2 (en) | 2018-06-01 | 2022-10-25 | Grail, Llc | Convolutional neural network systems and methods for data classification |
US11795513B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2023-10-24 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11685958B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2023-06-27 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11725251B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2023-08-15 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11410750B2 (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2022-08-09 | Grail, Llc | Methylation markers and targeted methylation probe panel |
US11581062B2 (en) | 2018-12-10 | 2023-02-14 | Grail, Llc | Systems and methods for classifying patients with respect to multiple cancer classes |
US11643693B2 (en) | 2019-01-31 | 2023-05-09 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Compositions and methods for isolating cell-free DNA |
US20200294624A1 (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2020-09-17 | Grail, Inc. | Systems and methods for enriching for cancer-derived fragments using fragment size |
US11929148B2 (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2024-03-12 | Grail, Llc | Systems and methods for enriching for cancer-derived fragments using fragment size |
US11211144B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for refining copy number variation in a liquid biopsy assay |
US11211147B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Estimation of circulating tumor fraction using off-target reads of targeted-panel sequencing |
US11475981B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2022-10-18 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for dynamic variant thresholding in a liquid biopsy assay |
US20240052419A1 (en) * | 2022-08-10 | 2024-02-15 | Guardant Health, Inc. | Methods and systems for detecting genetic variants |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN117174167A (zh) | 2023-12-05 |
CN108603228B (zh) | 2023-09-01 |
CN108603228A (zh) | 2018-09-28 |
JP2019507585A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
WO2017106768A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
CA3008651A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
JP2023126874A (ja) | 2023-09-12 |
US20200140960A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
US20220356527A1 (en) | 2022-11-10 |
SG11201805119QA (en) | 2018-07-30 |
EP3390668A1 (en) | 2018-10-24 |
EP3390668A4 (en) | 2020-04-01 |
US11242569B2 (en) | 2022-02-08 |
JP2021101732A (ja) | 2021-07-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11242569B2 (en) | Methods to determine tumor gene copy number by analysis of cell-free DNA | |
US11639526B2 (en) | Methods and systems for detecting genetic variants | |
JP7242644B2 (ja) | 体細胞および生殖細胞系統バリアントを鑑別するための方法およびシステム | |
US20230360727A1 (en) | Computational modeling of loss of function based on allelic frequency | |
US20240076720A1 (en) | Methods for analyzing nucleic acids | |
JP2024056939A (ja) | 生体試料のフィンガープリンティングのための方法 | |
JP2024056984A (ja) | エピジェネティック区画アッセイを較正するための方法、組成物およびシステム | |
US20200075124A1 (en) | Methods and systems for detecting allelic imbalance in cell-free nucleic acid samples | |
CN115428087A (zh) | 克隆水平缺乏靶变体的显著性建模 | |
US20220068433A1 (en) | Computational detection of copy number variation at a locus in the absence of direct measurement of the locus | |
WO2024173265A1 (en) | Characterization of whole genome duplication in a genomic cohort of over 14000 cell free dna samples | |
Uziela | Making microarray and RNA-seq gene expression data comparable |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: GUARDANT HEALTH, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ELTOUKHY, HELMY;TALASAZ, AMIRALI;CHUDOVA, DARYA;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20161027 TO 20161116;REEL/FRAME:041608/0286 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |