US20160054598A1 - Faraday rotator and optical isolator based on this faraday rotator - Google Patents

Faraday rotator and optical isolator based on this faraday rotator Download PDF

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US20160054598A1
US20160054598A1 US14/781,324 US201414781324A US2016054598A1 US 20160054598 A1 US20160054598 A1 US 20160054598A1 US 201414781324 A US201414781324 A US 201414781324A US 2016054598 A1 US2016054598 A1 US 2016054598A1
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faraday rotator
tgg
extinction ratio
diameter
sintered compact
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Toshiaki Watanabe
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Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
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Shin Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
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Assigned to SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD. reassignment SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WATANABE, TOSHIAKI
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
    • G02F1/093—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect used as non-reciprocal devices, e.g. optical isolators, circulators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/08—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for reshaping the surface, e.g. smoothing, roughening, corrugating, making screw-threads
    • B28B11/0845—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for reshaping the surface, e.g. smoothing, roughening, corrugating, making screw-threads for smoothing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/08—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for reshaping the surface, e.g. smoothing, roughening, corrugating, making screw-threads
    • B28B11/0872—Non-mechanical reshaping of the surface, e.g. by burning, acids, radiation energy, air flow, etc.
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/003—Pressing by means acting upon the material via flexible mould wall parts, e.g. by means of inflatable cores, isostatic presses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/50—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on rare-earth compounds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
    • G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/30—Polarising elements
    • G02B5/3025—Polarisers, i.e. arrangements capable of producing a definite output polarisation state from an unpolarised input state
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/0009—Materials therefor
    • G02F1/0036—Magneto-optical materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
    • C04B2235/3286—Gallium oxides, gallates, indium oxides, indates, thallium oxides, thallates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. zinc gallate

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a Faraday rotator made by using a terbium gallium garnet denoted by Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 (hereinafter referred to simply as “TGG”) which has a high extinction ratio; and also the invention relates to an optical isolator using this Faraday rotator.
  • TGG terbium gallium garnet denoted by Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12
  • an optical isolator In an optical system, when a laser light is emitted from a semiconductor laser oscillator, which is the light source, some of the light becomes reflected light returning from optical elements provided in an optical communication path or the surfaces of devices provided in a partially overlapping optical transmission line or the like, and when the reflected light returns to the laser oscillator, the laser oscillator's performance may become unstable, or the laser oscillator itself may be damaged. So, in order to shield the reflected light off the laser oscillator, an optical isolator is used, and this optical isolator employs a Faraday rotator so as to make use of the latter's Faraday effect.
  • a bismuth-substituted rare-earth iron garnet which is grown by a liquid phase epitaxial growth method is used as a material to make the Faraday rotator; however this material undergoes material absorption attributable to an ion ingredient, so that in recent years TGG, which undergoes less material absorption, is used.
  • TGG a TGG single crystal rod grown by CZ method is used after machining; however, it is difficult to grow a large-sized TGG crystal so that a growth of an ingot of only 1-2 inches in diameter is general, with a resultant problem that the crystal is vulnerable to the influence of deformation induced by machining as well as deformation during the growth.
  • Non-IP Publication 1 introduces a TGG ceramics which has similar thermal conductivity and Verdet's constant as a TGG single crystal does
  • Non-IP Publication 2 introduces a development of a high quality TGG ceramics having an excellent extinction ratio of ⁇ 40 dB and having similar Faraday effect as a TGG ceramics does.
  • IP Publication 3 describes that a transparent rare-earth gallium garnet sintered compact denoted by a general formula of R 3 Ga 5 O 12 (wherein R is at least one kind of rare-earth element selected from Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu), as the Faraday rotator of an optical isolator.
  • TGG ceramics sintered compacts are liable to be affected by transmitted beam on account of their grain boundary, and it is pointed out that, similarly as in the case of TGG single crystal, their extinction capability in their material peripheries is degraded owing to the deformation during the material growth, manufacturing or machining stages, with a resulting problem that the isolation (light shielding capability) of the optical isolator is degraded.
  • Non-IP Document 1
  • Non-IP Document 2
  • a Faraday rotator which uses a TGG ceramics sintered compact which can relatively attenuate the influences of scattered light, suppress the degradation of the overall properties of the optical isolator and have an extinction ratio of as high as 38 dB or higher; and the invention also relates to an optical isolator using such Faraday rotator.
  • a better isolator has a higher isolation (shielding capability) and it is especially preferable that an isolator has an isolation (shielding capability) of 35 dB or higher; in order to attain this isolation the light transmission part of each one of optical devices (polarizer, analyzer, Faraday rotator) that constitute the optical isolator must have an extinction ratio of at least 35 dB or higher, or even 38 dB or higher when assembling margin is taken into consideration. Also, for example, in the case of an optical isolator of a type which has two light separating surfaces, its incident light separating surface needs to have a relatively large area where the extinction ratio is high.
  • an optical isolator is composed of a Faraday rotator made of costly TGG and other parts, and to reduce the cost of the TGG it has been a practice to make the diameter of the TGG Faraday rotator as small as possible.
  • the two lights would pass the vicinities of the outer peripheries of the Faraday rotator so that a problem is that the isolation is degraded as the lights pass in the vicinities of the outer peripheries.
  • the extinction ratio in the vicinities of the peripheries of the Faraday rotator need be 38 dB or higher.
  • the present inventors studied and researched hard to attain a goal of solving the problem of the degradation of light shielding capability of a TGG ceramics sintered compact so as to achieve the status of the optical isolators isolation (shielding capability) being 38 dB or higher, and as a result they discovered a new problem that, in the case of TGG ceramics sintered compact, the isolation of the optical isolator is degraded when the diameter of the transmitted beam is constricted to 0.3 mm or smaller, because the influence of the grain boundary is increased to cause increased influence of light scattering. Also, it was found that in the case of TGG sintered compact, the influence of the machining deformation after the machining to obtain the specified outer diameter can significantly cause property degradation.
  • the present inventors found that there exists an interdependency between the grain diameter and the diameter of the transmitted beam, and learned that by setting the diameter of the transmitted beam to 0.3 mm or greater and the grain diameter to 0.2-5.0 micrometers, it is possible to suppress the degradation of isolation and to stably secure the isolation to a value as high as 38 dB or even higher.
  • the present inventors found that like in the case of TGG crystal, if the TGG ceramics sintered compact is subjected to an annealing treatment, the extinction capability is significantly improved and hence possessed the present invention
  • the Faraday rotator of the present invention is characteristic in that it uses a TGG ceramics sintered compact of a mean grain diameter of 0.2-5.0 micrometers, that in it a diameter of the transmitted beam is 0.3 mm or greater, and that it has an extinction ratio of 38 dB or higher.
  • the TGG ceramics sintered compact of the present invention is characterized that it is annealed.
  • the Faraday rotator of the present invention is preferably used in an optical isolator.
  • a Faraday rotator using a TGG ceramics sintered compact which can relatively attenuate the influence of scattered light and suppress the degradation of the overall properties of the optical isolator and have an extinction ratio of 38 dB or higher; also it is possible to provide an optical isolator using such Faraday rotator.
  • FIG. 1 An example of the structure of a polarization-independent type optical isolator
  • FIG. 2 A chart to show a relation between the extinction ratio and the mean grain diameter as of the time when the diameter of transmitted beam is 0.1 mm
  • FIG. 3 A chart to show a relation between the diameter of transmitted beam and the extinction ratio in cases of different mean grain diameters of works
  • FIG. 4 A cross sectional view of a TGG crystal of 1.5-inch diameter grown by CZ method, showing 13 sections where measurements were conducted
  • FIG. 5 Drawings of a TGG crystal body to show where measurements of extinction ratio were conducted at times before and after grind machining and anneal treatment
  • FIG. 6 Drawings of a TGG sintered compact to show where measurements of extinction ratio were conducted at times before and after grind machining and anneal treatment
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the structure of a polarization-independent type optical isolator.
  • a polarization-independent type optical isolator like the one shown in FIG. 1 , is used as it is suited to deal with light that transmits in a fiber; and a Faraday rotator 1 of the present invention in which TGG is used is chiefly in use in such polarization-independent type optical isolators.
  • the polarization-independent type optical isolator as shown in FIG. 1 , is in general of a structure such that a polarizing material is arranged at either end of the Faraday rotator 1 , and the incident light is divided into an ordinary light and an extraordinary light, and the polarized light direction of these is rotated by 45 degrees in the Faraday rotator 1 , and, after passing through a 1 ⁇ 2-wavelength plate 4 , they are combined in an analyzer 3 and exit.
  • the light returning in the reverse direction is divided into two lights in the analyzer 3 , and, after their passing through the 1 ⁇ 2-wavelength plate 4 , the polarized light direction is rotated by 45 degrees in the Faraday rotator 1 , and the divided lights arrive in the polarizer 2 ; but on this occasion the polarized light direction of the lights differs by 90 degrees from that of the original incident light so that the divided lights are not combined in the polarizer 2 but exit the polarizer 2 in a more widely divided form and hence do not come back to the incident light entrance position wherefore isolator effect is achieved.
  • Example 1 firstly ingredients for TGG were mixed together, and the mixture was pre-baked, and then it was subjected to a hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and was sintered at 1250 degrees C., and a transparent sintered compact having an outer diameter of 6 mm and a length of 22 mm was obtained. Thereafter, both ends of each sample of this transparent sintered compact were ground, and, after etching, the compact's SEM image was examined and also the grain diameter was observed, and it was found that the mean grain diameter of the thus obtained sintered compact was 0.2 micrometer. Incidentally, this mean grain diameter (hereinafter referred to merely “grain diameter”) was calculated by counting the number of grains constituting an arbitrary straight line.
  • HIP hot isostatic pressing
  • Table 3 shows the measured values of extinction ratio taken at the middle part of the work samples of the respective grain diameters, with respect to various laser beam's diameters D of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 mm;
  • FIG. 3 shows a relationship between the laser beam's diameter and the extinction ratio.
  • the extinction ratio is roughly of the same value in the range of the laser beam's diameter D being 2.0-0.5 mm, but that as the beam's diameter is reduced to 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 mm, the degradation of the extinction capability increases so much that at 0.2 and 0.1 mm it is not possible to obtain an extinction ratio of 38 dB or higher stably. Therefore, in order to obtain an extinction ratio of 38 dB or higher stably, it is necessary that the laser beam's diameter is in the range of 0.3-2.0 mm.
  • the grain diameter is preferably 0.2-5 micrometers, or more preferably 0.3-3.0 micrometers.
  • TGG crystal body a TGG crystal body having a diameter of 1.5 inch was grown by CZ method, and both ends were cut off to make it 20-mm-long, and it was ground, and 13 sites, each consisting of an area of 5-mm square, were appointed as the measurement points.
  • FIG. 4 shows the 13 sites as the measurement points.
  • a measurement was conducted for the extinction ratio of 1.0-mm-diameter beam (1064 nm), and the extinction ratio was 33-39 dB.
  • these crystal bodies were subjected to an annealing treatment at 1200 degrees C. for 24 hours, and thereafter the measurement was repeated, and the resultant extinction ratio was improved to 36-41 dB.
  • Table 4 shows extinction ratios after the growth and grinding and those after the annealing treatment.
  • the diameter of the light beam was narrowed from 1.0 mm to 0.5 mm and the extinction ratio was measured at the sites of 13 measurement points shown in FIG. 4 ; similarly as in the case of the previous measurement, it was found that the extinction ratio degrades more as the measurement point moves to peripheral area, and that the extinction ratios in the peripheral sites are improved as the work is subjected to a further annealing treatment for 24 hours at 1250 degrees C.
  • an initial in-plane distribution of extinction ratio of the TGG crystal body on an assumption that the site denoted by the numeral 7 in FIG. 4 is a 5-mm-square as well as an after-grinding in-plane distribution of extinction ratio of the TGG crystal after it was cut to have a 5-mm-square cross section and further ground to eventually have a cross section of a 4.5-mm-outer-diameter circle were both measured using a 0.5-mm-dia beam; and the measurement points were plotted in a manner such that, as shown in FIG. 5 , they spread vertically and horizontally from the common central point of the work at an interval of 0.5 mm till there were 9 points vertically as well as 9 points horizontally.
  • the after-ground TGG crystal was subjected to the annealing treatment and was measured for in-plane distribution, and the measurement results shown in Table 5 were obtained.
  • the TGG ceramics sintered compact was extracted, and the coating film was removed off its AR coated face by peeling, and the compact was subjected to an annealing treatment for two hours at the same temperature as the secondary baking (1400-1700 degrees C.); thereafter the work sample was ground again and applied with an AR coating and it was measured for extinction ratio, and it was found that the extinction ratio in the peripheral area was improved due to the effect of the annealing treatment. Further, using this work sample an optical isolator was constructed again, and it optical properties were measured with the results that the insertion loss was 0.19 dB and the isolation was as high as 40.2 dB.

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US14/781,324 2013-04-01 2014-01-09 Faraday rotator and optical isolator based on this faraday rotator Abandoned US20160054598A1 (en)

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JP2013075772A JP6132429B2 (ja) 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 ファラデー回転子及び光アイソレータの製造方法
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PCT/JP2014/050196 WO2014162754A1 (ja) 2013-04-01 2014-01-09 ファラデー回転子及びこのファラデー回転子を用いた光アイソレータ

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JP2018048035A (ja) * 2016-09-20 2018-03-29 住友金属鉱山株式会社 ファラデー素子の製造方法、及びファラデー素子
CN110471199B (zh) * 2019-07-29 2021-03-09 中国科学技术大学 基于光自旋轨道耦合和法拉第效应的隔离器
WO2021188171A1 (en) * 2020-03-20 2021-09-23 Micro Harmonics Corporation Hybrid circulator

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EP2983035A1 (en) 2016-02-10
US20170192258A1 (en) 2017-07-06
TW201445188A (zh) 2014-12-01
US10168556B2 (en) 2019-01-01
JP2014202773A (ja) 2014-10-27
EP2983035A4 (en) 2016-12-07
TWI490554B (zh) 2015-07-01
WO2014162754A1 (ja) 2014-10-09
EP2983035B1 (en) 2021-08-18
CN105247405B (zh) 2019-05-31
CN105247405A (zh) 2016-01-13
JP6132429B2 (ja) 2017-05-24
DK2983035T3 (da) 2021-09-27

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