US20170020184A1 - Diffusion-optimized tipping paper - Google Patents

Diffusion-optimized tipping paper Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170020184A1
US20170020184A1 US15/301,486 US201515301486A US2017020184A1 US 20170020184 A1 US20170020184 A1 US 20170020184A1 US 201515301486 A US201515301486 A US 201515301486A US 2017020184 A1 US2017020184 A1 US 2017020184A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
perforation
hole
permeability
lining paper
mouthpiece lining
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Abandoned
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US15/301,486
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael Lindner
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Tannpapier GmbH
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Tannpapier GmbH
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Assigned to TANNPAPIER GMBH reassignment TANNPAPIER GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LINDNER, MICHAEL
Publication of US20170020184A1 publication Critical patent/US20170020184A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/26—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet
    • B26F1/28—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet by electrical discharges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F3/00—Severing by means other than cutting; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F3/06—Severing by using heat
    • B26F3/16—Severing by using heat by radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
    • A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
    • A24C5/005—Treatment of cigarette paper
    • A24C5/007—Perforating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
    • A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
    • A24C5/56—Making tipping materials, e.g. sheet cork for mouthpieces of cigars or cigarettes, by mechanical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/08—Devices involving relative movement between laser beam and workpiece
    • B23K26/083—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction
    • B23K26/0838—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction by using an endless conveyor belt
    • B23K26/0846—Devices involving movement of the workpiece in at least one axial direction by using an endless conveyor belt for moving elongated workpieces longitudinally, e.g. wire or strip material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/36—Removing material
    • B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
    • B23K26/382—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/36—Removing material
    • B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
    • B23K26/382—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring
    • B23K26/389—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring of fluid openings, e.g. nozzles, jets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/36—Removing material
    • B23K26/40—Removing material taking account of the properties of the material involved
    • B23K26/402—Removing material taking account of the properties of the material involved involving non-metallic material, e.g. isolators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
    • B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
    • B26F1/26—Perforating by non-mechanical means, e.g. by fluid jet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/30—Organic material
    • B23K2103/40—Paper
    • B23K2203/40—

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a regulating method for the perforation of mouthpiece lining papers, for achieving maximum reduction of carbon monoxide, and a mouthpiece lining paper manufactured according to this method.
  • the reduction in the CO concentration during smoking a cigarette takes place on the one hand by the so-called dilution of the smoke which take place by the introduction of air into the interior of the cigarette through the end of the tobacco strand, pores in the cigarette paper and the wrapping paper or additionally by holes which have been established by perforating, respectively, and on the other hand by diffusion of the carbon monoxide through the pores or the holes which have been established by perforating, respectively, from the interior of the cigarette to the outside. Diffusion of the carbon monoxide thus takes place through the same pores and holes as the introduction of air, but in the opposite direction. Diffusion of the carbon monoxide towards the outside may also be considered to be a gas exchange, since in this process gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
  • the dilution of the smoke by means of the introduction of air is often also referred to as ventilation, a distinction being made between filter ventilation and tobacco-strand ventilation, depending on through which part of the cigarette the air makes its way into the interior of the cigarette.
  • the drag resistance of the cigarette is relevant for the extent of dilution. Said drag resistance determines how high the volumetric flow is of fresh air which is sucked in through the pores and holes of the cigarette when smoking.
  • the ratio of the volumetric flow of fresh air through the pores and holes of the individual parts of the cigarette to the total volumetric flow through the mouth end of the cigarette is referred to as the degree of ventilation, there also being a distinction here between a degree of filter ventilation and a degree of tobacco-strand ventilation.
  • the degree of ventilation is derived depending on the permeability of the cigarette paper and of the mouthpiece lining paper. Therefore, it is necessary for the permeability of both the cigarette paper and of the mouthpiece lining paper to be kept constant during manufacturing.
  • the base paper for the mouthpiece lining paper is provided with an additional, adjustable perforation.
  • a common filter cigarette or even a conventional cigarette tube is composed of the cigarette paper wrapping the tobacco strand, the highly porous filter wrapping paper, and the mouthpiece lining paper.
  • a highly porous filter paper is required when offline or pre-perforated mouthpiece lining paper is used.
  • the mouthpiece lining paper often also referred to as “tipping paper” or “tipping”, for short, enshrouds the filter and the filter wrapping paper. This is that part of the filter cigarette which is contacted by the lips of the person smoking the cigarette while the filter cigarette is being smoked.
  • the tipping paper also slightly protrudes in the longitudinal direction of the filter cigarette into the longitudinal region of the tobacco strands, there wraps itself around the cigarette paper and is connected thereto by an adhesive connection. On account of this adhesive connection being established, the filter part and the tobacco-strand part are mechanically interconnected in the cigarette-making machine.
  • the tipping paper most often is indeed a paper, but may also be a film or a foil, for example. In the event of the tipping paper being configured as a film or a foil, the former may be composed of cellophane.
  • the mouthpiece lining paper usually has a visually appealing printed design. This printed design often resembles cork.
  • the mouthpiece lining paper is usually configured so as to be partially perforated such that during drawing on the cigarette, air from the environment makes its way into the filter and there is mixed with the smoke stream coming out of the tobacco strand, reducing the smoke values.
  • the mouthpiece lining paper is perforated after printing in order to prevent the perforation holes being closed again by the printing operation.
  • the filter wrapping paper which lies below the mouthpiece lining paper is implemented so as to be highly porous, the total or residual permeability of the cigarette in the region of the filter is limited by way of the porosity of the mouthpiece lining paper.
  • the porosity of the mouthpiece lining paper may be obtained by way of the hole size or the hole count produced by perforating, respectively.
  • a nominal value for the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper may be pre-defined.
  • the target values for the degree of ventilation and of the smoke values are usually pre-defined by the cigarette manufacturer, so that the nominal value for the permeability can subsequently be established by the mouthpiece lining paper manufacturer and be referred to during the production of the mouthpiece lining paper.
  • EP 0056223 A2 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is determined by way of the proportion of an electromagnetic wave passing through and being reflected (visible light, for example) which is directed onto the perforated paper web. The deviation of the actual value from the nominal value of permeability is used for regulating the spark energy.
  • DE 3016622 A1 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is measured. The measured value thus obtained is used for regulating the hole size or the hole count of the perforation by way of the frequency and the duration of the discharges and/or the web speeds.
  • DE 2833527 A1 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is measured.
  • the measured value thus obtained is used for regulating the hole size of the perforation by way of the frequency of the discharges. This may take place in that in the case of a sufficiently high frequency a plurality of discharges are performed so as to be mutually successive through the same perforation hole and in that the latter is thus somewhat widened with each discharge. It is provided that compressed air for cooling the electrodes is blown in the direction of the ends of the latter.
  • DE 2802315 A1 shows a method for controlling an electrical perforating installation in which the porosity of the paper web is measured in a testing device. The measured value thus obtained is used for controlling the hole size of the perforation by way of the frequency of the discharges or by switching off individual electrode pairs in order to control the perforation-hole count in this manner.
  • the object underlying the invention is to provide an improved method for perforating the mouthpiece lining paper, wherein the reduction of carbon monoxide in the smoke is to be maximized at constant permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper.
  • perforating the mouthpiece lining paper which is available as a continuous paper web or film web is performed in a regulated perforating device, wherein diffusivity and permeability of the perforated mouthpiece lining paper are determined inline, that is to say directly on the perforating machine, and diffusivity is maximized by regulating the perforation parameters while constantly adhering to the pre-definable permeability.
  • One possibility consists in measuring the hole size of the holes of the mouthpiece lining paper produced by perforating and to control the perforation parameters such that the hole size for maximum diffusion of the carbon monoxide is established.
  • the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper is kept constant in that the perforation-hole count is obtained or controlled, respectively, depending on the hole size obtained.
  • the applicant has determined that the diffusion of carbon monoxide is at its maximum when the hole diameter of the individual perforation holes is minimal. Since, for technical reasons, the hole diameter cannot be implemented so as to be arbitrarily small, the method according to the invention consists in regulating the hole diameter to the minimum hole diameter achievable depending on the application and in adapting the number of perforation holes thereto in order to achieve the required permeability. In comparison with the prior art it is advantageous that maximum reduction of carbon monoxide is achieved while adhering to the specifications for permeability. The concentration of the undesirable carbon monoxide is thus reduced as far as possible without influencing the flavour and the drag resistance of the cigarette.
  • the regulating method according to the invention is best implemented using the method of plasma perforation which has been developed by the applicant.
  • plasma perforation makes extremely small hole diameters possible in the first place, and on the other hand plasma perforation allows very specific and fast regulating of the perforation parameters.
  • FIG. 1 shows the theoretical correlation between the hole radius r of the perforation and the area A which is available for diffusion, depending on the hole count N at constant permeability P;
  • FIG. 2 shows the design of an exemplary plasma perforation head in a sectional view
  • FIG. 3 shows the design of a further exemplary plasma perforation head in a sectional view
  • FIG. 4 shows the design of a further exemplary plasma perforation head in a sectional view, having a laser as an energy source
  • FIG. 5 shows the schematic design of a first variant of regulation, according to the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows the schematic design of a second variant of regulation, according to the invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows the schematic design of a perforating installation according to the invention, with a schematic illustration of regulation.
  • the reduction of carbon monoxide takes place by diluting the smoke stream and by diffusion.
  • the reduction of carbon monoxide by diluting the smoke stream is determined by the permeability P of the cigarette; consequently, in the case of a pre-defined, constant permeability P, maximizing the CO reduction has to take place by way of maximizing diffusion.
  • permeability is understood as being the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper on account of a pressure differential.
  • the pressure differential is generated by drag on the cigarette.
  • permeability here is a measure of how much fresh air is drawn into the interior of the cigarette through the perforation of the mouthpiece lining paper.
  • Hole density is understood as the hole count per area unit.
  • diffusivity is understood as being the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper on account of a difference in concentration.
  • concentration of carbon monoxide during smoking is higher in the cigarette than in the ambient air.
  • the diffusion of carbon monoxide thus takes place counter to the direction of the influx of fresh air, from the inside to the outside.
  • the level of diffusion, apart from the difference in concentration, is dependent on the area A which is available for diffusion.
  • the permeability P of the mouthpiece lining paper may be modified by way of the perforation parameters of hole size and hole count.
  • the permeability P may be approximated by using the formula
  • ⁇ describes the dynamic viscosity of air.
  • n is the hole count.
  • r is the hole radius.
  • d is the thickness of the paper.
  • ⁇ p is the pressure differential between the outer side and the inner side of the paper, and
  • v is an empirically determined permeability exponent which depends on the perforating method.
  • the diffusion rate of carbon monoxide from the cigarette is derived in an approximate manner as the product of the coefficient of diffusion of carbon monoxide in air and of the area A which is available for diffusion. For the present observation it suffices to state that the diffusion rate increases the larger the area A which is available for diffusion.
  • This area A is derived from the area of a hole r 2 ⁇ multiplied with the hole count n
  • the ratio of the hole count n to the hole radius r is to be selected such that the sum of the hole areas is maximized.
  • the correlation of permeability P, hole radius r, hole count n, and diffusion area A is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the radius r of the holes steadily decreases as the hole count n increases.
  • the diffusion area A increases as the hole count n increases and the hole radius r decreases. In order to maximize the diffusion of carbon monoxide through the mouthpiece lining paper, it is thus necessary to maximize the hole count or to minimize the hole size, respectively.
  • the limiting factor in this context is the hole size, since the latter, depending on the perforation method and type of mouthpiece lining paper employed for technical reasons cannot be implemented so as to be of an arbitrarily small size. However, it is possible to control the perforation parameters such that the achievable minimum hole diameter D min is obtained.
  • this achievable minimum hole diameter D min depends on many parameters (paper thickness d, coating and type of paper, air humidity, air pressure, deviations in the output of the energy source etc.), it is provided according to the invention that the hole diameter D is measured inline by optical means and the measured values are used for regulating the perforation parameters (output of the energy source; duration of the energy pulse; spacing of the energy source from the paper web; type, volume, and pressure of the gas supply; speed of the paper web etc.).
  • the perforation-hole count is adapted to the achievable minimum hole diameter D min . This may take place by way of calculation or by optical measurement of the permeability P of the perforated paper web.
  • n 8 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ P soll ⁇ d ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ p v - 1 ⁇ r 4
  • the nominal permeability P soll may be indirectly stated by way of the degree of ventilation or by way of the smoke values of the cigarette manufacturer, respectively.
  • ⁇ , ⁇ p and v are constant, or depend on the perforating process used, respectively.
  • the permeability P of the perforated paper is measured in an additional second control loop and the hole count n is correspondingly controlled so as to keep the permeability P to the nominal value.
  • the implementation having two independent control loops is possible if and when the perforation parameters for regulating the hole size have no influence on the hole count n and conversely the hole count n has no influence on the hole diameter D.
  • the hole count n may be obtained, for example, in that no energy impulse is applied to individual perforating heads.
  • the hole count n may be obtained in a controlled manner by way of the number or the frequency of the energy impulses, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 A plasma perforating head for plasma-perforating a paper web, in particular a mouthpiece lining paper web or a mouthpiece lining paper 4 is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • An energy source which is as small as possible in terms of area is disposed on at least one planar side of the mouthpiece lining paper 4 .
  • a needle-shaped electrode 2 or more specifically, the brief application of high voltage (AC voltage or DC voltage) between two electrodes 2 , 5 is used as an energy source.
  • Perforating may take place in a normal atmosphere, or in a special gas atmosphere, such as a protective gas atmosphere or an atmosphere having a definable gas composition.
  • the atmosphere may have normal pressure or a pressure which is higher or lower in relation to the environmental pressure (air pressure).
  • the gas composition may be modified directly at the location of the plasma, independently of the environmental atmosphere.
  • the electrode 2 preferably is attached in a pipe 1 .
  • the pipe 1 serves for conveying a pressurized gas or gas mixture.
  • a nozzle 1 . 1 is located at the front end of the pipe 1 .
  • This nozzle 1 . 1 is attached so as to be concentric around the electrode 2 , in the region of the tip of the latter which faces the mouthpiece lining paper 4 .
  • a pressurized gas or gas mixture is thus introduced in an annular manner around the electrode 2 in the direction of the mouthpiece lining paper 4 through the cavity 1 . 2 which is enclosed by the pipe 1 and the nozzle 1 . 1 .
  • a needle-shaped counter electrode 5 which is implemented in a likewise manner, or a planar counter electrode 5 as shown in FIG. 3 , may be located on the other side of the tipping paper 4 .
  • a narrow region having another gas composition remains in the centre of this gas flow, that is to say directly in front of the tip of the electrode 2 , towards the mouthpiece lining paper 4 .
  • the concentration of inert gas in this region is somewhat lower than in the direct flow from the nozzle 1 . 1 .
  • the gas it is more easily possible for the gas to be ionized in this region and to thus produce a localized plasma 3 which by way of sublimation ultimately produces a hole in the mouthpiece lining paper 4 .
  • At least one of the following parameters is controllable in the regulating method according to the invention:
  • the opening diameter of the nozzle and/or the spacing between the nozzle and the electrode tip may be controlled, since these modifications take place directly at the effective location of the plasma and thus have a temporally very immediate effect on perforating.
  • these two parameters may be obtained individually on each electrode 2 , independently of the other electrode 2 , on account of which each individual electrode 2 can be controlled to the minimum hole diameter D min which is achievable therefor.
  • FIG. 4 shows a preferred perforating head according to the invention, having a laser beam 6 as an energy source.
  • Perforating may take place in a normal atmosphere such as a special gas atmosphere, such as a protective gas atmosphere or an atmosphere having a definable gas composition.
  • the atmosphere may have normal pressure or a pressure which is higher or lower in relation to the environmental pressure (air pressure).
  • the gas composition may be modified directly at the location of the plasma, independently of the environmental atmosphere.
  • a nozzle 1 . 1 is disposed at the lower end of the pipe 1 .
  • a lens 7 which handles two tasks is located so as to be centric in this nozzle 1 . 1 .
  • the lens 7 firstly serves for focussing the laser beam 6 onto the surface of the mouthpiece lining paper 4 .
  • the lens 7 serves for influencing the gas flow out of the nozzle 1 . 1 in the desired manner, specifically in such a manner that the gas flow takes places so as to be annular around the lens 7 .
  • the inert gas or gas mixture In order for the inert gas or gas mixture to be able to flow out spherically around the lens 7 , the latter is fixed in the pipe 1 by way of thin wires, for example, or is located at the end of a rigid optical wave guide which, like the electrode 2 , runs perpendicularly in the pipe 1 .
  • the plasma 3 is limited to that region in which the energy density of the laser beam 6 is sufficiently high in order for the gas mixture to be ionized with a sufficiently low concentration of inert gas.
  • the energy density of the laser beam 6 is at its maximum in the focal point of the lens 7 , and the concentration of inert gas is at its lowest there, such that a local, small-area plasma 3 can be produced.
  • one of the following parameters is controllable in the regulating method according to the invention:
  • Nitrogen (N 2 ), argon (Ar), helium (He), neon (Ne), or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) may be employed as an inert gas. It is also possible for individual types of inert gas to be combined with one another using specific mixing ratios or to be combined by flowing through the nozzles into the treatment space. Since the inert gas or gas mixture exits the nozzle 1 . 1 under pressure, the density of the gas or of the gas mixture in the annular region spherically around the electrode 2 or the lens 7 is higher than in the region directly in front of the electrode 2 or the lens 7 . The denser a gas, the more energy is required for ionizing said gas. Additionally, ions and electrons are flushed away by the gas flow. These two effects also contribute towards the plasma 3 being localized.
  • Regulating the hole diameter D may thus also take place in the case of plasma perforation if and when compressed air is employed as the gas mixture.
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows the first regulation variant according to the invention.
  • the hole size, or the hole diameter D and the hole radius r which can be calculated by way thereof, respectively, is controlled by way of the innermost of the two illustrated control loops, and the hole count n is controlled by way of the outermost control loop.
  • the hole radius r is measured by the measuring device 12 .
  • the controller 13 controls the control factor u of the actuating element 14 , in order to reduce the hole radius r to the achievable minimum hole radius r min .
  • the achievable minimum hole radius r min may be determined in an adjustment phase, for example, in that the hole radius r is reduced by way of a modification of the perforation parameters until the produced plasma is too weak for perforating a hole in the paper at all.
  • the nominal value in the form of the achievable minimum hole radius r min is obtained after adjusting to somewhat above the critical hole radius below which perforating is no longer reliable.
  • the controller 13 supplies a control factor u which acts on the actuating installation 14 .
  • the actuating variable y such as, for example, the gas pressure, the gas composition, the nozzle diameter, or the spacing of the nozzle from the tip of the energy source may be modified by way of the actuating installation 14 .
  • the modification of the actuating variable y causes a modification of the plasma 3 on the paper web 4 (control path 11 ), which results in a change in the hole radius r.
  • the measuring device 22 measures the permeability P, preferably by means of electromagnetic waves as shown in EP 0056223 A2.
  • the number n of perforation holes is controlled by the difference between the measured value and the pre-defined nominal value P soll .
  • the control factor u′ has the effect of switching on or switching off individual perforating heads.
  • the measuring device 12 may be a linear camera (for example a high-resolution CMOS or CCD camera of an optical [laser] micrometer) which is directed onto the paper web and takes images of the perforation rows of the paper web in a manner which is synchronized with the perforating devices, such that the number of perforation holes and the hole diameter D thereof of one perforation row are determinable from analysing the image in a data processing system.
  • CMOS complementary metal-resolution
  • CCD camera optical [laser] micrometer
  • FIG. 6 shows the control loop of a second variant of the regulation according to the invention.
  • the hole size is initially reduced by modifying selected perforation parameters up to the point until, for example, only 50 to 80% of all energy pulses of the energy source (electrodes 2 or laser beam 6 ) actually lead to perforation, the ratio of energy impulses which produce a plasma to energy impulses which do not lead to a plasma discharge in the following being referred to as a “discharge rate”.
  • discharge rate the ratio of energy impulses which produce a plasma to energy impulses which do not lead to a plasma discharge in the following
  • discharge rate preferably other control parameters are used for controlling the energy density in such a way that the required permeability P soll is derived from the resulting discharge rate.
  • minimizing the hole size in the adjustment phase may be performed in that the gas pressure or gas flow rate is increased, or the gas composition is varied, at constant output of the energy source until a discharge rate of 75% is achieved. Thereafter, these gas parameters are kept constant, and the parameters of the energy source (for example, duration, frequency, amplitude of the energy impulse) are controlled such that the permeability P assumes the pre-defined nominal value by increasing or decreasing the discharge rate.
  • a measuring device 32 which metrologically acquires the hole count n (or the hole density, respectively), the hole size (hole radius r) and the permeability P is provided for implementing this variant.
  • the data of the measuring device is analysed in a data processing system, and one actuating variable (or a plurality thereof) is/are generated by a controller 13 which may be implemented as software.
  • the data processing system can calculate and store the total area of perforation by multiplying the hole count n with the mean hole size, wherein the total area of perforation may represent a key figure (diffusion area A) for the diffusivity of the paper, or the diffusivity of the paper may be calculated therefrom.
  • the total area of perforation may represent a key figure (diffusion area A) for the diffusivity of the paper, or the diffusivity of the paper may be calculated therefrom.
  • the thickness d of the web is advantageous for the thickness d of the web to be also acquired.
  • a non-contacting method for continuously measuring the paper thickness d is employed; such methods are known in the prior art and are shown in the documents U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,606 (A), EP0995076 (A1), U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,679 (B1), for example.
  • the measuring device for measuring the paper thickness d here may be disposed preferably ahead of the perforating device, or else after the perforating device, when viewed in the direction of the web.
  • the required number of perforation holes for the perforation which follows in each case may be approximately calculated from the paper parameters and the achievable minimum hole diameter D and may optionally be controlled in that the formula is adapted by way of the measured values of a measuring device, which is disposed after the perforating device, for measuring the actually achieved permeability P.
  • the discharge rate may also be controlled, depending on the thickness d and the permeability P of the base paper.
  • FIG. 7 an exemplary plasma perforating device according to the invention is shown, having a rail with eight perforating heads and a measuring device 8 .
  • the number of eight perforating heads here results from reasons of clarity; in the case of a practical implementation the number of perforating heads may be for example between 15 and 30 per rail, wherein a plurality of rails may be disposed so as to be parallel with one another—either behind one another and/or beside one another.
  • the paper web 4 is continuously moved from left to right through the device, optionally at a variable speed. It is also possible for two or more paper webs to be perforated which bear on one another and thus form multiple layers to be simultaneously guided through the perforating device.
  • the measuring devices 12 , 22 are configured as one measuring device 8 , the signal of which is analysed in a data processing system 9 .
  • the data processing system 9 determines the radius r, the hole count n, and the permeability P, and by way of controllers 13 , 23 which are implemented as software generates the control factors u, u′.
  • the hole radius r or the hole diameter D, respectively is acquired for each perforating head, in order for parameters to be able to be modified in a targeted manner on individual perforating heads, or in order to be able to react in the event that individual perforating heads produce significantly larger perforation holes than others, for example on account of wear.
  • the degree of ventilation, drag resistance and/or the smoke values to be achieved may also be entered into the data processing system.
  • the nominal permeability P soll may in turn be calculated by way of a calculation rule which is stored in the data processing system.
  • the hole radius r or the hole diameter D, respectively, the hole count n or the hole density, respectively, and the permeability P serve as input values for the data processing system.
  • the paper thickness d, the permeability P of the base paper, the type and thickness of an optional coating, and the web speed are additional input values. If and when the thickness d and the permeability P of the base paper, or the coating, respectively, are constant across the entire paper web, it is sufficient for these values to be input into the data processing system prior to the commencement of perforating. Above all, if and when the permeability P of the base paper or of the coated paper are negligibly minor in comparison to the permeability P achieved by perforating, the consideration of the permeability P of the base paper may be dispensed with.
  • the hole radius r and the hole count n are metrologically acquired by the measuring device 8 after the perforating device, wherein preferably the permeability P is also acquired by the measuring device 8 , or, using the hole count n, the hole radius r, and the thickness d of the paper web, the data processing system can calculate the permeability P according to this formula (or other formulae):
  • the web speed serves as an input value of the data processing system and may also serve as an output value (actuating variable) in the event of the web speed having to be controlled depending on the input values.
  • Further output values (actuating variables) may include: the frequency, duration, and amplitude of the voltage impulses between the electrodes 2 , 5 ; the spacing of the electrode from the paper web; the spacing of the nozzle from the electrode tip; the output, focal length, frequency, duration, and geometry of the laser impulse; the spacing between the nozzle and the lens or the tip of the light guide; the gas pressure; the opening diameter of the nozzle; the gas composition; the flow rate of the gas.
  • the present invention is advantageous since the influence of the perforation on the reduction of carbon monoxide by diffusion is considered, so that for the first time a diffusion-optimized perforation of mouthpiece lining paper is carried out and thus for the first time a diffusion-optimized perforated mouthpiece lining paper is manufactured.
  • the method for plasma perforating is particularly advantageous in this context, since besides the classic controllable parameters of a perforating device (output, duration, frequency of the energy impulses of the energy source, and web speed), by way of the targeted introduction of gas or gas mixtures further controllable parameters (gas pressure, gas amount, gas composition, nozzle geometry) which enable targeted reduction of the hole size are available, and higher hole density may also be achieved by way of the enhanced positioning accuracy of the holes which is additionally enabled by plasma perforation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Cigar And Cigarette Tobacco (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
US15/301,486 2014-04-03 2015-04-01 Diffusion-optimized tipping paper Abandoned US20170020184A1 (en)

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CN114983009A (zh) * 2022-07-18 2022-09-02 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 一种通风均匀的卷烟在线打孔结构及方法
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CN106827032B (zh) * 2016-12-28 2018-06-12 重庆一锄商贸有限公司 卫生纸打孔装置
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