US20170008869A1 - Process for the production of cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol - Google Patents

Process for the production of cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Download PDF

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US20170008869A1
US20170008869A1 US15/197,929 US201615197929A US2017008869A1 US 20170008869 A1 US20170008869 A1 US 20170008869A1 US 201615197929 A US201615197929 A US 201615197929A US 2017008869 A1 US2017008869 A1 US 2017008869A1
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alkyl
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Lukas Dialer
Denis Petrovic
Ulrich Weigl
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Noramco LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/11—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions increasing the number of carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/11—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions increasing the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C37/14—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions increasing the number of carbon atoms by addition reactions, i.e. reactions involving at least one carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/62—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by introduction of halogen; by substitution of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D205/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the preparation of a cannabidiol compound or a derivative thereof.
  • the cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof can be prepared by an acid-catalyzed reaction of a suitably selected and substituted di-halo-olivetol or derivative thereof with a suitably selected and substituted cyclic alkene to produce a dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof can be produced in high yield, high stereospecificity, or both. It can then be converted under reducing conditions to a cannabidiol compound or derivatives thereof.
  • phytocannabinoids are cannabinoids that originate from nature and can be found in the cannabis plant. These compounds have been investigated based, in part, on their availability from a natural source.
  • the term “cannabinoids” generally refers to not only the chemical substances isolated from C. sativa L exhibiting the typical C21 terpenophilic skeleton, but also to their derivatives and transformation products.
  • cannabinoids In addition to the historical and anecdotal medicinal use of cannabinoids, the FDA has approved cannabinoid based products, such as MarinolTM and a number of other regulatory agencies have approved SativexTM. Many other cannabinoids are being investigated by the mainstream pharmaceutical industry for various indications. Examples of cannabinoids either approved for clinical use or in clinical trials include EpidiolexTM (e.g., cannabidiol) for Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome; cannabidivarin for epilepsy; and tetrahydrocannabidivarin for diabetes.
  • EpidiolexTM e.g., cannabidiol
  • cannabidivarin for epilepsy
  • tetrahydrocannabidivarin for diabetes.
  • 7,674,922 describes a similar reaction using a Lewis acid catalyst instead of p-toluenesulfonic acid which results in the formation of significant amounts of the unwanted cannabidiol isomer along with cannabidiol.
  • the reaction route described in the '922 patent resulted in a 47% yield of the desired cannabidiol, a 17.9% yield of the and cannabidiol and 23% of unreacted olivetol.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,562,312 describes improved selectivity for the formation of cannabidiol by reacting 6-carbethoxyolivetol with a slight excess of menthadienol in methylene chloride in the presence dimthylformamide, dineopentylacetal as catalyst. This route resulted in a 42% yield of cannabidiol-carboxylic acid ethyl ester after purification by chromatography.
  • cannabidiols Another route for the preparation of cannabidiols involves the use of carboxylic acid esters as protecting/directing groups on olivetol analogues. See, e.g., Crombie, L. et al., in J. Chem. Research (S) 114, (M), pp 1301-1345 (1977).
  • alkylresorcyl esters e.g., 6-alkyl-2,4-di-hydroxybenzoic esters
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons alcohols, ketones, or derivatives thereof such as enol esters, enol ethers and ketals
  • These routes of preparation have been referred to as acid-catalyzed terpenylation.
  • the intermediates with an ester function obtained in the first step are subjected to a decarboxylating hydrolysis, which forms the ester-free cannabinoids.
  • the '922 patent describes the preparation of ethyl cannabidiolate in a 82% yield and 93.3% (AUC). After NaOH hydrolysis, however, the route resulted in a 57.5% yield and 99.8% purity (AUC).
  • the '922 patent also describes the need to purify the cannabidiols formed, e.g., ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, by esterification of the free hydroxyl followed by purification of the cannabidiol ester, e.g., ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol ester. Purification was performed by crystallization followed by hydrolysis of the ester to the ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Such steps were required to achieve a purity necessary for pharmaceutical use.
  • the prior art demonstrates the difficulties of manufacturing cannabidiol compounds or derivatives thereof, e.g., ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in high yield, high stereospecificity, or both.
  • the causes of these difficulties can include the non-crystalline nature of the materials which renders them difficult or impossible to separate and purify without chromatography.
  • the aromatic portion of the cannabidiol molecule is sensitive to oxidation.
  • the thermodynamic stability of the ⁇ -9-unsaturation relative to ⁇ -8-unsaturation favors the formation of ⁇ -8 derivatives.
  • the present disclosure relates to the preparation of a cannabidiol compound or a derivative thereof using a simple synthesis route to produce a cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof in high yield, high stereospecificity, or both.
  • the present disclosure relates to the preparation of a cannabidiol compound or a derivative thereof.
  • the cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof can be prepared by an acid-catalyzed reaction of a suitably selected and substituted di-halo-olivetol or derivative thereof with a suitably selected and substituted cyclic alkene (e.g, a cyclic alkene containing a 1-methyl-1-ethenyl substituent) to produce a dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof can be produced in high yield, high stereospecificity, or both. It can then be converted under reducing conditions to a cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the present disclosure also relates to the preparation of a ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof can be prepared by an acid-catalyzed reaction of a suitably selected and substituted di-halo-olivetol or derivative thereof with a suitably selected and substituted cyclic alkene to produce a dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the dihalo-cannabidiol compound or derivative thereof can be produced in high yield, high stereospecificity, or both. It can then be reacted with a Lewis acid catalyst to produce a dihalo- ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the dihalo- ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof can then be converted under reducing conditions to a ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol compound or derivative thereof.
  • the reduction and cyclization steps can be performed in reverse order.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)
  • a is an integer from 0 to 3;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR A R B , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR C R D , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R C and R D are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, —SO 2 -aryl and —SO 2 -heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR E R F , —S— alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein R E and R F are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR G R H , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alky
  • each represents a single or double bond; provided that both groups are not double bonds, and wherein denoted, dash marks indicate the points of attachment,
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)
  • a is an integer from 0 to 3;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR A R B , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR C R D , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R C and R D are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, —SO 2 -aryl and —SO 2 -heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR E R F , —S— alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein R E and R F are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR G R H , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alky
  • each represents a single or double bond; provided that both groups are not double bonds, and wherein denoted, dash marks indicate the points of attachment;
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (VI)
  • a is an integer from 0 to 3;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR A R B , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR C R D , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R C and R D are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, —SO 2 -aryl and —SO 2 -heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR E R F , —S— alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein R E and R F are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR G R H , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alky
  • each represents a single or double bond; provided that both groups are not double bonds, and wherein denoted, dash marks indicate the points of attachment;
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XI)
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XI)
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XVI)
  • the formed compounds can be a cannibidiol or related compound.
  • the compound of formula (I) can be ethyl cannabidiolate, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol or delta-8-tetrahydrocannabidiol.
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be cannibidiol, cannabidivarin or 1-(3-(((1′R,2′R)-2,6-dihydroxy-5′-methyl-2′-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)azetidin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (depicted below)
  • the processes of the present disclosure provide a number of advantages over current methods.
  • the Lewis acid catalyzed condensation of olivetol or olivetolate esters with menthadienol to prepare cannabidiol or cannibidiolate esters suffers from poor selectivity resulting low yields and mixtures of isomers requiring tedious purification procedures.
  • the use of boron trifluoride etherate results in uncontrolled conversion of cannabidiol and the cyclization of ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol to ⁇ -8-tetrahydrocannabinol.
  • one or both of the 4 and 6 positions of olivetol or derivatives thereof can be blocked with a halogen selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl.
  • both positions can be blocked with a halogen selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl.
  • both positions can be blocked with a Br.
  • both positions can be blocked with a F.
  • both positions can be blocked with a Cl.
  • the position can be blocked to control the conversion and prevent the formation of unwanted cannabidiol isomers, such as the abn cannabidiol.
  • the process can be designed, such as by using excess equivalents of an alkene relative to a halogen substituted olivetol or derivatives thereof to form the corresponding halogen substituted cannabidiol or derivative thereof in a high yield, high selectivity or both.
  • deficient amount can be used for economical purposes.
  • the halogen substituted cannabidiol can also remain stable and not undergo uncontrolled conversion to one or more cyclized products.
  • the halogen substituted cannabidiol or derivative thereof can also be easily converted to a cannabidiol or derivative thereof by reacting with a suitably selected reducing agent, under mild conditions, to yield the desired product in high yield, high purity or both.
  • the processes of the present disclosure can achieve high yield, high purity or both without the need to use organo-aluminum Lewis acid catalysts.
  • the processes of the present disclosure can use a wide selection of catalysts including boron trifluoride etherate and aluminum trichloride.
  • the processes of the present disclosure can achieve high yield, high purity cannabinoid or derivative, or both without the need for purification by formation of a polar ester group, crystallization of the resulting ester, and/or hydrolysis to purified cannabidiol or related derivative, or related purification.
  • the processes of the present disclosure do not require additional derivatization of the isolated cannabidiol or related derivative, e.g., ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, prior to pharmaceutical use.
  • FIG. 1 shows exemplary synthetic pathways of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary synthesis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol.
  • FIG. 3 shows another exemplary synthesis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol.
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary synthesis of a C 3 -olivetol analogue starting from 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid.
  • FIG. 5 shows exemplary synthetic pathways for the C3-cannabidiol and C3-tetrahydrocannabinol analogues using bromide protective groups.
  • FIG. 6 shows an exemplary synthetic pathway for cannabidiol using chloride protective groups.
  • FIG. 7 shows an exemplary synthetic pathway for cannabidiol using iodide protective groups.
  • FIG. 8 shows exemplary olefins used in coupling reactions with dibromo-olivetol.
  • FIG. 9 shows the structure of dibromo-olivetol coupled with cyclohex-2-enol.
  • the present disclosure relates to processes for the preparation of a cannabidiol compound or derivatives thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to processes for the preparation of ( ⁇ )-trans-cannabidiol, ( ⁇ )-trans- ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, ( ⁇ )-trans-cannabidiolic acid, ( ⁇ )-trans- ⁇ -9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, intermediate compounds thereof and derivative compounds thereof.
  • the present disclosure is directed to process(es) for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)
  • a is an integer from 0 to 3 (e.g., forming a 5, 6, 7 or 8 membered ring);
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR A R B , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR C R D , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R C and R D are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, —SO 2 -aryl and —SO 2 -heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR E R F , —S—alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein R E and R F are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR G R H , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alky
  • each represents a single or double bond; provided that both groups are not double bonds, and wherein denoted, dash marks indicate the points of attachment;
  • R 0 can be selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR I R J , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R I and R J are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR L R M , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R L and R M are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 0 and R 1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle;
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NR A R B , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO 2 -alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycle; wherein R A and R B are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl, NR C R D , —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO 2 -alkyl; wherein R C and R D are each independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl.
  • the R groups e.g., R A and R B , R C and R D , etc., and the nitrogen atom to which they are bound can optionally form a 4 to 6 membered, saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic ring structure; wherein the 4 to 6 membered, saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic ring structure is optionally substituted with one, two or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —COOH, C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl and —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated C 1 -C n carbon chain, wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched; wherein n can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a C 2 -C n carbon chain, wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched, wherein the carbon chain contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and wherein n can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
  • alkynyl refers to a C 2 -C n , wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched, wherein the carbon chain contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and wherein n can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.
  • aryl refers to an unsubstituted carbocylic aromatic ring comprising between 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl.
  • protected hydroxyl refers to a hydroxyl group substituted with a suitably selected oxygen protecting group. More particularly, a “protected hydroxyl” refers to a substituent group of the formula —OPG 1 wherein PG 1 is a suitably selected oxygen protecting group.
  • PG 1 is a suitably selected oxygen protecting group.
  • oxygen protecting group refers to a group which may be attached to an oxygen atom to protect said oxygen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction.
  • Suitable oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, acetyl, benzoyl, t-butyl-dimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), MOM and THP.
  • Other suitable oxygen protecting groups may be found in texts such as T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
  • nitrogen protecting group refers to a group which may be attached to a nitrogen atom to protect said nitrogen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction.
  • Suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamates—groups of the formula —C(O)O—R wherein R can be methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, CH 2 ⁇ CH—CH 2 —, and the like; amides—groups of the formula —C(O)—R′ wherein R′ can be methyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like; N-sulfonyl derivatives—groups of the formula —SO 2 —R′′ wherein R′′ can be tolyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-yl-, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzene, and the like.
  • acyl refers to a group of the formula —CO—C n wherein C n represent a straight or branched alkyl chain wherein n can be 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 or 10.
  • heteroaryl refers to any five or six membered monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine or ten membered bicyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
  • the heteroaryl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, purazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, furazanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl and pteridinyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to any monocyclic ring containing from four to six carbon atoms, or a bicyclic ring containing from eight to ten carbon atoms.
  • the cycloalkyl group may be attached at any carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.
  • suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • heterocycle refers to any four to six membered monocyclic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or an eight to ten membered bicyclic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
  • the heterocycle group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure.
  • heterocycle groups include, but are not limited to, azetidine, azete, oxetane, oxete, thietane, thiete, diazetidine, diazete, dioxetane, dioxete, dithietane, dithiete, pyrrolidine, pyrrole, tetrahydrofuran, furan, thiolane, thiophene, piperidine, oxane, thiane, pyridine, pyran and thiopyran.
  • the groups of the present disclosure can be unsubstituted or substituted, as herein defined.
  • the substituted groups can be substituted with one or more groups such as a C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, —O—C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, (C 1-4 alkyl)amino, di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino, —S—(C 1-4 alkyl), —SO—(C 1-4 alkyl), —SO 2 —(C 1-4 alkyl), halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, and the like.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can contain at least one hydroxyl group. These at least one hydroxyl group may form an ester with inorganic or organic acid. In particular, pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
  • the ester(s) may form chiral carbons.
  • the present disclosure is directed toward all stereo-chemical forms of the compounds of the present disclosure, including those formed by the formation of one or more ester groups.
  • “a” can be 0, 1 or 2. In particular, “a” can be 1 or 2. More particular, “a” can be 1.
  • R 1 can be C 1-12 alkyl or C 1-12 alkenyl.
  • le can be C 1-4 alkyl. More particular, le can be a methyl group.
  • R 2 is a C 1-12 alkyl optionally substituted with a cycloalkyl or heterocycle.
  • the substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycle can be optionally substituted with a —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, or —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl group.
  • R 2 can be a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-methyloctan-2-yl group or
  • R 2 can be a n-propyl group. In another embodiment, R 2 can be n-pentyl group. In another embodiment, R 2 can be
  • R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3 can be a hydrogen or a methyl group. More particular, R 3 can be hydrogen.
  • “a” can be 1, le can be a methyl group, R 2 can be a n-pentyl group and R 3 can be hydrogen.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (I) include ethyl cannabidiolate, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabidiol.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (II) include 4,6-dibromo-olivetol or 4,6-dibromo-divarinol.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (III) include menthadienol, 1-hydroxymethyl-4(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohex-2-ene-1-ol, and cyclohex-2-enol.
  • the coupling of dibromo-olivetol, and related compounds as provided in the present disclosure can be performed using a cyclic olefin containing a double bond and a hydroxy-group at a conjugated position.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (III) can also include a cyclic olefin containing a double bond and a hydroxy-group at a conjugated position.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (II) being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, particularly both X substituents are the same and are selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, more particularly Br, F or Cl, or more particularly Br or F, or even more particularly Br, can be reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (III) being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein R 0 is H or a suitably selected leaving group such as OH, Cl, Br, F, I, tosylate, mesylate, acetate, and the like, in particular OH.
  • the reaction can occur in the presence of a suitably selected protic or Lewis acid catalyst, for example p-toluene sulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, iron(II) chloride, scandium(III) triflate, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, and the like.
  • a suitably selected protic or Lewis acid catalyst for example p-toluene sulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, iron(II) chloride, scandium(III) triflate, zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, and the like.
  • the reaction can occur neat or in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetonitrile, tert-butyl
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be cyclized by reacting with a second suitably selected Lewis acid catalyst, for example BF 3 diethyl etherate, BF 3 *AcOH, tri-isobutyl aluminum, and the like.
  • a second suitably selected Lewis acid catalyst for example BF 3 diethyl etherate, BF 3 *AcOH, tri-isobutyl aluminum, and the like.
  • the cyclization can also be performed using protic acids, such as p-toluene sulfonic acid.
  • the cyclization reaction can occur in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example, methylene chloride, chlorobenzene, acetone, 1,2-dichloroethanen-heptane, acetonitrile, toluene, and the like.
  • the cyclization reaction can form a compound of formula (V).
  • the compound of formula (V) can be reacted to remove the X substituent groups, more particularly, the compound of formula (V) can be reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, for example, sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, palladium/carbon in combination with hydrogen, and the like; in the presence of a suitably selected base, such as sodium hydroxide, triethylamine, sodium carbonate, tripotassium phosphate, potassium tert-butoxide, and the like.
  • a suitably selected reducing agent for example, sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, palladium/carbon in combination with hydrogen, and the like
  • a suitably selected base such as sodium hydroxide, triethylamine, sodium carbonate, tripotassium phosphate, potassium tert-butoxide, and the like.
  • the reduction reaction can occur in a suitably selected polar solvent or mixture of polar solvents, or mixture of apolar and polar solvents, for example, methanol or a mixture of methanol and water, acetonitrile, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, n-butanol, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether or a mixture of organic solvent and water, and the like.
  • the polar solvent or mixture of polar solvents can also be selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, methylene chloride, or combinations thereof, and the like.
  • the reduction reaction can form the compound of formula (I).
  • the dihalo-compound e.g., formula (II) can be contained in non-aqueous solvents or a mixture of solvents such as dichloromethane, toluene, tert-butyl methyl, n-heptane, and the like.
  • the non-aqueous solvent can also contain a desiccating agent.
  • the desiccating agent can be added to remove adventitious moisture from the reaction mixture.
  • the amount of desiccating agent in the dihalo-compound solution can be up to about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30% (g of desiccating agent/mL of solvent). These values can be used to define a range, such as about 1 and about 10%, or about 10 and about 20%.
  • the amount of desiccating agent can be about 5% to about 20% g/mL of anhydrous MgSO 4 per mL DCM.
  • a lower amount can be used, e.g., 5% g/mL, if the reagents are anhydrous, e.g., MgSO 4 , dibromo-Olivetol, pTSA.
  • a higher amount can be used, e.g., 20% g/mL, if the reagents are mono-hydrates, e.g., dibromo-Olivetol and pTSA mono-hydrates.
  • the amount can be about 14.5% g/mL.
  • the amount of desiccating agent can be 0% if the compound, e.g., menthadienol, is present in excess amounts, such as greater than about 3 eq.
  • the amount of desiccating agent per starting material can also be expressed as a molar ratio of desiccating agent to starting material.
  • the amount can be about 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 3.5:1, 4:1, 4.5:1 or about 5:1. These values can be used to define a range, such as about 1.5:1 to about 3.5:1. In one embodiment, the ratio is about 2.8:1.
  • the desiccating agent can be any agent or compound that does not interefere with the reaction and can remove moisture from the reaction mixture.
  • the desiccating agent can be selected from the group consisting of an anhydrous inorganic salt, molecular sieve, activated charcoal, silica gel, or combinations thereof.
  • the desiccating agent is anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
  • the reaction between compounds of formula (III) and formula (II) can be carried out with the relative amounts of compounds of formula (III) and formula (II) of about 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 or 5.5 equivalents of formula (III) to formula (II).
  • These values can be used to define a range, such as about 0.5 and about 5 equivalents, or about 0.5 and about 3.5 equivalents or about 1.1 to about 1.7 equivalents.
  • the compound of formula (III) can be added to the compound of formula (II), or a solution containing formula (II), slowly.
  • the compound of formula (III) can be added to the compound of formula (II), or a solution containing formula (II), over 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 20 or about 24 hours. These values can be used to define a range, such about 2 to about 12 hours, or about 4 to about 8 hours.
  • reaction mixture can be stirred for an additional time.
  • the reaction mixture can be stirred for an additional 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 or 48 hours. These values can be used to define a range, such as about 1 to about 3 hours, or about 6 to about 48 hours, or about 12 to about 24 hours, or about 14 to about 18 hours.
  • reaction or process step(s) as herein described can proceed for a sufficient period of time until the reaction is complete, as determined by any method known to one skilled in the art, for example, chromatography (e.g., HPLC).
  • chromatography e.g., HPLC
  • a “completed reaction or process step” shall mean that the reaction mixture contains a significantly diminished amount of the starting material(s)/reagent(s)/intermediate(s) and a significantly reduced amount of the desired product(s), as compared to the amounts of each present at the beginning of the reaction.
  • the reaction mixture can be held at a specific temperature or held within a range of temperatures.
  • the reaction mixture can be held at ⁇ 80° C., ⁇ 70° C., ⁇ 60° C., ⁇ 50° C., ⁇ 40° C., ⁇ 30° C., ⁇ 20° C., ⁇ 10° C., 0° C., 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., u 100° C., 110° C. or about 120° C.
  • These values can be used to define a range, such as about ⁇ 40° C. to about 40° C., or about ⁇ 35° C. to about ⁇ 25° C., or about ⁇ 0° C. to about 50° C.
  • the reaction between compounds of formula (III) and formula (II) can be carried out in the presence of a protic or Lewis acid catalyst.
  • the protic acid can be an alkyl sulfonic acid or an aryl sulfonic acid wherein the alkyl group can be a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, and the aryl group can be a phenyl.
  • the protic acid can be an alkyl-phenyl sulfuric acid or fluoro-sulfonic acid or hydrohalic acid where the halogen is F, Cl, Br or I.
  • the protic acid is p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, scandium triflate, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid or combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst can be of the general formula MY wherein M can be boron, aluminum, scandium, titanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, lithium, hafnium, or zinc and Y can be F, Cl, Br, I, trifluoroacetate (triflate), alkoxide or combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst can be selected from the group consisting of zinc triflate, ytterbium triflate, yttrium triflate, scandium triflate and combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst is a triflate, such as zinc triflate or scandium triflate.
  • the amount of the protic or Lewis acid catalyst, e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid, in the reaction between compounds of formula (III) and formula (II) can be about 0.5 mol %, 1 mol %, 2 mol %, 3 mol %, 4 mol %, 5 mol %, 6 mol %, 7 mol %, 8 mol %, 9 mol %, 10 mol %, 20 mol %, 30 mol %, 40 mol %, 50 mol %, 60 mol %, 70 mol %, 80 mol %, 90 mol %, 100 mol %, or about 120 mol % with respect to the compound of formula (II).
  • These values can be used to define a range, such as about 4 mol % to about 6 mol %, 20 mol % to about 80 mol %, or about 40 mol % to about 60 mol %.
  • the reaction between compounds of formula (III) and formula (II) can be carried out in carried out in an organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent can be aprotic.
  • the organic solvent can be selected from the group consisting of methylene chloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, methylene bromide, bromoform, hexane, heptane, toluene, xylene, and combinations thereof.
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be cyclized to form a compound of formula (V) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, protic acid, or combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst can be of the general formula MY wherein M can be boron, aluminum, scandium, titanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, lithium, hafnium or zinc, and Y can be can be F, Cl, Br, I, trifluoroacetate (triflate), alkoxide or combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst can be selected from the group consisting of zinc triflate, ytterbium triflate, yttrium triflate, scandium triflate and combinations thereof.
  • the Lewis acid catalyst is a triflate, such as zinc triflate or scandium triflate.
  • the amount of Lewis acid catalyst in the cyclization reaction can be about 0.5 mol %, 1 mol %, 2 mol %, 5 mol %, 10 mol %, 20 mol %, 30 mol %, 40 mol %, 50 mol %, 60 mol %, 70 mol %, 80 mol %, 90 mol %, 100 mol %, or about 120 mol % with respect to the compound of formula (IV). These values can be used to define a range, such as about 0.5 mol % to about 10 mol %.
  • the cyclization reaction can be carried out in carried out in a suitably selected organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents.
  • the organic solvent can be selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon, ether, ester, amide, nitrile, carbonate, alcohol, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic solvent is dichloromethane.
  • the temperature of the cyclization reaction can be held at a specific temperature or held within a range of temperatures.
  • the reaction mixture can be held at ⁇ 40° C., ⁇ 30° C., ⁇ 20° C., ⁇ 10° C., 0° C., 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 110° C. or about 120° C.
  • These values can be used to define a range, such as about ⁇ 20° C. to about 50° C., or about 0° C. to about 30° C.
  • the compound of formula (V) can be reacted with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I).
  • the compound of formula (V) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (I).
  • the polar solvent can be water, alcohol, or combinations thereof, e.g., a water-alcohol mixture.
  • the alcohol can be selected from the list consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol.
  • the solvent is methanol.
  • reducing agent refers to an agent having the ability to add one or more electrons to an atom, ion or molecule.
  • the reducing agent can be a sulfur-containing compound, or Pd/C in the presence of hydrogen.
  • the sulfur containing compound can be a sulfur-containing reducing agent having the ability to reduce C—X bonds of a compound of formula (IV) to C—H bonds.
  • the sulfur-containing compound can be a sulfur-containing inorganic acid or salt thereof, including, for example, hydrosulfuric acid (H 2 S), sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ), thiosulfurous acid (H 2 SO 2 O 2 ), dithionous acid (H 2 S 2 O 4 ), disulfurous acid (H 2 S 2 O 5 ), dithionic acid (H 2 S 2 O 2 ), trithionic acid (H 2 S 3 O 6 ) and salts thereof.
  • the sulfur-containing inorganic salt can be an alkali metal salt or an alkaline earth metal salt.
  • the salt can be a monovalent or divalent cation selected from Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Fr + , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , or Ra 2+ .
  • the salt can be selected from the group consisting of Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and combinations thereof.
  • the sulfur-containing inorganic salt can also be an ammonium salt (NH 4 + ) or a quaternary ammonium salt.
  • the sulfur-containing inorganic acid salt can be a tetra-alkylated ammonium salt, e.g., a quaternary ammonium salt substituted with four alkyl groups.
  • the alkyl groups can be a C 1 -C 18 .
  • the tetraalkylated ammonium salts can be a tetramethylammonium salt, a tetraethylammonium salt, a tetrapropylammonium salt, a tetrabutylammonium salt, or combinations thereof.
  • the sulfur-containing inorganic acid or salt thereof can also be one which dissociates into a bisulfite ion (HSO 3 ⁇ ) and/or a sulfite ion (SO 3 2 ⁇ ) in the reaction mixture.
  • Sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ) can generally exist as a solution of SO 2 (commonly about 6%) in water.
  • the pKa of sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ) is about 1.78 and its ionization expression is: H 2 O+SO 2 H ⁇ ⁇ H 2 SO 3 ⁇ ⁇ H + +HSO 3 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ H + +SO 3 2 ⁇ .
  • the sulfur-containing compound is sodium sulfite.
  • the molar ratio amount of sulfur-containing compound to the compound of formula (IV) in the reduction reaction mixture can be about 0.8:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 or greater. These values can define a range, such as about 2:1 to about 4:1, or about 2.5:1 to about 3.5:1. In one embodiment, the ratio is about 3:1.
  • the base can be an organic or weak inorganic base.
  • the base can be an organic base, e.g., a tertiary amine.
  • the base can be selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diisopropylmethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, triethanolamine and combinations thereof.
  • the base is triethylamine.
  • the base can be a weak inorganic base, e.g., a carbonate or bicarbonate salt.
  • the base can be a carbonate or bicarbonate salt selected from the group consisting of Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and combinations thereof.
  • the molar ratio amount of base to the compound of formula (IV) in the reduction reaction mixture can be about 0:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1 or greater. These values can define a range, such as about 3.5:1 to about 4.5:1, or about 4:1 to about 6:1. In one embodiment, the ratio is about 4:1.
  • the reduction reaction can be carried out at a reflux temperature, including a temperature elevated by high pressure, of the solvent or solvent mixture for a duration of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36 or about 48 hours; or any amount of time required to reach a desired endpoint (wherein the desired endpoint can be determined by for example, a percent conversion of starting material or an intermediate material).
  • the conversion of the di-halogen to the mono-halogen proceeds faster than the conversion of the mono-halogen to the fully dehalogenated product.
  • These values can define a range, such as about 10 to about 30 hours.
  • the reduction reaction can be carried out at reflux in a methanol-water mixture for a duration of about 16 hours to about 24 hours, or about 20 to about 28 hours.
  • the reflux temperature can be at 20° C., Room Temperature, 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 65° C., 70° C., 75° C., 80° C., 85° C., 90° C., 95° C., 100° C., 110° C. or about 120° C.
  • These values can be used to define a range, such as about 20° C. to about 100° C., or about RT to about 50° C., or about 60° C. to about 85° C., or about 72° C. to about 76° C.
  • subsequent distillation can be performed. The distillation can be performed at the same temperatures listed above, e.g., 85° C.
  • the reflux pressure can be at atmospheric pressure.
  • the reflex can be done at a pressure of about 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, or about 4000 mbar. These values can be used to define a range, such as about 900 to about 3000 mbar.
  • reaction products e.g., the reduction reaction products
  • the reaction products of the present disclosure can further be purified by chromatography, countercurrent extraction, distillation, or combinations thereof.
  • the reaction products of the present disclosure can also be purified by crystallization.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) including reacting a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (IV), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (IV) can then be reacted with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (VI).
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (VI).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (VI) can then be reacted with a second Lewis acid catalyst to form the compound of formula (I).
  • the cyclization reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. are similar to the cyclization reaction of a compound of formula (IV) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (V), as described above.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (II) being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, particularly both X substituent groups are the same and are selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, more particularly Br F or Cl, or more particularly Br or F, or even more particularly Br, is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (III), being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein R 0 is H or a suitably selected leaving group such as OH, Cl, Br, F, I, tosylate, mesylate, acetate, and the like, particularly OH, in the presence of a suitably selected protic or Lewis acid catalyst, for example p-toluene sulfonic acid.
  • the reaction can occur in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methylene chloride.
  • the reaction can form a compound of formula (IV).
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be reacted to remove the X substituent groups, more particularly, the compound of formula (IV) can be reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, for example sodium sulfite.
  • a suitably selected reducing agent for example sodium sulfite.
  • the reaction can occur in a suitably selected polar solvent or mixture of polar solvents, for example methanol or a mixture of methanol and water.
  • the reaction can form a compound of formula (VI).
  • the compound of formula (VI) can be cyclized by reacting with a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst, for example BF 3 , in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methylene chloride.
  • a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst for example BF 3
  • solvent or mixture of solvents for example methylene chloride.
  • the processes of the present disclosure can be used to form compounds of the various formulas provided that either the first, second or both Lewis acid catalyst(s) is not an organo-aluminum Lewis acid catalyst.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (VI)
  • the process includes reacting a compound of formula (II), wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, with a compound of formula (III) wherein R 0 is H or OH (or as otherwise defined herein) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (IV), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (IV) can then be reacted with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (VI).
  • the compound of formula (IV) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (VI).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • “a” can be 0, 1 or 2. In particular, “a” can be 1 or 2. More particular, “a” can be 1.
  • R 1 can be C 1-12 alkyl or C 1-12 alkenyl.
  • R 1 can be C 1-4 alkyl. More particular, R 1 can be a methyl group.
  • R 2 can be a C 1-12 alkyl optionally substituted with a cycloalkyl or heterocycle.
  • the substituted cycloalkyl or heterocycle can be optionally substituted with a —COOH, —C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl, or —C(O)O—C 1-4 alkyl group.
  • R 2 can be a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-methyloctan-2-yl group or
  • R 2 can be a n-propyl group. In another embodiment, R 2 can be n-pentyl group. In another embodiment, R 2 can be
  • R 3 can be hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3 can be a hydrogen or a methyl group. More particular, R 3 can be hydrogen.
  • “a” can be 1, R 1 can be a methyl group, R 2 can be a n-propyl or n-pentyl group and R 3 can be hydrogen.
  • Examples of compounds of formula (VI) include cannibidiol, cannabidivarin and
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XI) (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol)
  • the process can include reacting a compound of formula (XII), wherein each X is independently selected from Br, F, I or Cl, with a compound of formula (XIII) (menthadienol) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XIV).
  • reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of the reaction of formula (XII) with a compound of formula (XIII) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XIV) are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (II) reacting with a compound of formula (III) to form the compound of formula (IV), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can then be cyclized by reacting the compound of formula (XIV) with a second Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XV).
  • the cyclization reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of the reaction of formula (XIV) with a second Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XV) are similar to the cyclization reaction of a compound of formula (IV) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (V), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (XV) can then be reacted with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (XI).
  • the compound of formula (XV) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (XI).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of formula (XV) with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (XI) are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (XII), being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl; particularly both X substituent groups are the same and are selected from the group consisting of Br, F, I and Cl, more particularly Br, F or Cl, or more particularly Br or F, or even more particularly Br, can be reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (XIII), being a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, wherein R 0 is H or a suitably selected leaving group such as OH, Cl, Br, F, I, tosylate, mesylate, acetate, and the like, particularly OH, in the presence of a suitably selected protic or Lewis acid catalyst, for example p-toluene sulfonic acid.
  • the reaction can occur in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methylene chloride.
  • the reaction can form a compound of formula (XIV).
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can then be cyclized by reacting with a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst, for example BF 3 , in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvent for example methylene chloride.
  • a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst for example BF 3
  • solvent or mixture of solvent for example methylene chloride for example methylene chloride.
  • the cyclization reaction can form a compound of formula (XV).
  • the compound of formula (XV) can be reacted to remove the X substituent groups, more particularly, the compound of formula (XV) can be reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, for example sodium sulfite; in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methanol or a mixture of methanol and water.
  • a suitably selected reducing agent for example sodium sulfite
  • solvent or mixture of solvents for example methanol or a mixture of methanol and water.
  • the reaction can form the compound of formula (XI).
  • Stereoisomers are compounds that differ only in their spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whose mirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center. “Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that contain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. “R” and “S” represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms.
  • Racemate or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantities of two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity, i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be prepared as individual enantiomers by either enantio-specific synthesis or resolved from an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted, the named or depicted stereoisomer can be at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to all of the other stereoisomers.
  • Percent by weight pure relative to all of the other stereoisomers is the ratio of the weight of one stereoisiomer over the weight of the other stereoisomers.
  • the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight optically pure.
  • Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of the enantiomer over the weight of the enantiomer plus the weight of its optical isomer.
  • the present disclosure can produce the compounds of interest, e.g., compounds of formula (I), (VI), (XI), (XVI), etc., in high stereospecificity, from the starting materials, e.g., compounds of formula (II), etc.
  • the stereospecificity of the processes of the present disclosure can be greater than about 60% ee, 75% ee, 80% ee, 85% ee, 90% ee, 95% ee, 97% ee, 98% ee, 99% ee. These values can define a range, such as about 90% ee and about 99% ee.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XI) (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol)
  • the process can include reacting a compound of formula (XII), wherein each X is independently selected from Br, F, I or Cl, with a compound of formula (XIII) (menthadienol) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to for a compound of formula (XIV).
  • reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of the reaction of formula (XII) with a compound of formula (XIII) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XIV) are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (II) reacting with a compound of formula (III) to form the compound of formula (IV), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can then be reacted with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (XVI).
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (XVI).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of formula (XIV) with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (XVI) are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (XVI) can then be cyclized by reacting the compound of formula (XVI) with a second Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XI).
  • the cyclization reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of the reaction of formula (XVI) with a second Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XI) are similar to the cyclization reaction of a compound of formula (IV) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (V), as described above.
  • the reaction can occur in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methylene chloride.
  • the reaction can form a compound of formula (XIV).
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can be reacted to remove the X substituent groups, more particularly, the compound of formula (XIV) can be reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, for example sodium sulfite.
  • a suitably selected reducing agent for example sodium sulfite.
  • the reaction can occur in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvents, for example methanol or a mixture of methanol and water.
  • the reaction can form a compound of formula (XVI).
  • the compound of formula (XVI) can be cyclized by reacting with a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst, for example BF 3 , in a suitably selected solvent or mixture of solvent, for example methylene chloride.
  • a suitably selected second Lewis acid catalyst for example BF 3
  • solvent or mixture of solvent for example methylene chloride
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XVI) (cannabidiol)
  • the process can include reacting a compound of formula (XII), wherein each X is independently selected from Br, F, I or Cl, with a compound of formula (XIII) (menthadienol) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XIV).
  • reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. of the reaction of formula (XII) with a compound of formula (XIII) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XIV) are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (II) reacting with a compound of formula (III) to form the compound of formula (IV), as described above.
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can then be reacted with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (XVI).
  • the compound of formula (XIV) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (XVI).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (XX)
  • the process can include reacting a compound of formula (XXI), wherein each X is independently selected from Br, F, I or Cl, with a compound of formula (XIII) in the presence of a protic or first Lewis acid catalyst to form a compound of formula (XXII); and
  • the compound of formula (XXII) can be dissolved in a polar solvent and can be treated with a reducing agent in the presence of a base to produce the compound of formula (XX).
  • the reduction reaction, conditions, components, parameters, etc. are similar to the reaction of a compound of formula (V) reacting with a reducing agent to form the compound of formula (I), as described above.
  • the present disclosure can produce the compounds of interest, e.g., compounds of formula (I), (VI), (XI), (XVI), etc., in high yield, from the starting materials, e.g., compounds of formula (II).
  • the yield of the process of the present disclosure can be greater than about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.
  • These values can define a range, such as about 60% to about 85%, or about 90% to about 99%.
  • Cannabidiol or (1′R,2′R)-5′-methyl-4′′-pentyl-2′-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′′-biphenyl]-2′′,6′′-diol, was prepared according to the present disclosure.
  • N-heptane 80 g was then added.
  • the yellowish emulsion was stirred for about 20 min at 30° C.
  • the layers were separated.
  • the aqueous layer was re-extracted with n-heptane (50 g).
  • the combined organic layers were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to have a ratio of cannabidiol to n-heptane of 1:4.
  • the solution was seeded and cooled to ⁇ 15° C. over about 2 to 3 hours.
  • the product was isolated and washed with n-heptane.
  • the product was isolated, washed with n-heptane and dried in vacuum at 40-50° C.
  • the C3-analog of olivetol was synthesized, starting from commercially available 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the synthesis of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride [1] was first tested on a 1 g scale by the treatment of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid with 1.2 eq. of SOCl 2 in toluene at 100° C. The reaction proceeded smoothly and after 1 hour, a complete conversion was observed on LC-MS. The solvents were evaporated and the product was stripped twice with toluene to remove the excess SOCl 2 to yield 1.15 g of [1] (quantitative yield), which was used as such in further experiments. Repetition of the reaction on 95 g scale was performed and yielded a second batch of [1] (110 g, quantitative yield).
  • N,3,5-trimethoxy-N-methylbenzamide [2] was first investigated on a 1.10 g scale. To a stirred mixture of [1] (1.10 g) and N,O-dimethyl-hydroxylamine HCl in DCM was added triethylamine (3 eq.) at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred over the weekend. Analysis with LC-MS showed complete and clean formation of [2]. Aqueous work-up yielded 0.95 g of a brown oil and subsequent analysis with 1 H-NMR confirmed the structure. Repetition on 110 g scale was performed and yielded a second batch of [2] (123 g, quantitative yield).
  • Repetition of the debromination on 7 g scale was carried out at 40° C. for 2 hours and the mixture was then analyzed with LC-MS. The partial removal of only 1 bromide group was observed at this stage. The temperature was increased to 75° C. for 1 hour, which resulted in a nearly complete conversion of the starting material and the formation of the mono-debrominated compound. The mixture was then stirred at 75° C. for a longer period and was monitored over time. After 16 hours, an almost complete debromination was achieved. The removal of the second bromine group was more difficult than the first group, but a full conversion was achieved.
  • ⁇ 9-THC is capable of acid-catalyzed isomerization to the thermodynamically more stable ⁇ 8-THC regio-isomer.
  • the separation of ⁇ 8- and ⁇ 9-THC is also known to be challenging, requiring multiple chromatographic steps. It is believed that the unknown impurity is the ⁇ 8-isomer of [10]. Despite the presence of the impurity, the formation of [10] via the sequence [7]-[8]-[10] was demonstrated.
  • the formed slurry was diluted with extra DCM (25 mL) and the layers were separated.
  • the aqueous phase was extracted once with fresh DCM (25 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried on Na 2 SO 4 and all volatiles evaporated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator.
  • Un-purified yield 1.42 g yellow/brownish oil.
  • the formed slurry was diluted with extra DCM (2 mL) and the layers were separated using a phase separator.
  • methanol 2 mL
  • a solution of sodium sulfite 150 mg, 1.193 mmol
  • L-ascorbic acid 11.89 mg, 0.068 mmol
  • triethylamine 164 mg, 1.621 mmol, 0.225 ml
  • the reaction mixture was partially concentrated in vacuo, using a rotary evaporator, to remove most of the methanol and volatiles.
  • the chlorination of olivetol towards cannabidiol was performed as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a solution of olivetol (1 g) in DCM was treated with 2 equivalents of sulfuryl chloride using a dropping funnel at 0° C. After 1 hour, a new product with the correct mass was formed, as well as a large amount of mono-chlorinated material. The starting material was no longer detected by LC-MS.
  • the reaction was continued in time and small aliquots of sulfuryl chloride were added to drive the reaction to completion. After the addition of 3 equivalents of sulfuryl chloride in total, a small amount of the tri-chloro compound was also formed. No work-up was performed in this experiment.
  • [11] was used as a model compound since only a limited amount of [12] was obtained.
  • the same conditions for the debromination Na 2 SO 3 (2.65 eq.), L-ascorbic acid (0.15 eq.), triethylamine (3.6 eq.), a methanol/water mixture, 75° C.) were applied on [11] on 250 mg scale. After stirring for 1 hour, no conversion was observed. After stirring overnight, some decomposition was observed.
  • the dechlorination step was repeated using the same scale and conditions but using 2-propanol instead of methanol.
  • the reaction temperature was increased to 100° C. No conversion was achieved after stirring overnight. No decomposition was detected after reacting overnight.
  • the dechlorination step was repeated using triethylsilane mediated, Pd 2 (d-t-bppf)Cl 2 catalyzed reaction conditions as described in Tet. Lett., 2013, 54, 4518-4521.
  • a degassed solution of [11] (250 mg) in dioxane was treated with triethylsilane (5 eq.), triethylamine (2 eq.) and Pd 2 (d-t-bppf)Cl 2 (5 mol %). After stirring for 1 hour at 100° C., near complete conversion into a new product was observed with LC-MS. After aqueous work-up, the newly formed product could not be isolated nor detected in significant amounts in either the organic or aqueous phase.
  • the syntheses proceeded similarly to the C5-isomer.
  • the synthesis of dichloro-olivetol and diiodo-olivetol using the C5-isomer was also performed successfully. Subsequent coupling with menthadienol was successful for the dichloro-olivetol, but not for the diiodo-olivetol.
  • dibromo-olivetol was coupled with the compounds in FIG. 8 , including cyclohexene, octane, cyclohex-2-enol and linalool.
  • a mixture of dibromo-olivetol (250 mg), the olefin to be coupled (1 eq.), magnesium sulfate (2.5 eq.) in DCM (2.5 mL) was treated with p-Tos-OH (0.5 eq.) at room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours, no conversion was observed with LC-MS, except for the experiment in which cyclohex-2-enol was used as coupling partner.
  • the coupling of dibromo-olivetol (C5-analogue) with different olefins has proven feasible.
  • the coupling of dibromo-olivetol, and related compounds can be performed using a cyclic olefin containing a double bond and a hydroxy-group at a conjugated position.
  • the olefin can be any olefin as described herein, provided the olefin is not cyclohexene, octane, linalool or combinations thereof.

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