US20150044288A1 - Aerosol tyrosine kinase inhibitor compounds and uses thereof - Google Patents

Aerosol tyrosine kinase inhibitor compounds and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20150044288A1
US20150044288A1 US14/449,066 US201414449066A US2015044288A1 US 20150044288 A1 US20150044288 A1 US 20150044288A1 US 201414449066 A US201414449066 A US 201414449066A US 2015044288 A1 US2015044288 A1 US 2015044288A1
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salt
imatinib
tyrosine kinase
kinase inhibitor
phenylaminopyrimidine derivative
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Mark William SURBER
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Avalyn Pharma Inc
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Windward Pharma Inc
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Priority to US14/449,066 priority Critical patent/US20150044288A1/en
Assigned to WINDWARD PHARMA, INC. reassignment WINDWARD PHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SURBER, MARK WILLIAM
Publication of US20150044288A1 publication Critical patent/US20150044288A1/en
Assigned to AVALYN PHARMA INC. reassignment AVALYN PHARMA INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENOA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Priority to US17/028,630 priority patent/US11980689B2/en
Priority to US17/028,595 priority patent/US20210093569A1/en
Assigned to AVALYN PHARMA INC. reassignment AVALYN PHARMA INC. MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AVALYN PHARMA INC., WINDWARD PHARMA, INC.
Priority to US17/542,262 priority patent/US20220087937A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0078—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a nebulizer such as a jet nebulizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, e.g. in the form of aqueous drug solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/008—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy comprising drug dissolved or suspended in liquid propellant for inhalation via a pressurized metered dose inhaler [MDI]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in its several embodiments to liquid, dry powder and metered-dose formulations for therapeutic inhaled delivery of phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compositions such as imatinib and other kinase inhibitor compounds to desired anatomical sites, for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a variety of pulmonary, neurologic, cardiovascular and solid organ disease conditions.
  • phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compositions such as imatinib and other kinase inhibitor compounds
  • interstitial lung disease ILD
  • sub-class diseases therein cancer and many viral infectious disease remain unmet clinical needs.
  • target organ dose, pharmacokinetic profile and safety profile can be improved to increase efficacy, safety and reduce patient resistance.
  • extrapulmonary diseases may also benefit from inhaled delivery or other direct application to the affected tissue.
  • compositions of imatinib, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative and kinase inhibitor compounds that are suitable for inhalation delivery to the lungs, central nervous system and/or systemic compartment and methods of use.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or an imatinib, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation composition for oral pulmonary or intranasal inhalation delivery comprising formulations for aerosol administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for the prevention or treatment of various fibrotic diseases, including disease associated with the lung, heart, kidney, liver, eye and central nervous system, cancers, including those associated with the lung, heart, kidney, liver, eye and central nervous system, and hypertensive disease, including disease associated with the lung, heart, kidney, liver and peripheral vasculature.
  • various fibrotic diseases including disease associated with the lung, heart, kidney, liver, eye and central nervous system
  • cancers including those associated with the lung, heart, kidney, liver, eye and central nervous system
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound. In some embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is imatinib or salt thereof. In some embodiments, a salt of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used. In some embodiments, a phosphate salt of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; one or more inorganic salts at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally one or more buffers to maintain the pH between about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution includes one more inorganic salts selected from sodium chloride and magnesium. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution includes sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution includes magnesium chloride. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.2% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.3% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.4% to about 1.0%.
  • the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.5% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.9%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.8%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.7%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.6%. In some embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL. In some embodiments, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 750 mOsmol/kg, from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 750 mOsmol/kg, or from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg.
  • the solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from co-solvents, tonicity agents, sweeteners, surfactants, wetting agents, chelating agents, anti-oxidants, inorganic salts, and buffers.
  • the solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from taste masking agents/sweeteners and inorganic salts.
  • the tastemaking agent/sweetener is saccharin, or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution includes one more buffers selected from a citrate buffer and a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution includes a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution includes a citrate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution includes a citrate buffer or phosphate buffer; and sodium chloride, sodium bromide or magnesium chloride.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is imatinib or salt thereof.
  • a salt of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used.
  • a phosphate salt of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt will itself provide buffering capacity.
  • described herein is from about 0.01 mL to about 6 mL of the aqueous solution described herein. In some embodiments, described herein is about 0.5 mL to about 6 mL of the aqueous solution described herein.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; one or more inorganic salts at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally one or more buffers to maintain the pH between about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution includes one more inorganic salts selected from a sodium chloride and magnesium chloride.
  • the aqueous solution includes sodium chloride.
  • the aqueous solution includes magnesium chloride.
  • the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.2% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.3% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.4% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.5% to about 1.0%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.9%.
  • the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.8%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.7%. In some embodiments, the inorganic salt content of the aqueous solution is from about 0.1% to about 0.6%. In some embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution is from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • an aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration comprising: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound is at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound is at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound is at a concentration from about 1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 2 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 1 mg/mL to about 25 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound is at a concentration from about 2 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound, is at a concentration from about 2 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL.
  • the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 750 mOsmol/kg, from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg, from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 750 mOsmol/kg, or from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg.
  • the solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from co-solvents, tonicity agents, sweeteners, surfactants, wetting agents, chelating agents, anti-oxidants, inorganic salts, and buffers.
  • the solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from taste masking agents/sweeteners and inorganic salts.
  • the tastemaking agent/sweetener is saccharin, or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution includes one more buffers selected from a citrate buffer and a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution includes a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution includes a citrate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0 or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0; optionally sodium saccharin at a concentration of about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM; wherein the osmolality of the of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally sodium saccharin at a concentration of about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM; wherein the osmolality of the of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally sodium chloride; optionally sodium saccharin at a concentration of about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM; wherein the osmolality of the of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • a salt of imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative is used.
  • a phosphate salt of imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative is used.
  • the imatinib salt, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt will itself provide buffering capacity.
  • described herein is from about 0.01 mL to about 6 mL of the aqueous solution described herein. In some embodiments, described herein is from about 0.5 mL to about 6 mL of the aqueous solution described herein.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is imatinib or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; a salt of imatinib, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt, at an imatinib salt or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL wherein the salt provides the buffering capacity that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; a phosphate salt of imatinib at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL wherein the salt provides the buffering capacity that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • water is replaced with saline.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is imatinib or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 1.0 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 2.0 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt provides the buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0 is citrate.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the imatinib salt, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0 is phosphate.
  • a unit dosage adapted for use in a liquid nebulizer comprising from about 0.5 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, wherein the concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof in the aqueous solution is from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • a unit dosage adapted for use in a liquid nebulizer comprising from about 0.01 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof in the aqueous solution is from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
  • the aqueous solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from co-solvents, tonicity agents, sweeteners, surfactants, wetting agents, chelating agents, anti-oxidants, inorganic salts, and buffers; and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution further comprises: one or more inorganic salts selected from sodium chloride and magnesium chloride; and one or both of a citrate buffer or a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof dissolved in water at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; optionally sodium chloride maintains the solution osmolality between 200 and 800 mOsmo/kg; optionally phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solutions between 5.0 and 8.0; optionally, citrate buffer maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0;
  • the aqueous solution comprises: imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof dissolved in water at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally sodium chloride maintains the solution osmolality between 200 and 800 mOsmo/kg; optionally phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solutions between
  • a unit dosage adapted for use in a liquid nebulizer comprising from about 0.01 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the concentration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof in the aqueous solution is from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
  • the aqueous solution further comprises one or more additional ingredients selected from co-solvents, tonicity agents, sweeteners, surfactants, wetting agents, chelating agents, anti-oxidants, inorganic salts, and buffers; and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution further comprises: one or more inorganic salts selected from sodium chloride and magnesium chloride; and one or both of a citrate buffer or a phosphate buffer.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof dissolved in water at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally a sodium chloride maintains the solution osmolality between 200 and 800 mOsmo/kg; optionally phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solutions between 5.0 and 8.0; optionally, citrate buffer maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0; optionally, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution is as described herein.
  • kits comprising: a unit dosage of an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, as described herein in a container that is adapted for use in a liquid nebulizer.
  • an aqueous droplet of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof wherein the aqueous droplet has a diameter less than about 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • the aqueous droplet was produced from a liquid nebulizer and an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is as described herein.
  • the aqueous solution has concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof from about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100 mg/mL and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution has concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, from about 0.001 mg/mL and about 200 mg/mL and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous droplet is produced by a nebulizing an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, as described herein with a nebulizer.
  • the nebulizer is a liquid nebulizer.
  • the nebulizer is a high efficiency liquid nebulizer.
  • an aqueous aerosol comprising a plurality of aqueous droplets of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • an aqueous aerosol comprising a plurality of aqueous droplets of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the plurality of aqueous droplets have a volumetric mean diameter (VMD), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), and/or mass median diameter (MMD) of less than about 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • VMD volumetric mean diameter
  • MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter
  • MMD mass median diameter
  • the plurality of aqueous droplets was produced from a liquid nebulizer and an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the aqueous solution has concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound from about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100 mg/mL and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution has concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound from about 0.001 mg/mL and about 200 mg/mL and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, at least 30% of the aqueous droplets in the aerosol have a diameter less than about 5 ⁇ m.
  • the aqueous aerosol is produced by a nebulizing an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof as described herein with a nebulizer.
  • the nebulizer is a liquid nebulizer.
  • the nebulizer is a high efficiency liquid nebulizer.
  • the nebulizer used in any of the methods described herein is a liquid nebulizer. In some embodiments, the nebulizer used in any of the methods described herein is a jet nebulizer, an ultrasonic nebulizer, a pulsating membrane nebulizer, a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures, or a nebulizer comprising a vibration generator and an aqueous chamber. In some embodiments, the nebulizer used in any of the methods described herein is a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures.
  • the liquid nebulizer (i) achieves lung deposition of at least 7% of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound administered to the mammal; (ii) provides a Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of emitted droplet size distribution of the aqueous solution of about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m; (iii) provides: a) a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of droplet size of the aqueous solution emitted with the high efficiency liquid nebulizer of about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m; b) a volumetric mean diameter (VMD) of about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m; and/or c) a mass median diameter (MMD) of about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m; (iv)
  • GSD Geo
  • the liquid nebulizer is characterized as having at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or all six of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi).
  • the liquid nebulizer : (i) achieves lung deposition of at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 12%, at least 14%, at least 16%, at least 18%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40% at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or at least 80% of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, administered to the mammal.
  • the liquid nebulizer (ii) provides a Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) of emitted droplet size distribution of the aqueous solution of about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 1.2 ⁇ m to about 2.3 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m to about 2.1 ⁇ m, or about 1.5 ⁇ m to about 2.0 ⁇ m.
  • GSD Geometric Standard Deviation
  • the liquid nebulizer provides a) a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of droplet size of the aqueous solution emitted with the high efficiency liquid nebulizer of about less than 5 ⁇ m or about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m; b) a volumetric mean diameter (VMD) of about less than 5 ⁇ m or about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m; and/or c) a mass median diameter (MMD) of about less than 5 ⁇ m or about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m.
  • MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter
  • FPF fine particle fraction
  • the liquid nebulizer (v) provides an output rate of at least 0.1 mL/min, of at least 0.2 mL/min, of at least 0.3 mL/min, of at least 0.4 mL/min, of at least 0.5 mL/min, of at least 0.6 mL/min, of at least 0.7 mL/min, of at least 0.8 mL/min, of at least 0.9 mL/min, of at least 1.0 mL/min, or less than about 1.0 mL/min.
  • the liquid nebulizer (vi) provides at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 95%, of the aqueous solution to the mammal.
  • the liquid nebulizer provides an respirable delivered dose (RDD) of at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 12%, at least 16%, at least 20%, at least 24%, at least 28%, at least 32%, at least 36%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%.
  • RDD respirable delivered dose
  • described herein is a method for the treatment of lung disease in a mammal comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound by inhalation to the mammal in need thereof.
  • the lung disease is lung fibrosis, lung cancer, or pulmonary hypertension
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered with a nebulizer, a metered dose inhaler, or a dry powder inhaler.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is an aqueous solution and is administered to the mammal with a liquid nebulizer; wherein the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the liquid nebulizer is a jet nebulizer, an ultrasonic nebulizer, a pulsating membrane nebulizer, a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures, or a nebulizer comprising a vibration generator and an aqueous chamber.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor compound or salt thereof, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the mammal with a liquid nebulizer.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 0.1 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor compound or salt thereof, and optionally one or more additional ingredients selected from co-solvents, tonicity agents, sweeteners, surfactants, wetting agents, chelating agents, anti-oxidants, inorganic salts, and buffers, wherein the concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor compound or salt thereof in the aqueous solution is from about 0.001 mg/mL and about 200 mg/mL and the osmolality of the of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor compound or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally one or more inorganic salts selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium bromide, magnesium bromide, calcium chloride and calcium bromide, wherein the total amount of the one or more inorganic salts is from about 0.01% to about 2.0% by weight of the weight of aqueous solution; optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0, or citrate buffer than maintains the pH of the solution from about 4.0 to about 7.0; optionally sodium saccharin at a concentration of about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM; wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a dry powder composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration of about 0.001% to about 100% by weight of the weight of dry powder composition; optionally one of more carrier agents selected from the group consisting of lactose or mannitol at a concentration of about 0.001% to about 99.999% by weight of the weight of dry powder composition; and optionally sodium saccharin at a concentration of about 0.001% to about 0.1% by weight of the weight of dry powder composition; wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the mammal with a dry powder inhaler.
  • the dry powder inhaler delivers from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 10 breaths, wherein the mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes are from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the total amount of imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is about 0.001% to about 10% by volume of the volume of the pharmaceutical composition; one or more propellants, wherein the total amount of the one or more propellants is about 90% to about 99.999% by volume of the volume of the pharmaceutical composition; optionally one of more cosolvents selected from the group consisting of ethanol and propylene glycol, wherein the total amount of the one or more cosolvents is from about 0.01% to about 10% by volume of the volume of the pharmaceutical composition; wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the mammal with a metered dose inhaler.
  • the meter dose inhaler delivers from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 10 breaths, wherein the mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes are from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered to the mammal in need thereof by inhalation on a continuous dosing schedule.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising imatinib or salt thereof, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a weeks, five times a week, six times a week, seven days a week, once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, five times a day, or six times a day.
  • described herein is a method for the treatment of lung disease in a mammal comprising: administering to mammal in need thereof an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, with a liquid nebulizer.
  • a method for the treatment of lung disease in a mammal comprising: administering to mammal in need thereof an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof with a liquid nebulizer; wherein the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; one or more inorganic salts, wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg; and one or more buffers maintaining the solution pH between about 4.0 and 8.0.
  • a method for the treatment of lung disease in a mammal comprising: administering to mammal in need thereof an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, with a liquid nebulizer; wherein the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; one or more salts, wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg; and one or more buffers maintaining the solution pH between about 4.0 and 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0 is citrate.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0 is phosphate.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0 is citrate.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the salt providing buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0 is phosphate.
  • the nebulizer is a jet nebulizer, an ultrasonic nebulizer, a pulsating membrane nebulizer, a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures, or a nebulizer comprising a vibration generator and an aqueous chamber.
  • GSD Geo
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the lung disease is lung fibrosis and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung disease is pulmonary hypertension and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung disease is Type 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Pulmonary Hypertension and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung disease is cancer and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung cancer is small cell lung cancer and the mammal is a human.
  • the lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer and the mammal is a human.
  • the pulmonary cancer is large cell carcinoma and the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is mesothelioma and the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is lung carcinoid tumors or bronchial cardinoids and the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is secondary lung cancer resulting from metastatic disease and the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer may be sarcoma and the mammal is a human.
  • the pulmonary cancer is may be a lymphoma and the mammal is a human.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers from about 0.05 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers from about 0.01 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, compound to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • the lung tissue Cmax and/or AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after administration of a single inhaled dose to the mammal is about the same or greater than the lung tissue Cmax and/or AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after a single dose of orally administered dose of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a dose that is from about 80% to about 120% of the inhaled dose; and/or the plasma Cmax and/or AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine
  • the lung tissue Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after administration of a single inhaled dose to the mammal is greater than the lung tissue Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after a single dose of orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a dose that is from about 80% to about 120% of the inhaled dose.
  • the lung tissue AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after administration of a single inhaled dose to the mammal is greater than the lung tissue AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after a single dose of orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a dose that is from about 80% to about 120% of the inhaled dose.
  • the plasma Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after administration of a single inhaled dose to the mammal is less than the plasma Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after a single dose of orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a dose that is from about 80% to about 120% of the inhaled dose.
  • the plasma AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after administration a single inhaled dose to the mammal is less than the plasma AUC of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, that is obtained after a single dose of orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, compound at a dose that is from about 80% to about 120% of the inhaled dose.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers from about 0.1 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron. In some embodiments, the liquid nebulizer delivers from about 0.01 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the lungs of the mammal in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • administration with the liquid nebulizer does not include an initial dose-escalation period.
  • a method of reducing the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events in the treatment of a human with imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof comprising: administering to the human in need thereof a nebulized aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof with a liquid nebulizer; wherein the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; one or more inorganic salts, where
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 1.0 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL or from about 2.0 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL or from about 5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.25% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.5% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.9% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.8% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 0.7% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer or a citrate buffer or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt itself maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; and optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein a citrate salt maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution for nebulized inhalation administration described herein comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; sodium chloride from about 0.1% to about 1.0% to adjust osmolality and provide a permeant ion; wherein the phosphate salt maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, compound, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; one or more inorganic salts, wherein the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg; and one or more buffers maintaining the solution pH between about 4.0 and 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered to treat lung disease in the human.
  • lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • lung disease is cancer.
  • lung disease target is stroma associated with lung cancer.
  • lung disease is pulmonary hypertension.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers about 0.1 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound to the lungs in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron. In some embodiments, the liquid nebulizer delivers about 0.01 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor compound to the lungs in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron
  • administration with the liquid nebulizer does not include an initial dose-escalation period.
  • aqueous solution is administered to the mammal with a liquid nebulizer, the solution having a concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg; and the liquid nebulizer is a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures.
  • aqueous solution is administered to the mammal with a liquid nebulizer, the solution having a concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg; and the liquid nebulizer is a nebulizer comprising a vibrating mesh or plate with multiple apertures.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers about 0.1 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof to the lungs in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • the aqueous solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0 and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the liquid nebulizer delivers about 0.01 mg to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the lungs in less than about 20 minutes with mass median diameter (MMAD) particles sizes from about 1 to about 5 micron.
  • MMAD mass median diameter
  • the aqueous solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0 and an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • an inhalation system for administration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound to the respiratory tract of a human comprising: (a) about 0.5 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof; and (b) a high efficiency liquid nebulizer.
  • an inhalation system for administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, compound to the respiratory tract of a human comprising: (a) about 0.01 mL to about 6 mL of an aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof; and (b) a high efficiency liquid nebulizer.
  • the aqueous solution is any of the aqueous solutions described herein.
  • the concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof in the aqueous solution is from about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100 mg/mL and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the concentration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, in the aqueous solution is from about 0.001 mg/mL and about 200 mg/mL and the osmolality of the aqueous solution is from about 200 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally a phosphate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof at a concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; optionally a citrate buffer that maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; wherein the phosphate salt maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0.
  • the aqueous solution comprises: water; imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at a concentration from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL; wherein the citrate salt maintains the pH of the solution from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.0.
  • the aqueous solution is as described herein.
  • a method of achieving a lung tissue Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound that is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 1.5-20 times, at least 1.5-15 times, at least 1.5-10 times, at least 1.5-5 times, or at least 1.5-3 times a Cmax of up to 600 mg of an orally administered dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, the method comprising nebulizing an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenyla
  • described herein is a method of achieving a lung tissue Cmax of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound that is at least equivalent to or greater than a Cmax of up to 600 mg of an orally administered dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, the method comprising nebulizing an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, and administering the nebulized aqueous solution to a human.
  • a method of achieving a lung tissue AUC 0-24 of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof that is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 1.5-20 times, at least 1.5-15 times, at least 1.5-10 times, at least 1.5-5 times, or at least 1.5-3 times
  • AUC 0-24 of up to 600 mg of an orally administered dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof the method comprising nebulizing an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a
  • described herein is a method of achieving a lung tissue AUC 0-24 of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound that is at least equivalent to or greater than AUC 0-24 of up to 600 mg of an orally administered dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, the method comprising nebulizing an aqueous solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof and administering the nebulized aqueous solution to a human.
  • a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the lung tissue Cmax achieved with the nebulized solution is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 1.5-20 times, at least 1.5-15 times, at least 1.5-10 times, at least 1.5-5 times, or at least 1.5-3 times the lung tissue Cmax achieved with an orally administered imatinib
  • a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the lung tissue Cmax achieved with the nebulized solution is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 1.5-20 times, at least 1.5-15 times, at least 1.5-10 times, at least 1.5-5 times, or at least 1.5-3 times the lung tissue Cmax achieved with an orally administered imatinib
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human, comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the lung tissue Cmax achieved with the nebulized solution is at least equivalent to or greater than the lung tissue Cmax achieved with an orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage that is from 80% to 120% of the dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof,
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human, comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the plasma AUC 0-24 achieved with the nebulized solution is less than the plasma AUC 0-24 achieved with an orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage that is from 80% to 120% of the dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, in
  • a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the lung tissue AUC 0-24 achieved with the nebulized solution is at least 1.5 times, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times, at least 1.5-20 times, at least 1.5-15 times, at least 1.5-10 times, at least 1.5-5 times, or at least 1.5-3 times the lung tissue AUC 0-24 achieved with an orally
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a human, comprising administering a nebulized aqueous solution containing the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the lung tissue AUC 0-24 achieved with the nebulized solution is at least 1.5 times the lung tissue AUC 0-24 achieved with an orally administered imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage that is from 80% to 120% of the dosage of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage
  • a method of improving the pharmacokinetic profile obtained in a human following a single oral dose administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered to the human to treat lung disease.
  • the lung disease is lung fibrosis.
  • the lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the single oral dose comprises up to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the method of improving the pharmacokinetic profile comprises the step of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, by inhalation.
  • the pharmacokinetic profile comprises the lung tissue pharmacokinetic profile.
  • the pharmacokinetic profile comprises the lung tissue pharmacokinetic profile and/or plasma pharmacokinetic profile.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered as an aqueous solution with a liquid nebulizer.
  • the aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is as described herein.
  • the method of improving the pharmacokinetic profile further comprises a comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters following inhalation administration to the same parameters obtained following oral administration.
  • a prolonged improvement in pharmacokinetic profile is obtained by repeated and frequent administrations of the aqueous solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, as described herein by inhalation.
  • repeated administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, by inhalation provides more frequent direct lung exposure benefiting the human through repeat high Cmax levels.
  • the inhaled imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof doses are administered once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four time a day, every other day, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, five times a week, six times a week, seven times a week, or any combination thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary delivery comprising a solution of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof having a concentration greater than about 0.1 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary delivery comprising a solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, having a concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 200.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the composition comprises a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the composition comprises a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary delivery comprising a solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, and a taste masking agent, wherein the solution has an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 200.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the composition comprises a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • a sterile, single-use container comprising from about 0.1 mL to about 20 mL of a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.1 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • a sterile, single-use container comprising from about 0.01 mL to about 20 mL of a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 200 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.001 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 200.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the container further comprises a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the container further comprises a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the container further comprises a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • described herein is a method to treat a pulmonary disease comprising inhaling an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.1 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • a method to treat a pulmonary disease comprising inhaling an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 200.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the pulmonary disease is interstitial lung disease.
  • the interstitial lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the interstitial lung disease is radiation-therapy-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the pulmonary disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • the pulmonary disease is chronic bronchitis.
  • the pulmonary disease is cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is small cell lung cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is large cell carcinoma.
  • the pulmonary cancer is mesothelioma.
  • the pulmonary cancer is lung carcinoid tumors or bronchial cardinoids. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is secondary lung cancer resulting from metastatic disease. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer may be sarcoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is may be a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the method further comprises co-administering, administering sequentially, or co-prescribing (such that medicines are requested by a prescribing physician to be taken in some sequence as combination therapy to treat the same disease) with agents targeting cancer.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof are administered to target cancer-associated stroma to reduce proliferation, invasion and metastisis of cancer cells, enable anti-cancer agent penetration to cancer cells, and reduce interstitial hypertension (whereby increasing anti-cancer agent access to internal cancer cells.
  • the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 5 mcg imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.001 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 250 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 7.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1 breaths.
  • described herein is a method to treat a pulmonary disease comprising inhaling an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.1 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • a method to treat a pulmonary disease comprising inhaling an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition comprises a second anti-pulmonary hypertension agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the pulmonary disease is interstitial lung disease.
  • the interstitial lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the interstitial lung disease is radiation-therapy-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the pulmonary disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • the pulmonary disease is chronic bronchitis.
  • the pulmonary disease is pulmonary hypertension.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is Type 1.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is Type 2.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is Type 3.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is Type 4.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is Type 5. In some embodiments, the pulmonary hypertension is secondary to pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the method further comprises co-administering, administering sequentially, or co-prescribing (such that medicines are requested by a prescribing physician to be taken in some sequence as combination therapy to treat the same disease) with agents targeting pulmonary hypertension.
  • the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.001 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 250 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 7.5 minutes.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1 breaths.
  • a method to administer an anti-fibrotic agent to lungs of a patient comprising: introducing in a nebulizer a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the mucolytic agent is inhaled separately from the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • a method to treat an extrapulmonary disease target comprising inhaling an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the mucolytic agent is inhaled separately from the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the method further comprises administering a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the extrapulmonary disease target is the heart.
  • the extrapulmonary disease target is white blood cells.
  • the extrapulmonary disease target is the bone marrow.
  • the extrapulmonary disease target is the kidney. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is the liver. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is the central nervous system. In some embodiments, the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns.
  • the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 5 mcg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.001 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 250 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 7.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1.5 minutes.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1 breaths.
  • a method to treat a neurologic disease comprising intranasal inhalation of an aerosol generated from a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • the permeant ion is chloride or bromide.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the mucolytic agent is inhaled separately from the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution.
  • described herein is a method to administer an anti-demylination agent to nasal cavity of a patient, comprising: introducing in a nebulizer a a solution having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the method further comprises administering a mucolytic agent suitable for intranasal delivery.
  • the mucolytic agent is inhaled separately from the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution.
  • the method further comprises administering a second agent suitable for intranasal delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for internasal delivery.
  • the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for internasal delivery.
  • the method involves a step of opening a sterile single-use container containing between about 0.5 mL to about 10 mL of a solution of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof solution for introduction into a nebulizer.
  • the method involves a step of opening a sterile single-use container containing between about 0.01 mL to about 10 mL of a solution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution for introduction into a nebulizer.
  • the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 20 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 20 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 5 mcg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.001 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 250 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 7.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2.5 minutes. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1.5 minutes.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 1 breaths.
  • kits comprising: a pharmaceutical composition comprising an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution in a sterile container, wherein the solution has an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the kit further comprises a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the kit further comprises a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the kit further comprises a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • kits comprising: a pharmaceutical composition comprising an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution in a sterile container, wherein the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution has a concentration greater than about 0.001 mg/mL, an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and a pH greater than about 4.0, and a nebulizer adapted to aerosolize the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, solution for delivery to the nasal cavity through intranasal inhalation.
  • the solution has an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration greater than about 0.1 mg/mL, having an osmolality greater than about 100 mOsmol/kg, and having a pH greater than about 4.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.01 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 0.5 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 1.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 2.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 4.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 8.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 12.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 16.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 20.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 50.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is greater than about 100.0 mg/mL.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the permeant ion is chloride or bromide. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 2000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution has a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate and citrate.
  • the kit further comprises a mucolytic agent suitable for intranasal delivery.
  • the kit further comprises a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for intranasal delivery.
  • the kit further comprises a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for intranasal delivery.
  • the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having interstitial lung disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the disease is selected from interstitial lung disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation therapy-induced fibrosis.
  • the subject is identified as having interstitial lung disease.
  • the subject is identified as having idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the subject is identified as having radiation therapy-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having vascular lung disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the disease is selected from vascular lung disease, including pulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is identified as having vascular lung disease.
  • the subject is identified as having pulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is identified as having portopulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the pulmonary disease is cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is small cell lung cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is large cell carcinoma.
  • the pulmonary cancer is mesothelioma.
  • the pulmonary cancer is lung carcinoid tumors or bronchial cardinoids. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is secondary lung cancer resulting from metastatic disease. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer may be sarcoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is may be a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the pulmonary disease is cancer.
  • the therapeutic target for said pulmonary cancer is tumor stroma.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the pulmonary disease is pulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary cancer through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from regional cancers including leukemia and lymphoma.
  • the subject is identified as having chronic myloid leukemia (CML).
  • the subject is identified as having gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having relapsed or refractory Ph-positive Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene re-arrangements. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  • ALL Ph-positive Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • ALL myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene re-arrangements.
  • the subject is identified as having aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation. In some embodiments, the subject
  • the subject is identified as having hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) who have the FIP1L1-PDGFR ⁇ fusion kinase (CHIC2 allele deletion) or FIP1L1-PDGFR-alpha fusion kinase negative or unknown.
  • HES hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • CEL chronic eosinophilic leukemia
  • the subject is identified as having unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
  • a method for treating extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory and/or toxicity-related diseases through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, kidney toxicity and heart toxicity.
  • the subject is identified as having cardiac fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having hepatic fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having heart toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having an infection through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary exposure and or pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from viral infections.
  • the subject is identified as having small pox.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • HCV herpes simplex virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • influenza virus In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified
  • the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic infection through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is selected from viral infection.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV).
  • the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus.
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • influenza virus In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV).
  • the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease.
  • the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • described herein is a method for treating neurologic disease, comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic disease through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is multiple sclerosis.
  • the subject is identified as having multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating neurologic disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic disease through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is neurofibromatosis.
  • the subject is identified as having neurofibromatosis type I.
  • the subject is identified as having Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having opiod tolerance. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having desmoid tumor. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary delivery comprising a dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • the dose content is at least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the content may be administered in one more doses.
  • the powder may be delivered neat.
  • the powder further comprises a carrier agent.
  • the carrier agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose.
  • DPIs dry powder inhalers
  • drug particles will preferably adhere to the active binding sites (more adhesive areas) on the carrier surface and expected to separate from carrier surface upon inhalation.
  • Drug re-dispersion is considered most important for getting drug particles into deep lung airway regions. Usually, only small amounts of drug reaches the lower airway regions due to strong drug-carrier adhesion. Indeed, drug re-dispersion is a function of balance between cohesive forces (between the drug particles) and the adhesive forces (between drug and carrier particles).
  • patient inspiratory force should overcome drug-carrier adhesive forces which are dependent on physicochemical properties of both drug particles and carrier particles.
  • carrier particles must be well-controlled in terms of size, morphology, crystal form, surface energy, etc. It has been reported that the differences in carrier particle size is likely to have significant impact on DPI aerosolisation performance.
  • the presence of fine particles on carrier surface may decrease the drug-carrier contact area and consequently drug-carrier adhesion forces leading to improved DPI performance.
  • Better aerosolisation performance was observed when the carrier tap density was higher, whereas no correlation was found between carrier flowability and DPI performance.
  • Carriers with reduced dispersive surface energy produced higher fine particle fraction (FPF) of the drug upon aerosolisation. Carrier particles with higher elongation ratio or increased surface roughness showed favorable inhalation properties.
  • FPF fine particle fraction
  • described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary delivery, comprising a dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • a single-use container comprising from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • a single-use container comprising from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • a method to treat a pulmonary disease comprising inhalation of a dry powder aerosol containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • the dose content is at least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dry powder further comprises a carrier agent. In some embodiments, the carrier agent is lactose.
  • described herein is a method for treating pulmonary disease, comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having interstitial lung disease through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • a single-use container comprising from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof having dosage content greater than about 1%. In yet another aspect, described herein is a single-use container comprising from about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg dry powder containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, having dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • the pulmonary disease is interstitial lung disease. In some embodiments, the interstitial lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the interstitial lung disease is radiation-therapy-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the pulmonary disease is chronic bronchitis.
  • the dry powder aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in one breath.
  • a method to administer an anti-fibrotic agent to lungs of a subject comprising: introducing in a dry powder inhaler an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dry powder formulation having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • a method to treat an extrapulmonary disease target comprising inhalation of a dry powder aerosol containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • the extrapulmonary disease target is the heart. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is the kidney. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is the liver. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is white blood cells. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease target is bone marrow.
  • a method to treat a neurologic disease comprising oral or intranasal inhalation of a dry powder aerosol containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage content greater than about 1%. In some embodiments, the neurologic disease is multiple sclerosis.
  • a method to administer an anti-demylination agent to nasal cavity of a subject comprising: introducing in a dry powder inhaler an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dry powder formulation having a dosage content greater than about 1%.
  • the dose content is at least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dry powder comprises a carrier agent.
  • the carrier agent is lactose.
  • the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 5 microns.
  • the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 5 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol comprises particles having a mean aerodynamic diameter from about 1 micron to about 20 microns. In some embodiments, the aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 microns to about 20 microns volumetric mean diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to 3 microns. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.001 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhaling step delivers a dose of a least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the inhaling step is performed in less than about 5 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 3 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in less than about 2 breaths. In some embodiments, the inhaling step is performed in one breath. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of opening a single-use dry powder container holding between about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg dry powder formulation containing imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof for introduction into a dry powder inhaler.
  • the method further comprises the step of opening a single-use dry powder container holding between about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg dry powder formulation containing imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for introduction into a dry powder inhaler.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having vascular lung disease through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the disease is selected from vascular lung disease, including pulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is identified as having vascular lung disease.
  • the subject is identified as having pulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is identified as having portopulmonary hypertension.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the pulmonary disease is cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is small cell lung cancer.
  • the pulmonary cancer is large cell carcinoma.
  • the pulmonary cancer is mesothelioma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is lung carcinoid tumors or bronchial cardinoids. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is secondary lung cancer resulting from metastatic disease. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer may be sarcoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is may be a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary cancer through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from regional cancers including leukemia and lymphoma.
  • the subject is identified as having chronic myloid leukemia (CML).
  • the subject is identified as having gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having relapsed or refractory Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene re-arrangements. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  • ALL Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • ALL myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene re-arrangements.
  • the subject is identified as having aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation. In some embodiments, the subject is
  • the subject is identified as having hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) who have the FIP1L1-PDGFR ⁇ fusion kinase (CHIC2 allele deletion) or FIP1L1-PDGFR-alpha fusion kinase negative or unknown.
  • HES hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • CEL chronic eosinophilic leukemia
  • the subject is identified as having unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
  • a method for treating extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory and/or toxicity-related diseases through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, kidney toxicity and heart toxicity.
  • the subject is identified as having cardiac fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having hepatic fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having heart toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having an infection through oral inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary exposure and or pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from viral infections.
  • the subject is identified as having small pox.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • HCV herpes simplex virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • influenza virus In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified
  • the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic infection through oral or intranasal inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is selected from viral infection.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV).
  • the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus.
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • influenza virus In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV).
  • the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease.
  • the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • described herein is a method for treating neurologic disease, comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic disease through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is multiple sclerosis.
  • the subject is identified as having multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating neurologic disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic disease through oral or intranasal inhalation of a dry powder aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is neurofibromatosis.
  • the subject is identified as having neurofibromatosis type I.
  • the subject is identified as having Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having opiod tolerance. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having desmoid tumor. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • kits comprising: a pharmaceutical composition comprising a dry powder imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, formulation in a container, wherein the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage content is greater than about 1%; and a dry powder inhaler adapted to aerosolize the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dry powder formulation for delivery to the middle to lower respiratory tract through oral inhalation.
  • kits comprising: a pharmaceutical composition comprising a dry powder imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, formulation in a container, wherein the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dosage content is greater than about 1%, and a dry powder inhaler adapted to aerosolize the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, dry powder formulation for delivery to the nasal cavity through intranasal inhalation.
  • the dose content is at least 0.005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.01 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.05 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 0.1 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 0.5 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 1.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 2.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 4.0 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 8 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 12 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 16 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 20 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 30 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 40 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 50 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 60 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 70 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 80 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 90 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 100 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 110 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 120 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 130 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 140 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 150 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 160 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 170 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the dose content is at least 180 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 190 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the dose content is at least 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof. In some embodiments, the powder further comprises a carrier agent. In some embodiments, the carrier agent is lactose.
  • a method for treating lung disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having interstitial lung disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the disease is selected from interstitial lung disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation therapy-induced fibrosis.
  • the subject is identified as having interstitial lung disease.
  • the subject is identified as having idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having radiation therapy-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having chronic bronchitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory and/or toxicity-related diseases through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, kidney toxicity and heart toxicity.
  • the subject is identified as having cardiac fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having hepatic fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having kidney toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having heart toxicity. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient, wherein the patient avoids abnormal liver function exhibited by a grade 2 or higher abnormality following oral administration in one or more biomarkers of liver function after imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, administration, comprising administering to said patient imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at doses less than 600 mg per day.
  • “Grade 2 liver function abnormalities” include elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) greater than 2.5-times and less than or equal to 5-times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
  • Grade 2 liver function abnormalities also include elevations of bilirubin levels greater than 1.5-times and less than or equal to 3-times the ULN.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation.
  • said one or more biomarkers of liver function is selected from the group consisting of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.
  • the method further comprises the step of measuring one or more biomarkers of liver function.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 10 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is less than 5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 2 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is less than 1 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is greater than 10 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, is greater than 0.5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is greater than 0.1 mcg/mL.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient with pulmonary disease, extrapulmonary disease and central nervous system disease, wherein the patient avoids abnormal liver function exhibited by a grade 2 or higher abnormality following oral administration in one or more biomarkers of liver function after imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, administration, comprising administering to said patient imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at doses less than 600 mg per day.
  • “Grade 2 liver function abnormalities” include elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) greater than 2.5-times and less than or equal to 5-times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
  • Grade 2 liver function abnormalities also include elevations of bilirubin levels greater than 1.5-times and less than or equal to 3-times the ULN.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation.
  • said one or more biomarkers of liver function is selected from the group consisting of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.
  • the method further comprises the step of measuring one or more biomarkers of liver function.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 5 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 2 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 1 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.1 mcg/mL.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient with cancer, wherein the patient avoids abnormal liver function exhibited by a grade 2 or higher abnormality following oral administration in one or more biomarkers of liver function after imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, administration, comprising administering to said patient imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at doses less than 600 mg per day.
  • “Grade 2 liver function abnormalities” include elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) greater than 2.5-times and less than or equal to 5-times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
  • Grade 2 liver function abnormalities also include elevations of bilirubin levels greater than 1.5-times and less than or equal to 3-times the ULN.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation.
  • said one or more biomarkers of liver function is selected from the group consisting of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.
  • the method further comprises the step of measuring one or more biomarkers of liver function.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 5 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 2 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 1 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.1 mcg/mL.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient with a viral infection, wherein the patient avoids abnormal liver function exhibited by a grade 2 or higher abnormality following oral administration in one or more biomarkers of liver function after imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, administration, comprising administering to said patient imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at doses less than 600 mg per day.
  • “Grade 2 liver function abnormalities” include elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) greater than 2.5-times and less than or equal to 5-times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
  • Grade 2 liver function abnormalities also include elevations of bilirubin levels greater than 1.5-times and less than or equal to 3-times the ULN.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation.
  • said one or more biomarkers of liver function is selected from the group consisting of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.
  • the method further comprises the step of measuring one or more biomarkers of liver function.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 5 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 2 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 1 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.1 mcg/mL.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient, wherein the patient avoids the incidence of nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, leg aches/cramps, fluid retention, visual disturbances, itchy rash, lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, loss of appetite, weight gain, reduced number of blood cells (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), headache, edema, congestive cardiac failure observed following oral administration, comprising administering to said patient imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, at doses less than 600 mg per day.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation.
  • the incidence of nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, leg aches/cramps, fluid retention, visual disturbances, itchy rash, lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, loss of appetite, weight gain, reduced number of blood cells (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), headache, edema, and/or congestive cardiac failure adverse events is less than about 10%.
  • the incidence of nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, leg aches/cramps, fluid retention, visual disturbances, itchy rash, lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, loss of appetite, weight gain, reduced number of blood cells (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), headache, edema, and/or congestive cardiac failure-related adverse events is less than about 5%.
  • the incidence of nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, leg aches/cramps, fluid retention, visual disturbances, itchy rash, lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, loss of appetite, weight gain, reduced number of blood cells (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), headache, edema, and/or congestive cardiac failure-related adverse events is less than about 1%.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof less than 5 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 2 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 1 mcg/mL.
  • the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.5 mcg/mL. In some embodiments, the blood Cmax following administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is less than 0.1 mcg/mL.
  • described herein is a method of administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, to treat a patient with resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
  • Types of resistance include tyrosine kinase gene amplification increasing the number of tyrosine kinase protein copies, tyrosine kinase gene mutations altering the ability of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor to bind the tyrosine kinase, and plasma levels of alpha-glycoprotein (AGP).
  • AGP binds imatinib at physiological concentrations in vitro and in vivo, and blocks the ability of imatinib to inhibit kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner.
  • activation of tyrosine kinase-independent pathways Inhalation delivers imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof directly to lung tissue.
  • Such administration provides lung drug levels not possible by oral administration. Further, by direct inhalation lung delivery, adverse events associated with the required high oral dose levels are reduced or avoided. Further, direct inhalation lung delivery addresses three key issues associated with resistance: 1.
  • Direct lung delivery avoids AGP absorption permitting maximum dosing to the pulmonary compartment; 2. Direct lung delivery administers higher lung doses than possible by oral administration. This enables sufficient dosing to overcome increases in tyrosine kinase copy number resulting from tyrosine kinase gene amplification; 3. Direct lung delivery administers higher lung doses than possible by oral administration, thus applying therapeutic influence prior to tyrosine kinase mutation; 4. Direct lung delivery administers higher lung doses than possible by oral administration, thus delivering a sufficient lung dose necessary to overcome tyrosine kinase resistance; 5.
  • direct lung delivery requires smaller doses than oral administration to accomplish superior therapeutic lung levels, the initially-achieved superior lung dose is eliminated to levels below that sustained following oral administration and thus projected to reduce or eliminate mutant selective pressure. To this later point, the frequency of both tyrosine kinase and non-tyrosine kinase pathway compensatory mutations are reduced. 6. Because direct lung delivery requires smaller doses than oral administration to accomplish superior therapeutic lung levels, systemic exposure is reduced and side effects common with the route and dose of oral delivery are reduced or eliminated. In another embodiment, methods described to avoid resistance in the pulmonary compartment may also reduce, avoid or overcome resistance in extrapulmonary diseases.
  • less than 600 mg per day of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation.
  • less than 400 mg, less than 300 mg, less 200 mg, less than 100 mg, less than 90 mg, less than 80 mg, less than 70 mg, less than 60 mg, less than 50 mg, less than 40 mg, less than 30 mg, less than 20 mg, less than 10 mg or less than 5 mg per day of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation.
  • less than 200 mg per day of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation.
  • less than 200 mg, less than 150 mg, less than 100 mg, less than 50 mg, less than 20 mg, less than 16 mg, less than 12 mg, less than 8 mg, less than 4 mg, less than 2 mg, less than 1 mg, less than 0.5 mg, less than 0.1 mg, less than 0.05 mg, or less than 0.01 mg per day of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is delivered by inhalation once per day, twice per day, three time a day, or four time a day. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered by inhalation once per day, twice per day, three times a day, four times a day, five times a day, six times a day or greater than six times per day.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered by inhalation daily, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly, every other week, every third week or monthly.
  • up to about 600 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation per dose.
  • up to about 200 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered to the patient by inhalation per dose.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered by inhalation once per day, twice per day, three time a day, or four time a day. In some embodiments, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is delivered by inhalation daily, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every sixth day or weekly, every other week, every third week or monthly.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an inhaled agent, wherein the agent is imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, wherein the agent is in a particle less than 5 microns in mass mean aerodynamic diameter or less than 10 microns volumetric mean diameter wherein the composition, upon inhalation, delivers a dose to the lung greater than about 0.0005 mg imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound per gram or 1 micromole per kilogram of adult human lung tissue.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an inhaled agent, wherein the agent is imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, wherein the agent is in a particle less than 5 microns in mass mean aerodynamic diameter or less than 10 microns volumetric mean diameter wherein the composition, upon inhalation, delivers a dose to the lung greater than about 0.00000025 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound per gram or about 0.5 nanomole per kilogram of adult human lung tissue.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for aerosol delivery to the lung comprising a solution where the active pharmaceutical ingredient is imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof concentration is between 0.01 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL in unit increments of about 0.01 mg/mL composition.
  • the composition is a stable, water-soluble formulation.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for aerosol delivery to the lung comprising a solution where the active pharmaceutical ingredient is imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is between 0.001 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL in unit increments of about 0.001 mg/mL composition.
  • the composition is a stable, water-soluble formulation.
  • the osmolality is greater than about 50 mOsmol/kg composition in unit increments of about 1 mOsmol/kg.
  • greater than about 50 mOsmol/kg about 100 mOsmol/kg, about 150 mOsmol/kg, about 200 mOsmol/kg, about 250 mOsmol/kg, about 300 mOsmol/kg, about 350 mOsmol/kg, about 400 mOsmol/kg, about 450 mOsmol/kg, about 500 mOsmol/kg, about 550 mOsmol/kg, about 600 mOsmol/kg, about 650 mOsmol/kg, about 700 mOsmol/kg, about 750 mOsmol/kg, about 800 mOsmol/kg, about 850 mOsmol/kg, about 900 mOsmol/kg, about 950 mOsmol/kg,
  • the pH is greater than about 3.0 in pH unit increments of about 0.1.
  • the pH is balanced by the inclusion of an organic buffer selected from the group consisting of citric acid, citrate, malic acid, malate, pyridine, formic acid, formate, piperazine, succinic acid, succinate, histidine, maleate, bis-tris, pyrophosphate, phosphoric acid, phosphate, PIPES, ACES, MES, cacodylic acid, carbonic acid, carbonate, ADA (N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid).
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof solution contains a permeant ion concentration.
  • the permeant ion is selected from the group consisting of bromine, chloride, and lithium.
  • the permeant ion concentration is from about 30 mM to about 300 mM in about 0.1 mM increments.
  • the composition further comprises a taste masking agent.
  • the taste masking agent is selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose, ascorbate, multivalent cation and citrate. In some embodiments, the taste masking agent concentration is from 0.01 mM to about 50 mM in about 0.01 mM increments.
  • the taste masking agent concentration is about 0.01 mM, about 0.05 mM, about 0.1 mM, about 0.2 mM, about 0.3 mM, about 0.4 mM, about 0.5 mM, about 0.6 mM, about 0.7 mM, about 0.8 mM, about 0.9 mM, about 1 mM, about 2 mM, about 3 mM, about 4 mM, about 5 mM, about 6 mM, about 7 mM, about 8 mM, about 9 mM, about 10 mM, about 15 mM, about 20 mM, about 25 mM, about 30 mM, about 35 mM, about 40 mM, about 45 mM, and about 50 mM.
  • the formulations described herein are filled into a primary package.
  • primary packaging material is taken from the group consisting of glass or plastic, wherein plastic materials may be selected from the group consisting of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polypropylene (HDPP), or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
  • LDPE low-density polyethylene
  • HDPP high-density polypropylene
  • HDPE high-density polyethylene
  • the primary packaging consists of a vial, syringe or ampoule.
  • the composition is protected from light.
  • the compositions described herein are formulated under or to result in conditions of reduced oxygen.
  • oxygen is reduced by sparging the formulation diluent prior to addition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • Sparging gases may be selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, argon or nitrogen.
  • oxygen is reduced by sparging the formulation diluent after addition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • Sparging gases may be selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, argon or nitrogen.
  • oxygen exposure is reduced by replacing the ambient gas headspace of the formulation container with an inert gas. Inert gases may be selected from the group consisting of argon or nitrogen.
  • oxygen exposure is reduced by replacing the ambient gas headspace of the primary packaging container with an inert gas.
  • Inert gases may be selected from the group consisting of argon or nitrogen.
  • oxygen exposure is reduced by inserting the primary packaging into a gas-impermeable secondary packaging container.
  • oxygen exposure is reduced by replacing the ambient gas headspace of the secondary packaging with an inert gas.
  • Inert gases may be selected from the group consisting of argon or nitrogen.
  • the aerosol for delivery to the lungs of a mammal described herein contains a fine particle fraction between 10 and 100% with increment units of 1%.
  • a fine particle fraction between 10 and 100% with increment units of 1%.
  • the fine particle dose is between about 0.01 mg to about 600 mgs imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof.
  • the fine particle dose is between about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • about 0.001 mg, about 0.005 mg, about 0.01 mg, about 0.05 mg, about 0.1 mg, and about 0.5 mg in 0.001 mg increments By further example, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 140 mg, about 160 mg, about 180 mg, and about 200 mg in 0.1 mg increments.
  • the compositions further comprise a mucolytic agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition may be co-administered with a second anti-fibrotic or anti-cancer or anti-infective agent suitable for pulmonary delivery. In some embodiments, the composition co-administered a second anti-inflammatory agent suitable for pulmonary delivery.
  • FIG. 1 Lung tissue pharmacokinetics following intratracheal aerosol delivery of imatinib phosphate.
  • FIG. 2 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Crystalline Imatinib Fumarate Salt.
  • FIG. 3 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Crystalline Imatinib Hydrochloride Salt.
  • FIG. 4 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Crystalline Imatinib Phosphate Salt (Pattern 1).
  • FIG. 5 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Crystalline Imatinib Phosphate Salt (Pattern 2).
  • FIG. 6 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Crystalline Imatinib Phosphate Salt (Pattern 3).
  • a number of undesirable pulmonary diseases such as interstitial lung disease (ILD; and sub-class diseases therein), cancer (lung cancer; and sub-class diseases therein), fibrotic indications of the lungs, kidney, heart and eye, viral infections and diseases of the central nervous system are current areas of unmet clinical need.
  • ILD interstitial lung disease
  • cancer lung cancer
  • viral infections and diseases of the central nervous system are current areas of unmet clinical need.
  • scarring serves a valuable healing role following injury.
  • tissue may become progressively scarred following more chronic and or repeated injuries resulting in abnormal function.
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • progressive scarring may result from a recurrent series of insults to different regions of the organ or a failure to halt the repair process after the injury has healed. In such cases the scarring process becomes uncontrolled and deregulated.
  • scarring remains localized to a limited region, but in others it can affect a more diffuse and extensive area resulting in direct or associated organ failure.
  • epithelial cells are triggered to release several pro-fibrotic mediators, including the potent fibroblast growth factors transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), platlet derived growth factor (PDGF), endothelin, other cytokines, metalloproteinases and the coagulation mediator tissue factor.
  • TGF-beta potent fibroblast growth factors transforming growth factor-beta
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • PDGF platlet derived growth factor
  • endothelin other cytokines
  • metalloproteinases metalloproteinases
  • phenylaminopyrimidine derivative such as imatinib
  • therapeutic strategies exploiting such phenylaminopyrimidine derivative and/or imatinib effects in these and other indications are contemplated herein.
  • phenylaminopyrimidine derivative such as imatinib
  • the mechanism of action for phenylaminopyrimidine derivative, such as imatinib is the inhibition of specific tyrosine kinases.
  • Tyrosine kinases regulate many cellular processes, including growth and survival, and deregulated activity of these enzymes has been implicated in malignant transformation in various neoplasms. Therefore, specific inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are attractive therapeutic agents.
  • BCR-ABL functions as a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase and mutagenic analysis has shown that this activity is essential for the transforming function of the protein.
  • Imatinib mesylate binds to the amino acids of the BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase ATP binding site and stabilizes the inactive, non-ATP-binding form of BCR/ABL, thereby preventing tyrosine auto phosphorylation and, in turn, phosphorylation of its substrates. This process ultimately results in “switching-off” the downstream signaling pathways that promote leukemogenesis. An agent that specifically blocked ABL tyrosine kinase activity would be an ideal targeted therapy for CML. In addition to activity against BCR/ABL, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative and imatinib have activity against additional tyrosine kinases important in other disease processes.
  • CML chronic myeloid leukemia
  • BCR-ABL BCR-ABL fusion gene, which is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, cytogenetically visible as a shortened chromosome 22 (Philadelphia [Ph] chromosome). It has been shown that BCR-ABL is directly associated with the pathogenesis of CML, and that constitutive tyrosine kinase activity is central to BCR-ABL's capacity to transform hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo. The activation of multiple signal transduction pathways in BCR-ABL-transformed cells leads to increased proliferation, reduced growth-factor dependence and apoptosis, and perturbed interaction with extracellular matrix and stroma.
  • BCR-ABL BCR-ABL-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor
  • imatinib potently inhibits all of the ABL tyrosine kinases. This includes cellular ABL, viral ABL (v-ABL), and BCR-ABL.
  • the compound was inactive against serine/threonine kinases, did not inhibit the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor intracellular domain, and showed weak or no inhibition of the kinase activity of the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGF-R1), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and EGF homology-2 (TIE-2 [TEK]), c-MET, and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the SRC family (FGR, LYN, and LCK).
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • IC50 inhibitory concentration
  • imatinib inhibited signaling of the ligand-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), with an IC50 of 0.1 to 1 ⁇ M. Furthermore, the compound potently inhibited autophosphorylation of the KIT receptor upon binding of its cognate ligand, stem-cell factor (SCF), and to suppress KIT autophosphorylation in a cell line established from a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with an activating Kit mutation.
  • PDGFR platelet-derived growth factor receptor
  • SCF stem-cell factor
  • Imatinib was tested for its antiproliferative activity against a variety of cell lines expressing activated ABL proteins.
  • the in vitro IC50 for inhibition of proliferation generally paralleled the IC50 values for inhibition of BCR-ABL kinase activity seen in cellular assays. Exposure to imatinib led to apoptotic cell death. Additional studies demonstrated activity in fresh leukemic cells from patients with CML and Ph+ and selective inhibition of colony formation by committed progenitor cells from patients with CML.
  • Imatinib strongly inhibited proliferation of v-sis-transformed BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, which proliferate autonomously due to autocrine PDGF production. Furthermore, the compound dose-dependently suppressed PDGF-stimulated proliferation of A10 rat aorta smooth muscle cells but did not affect serum-induced growth. Cells expressing a TEL-PDGF receptor fusion protein were also imatinib sensitive. The proliferative activities of PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and other tyrosine kinases in IPF pathogenesis led to in vivo and in vitro investigations assessing imatinib as a potential inhibitor of lung fibrosis.
  • PDGFR PDGF receptor
  • Imatinib was identified as a potent inhibitor of lung fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation and proliferation as well as extracellular matrix production through inhibition of PDFG and transforming growth factor (TGF)- ⁇ signaling. Additionally, in addition, imatinib also inhibited fibrosis in bleomycin-induced models of lung fibrosis. Interestingly, as a parallel mechanism, the ability of imatinib to also interrupt TGF-0 signaling has also been explored. It has been shown that TGF- ⁇ -induced fibrosis is mediated by activation of the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase.
  • Abelson Abl
  • fibroblasts responded to TGF- ⁇ by stimulating c-Abl kinase activity independently of Smad2/3 phosphorylation or PDGFR activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Abl by imatinib prevented TGF- ⁇ -induced extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression, morphologic transformation, and cell proliferation independently of any effect on Smad signaling.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • Imatinib was also found to inhibit stem cell factor (SCF)-mediated growth of small-cell lung cancer cell lines.
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • CML was selected as the first indication for clinical testing.
  • Clinically, CML is a chronic disease that evolves through three successive stages, from the chronic phase to the end stage of blast crisis that resembles acute leukaemia.
  • the median survival time of patients with newly diagnosed CML is approximately 5-6 years with an interferon-based treatment regimen.
  • the first trial treated patients with oral doses ranging from 25 to 1,000 mg per day, and no maximal tolerated dose was identified, despite a trend for a higher frequency of Grade III-IV adverse events at doses of 750 mg or higher.
  • T334I The first mutation linked to imatinib resistance in a cohort of relapsed patients was T334I.
  • T334I involves the ATP-binding pocket of BCR-ABL and impairs drug binding, but preserves ATP binding.
  • T334 makes a critical hydrogen bond with the drug, but when this residue is replaced by the bulkier isoleucine side chain, an aberrant narrower cleft results that clashes with the phenylaminopyrimidine group of the drug and thereby sterically blocks drug binding.
  • Several other mutations have been identified in closely juxtaposed residues (e.g., F378V, F336L, V308A).
  • drug-resistant variants have been mapped to the linker region between the SH2 domain and the N lobe of the kinase. This stretch of amino acids sits between the SH3 domain and the N lobe of the SRC structure, where mutation within this stretch or the complementary surface on the kinase domain activated both the SRC and ABL kinases. Other mutations have been found in the linker between the SH3 and SH2 domains, again activating the kinase. Finally, imatinib-resistant mutations have been mapped to the cap portion of the structure, the SH3-SH2 linker, and the SH3-kinase domain interface, all regions important to ABL kinase regulation.
  • Imatinib-resistant mutations in c-KIT have also been found in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, systemic mastocytosis and, in rare cases, with other hematological malignancies. These mutations have been localized in three different regions of the receptor: the juxtamembrane domain (prevalent in gastrointestinal stromal tumors), the activation loop of the catalytic domain (prevalent in systemic mastocytosis) and the extracellular domain.
  • imatinib is effective at inhibiting KIT kinase activity only for mutations in the juxtamembrane domain-coding region. Mutations affecting the activation loop of KIT are resistant to imatinib.
  • Flt3 is the most commonly mutated gene in acute myelogenous leukemia. In one third of these malignancies, internal tandem duplication of the juxtamembrane coding domain of this gene have been found, which correlates with adverse prognosis. Imatinib-resistant mutations have also been detected in the activation loop of FLT3, some of which appear homologous to those in c-KIT.
  • the activity of Glivec in patients with newly diagnosed CML is being further investigated by a large randomized Phase III study to compare first-line therapy with Glivec against standard interferon in combination with low-dose cytarabine.
  • This study known as the ‘IRIS’ study (International Randomized study of Interferon versus STI571), has enrolled 1,106 patients.
  • the results of an interim analysis with a median follow-up of 14 months indicate a better tolerability and a superior efficacy of first-line Glivec compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine in terms of cytogenetic response, haematological response and, more importantly, time to progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis46.
  • Tyrosine kinase-independent mechanisms include efflux and protein binding.
  • Alpha-1 glycoprotein (AGP) binds imatinib with high affinity and blocks its biological activity (proliferation and kinase activity).
  • Drugs known to compete with imatinib for binding to AGP such as erythromycin displace (or prevent binding of) imatinib from AGP and restore imatinib biological and therapeutic activity.
  • increased imatinib dosing may also overcome this mechanism.
  • efflux mechanisms that expel imatinib from the cytoplasm (thereby, limiting intracellular tyrosine kinase exposure) may also be overcome with dose escalation.
  • imatinib oral dosing is hampered by side effects. It is hypothesized that AGP binding and subsequent below-efficacy circulating levels of imatinib provide sufficient resistant mutant selective pressure to induce tyrosine kinase-dependent mutations.
  • An additional tyrosine kinase-dependent resistance mechanism is gene amplification, whereby increased copies of the tyrosine kinase are produced.
  • increased chromosomal copies of BCR-ABL e.g., >14 copies
  • This cell line could be selected only by exposing cells to marginally active concentrations of imatinib (slightly less than its IC50). When active concentrations (1 ⁇ m) were used from the beginning, all cells were killed and no selection was possible. It is evident, therefore, that the exposure of leukemic cells to marginally active imatinib concentrations, which probably happens in tissues at present dosages, will favor such a selection.
  • Basal human AGPs levels are 4-5 times higher than murine ones; therefore, AGP levels can rise, after inflammatory stimuli, up to 20-30-fold over basal values in mice, and only 2-4-fold in humans.
  • “normal” levels of AGP are theoretically sufficient to bind most of the imatinib that is present in patients' plasma (17)
  • imatinib In addition to various oncogenic forms of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, imatinib also inhibits the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF) c-KIT, a member of the type III group of receptor kinases. Preclinical studies have established that imatinib blocks c-KIT autophosphorylation, as well as SCF-stimulated downstream signalling events. In addition to treating gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), imatinib may also be successful at treating small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).
  • SCF stem cell factor
  • SCLC is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers in humans. It constitutes approximately 15%-25% of all cases of primary lung cancers. Although standard combination cytotoxic chemotherapy agents have shown antitumor activity with initial responses seen in 70%-90% for both limited and extensive stages of SCLC, long-term survival is low and most patients eventually develop progressive disease. Autocrine or paracrine activation of growth has been used to explain deregulated growth of SCLC. SCLC tumors and cultured cell lines produce a wide variety of peptide hormones and receptors that stimulate growth. High level of expression of c-kit and its ligand (SCF) are been widely found in SCLC tumors. The role of the c-kit autocrine loop in SCLC has been well studied.
  • SCF c-kit and its ligand
  • This autocrine loop not only functions cooperatively with other SCLC autocrine loops but, more importantly, seems to confer a tumor survival advantage in SCLC. More importantly, in vitro treatment with c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitors reversed apoptosis resistance to growth factor deprivation in H526 cells, a SCLC cell line with co-expression of c-kit and SCF. The ensuing growth inhibition was well correlated with the inhibition of c-kit tyrosine phosphorylation.
  • a potential limitation of the study is the use of tumor tissue obtained for initial diagnosis (prior to first-line chemotherapy) in the immunohistochemistry analyses. It has been reported that up to 50% of SCLC cases that were c-kit-positive at the time of initial diagnosis were subsequently found to be c-kit-negative using a post-chemotherapy relapse specimen [31]. Moreover, current immunohistochemistry techniques are constrained to merely demonstrating c-kit expression, whereas most preclinical data of imatinib activity in SCLC were in cell lines that co-expressed its cognate ligand SCF. Another condition controlled in the preclinical study of imatinib was serum deprivation, which cannot be achieved in the clinical setting. However, in vitro serum deprivation may have circumvented the presence of drug-absorbing AGP. Thus, the clinical setting may have had below efficacious circulating and bioavailable imatinib.
  • the third target of imtinig is the PDGF-receptor tyrosine kinase.
  • PDGF is a connective-tissue-cell mitogen with in vivo functions that include embryonal development, wound healing and control of interstitial-fluid pressure in soft connective tissue.
  • the PDGF ligand-receptor system also has an important role in tumorigenesis.
  • Imatinib inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of cells with autocrine PDGF signalling, including the formation of tumours. These inhibitory effects were mediated predominantly through promotion of growth arrest rather than apoptosis.
  • DFSP dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
  • DFSP dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
  • the resulting fusion-gene product collagen I, ⁇ 1 polypeptide (COL1A1)-PDGF- ⁇ triggers the autocrine stimulation of the PDGFR67.
  • the main mechanism by which imatinib affected DFSP tumour growth was through induction of apoptosis.
  • CMML chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
  • Imatinib inhibited the growth of cells expressing TEL-PDGFR ⁇ , and in transgenic mice that expressed the TEL-PDGFR ⁇ , treatment with imatinib inhibited tumor formation and prolonged survival of the animals.
  • a remarkable haematological and complete cytogenetic response has been observed in two patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders associated with a t(5;12) translocation—one of them with a well-characterized TEL-PDGFR fusion gene and the second with a rearranged PDGFR gene with an as yet unidentified partner gene.
  • Other exploratory clinical trials have been carried out in gliomas and in prostate cancer.
  • imatinib serves as an antifibrotic drug for various fibrotic diseases.
  • AGP was elevated in the serum of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Results also demonstrated that resistance to imatinib occurred in pulmonary fibrosis, caused by a factor that was identified as AGP. More than 400 ⁇ g/ml of AGP significantly reduced the imatinib-mediated suppression of the growth of lung fibroblasts in vitro. In addition, from 700 to 1,000 ⁇ g/ml of AGP was detected in the serum of bleomycin-treated mice, indicating the relevance in vivo of the AGP-mediated suppression of imatinib in mice.
  • AGP levels are high in patients with IPF. Because AGP is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the liver, it is reasonable that its levels are elevated in patients with inflammatory diseases. However, there was no correlation between the levels of AGP and C-reactive protein in patients with IPF at first diagnosis. Furthermore, the expression of AGP in lung homogenates is enhanced in the late-phase fibrosis. Although the precise biological roles of AGP in pulmonary fibrosis have not been fully determined it has been reported that alveolar macrophages and type II alveolar epithelial cells in fibrotic lungs are able to produce AGP.
  • Imatinib has been most extensively studied in circulating cancers (e.g., CML). However, its ability to penetrate tissue and achieve effective concentrations has not been well characterized. Coupling the possibility that imatinib penetrates tissues poorly with circulating AGP absorption and efflux mechanisms, it is likely that oral-delivered imatinib is not capable to achieve effective levels in the lung and other solid tissues. Moreover, extended low levels in the blood, coupled with a widely variable population pharmacokinetic profile, lung and other solid tissue are likely subjected to resistant mutant selective pressure.
  • inhaled tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof improves tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof treatment effectiveness through increased lung dose and improved compliance.
  • inhaled imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof improves imatinib or salt thereof, or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, treatment effectiveness through increased lung dose and improved compliance.
  • inhalation of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof delivers the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof directly to the lung and whole-body dilution of the delivered dose is minimized.
  • inhalation of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof delivers imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof directly to the lung and whole-body dilution of the delivered dose is minimized.
  • inhalation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof reduces or eliminates GI exposure and/or systemic toxicities that are common with oral administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • inhalation of imatinib or salt thereof reduces or eliminates GI exposure and/or systemic toxicities that are common with oral administration of imatinib or salt thereof.
  • inhalation delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof provided herein provides higher lung tissue levels of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof than is possible through oral administration.
  • inhalation delivery of imatinib or salt thereof provides higher lung tissue levels of imatinib or salt thereof, than is possible through oral administration.
  • inhalation delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof serves as an efficient means of delivering tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the systemic compartment.
  • inhalation delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof serves as an efficient means of delivering imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof to the systemic compartment.
  • inhalation delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof provides Cmax and AUC benefits over the oral route.
  • inhalation delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof provides Cmax and AUC benefits over the oral route.
  • inhalation delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof provides Cmax and AUC benefits over the oral route, wherein plasma re-circulated, aerosol-delivered tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof maintains these beneficial properties.
  • inhalation delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof provides Cmax and AUC benefits over the oral route, wherein plasma re-circulated, aerosol-delivered imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof maintains these beneficial properties.
  • the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF without the need to initially dose-escalate the patient.
  • the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF without the need to initially dose-escalate the patient. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to treat patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to provide a prophylactic therapy to patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF.
  • the methods described herein may be used to provide a prophylactic therapy to patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to provide a prophylactic therapy to patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to provide a prophylactic therapy to patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to slow disease progression of patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF without the need to initially dose-escalate the patient.
  • the methods described herein may be used to slow disease progression of patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF without the need to initially dose-escalate the patient. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to slow disease progression of patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be used to slow disease progression of patients diagnosed with mild-to-severe IPF without the need to monitor and dose-reduce or stop therapy due to adverse events.
  • clinical end points of IPF efficacy include reduced decline in forced vital capacity (FVC), reduced decline in distance walked over a six-minute interval (six-minute walk test; 6MWT), slowed decline in carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), improved progression-free survival (PFS), reduced mortality and monitoring changes in biomarkers such as MMP7, CCL18 and KL6.
  • FVC forced vital capacity
  • 6MWT six-minute walk test
  • DLCO carbon monoxide diffusion capacity
  • PFS progression-free survival
  • biomarkers such as MMP7, CCL18 and KL6.
  • the methods described herein provide for delivery of high concentration, readily bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound which in turn provides improved efficacy over tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound administered by the oral route or by inhalation of a slow-dissolving or otherwise slowly bioavailable compound formulation.
  • slow-dissolving or otherwise slowly bioavailable compound formulations for inhalation include, but are not limited to a dry powder formulation, a liposomal formulation, a nano-suspension formulation, or a micro-suspension formulation.
  • the aqueous solutions of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof described and contemplated herein for administration by inhalation are completely homogeneous and soluble.
  • the methods described herein provide for delivery of high concentration, readily bioavailable imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound which in turn provides improved efficacy over imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof compound administered by the oral route or by inhalation of a slow-dissolving or otherwise slowly bioavailable compound formulation.
  • slow-dissolving or otherwise slowly bioavailable compound formulations for inhalation include, but are not limited to a dry powder formulation, a liposomal formulation, a nano-suspension formulation, or a micro-suspension formulation.
  • the aqueous solutions of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof described and contemplated herein for administration by inhalation are completely homogeneous and soluble.
  • an obstacle to patient compliance with oral imatinib therapy is GI intolerability.
  • Imatinib blood levels may also be important has they have been implicated in other observed toxicities. Thus, factors contributing to increased blood levels must be considered.
  • toxicity and GI intolerability have limited the dose range from 400 mg or 600 mg once a day to 400 mg twice a day.
  • the most common side effects include nausea, diarrhoea, headaches, leg aches/cramps, fluid retention, visual disturbances, itchy rash, lowered resistance to infection, bruising or bleeding, loss of appetite, weight gain, reduced number of blood cells (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), headache, and edema.
  • imatinib mainly metabolised via the liver enzyme CYP3A4. Substances influencing the activity of this enzyme change the plasma concentration of the drug.
  • An example of a drug that increases imatinib activity and therefore side effects by blocking CYP3A4 is ketoconazole. The same could be true of itraconazole, clarithromycin, grapefruit juice, among others.
  • CYP3A4 inductors like rifampicin and St. John's Wort reduce the drug's activity, risking therapy failure.
  • Imatinib also acts as an inhibitor of CYP3A4, 2C9 and 2D6, increasing the plasma concentrations of a number of other drugs like simvastatin, ciclosporin, pimozide, warfarin, metoprolol, and possibly paracetamol.
  • the drug also reduces plasma levels of levothyroxin via an unknown mechanism.
  • application of live vaccines is contraindicated because the microorganisms in the vaccine could multiply and infect the patient. Inactivated and toxoid vaccines do not hold this risk, but may not be effective under imatinib therapy.
  • oral inhalation and intranasal inhalation delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof can achieve effective tissue levels with much less drug than that required by the oral product, and in some embodiments result in blood levels are significantly lower and consequences associated with CYP enzyme inhibitory properties described herein are removed.
  • oral inhalation and intranasal inhalation delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof can achieve effective tissue levels with much less drug than that required by the oral product, and in some embodiments result in blood levels are significantly lower and consequences associated with CYP enzyme inhibitory properties described herein are removed.
  • use of these CYP inhibitory enzyme products currently contraindicated with the oral medicine may be administered with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • use of these CYP inhibitory enzyme products currently contraindicated with the oral medicine may be administered with imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof.
  • administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound by inhalation has reduced gastroinstestinal side-effects when compared to oral administration.
  • the reduced gastroinstestinal side-effects with administration by inhalation avoids the need for initial dose-escalation.
  • administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof by inhalation avoids or substantially avoids the gastrointestinal tract and therefore effects observed with oral administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound will be minimized or not present.
  • the lack of food effects with administration by inhalation will allow for full dose delivery.
  • compositions described herein are used in the treatment of lung disease in mammal.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are administered to a mammal by oral inhalation or intranasal inhalation methods for the purpose of treating lung disease in the mammal.
  • lung disease includes, but is not limited to, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, radiation induced fibrosis, silicosis, asbestos induced pulmonary or pleural fibrosis, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sarcoidosis, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), cystic fibrosis, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-associated fibrosis, Hamman-Rich syndrome, Caplan syndrome, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, obliterative bronchiolitis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonitis, Wegner's granulamatosis, lung scleroderma, silicosis, interstitial lung disease, asbestos induced pulmonary and/or pleural fibrosis.
  • pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, radiation induced fibros
  • lung disease is lung fibrosis (i.e. pulmonary fibrosis). In some embodiments, lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, lung disease in cancer or infectious. In some embodiments, the extrapulmonary disease is fibrosis, cancer or the result of an active or previous infection or surgery.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of pulmonary disease comprising administering a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of pulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof.
  • the pulmonary disease is fibrosis.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In some embodiments, this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • pulmonary fibrosis includes interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • This group of disorders is characterized by scarring of deep lung tissue, leading to shortness of breath and loss of functional alveoli, thus limiting oxygen exchange.
  • Etiologies include inhalation of inorganic and organic dusts, gases, fumes and vapors, use of medications, exposure to radiation, and development of disorders such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, radiation, chemotherapy, transplant rejection, silicosis, byssinosis and genetic factors.
  • IPF refers to “idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis” and is in some embodiments a chronic disease that manifests over several years and is characterized by scar tissue within the lungs, in the absence of known provocation. Exercise-induced breathlessness and chronic dry cough may be the prominent symptoms.
  • IPF belongs to a family of lung disorders known as the interstitial lung diseases (ILD) or, more accurately, the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Within this broad category of diffuse lung diseases, IPF belongs to the subgroup known as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). There are seven distinct IIPs, differentiated by specific clinical features and pathological patterns. IPF is the most common form of IIP.
  • IPF interstitial pneumonia
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (also known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease, and may be characterized by chronic progressive pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis. It is a progressive clinical syndrome with unknown etiology; the outcome is frequently fatal as no effective therapy exists.
  • imatinib inhibits fibroblast proliferation and differentiation related to collagen synthesis, inhibits the production and activity of TGF-beta, reduces production of fibronectiv and connective tissue growth factor, inhibits TNF-alpha and I-CAM, increase production of IL-10, and/or reduces levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and B in belomycin-induced lung fibrosis.
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • imatinib methods and compositions described herein may provide tolerability and usefulness in patients with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other lung diseases. In some embodiments, imatinib methods and compositions described herein may provide tolerability and usefulness in patients with mild to moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, increased patient survival, enhanced vital capacity, reduced episodes of acute exacerbation (compared to placebo), and/or slowed disease progression are observed following imatinib treatment.
  • inhaled delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may be an effective means to prevent, manage or treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or other pulmonary fibrotic diseases.
  • pulmonary fibrosis includes all interstitial lung disease associated with fibrosis.
  • pulmonary fibrosis includes the term “idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis” or “IPF”.
  • pulmonary fibrosis may result from inhalation of inorganic and organic dusts, gases, fumes and vapors, use of medications, exposure to radiation or radiation therapy, and development of disorders such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, chemotherapy, transplant rejection, silicosis, byssinosis and genetic factors.
  • Exemplary fibrotic lung diseases for the treatment or prevention using the methods described herein include, but are not limited, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis secondary to systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, lupus, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, radiation induced fibrosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, chronic asthma, silicosis, asbestos induced pulmonary or pleural fibrosis, acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress (including bacterial pneumonia induced, trauma induced, viral pneumonia induced, ventilator induced, non-pulmonary sepsis induced, and aspiration induced).
  • systemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, lupus, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, radiation induced fibrosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, chronic asthma, silicosis, asbestos induced pulmonary
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of pulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having pulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the pulmonary disease is cancer.
  • Several cancers may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • these tyrosine kinases may be the result of fusion between the abl (Albelson leukemia virus) proto-oncogene on chromosome 9 to the bcr (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22, resulting in the production of an activated BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • the pulmonary cancer is small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is large cell carcinoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is mesothelioma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is lung carcinoid tumors or bronchial cardinoids. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is secondary lung cancer resulting from metastatic disease. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer may be sarcoma. In some embodiments, the pulmonary cancer is may be a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is cancer.
  • Several cancers may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • these tyrosine kinases may be the result of fusion between the abl (Albelson leukemia virus) proto-oncogene on chromosome 9 to the bcr (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22, resulting in the production of an activated BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • this cancer is leukemia or lymphoma.
  • the subject is identified as having chronic myloid leukemia (CML).
  • CML chronic myloid leukemia
  • GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  • ALL Ph-positive Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • the subject is identified as having myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor gene re-arrangements.
  • the subject is identified as having aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) without or an unknown D816V c-KIT mutation.
  • ASM systemic mastocytosis
  • the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • the subject is identified as having hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) who have the FIP1L1-PDGFR ⁇ fusion kinase (CHIC2 allele deletion) or FIP1L1-PDGFR-alpha fusion kinase negative or unknown.
  • HES hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • CEL chronic eosinophilic leukemia
  • CHOC2 allele deletion FIP1L1-PDGFR ⁇ fusion kinase
  • FIP1L1-PDGFR-alpha fusion kinase negative or unknown FIP1L1-PDGFR-alpha fusion kinase negative or unknown.
  • the subject is identified as having unresectable, recurrent and/or metastatic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having an infection through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary exposure and or pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues, wherein the disease is selected from viral infections.
  • Several viral infections may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • these tyrosine kinases may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • the subject is identified as having small pox.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV).
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having influenza virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • BKV polyomavirus BK
  • the subject is identified as having measles virus.
  • the subject is identified as having mumps virus.
  • the subject is identified as having rubella virus.
  • the subject is identified as having polio virus.
  • the subject is identified as
  • the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating infectious disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic infection through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is selected from viral infection.
  • Several viral infections may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • the subject is identified as having cytomegalovirus (CMV).
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • VZV varicella-zoster virus
  • the subject is identified as having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • the subject is identified as having herpes simplex virus (HSV).
  • the subject is identified as having influenza virus.
  • the subject is identified as having polyomavirus BK (BKV). In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having measles virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having rubella virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having West Nile Virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Lyme disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having meningitis.
  • BKV polyomavirus BK
  • the subject is identified as having encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute flaccid paralysis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having polio virus. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having poliomyelitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Herpes simplex encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Enteroviral disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having lyme meningitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Eastern equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having Western equine encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having St. Louis encephalitis.
  • the subject is identified as having rabies. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having La crosse encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having proggressive rubella panencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having varicella-zoster encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having acute measles encephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having mumps meningoencephalitis. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating neurologic disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the oral or nasal cavity of a subject having or suspected of having neurologic disease through oral or intranasal inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary or nasal vascular absorption and delivery to central nervous system, wherein the disease is neurofibromatosis.
  • the subject is identified as having neurofibromatosis type I.
  • the subject is identified as having Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having opiod tolerance. In some embodiments, the subject is identified as having desmoid tumor. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject being mechanically ventilated.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is kidney fibrosis. Kidney fibrosis may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • these tyrosine kinases may be the result of fusion between the abl (Albelson leukemia virus) proto-oncogene on chromosome 9 to the bcr (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22, resulting in the production of an activated BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • Kidney fibrosis may develop as a result of chronic infection, obstruction of the ureter by calculi, malignant hypertension, radiation therapy, transplant rejection, severe diabetic conditions, or chronic exposure to heavy metals.
  • idiopathic glomerulosclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis have been reported in children and adults. Kidney fibrosis correlates well with the overall loss of renal function.
  • oral imatinib provides protective effect against heavy metal challenge and fibrosis reversal following diabetic challenge in rats.
  • the antifibrotic action of imatinib in renal fibrosis following partial nephrectomy in rats has also been shown.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may be an effective means to prevent, manage or treat kidney fibrosis resulting from various medical conditions or procedures without exposing the systemic compartment to otherwise toxic drug levels associated with oral administration.
  • kidney fibrosis by non-limiting example relates to remodeling associated with or resulting chronic infection, obstruction of the ureter by calculi, malignant hypertension, radiation therapy, transplant rejection, severe diabetic conditions or chronic exposure to heavy metals. In some embodiments, kidney fibrosis correlates well with the overall loss of renal function.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is heart or kidney toxicity.
  • Heart and kidney toxicity may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents have toxic effects upon multiple organ during therapy.
  • doxorubicin has a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity against various tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by its undesirable systemic toxicity, especially in the heart and kidney.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may be an effective means to prevent, manage or treat chemotherapy-induced cardiac and/or renal inflammation without exposing the systemic compartment to otherwise toxic drug levels associated with oral administration.
  • inhaled delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound is used in the treatment of heart toxicity and/or kidney toxicity associated with chemotherapy or other therapeutic agents in a human.
  • doxorubicin has a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity against various tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by its undesirable systemic toxicity, especially in the heart and kidney.
  • kidney toxicity by non-limiting example may be associated with or caused by exposure to chemotherapeutic agents having toxic effects.
  • doxorubicin has a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity against various tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by its undesirable systemic toxicity, especially in the heart and kidney.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • Cardiac remodeling as in chronic hypertension involves myocyte hypertrophy as well as fibrosis, an increased and non-uniform deposition of extracellular matrix proteins.
  • the extracellular matrix connects myocytes, aligns contractile elements, prevents overextending and disruption of myocytes, transmits force and provides tensile strength to prevent rupture.
  • Fibrosis occurs in many models of hypertension leading to an increased diastolic stiffness, a reduction in cardiac function and an increased risk of arrhythmias. If fibrosis rather than myocyte hypertrophy is the critical factor in impaired cardiovascular function, then reversal of cardiac fibrosis by itself may return cardiac function towards normal. Since collagen deposition is a dynamic process, appropriate pharmacological intervention could selectively reverse existing fibrosis and prevent further fibrosis and thereby improve function, even if the increased systolic blood pressure was unchanged.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may be an effective means to prevent, manage or treat cardiac fibrosis resulting from various medical conditions or procedures, including by non-limiting example viral or bacterial infection, surgery, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, radiation, chemotherapy, and transplant rejection.
  • cardiac fibrosis by non-limiting example relates to remodeling associated with or resulting from viral or bacterial infection, surgery, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, transplant rejection and chronic hypertension where myocyte hypertrophy as well as fibrosis is involved and an increased and non-uniform deposition of extracellular matrix proteins occurs. Fibrosis occurs in many models of hypertension leading to an increased diastolic stiffness, a reduction in cardiac function, an increased risk of arrhythmias and impaired cardiovascular function.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a middle to lower respiratory tract of a subject having or suspected of having extrapulmonary disease through oral inhalation of an aerosol comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof for purposes of pulmonary vascular absorption and delivery to extrapulmonary diseased tissues.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is hepatic fibrosis.
  • hepatic fibrosis may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • Hepatic fibrosis occurs consequence of severe liver damage in patients with chronic liver disease, caused by non-limiting example persistent viral hepatitis, alcohol overload and autoimmune.
  • Hepatic fibrosis involves an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagens.
  • Hepatic stellate cells are non-parenchymal liver cells residing in the perisinusoidal space. These cells have been shown to be the major cellular source of extracellular matrix in hepatic fibrosis. Studies have shown that oral imatinib provides protective effect against dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in preventing weight loss, suppressed loss in liver weight, suppressed induction of hepatic fibrosis determined by histological evaluation and reduced hepatic hydroxyproline levels. Expression of mRNA for type I collagen and transforming growth factor-beta in the liver were also suppressed by imatinib treatment.
  • hepatic fibrosis by non-limiting example may be associated with or caused by severe liver damage in patients with chronic liver disease, caused by non-limiting example persistent viral hepatitis, alcohol overload and autoimmune diseases. Hepatic fibrosis involves an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagens. Hepatic stellate cells are non-parenchymal liver cells residing in the perisinusoidal space.
  • a method for treating or preventing progression of an extrapulmonary disease comprising administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof directly to the diseased extrapulmonary tissue; either directly to the tissue prior to completing the surgery and/or post-operatively.
  • the extrapulmonary disease is post-operative fibrosis following glaucoma surgery. Post-operative fibrosis may be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • this may be selected from a group of tyrosine kinases including SRC, BRC, ABL, JAK2, FLT3, RET, TRK-A, FGFR1, FYN, Aurora B kinase, FGF, VEGF receptor, IGF1R, KIT, PDGF receptor or combination thereof.
  • adjunctive antifibrotic agents such as 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C has significantly improved the success rate of filtration surgery.
  • these agents can cause widespread cell death and apoptosis, resulting in potentially sight-threatening complications such as severe postoperative hypotony, bleb leaks, and endophthalmitis.
  • alternative antifibrotic agents are needed.
  • the anti-fibrotic agent imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may prove beneficial.
  • Lung cancer mortality is high, and annual lung cancer deaths equal prostate, breast, colon, and rectum cancers combined.
  • the dismal 5-year survival rate (11-15%) remains relatively unaltered. This reflects the limited available knowledge on factors promoting oncogenic transformation to and proliferation of malignant cells.
  • Cancers are not simply autonomous neoplastic cells but also composed of fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and specialized mesenchymal cells. These different cell types in the stromal environment can be recruited by malignant cells to support tumor growth and facilitate metastatic dissemination.
  • tumor growth is not determined only by malignant cells, because interactions between cancer cells and the stromal compartment have major impacts on cancer growth and progression.
  • Aggressive malignant cells are clever at exploiting the tumor microenvironment: tumor cells can (1) reside in the stroma and transform it, (2) alter the surrounding connective tissue, and (3) modify the metabolism of resident cells, thus yielding a stroma, which is permissive rather than defensive.
  • cancer cells Beyond overcoming the microenvironmental control by the host, key characteristics of cancer cells is their ability to invade the tissue and metastasize distantly. For invasion and metastasis, the concerted interactions between fibroblasts, immune cells, and angiogenic cells and factors are essential.
  • the tumor stroma basically consists of (1) the nonmalignant cells of the tumor such as CAFs, specialized mesenchymal cell types distinctive to each tissue environment, innate and adaptive immune cells, and vasculature with endothelial cells and pericytes and (2) the extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of structural proteins (collagen and elastin), specialized proteins (fibrilin, fibronectin, and elastin), and proteoglycans.
  • Angiogenesis is central for cancer cell growth and survival and has hitherto been the most successful among stromal targets in anticancer therapy.
  • TGF matrix metalloproteinase
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • FGF2 fibroblast growth factor
  • the normal tissue stroma is essential for maintenance and integrity of epithelial tissues and contains a multitude of cells that collaborate to sustain normal tissue homeostasis. There is a continuous and bilateral molecular crosstalk between normal epithelial cells and cells of the stromal compartment, mediated through direct cell-cell contacts or by secreted molecules. Thus, minor changes in one compartment may cause dramatic alterations in the whole system.
  • stroma A similarity exists between stroma from wounds and tumors, because both entities had active angiogenesis and numerous proliferating fibroblasts secreting a complex ECM, all on a background of fibrin deposition. Consequently, the tumor stroma has been commonly referred to as activated or reactive stroma.
  • the basement membrane is degraded, and the activated stroma, containing fibroblasts, inflammatory infiltrates, and newly formed capillaries, comes into direct contact with the tumor cells.
  • the basement membrane matrix also modifies cytokine interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts.
  • tumor stromatogenesis Although normal stroma in most organs contains a minimal number of fibroblasts in association with physiologic ECM, the activated stroma is associated with more ECM-producing fibroblasts, enhanced vascularity, and increased ECM production. This formation of a specific tumor stroma type at sites of active tumor cell invasion is considered an integral part of the tumor invasion and has been termed as tumor stromatogenesis.
  • the expansion of the tumor stroma with a proliferation of fibroblasts and dense deposition of ECM is termed a desmoplastic reaction. It is secondary to malignant growth and can be separated from alveolar collapse, which do not show neither activated fibroblasts nor the dense collagen/ECM. Morphologically this is termed desmoplasia and was initially conceived as a defense mechanism to prevent tumor growth, but data have shown that in established tumors, this process, quite oppositely, participates in several aspects of tumor progression, such as angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and metastasis. The latter studies show that fibroblasts and tumor cells can enhance local tissue growth and cancer progression through secreting ECM and degrading components of ECM within the tumor stroma. This is in part related to the release of substances sequestered in the ECM, such as VEGF, and cleavage of products from ECM proteins as a response to secretion of carcinoma-associated MMPs.
  • Profibrotic growth factors released by cancer cells, such as TGF- ⁇ , platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and FGF2 govern the volume and composition of the tumor stroma as they are all key mediators of fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis.
  • PDGF and FGF2 play significant roles in angiogenesis as well.
  • activated fibroblasts are termed as peritumoral fibroblasts or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).
  • CAFs like activated fibroblasts, are highly heterogeneous and believed to derive from the same sources as activated fibroblasts. The main progenitor seems to be the locally residing fibroblast, but they may also derive from pericytes and smooth muscle cells from the vasculature, from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, or by epithelial or endothelial mesenchymal transition.
  • the term CAF is rather ambiguous because of the various origins from which these cells are derived, as is the difference between activated fibroblasts and CAFs.
  • CAFs can be recognized by their expression of ⁇ -smooth muscle actin, but due to heterogeneity ⁇ -smooth muscle actin expression alone will not identify all CAFs.
  • other used CAF markers are fibroblast-specific protein 1, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • fibroblasts are activated mainly by TGF- ⁇ , chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and ECM-degrading agents such as MMPs.
  • chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1
  • ECM-degrading agents such as MMPs.
  • CAFs promote malignant growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.
  • the roles of CAFS and their potential as targets for cancer therapy have been studied in xenografts models, and evidence from translational studies has revealed a prognostic significance of CAFs in several carcinoma types.
  • CAFs are activated and highly synthetic, secreting, for example, collagen type I and IV, extra domain A-fibronectin, heparin sulfate proteoglucans, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, tenascin-C, connective tissue growth factors, MMPs, and plasminogen activators.
  • CAFs are an important source for ECM-degrading proteases such as MMPs that play several important roles in tumorigenesis. Through degradation of ECM, MMPs can, depending on substrate, promote tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and metastasis. Besides, a number of proinflammatory cytokines seem to be activated by MMPs.
  • stellate cells fibroblast-like
  • MMPs have also been linked to tumor angiogenesis in various in vivo models.
  • CAFs when coinjected into mice, facilitated the invasiveness of otherwise noninvasive cancer cells.
  • xenografts containing CAFs apparently grow faster than xenografts infused with normal fibroblasts.
  • CAFs provide potent oncogenic molecules such as TGF- ⁇ and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • TGF- ⁇ is a pleiotropic growth factor expressed by both cancer and stromal cells.
  • TGF- ⁇ is, in the normal and premalignant cells, a suppressor of tumorigenesis, but as cancer cells progress, the antiproliferative effect is lost, and instead, TGF- ⁇ promotes tumorigenesis by inducing differentiation into an invasive phenotype.
  • TGF- ⁇ may also instigate cancer progression through escape from immunosurveillance, and increased expression of TGF- ⁇ correlate strongly with the accumulation of fibrotic desmoplastic tissue and cancer progression.
  • HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
  • PDGFs are regulators of fibroblasts and pericytes and play important roles in tumor progression. It is a chemotactic and growth factor for mesenchymal and endothelial cells. It has a limited autocrine role in tumor cell replication, but is a potential player, in a paracrine fashion, and in tumor stroma development. It induces the proliferation of activated fibroblasts and possibly recruits CAFs indirectly by stimulation of TGF- ⁇ release from macrophages.
  • a tumor cannot develop without the parallel expansion of a tumor stroma. Although we still do not comprehend the exact mechanisms regulating fibroblast activation and their accumulation in cancer, the available evidence points to the possibility that the tumor stroma or CAFs may be candidate targets for cancer treatment.
  • CAFs and MMPs have been considered two of the key regulators of epithelial-derived tumors representing potential new targets for integrative therapies, affecting both the transformed and nontransformed components of the tumor environment.
  • MMP inhibitors have so far been unsuccessful.
  • Evidence that CAFs are epigenetically and possibly also genetically distinct from normal fibroblasts is beginning to define these cells as potential targets for anticancer therapy.
  • FAP expressed in more than 90% of epithelial carcinomas, emerged early as a promising candidate for targeting CAFs, and the potential therapeutic benefit of its inhibition was reviewed recently. In preclinical studies, abrogation of FAP attenuates tumor growth and significantly enhance tumor tissue uptake of anticancer drugs. In a phase I study, where patients with FAP-positive advanced carcinomas (colorectal cancer and NSCLC) were treated with FAP-antibody, the antibody bound specifically to tumor sites, but no objective responses were observed.
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a life-threatening disease characterized by a marked and sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure. The disease results in right ventricular failure and death.
  • Current therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic pulmonary hypertension mainly provide symptomatic relief, as well as some improvement of prognosis. Although postulated for all treatments, evidence for direct antiproliferative effects of most approaches is missing. In addition, the use of most of the currently applied agents is hampered by either undesired side effects or inconvenient drug administration routes.
  • Pathological changes in hypertensive pulmonary arteries include endothelial injury, proliferation, and hypercontraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  • SMCs vascular smooth muscle cells
  • the World Health Organization divides pulmonary hypertension (PH) into five groups. These groups are organized based on the cause of the condition and treatment options. In all groups, the average pressure in the pulmonary arteries is 25 mmHg or higher. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8-20 mmHg at rest. (Note that group 1 is called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and groups 2 through 5 are called pulmonary hypertension. However, together all groups are called pulmonary hypertension.) Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension includes PAH that has no known cause; PAH that's inherited; PAH that's caused by drugs or toxins, such as street drugs and certain diet medicines; PAH that's caused by conditions such as: Connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, Liver disease, Congenital heart disease.
  • Pulmonary Hypertension includes PH with left heart disease. Conditions that affect the left side of the heart, such as mitral valve disease or long-term high blood pressure, can cause left heart disease and PH. Left heart disease is likely the most common cause of PH.
  • Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension includes PH associated with lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and interstitial lung diseases.
  • Interstitial lung diseases cause scarring of the lung tissue.
  • Group 3 also includes PH associated with sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea.
  • Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension includes PH caused by blood clots in the lungs or blood clotting disorders.
  • Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension includes PH caused by various other diseases or conditions. Examples include: Blood disorders, such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia, Systemic disorders, such as sarcoidosis and vasculitis. Systemic disorders involve many of the body's organs, Metabolic disorders, such as thyroid disease and glycogen storage disease. (In glycogen storage disease, the body's cells don't use a form of glucose properly.), and Other conditions, such as tumors that press on the pulmonary arteries and kidney disease.
  • PDGF PDGF-like growth factor
  • bFGF basic FGF
  • EGF EGF
  • a and B chain polypeptides
  • RTKs transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases
  • Both receptors activate the major signaling transduction pathways, including Ras/MAPK, PI3K, and phospholipase C ⁇ .
  • PDGFR ⁇ and PDGFR ⁇ have been shown in lambs with chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension.
  • Pulmonary PDGF-A or PDGF-B mRNA did not differ between pulmonary hypertensive and control animals.
  • PAH severe pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • imatinib or salt thereof As altered PDGF signaling plays an important role in the course of PAH, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may also have a positive effect on hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH and serve as an anti-remodeling therapy for this disease.
  • the present invention provides, in several embodiments as herein disclosed, compositions and methods for imatinib and phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound formulations that offer unprecedented advantages with respect to localized delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof in a manner that permits both rapid and sustained availability of therapeutically useful imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof levels to one or more desired tissues.
  • delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is to the respiratory tract tissues in mammalian subjects, for example, via the respiratory airways to middle airways and/or pulmonary beds (e.g., alveolar capillary beds) in human patients.
  • delivery to these regions of the lung may be achieved by inhalation therapy of an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as described herein.
  • compositions and methods disclosed herein provide for such rapid and sustained localized delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to a wide variety of tissues.
  • concentrated doses are delivered of an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is provided in a formulation having components that are selected to deliver an efficacious dose of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof following aerosolization of a liquid, dry powder or metered-dose formulation providing rapid and sustained localized delivery of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the site of desired effect.
  • regulation of the total amount of dissolved solutes in an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is believed, according to non-limiting theory, to result in aqueous imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulations having therapeutically beneficial properties, including the properties of nebulized liquid particles formed from aqueous solutions of such formulations.
  • formulation of imatinib was found to chlate magnesium at a ratio of two imatinib molecules to one magnesium ion.
  • formulation of between about two and ten imatinib molecules with one magnesium molecule results in filling or saturating the chelation capacity of imatinib and reduces imatinib's to deplete lung-surface cations.
  • the salt form of multivalent ion may also be beneficial.
  • using magnesium chloride to formulate imatinib reduces imatinib's ability to deplete essential lung-surface cations, contributes to adjusting the formulations osmolality and serves to provide the formulation a chloride permeant ion.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation that comprises imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, alone or formulated with excipients dissolved in a simple aqueous solution that may be aerosolized and injected or inhaled to the nasal or pulmonary compartment.
  • Such a formulation may contain a multivalent cation and/or be buffered to a pH from about 4.0 to about 11.0, more preferably from about pH 4.0 to about pH 8.0, at a concentration of at least 34 mcg/mL to about 463 mg/mL, and having a total osmolality at least 100 mOsmol/kg to about 6000 mOsmol/kg, or 300 to about 5000 mOsmol/kg.
  • Such a simple aqueous formulation may further comprise a taste-masking agent thereby to become tolerable for inhalation administration (i.e., to overcome undesirable taste or irritative properties that would otherwise preclude effective therapeutic administration).
  • regulation of formulation conditions with respect to pH, buffer type, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration, total osmolality and potential taste-masking agent provides certain therapeutic and other advantages.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation that comprises imatinib or salt thereof, or a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, in a dry powder formulation alone or formulated with an excipient, such as a multivalent cation providing improved stability and/or dispersion properties, such that at least 0.1 mg to about 100 mg may be dispersed and injected or inhaled to the nasal or pulmonary compartment.
  • an excipient such as a multivalent cation providing improved stability and/or dispersion properties, such that at least 0.1 mg to about 100 mg may be dispersed and injected or inhaled to the nasal or pulmonary compartment.
  • regulation of formulation conditions with respect to dispersion excipient, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof stability (including, by non-limiting example polymorph, amorphic content and water content), imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof amount and potential taste-masking agent, provides certain therapeutic and other advantages.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation that comprises imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof in a pressurized meter-dose inhaler configuration providing improved stability and/or aerosol properties, such that at least 0.1 mg to about 100 mg may be aerosolized and injected or inhaled to the nasal or pulmonary compartment.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation or salts thereof may serve as prodrugs, sustained-release or active substances in the presently disclosed formulations and compositions and may be delivered, under conditions and for a time sufficient to produce maximum concentrations of sustained-release or active drug to the respiratory tract (including pulmonary beds, nasal and sinus cavities), and other non-oral topical compartments including, but not limited to the skin, rectum, vagina, urethra, urinary bladder, eye, and ear.
  • certain particularly preferred embodiments relate to administration, via oral and/or nasal inhalation, of an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the lower respiratory tract, in other words, to the lungs or pulmonary compartment (e.g., respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and/or alveoli), as may be effected by such “pulmonary delivery” to provide effective amounts of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the pulmonary compartment and/or to other tissues and organs as may be reached via the circulatory system subsequent to such pulmonary delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the pulmonary vasculature
  • certain presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-demylination and/or tissue-remodeling results that are prophylactic or therapeutically significant.
  • These and related embodiments thus include imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the invention is not intended to be so limited and may relate, according to particularly preferred embodiments, to imatinib or a salt thereof.
  • Other contemplated embodiments may relate to another phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound such as those disclosed herein.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic or tissue-remodeling benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment for pulmonary fibrosis associated, by non-limiting example with infection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, inhalation of environmental pollutants (e.g. dust, vapors, fumes, and inorganic and organic fibers), hypersensitivities, silicosis, byssinosis, genetic factors and transplant rejection.
  • environmental pollutants e.g. dust, vapors, fumes, and inorganic and organic fibers
  • hypersensitivities e.g. dust, vapors, fumes, and inorganic and organic fibers
  • silicosis silicosis
  • byssinosis genetic factors and transplant rejection.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic or tissue-remodeling benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat cardiac fibrosis in human and/or veterinary subjects.
  • Such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the pulmonary vasculature immediately upstream of the left atrium and hence, to the coronary arterial system with interlumenal atrial and ventricular exposure.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment for cardiac fibrosis associated, by non-limiting example with infection, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and transplant rejection.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic or tissue-remodeling benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat kidney fibrosis.
  • Such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the pulmonary vasculature immediately upstream of the left atrium, left ventical and hence, to the kidney vasculature.
  • kidney fibrosis associated by non-limiting example with infection, ureter calculi, malignant hypertension, radiation therapy, diabetes, exposure to heavy metals, chemotherapy and transplant rejection.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-inflammatory benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat heart or kidney toxicity.
  • Such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the pulmonary vasculature immediately upstream of the left atrium, left ventical, and hence, to the heart and kidney vasculature.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment for heart or kidney toxicity associated, by non-limiting example with chemotherapy.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic or tissue-remodeling benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat hepatic fibrosis.
  • Such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound to the pulmonary vasculature immediately upstream of the left atrium, left ventical and hence, to the hepatic vasculature.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment for hepatic fibrosis associated, by non-limiting example with hepatic infection, hepatitis, alcohol overload, autoimmune disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and transplant rejection.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose nasal-injected or inhaled, or orally-inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-infective benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat disease associated with active, previous or latent viral infection.
  • such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the pulmonary vasculature immediately upstream of the left atrium, left ventical and hence, to the central nervous system.
  • such embodiments provide for direct and high concentration delivery of the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to the nasal and sinus vasculature immediately upstream of the central nervous system.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment of disease associated with active, previous or latent viral infection.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts conferring desired anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory or tissue-remodeling benefits, for instance, to prevent, manage or treat patients with cystic fibrosis.
  • Such embodiments may include co-formulation or co-administration of a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound with an antibiotic, steroid, hyperosmolar solution, DNAse or other mucus thinning agent, or other agent.
  • the presently disclosed embodiments provide specific formulation and delivery parameters that produce protection against and treatment for cystic fibrosis.
  • liquid nebulized, dry powder or metered-dose aerosol imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound (or salt thereof) may be co-administered, administered sequentially or prepared in a fixed combination with an antimicrobial (e.g.
  • tobramycin and/or other aminoglycoside such as amikacin, aztreonam and/or other beta or mono-bactam, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and/or other, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin and/or other macrolides or ketolides, tetracycline and/or other tetracyclines, quinupristin and/or other streptogramins, linezolid and/or other oxazolidinones, vancomycin and/or other glycopeptides, and chloramphenicol and/or other phenicols, and colisitin and/or other polymyxins), bronchodilator (e.g.
  • beta-2 agonists and muscarinic antagonists corticosteroids (e.g. salmeterol, fluticasone and budesonide), glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisone), Cromolyn, Nedocromil, Leukotriene modifiers (e.g. montelukast, zafirlukast and zileuton) hyperosmolar solution, DNAse or other mucus thinning agent, interferon gamma, cyclophosphamide, colchicine, N-acetylcysteine, azathioprine, bromhexine, endothelin receptor antagonist (e.g.
  • PDE5 inhibitor e.g. sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil
  • PDE4 inhibitor e.g. roflumilast, cilomilast, oglemilast, tetomilast and SB256066
  • prostinoid e.g.
  • epoprostenol, iloprost and treprostinin), nitric oxide or nitric oxide-donating compound IL-13 blocker, IL-10 blocker, CTGF-specific antibody, CCN2 inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, PDGF inhibitors, PPAR antagonist, oral imatinib, CCL2-specific antibody, CXCR2 antogonist, triple growth factor kinase inhibitor, anticoagulant, TNF blocker, tetracycline or tetracycline derivative, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, pituitary hormone inhibitor, TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody, copper chelator, angiotensin II receptor antagonist, chemokine inhibitor, NF-kappaB inhibitor, NF-kappaB antisense oligonucleotide, IKK-1 and -2 inhibitor (e.g.
  • JNK2 and/or p38 MAPK inhibitor e.g. pyridylimidazolbutyn-I-ol, SB856553, SB681323, diaryl urea or derivative, and indole-5-carboxamide
  • PI3K inhibitor e.g. pyridylimidazolbutyn-I-ol, SB856553, SB681323, diaryl urea or derivative, and indole-5-carboxamide
  • PI3K inhibitor e.g. pyridylimidazolbutyn-I-ol, SB856553, SB681323, diaryl urea or derivative, and indole-5-carboxamide
  • LTB4 inhibitor e.g.
  • Mn-pentaazatetracyclohexacosatriene M40419, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, Mucomyst, Fluimucil, Nacystelyn, Erdosteine, Ebeselen, thioredoxin, glutathione peroxidase memetrics, Curcumin C3 complex, Resveratrol and analogs, Tempol, catalytic antioxidants, and OxSODrol), TNF scavenger (e.g.
  • infliximab ethercept, adalumimab, PEG-sTNFR 1, afelimomab, and antisense TNF-alpha oligonucleotide
  • Interferon beta-1a Avonex, Betaseron, or Rebif
  • glatiramer acetate Copaxone
  • mitoxantrone Novantrone
  • natalizumab Tysabri
  • Methotrexate Methotrexate
  • azathioprine Imuran
  • IVIg intravenous immunoglobulin
  • cyclophosphamide Cytoxan
  • lioresal tizanidine
  • Zanaflex benzodiazepine
  • cholinergic medications antidepressants and amantadine.
  • fibrotic disease more specifically idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other pulmonary fibrotic disease
  • methods to administer inhaled imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof as either co-administered, administered sequentially, or co-prescribed (such that medicines are requested by a prescribing physician to be taken in some sequence as combination therapy to treat the same disease) with agents targeting cancer, fibrotic or inflammatory disease.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with the monoclonal GS-6624 (formerly known as AB0024), analog or another antibody targeting LOXL2 protein associated with connective tissue biogenesis to reduce inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with IW001 (Type V collagen), analog or other collagen targeting immunogenic tolerance to reduce inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • IW001 Type V collagen
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with PRM-151 (recombinant pentraxin-2), analog or other molecule targeting regulation of the injury response to reduce inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • PRM-151 recombinant pentraxin-2
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with CC-930 (Jun kinase inhibitor), analog or other Jun kinase inhibitor to reduce the inflammatory response.
  • CC-930 Jun kinase inhibitor
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with oral imatinib (a.k.a. Gleeve or Glivec (tyrosin kinase inhibitor)), analog or other tyrosine inhibitor to inhibit lung fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation and proliferation as well as extracellular matrix production and tumor stroma formation/maintenance through inhibition of PDFG and transforming growth factor (TGF)- ⁇ signaling.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with oral imatinib (a.k.a. Gleeve or Glivec (t
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with STX-100 (monoclonal antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6), analog or other antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 or other integrin to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • STX-100 monoclonal antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6
  • analog or other antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 or other integrin to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with QAX576 (monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin 13 [IL-13]), analog or other antibody targeting IL-13 to reduce tumor stroma and/or inflammation.
  • QAX576 monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin 13 [IL-13]
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with FG-3019 (monoclonal antibody targeting connective tissue growth factor [CTGF]), analog or other antibody targeting CTGF to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • CTGF connective tissue growth factor
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with CNTO-888 (a monoclonal antibody targeting chemokine [C—C motif] ligand 2 [CCL2]), analog or other antibody targeting CCL2 to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • CNTO-888 a monoclonal antibody targeting chemokine [C—C motif] ligand 2 [CCL2]
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with Esbriet, Pirespa or Pirfenex (trade names for pirfenidone), or analog targeting inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof is administered either in fixed combination, co-administered, adminstered sequentially, or co-prescribed with BIBF-1120 (also known as Vargatef; a triple kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]), analog or other triple kinase inhibitor to reduce fibrosis, tumor stroma and/or inflammation.
  • BIBF-1120 also known as Vargatef; a triple kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • FGF fibroblast growth factor
  • oral and parenteral routes of administration by non-limiting example, intravenous and subcutaneous
  • other compounds, molecules and antibodies targeting the reduction of inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis is often associated with, by non-limiting example, adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal side effects, liver, kidney, skin, cardiovascular or other toxicities.
  • adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal side effects, liver, kidney, skin, cardiovascular or other toxicities.
  • imatinib or salt thereof a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof
  • the benefits of oral or intranasal inhalation directly to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal and/or pulmonary compartments will also benefit these compounds.
  • the monoclonal GS-6624 (formerly known as AB0024), analog or another antibody targeting LOXL2 protein associated with connective tissue biogenesis to reduce inflammation, tumor stroma and/or fibrosis may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • PRM-151 synthetic pentraxin-2
  • analog or other molecule targeting regulation of the injury response to reduce inflammation and/or fibrosis may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • CC-930 (Jun kinase inhibitor), analog or other Jun kinase inhibitor to reduce tumor stroma and/or the inflammatory response may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • oral imatinib (a.k.a.
  • Gleeve or Glivec tyrosin kinase inhibitor
  • analog or other tyrosine inhibitor to inhibit lung fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation and proliferation as well as extracellular matrix production and tumor stroma formation/maintenance through inhibition of PDFG and transforming growth factor (TGF)- ⁇ signaling may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • STX-100 monoclonal antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6
  • analog or other antibody targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 or other integrin to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • QAX576 monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin 13 [IL-13]
  • analog or other antibody targeting IL-13 to reduce tumor stroma and/or inflammation may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • FG-3019 monoclonal antibody targeting connective tissue growth factor [CTGF]
  • CTGF connective tissue growth factor
  • analog or other antibody targeting CTGF to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • CNTO-888 a monoclonal antibody targeting chemokine [C—C motif] ligand 2 [CCL2]
  • analog or other antibody targeting CCL2 to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • BIBF-1120 also known as Vargatef; a triple kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • FGF fibroblast growth factor
  • analog or other triple kinase inhibitor to reduce tumor stroma and/or fibrosis and/or inflammation may be administered by oral or intranasal inhalation for direct delivery to the lung or tissues immediately downstream of the nasal or pulmonary compartments.
  • anti-cancer agents may include gefitinib (Iressa, also known as ZD1839).
  • Gefitinib is a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor's (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain.
  • the target protein (EGFR) is a family of receptors which includes Her1(erb-B1), Her2(erb-B2), and Her3(erb-B3).
  • EGFR is overexpressed in the cells of certain types of human carcinomas—for example in lung and breast cancers. This leads to inappropriate activation of the anti-apoptotic Ras signalling cascade, eventually leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
  • Research on gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancers has shown that a mutation in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain is responsible for activating anti-apoptotic pathways.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib.
  • adenocarcinoma is the type that most often harbors these mutations. These mutations are more commonly seen in Asians, women, and non-smokers (who also tend to more often have adenocarcinoma).
  • Gefitinib inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase by binding to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of the enzyme.
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • gefitinib has yet to be proven to be effective in other cancers, there is potential for its use in the treatment of other cancers where EGFR overexpression is involved. As gefitinib is a selective chemotherapeutic agent, its tolerability profile is better than previous cytotoxic agents. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are acceptable for a potentially fatal disease. Acne-like rash is reported very commonly.
  • Erlotinib also known as Tarceva.
  • Erlotinib specifically targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, which is highly expressed and occasionally mutated in various forms of cancer. It binds in a reversible fashion to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the receptor. For the signal to be transmitted, two EGFR molecules need to come together to form a homodimer.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • Erlotinib has shown a survival benefit in the treatment of lung cancer. Erlotinib is approved for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that has failed at least one prior chemotherapy regimen.
  • erlotinib has been shown to be effective in patients with or without EGFR mutations, but appears to be more effective in the group of patients with EGFR mutations.
  • the response rate among EGFR mutation positive patients is approximately 60%.
  • Patients who are non-smokers, and light former smokers, with adenocarcinoma or subtypes like BAC are more likely to have EGFR mutations, but mutations can occur in all types of patients.
  • EGFR positive patients are generally KRAS negative.
  • Erlotinib has recently been shown to be a potent inhibitor of JAK2V617F activity.
  • JAK2V617F is a mutant of tyrosine kinase JAK2, is found in most patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and a substantial proportion of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis or essential thrombocythemia.
  • PV polycythemia vera
  • erlotinib may be used for treatment of JAK2V617F-positive PV and other myeloproliferative disorder. Rash occurs in the majority of patients. This resembles acne and primarily involves the face and neck. It is self-limited and resolves in the majority of cases, even with continued use.
  • some clinical studies have indicated a correlation between the severity of the skin reactions and increased survival though this has not been quantitatively assessed.
  • Cutaneous rash may be a surrogate marker of clinical benefit.
  • Other side effects include diarrhea, loss of appetite, fatigue, rarely, interstitial pneumonitis, which is characterized by cough and increased dyspnea. This may be severe and must be considered among those patients whose breathing acutely worsens.
  • erlotinib can cause hearing loss.
  • Rare side effects include serious gastrointestinal tract, skin, and ocular disorders.
  • some people prescribed erlotinib have developed serious or fatal gastrointestinal tract perforations; “bullous, blistering, and exfoliative skin conditions, some fatal; and serious eye problems such as corneal lesions.
  • Erlotinib is mainly metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A4. Compounds which induce this enzyme (i.e. stimulate its production), such as St John's wort, can lower erlotinib concentrations, while inhibitors can increase concentrations. As with other ATP competitive small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib in CML, patients rapidly develop resistance. In the case of erlotinib this typically occurs 8-12 months from the start of treatment.
  • T790M nonpolar methionine residue
  • Bortezomib (originally codenamed PS-341; marketed as Velcade and Bortecad). Bortezomib is the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor to be tested in humans. It is approved in the U.S. for treating relapsed multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In multiple myeloma, complete clinical responses have been obtained in patients with otherwise refractory or rapidly advancing disease. Bortezomib was originally synthesized as MG-341. After promising preclinical results, the drug (PS-341) was tested in a small Phase I clinical trial on patients with multiple myeloma cancer.
  • Bortezomib (Velcade) is approved for use in multiple myeloma.
  • Another commercially available bortezomib product—Bortenat reportedly contains substantially more active entity than declared, potentially and even more resulting in increased toxicity.
  • Bortenat has some other chemical and formulation deviations from the registered ethic product Velcade, with unclear clinical impact.
  • the boron atom in bortezomib binds the catalytic site of the 26S proteasome with high affinity and specificity. In normal cells, the proteasome regulates protein expression and function by degradation of ubiquitylated proteins, and also cleanses the cell of abnormal or misfolded proteins.
  • Some intracellular peptides have been shown to be biologically active, and so the effect of bortezomib on the levels of intracellular peptides may contribute to the biological and/or side effects of the drug.
  • Bortezomib is rapidly cleared following intravenous administration. Peak concentrations are reached at about 30 minutes. Drug levels can no longer be measured after an hour. Pharmacodynamics are measured by measuring proteasome inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The much greater sensitivity of myeloma cell lines and mantle cell lines to proteasome inhibition compared with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and most other cancer cell lines is poorly understood.
  • Bortezomib is associated with peripheral neuropathy in 30% of patients; occasionally, it can be painful.
  • bortezomib The established the efficacy of bortezomib is 1.3 mg/m2 (with or without dexamethasone) administered by intravenous bolus on days 1,4,8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle for a maximum of eight cycles in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
  • the demonstrated superiority of bortezomib is 1.3 mg/m2 over a high-dose dexamethasone regimen (by example median TTP 6.2 vs 3.5 months, and 1-year survival 80% vs. 66%).
  • Laboratory studies and clinical trials are investigating whether it might be possible to further increase the anticancer potency of bortezomib by combining it with novel types of other pharmacologic agents.
  • bortezomib killed multiple myeloma cells more efficiently when combined, for example, with histone deacetylase inhibitors, thapsigargin, or celecoxib. There is preclinical evidence that bortezomib is synergistic with Reolysin in pancreatic cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy and safety of any of these latter combinations has not yet been evaluated in cancer patients.
  • JAK inhibitors Another family of anti-cancer agent are Janus kinase inhibitors. Also known as JAK inhibitors, these are a type of medication that functions by inhibiting the activity of one or more of the Janus kinase family of enzymes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2), thereby interfering with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. These inhibitors have therapeutic application in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Cytokines play key roles in controlling cell growth and the immune response. Many cytokines function by binding to and activating type I and type II cytokine receptors. These receptors in turn rely on the Janus kinase (JAK) family of enzymes for signal transduction.
  • JAK Janus kinase
  • Janus kinases phosphorylate activated cytokine receptors. These phosphorylated receptor in turn recruit STAT transcription factors which modulate gene transcription.
  • the first JAK inhibitor to reach clinical trials was tofacitinib.
  • JAK inhibitors include: Ruxolitinib against JAK1/JAK2 for psoriasis, myelofibrosis, and rheumatoid arthritis; Tofacitinib (tasocitinib; CP-690550) against JAK3 for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis; Baricitinib (LY3009104, INCB28050) against JAK1/JAK2 for rheumatoid arthritis; CYT387 against JAK2 for myeloproliferative disorders; Lestaurtinib against JAK2, for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); Pacritinib (SB1518) against JAK2 for re
  • ALK inhibitors are potential anti-cancer drugs that act on tumors with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) such as an EML4-ALK translocation. About 7% of Non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) have EML4-ALK translocations.
  • ALK inhibitors include: Crizotinib (trade name Xalkori) is approved for NSCLC; AP26113 is at the preclinical stage; and LDK378 is developed by Novartis as the second-generation ALK inhibitor.
  • NPM-ALK is a different variation/fusion of ALK that drives anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) and is the target of other ALK inhibitors.
  • Crizotinib has an aminopyridine structure, and functions as a protein kinase inhibitor by competitive binding within the ATP-binding pocket of target kinases.
  • About 4% of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma have a chromosomal rearrangement that generates a fusion gene between EML4 (‘echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4’) and ALK (‘anaplastic lymphoma kinase’), which results in constitutive kinase activity that contributes to carcinogenesis and seems to drive the malignant phenotype.
  • the kinase activity of the fusion protein is inhibited by crizotinib.
  • Patients with this gene fusion are typically younger non-smokers who do not have mutations in either the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) or in the K-Ras gene.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor gene
  • the number of new cases of ALK-fusion NSLC is about 9,000 per year in the U.S. and about 45,000 worldwide.
  • ALK mutations are thought to be important in driving the malignant phenotype in about 15% of cases of neuroblastoma, a rare form of peripheral nervous system cancer that occurs almost exclusively in very young children.
  • Crizotinib inhibits the c-Met/Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) tyrosine kinase, which is involved in the oncogenesis of a number of other histological forms of malignant neoplasms. Crizotinib is currently thought to exert its effects through modulation of the growth, migration, and invasion of malignant cells. Other studies suggest that crizotinib might also act via inhibition of angiogenesis in malignant tumors. Crizotinib caused tumors to shrink or stabilize in 90% of 82 patients carrying the ALK fusion gene. Tumors shrank at least 30% in 57% of people treated. Most had adenocarcinoma, and had never smoked or were former smokers.
  • HGFR c-Met/Hepatocyte growth factor receptor
  • Crizotinib (Xalkori) is approved to treat certain late-stage (locally advanced or metastatic) non-small cell lung cancers that express the abnormal anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Approval required a companion molecular test for the EML4-ALK fusion.
  • Crizotinib Another anti-cancer agent is Crizotinib. Crizotinib is also being tested in clinical trials of advanced disseminated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, [9] and neuroblastoma.
  • An anti-cancer target includes Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2). Encoded by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis). Bcl-2 derives its name from B-cell lymphoma 2, as it is the second member of a range of proteins initially described in chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 18 in follicular lymphomas. Bcl-2 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available. The two isoforms of Bcl-2, Isoform 1, also known as 1G5M, and Isoform 2, also known as 1G5O/1GJH, exhibit similar fold.
  • This fusion gene is deregulated, leading to the transcription of excessively high levels of Bcl-2. This decreases the propensity of these cells for undergoing apoptosis.
  • Apoptosis also plays a very active role in regulating the immune system. When it is functional, it can cause immune unresponsiveness to self-antigens via both central and peripheral tolerance. In the case of defective apoptosis, it may contribute to etiological aspects of autoimmune diseases.
  • the autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes can be caused by defective apoptosis, which leads to aberrant T cell AICD and defective peripheral tolerance. Due to the fact that dendritic cells are the most important antigen presenting cells of the immune system, their activity must be tightly regulated by such mechanisms as apoptosis.
  • mice containing dendritic cells that are Bim ⁇ / ⁇ thus unable to induce effective apoptosis, obtain autoimmune diseases more so than those that have normal dendritic cells.
  • Other studies have shown that the lifespan of dendritic cells may be partly controlled by a timer dependent on anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.
  • Apoptosis plays a very important role in regulating a variety of diseases that have enormous social impacts.
  • schizophrenia is a neurodegenerative disease that may result from an abnormal ratio of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors.
  • this defective apoptosis may result from abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and increased expression of caspase-3.
  • Bcl-2 inhibitors include: An antisense oligonucleotide drug Genasense (G3139) that targets Bcl-2.
  • Genasense G3139
  • An antisense DNA or RNA strand is non-coding and complementary to the coding strand (which is the template for producing respectively RNA or protein).
  • An antisense drug is a short sequence of RNA that hybridises with and inactivates mRNA, preventing the protein from being formed.
  • ABT-73 is a novel inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, known as ABT-737.
  • ABT-737 is one among many so-called BH3 mimetic small molecule inhibitors (SMI) targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-related proteins such as Bcl-xL and Bcl-w but not Al and Mcl-1, which may prove valuable in the therapy of lymphoma and other blood cancers.
  • Another inhibitor is ABT-199.
  • ABT-199 is a so-called BH3-mimetic drug designed to block the function of the Bcl-2 protein in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • Another Bcl-2 inhibitors is obatoclax (GX15-070) for small-cell lung cancer. By inhibiting Bcl-2, Obatoclax induces apoptosis in cancer cells, preventing tumor growth.
  • PARP inhibitors are a group of pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). They are developed for multiple indications; the most important is the treatment of cancer. Several forms of cancer are more dependent on PARP than regular cells, making PARP an attractive target for cancer therapy. In addition to their use in cancer therapy, PARP inhibitors are considered a potential treatment for acute life-threatening diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as for long-term neurodegenerative diseases. DNA is damaged thousands of times during each cell cycle, and that damage must be repaired.
  • PARP inhibitors are a group of pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). They are developed for multiple indications; the most important is the treatment of cancer. Several forms of cancer are more dependent on PARP than regular cells, making PARP an attractive target for cancer therapy. In addition to their use in cancer therapy, PARP inhibitors are considered a potential treatment for acute life-threatening diseases, such as stroke and myocardial
  • BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 are proteins that are important for the repair of double-strand DNA breaks by the error-free homologous recombination repair, or HRR, pathway.
  • HRR error-free homologous recombination repair
  • the gene for either protein is mutated, the change can lead to errors in DNA repair that can eventually cause breast cancer.
  • the altered gene can cause the death of the cells.
  • PARP1 is a protein that is important for repairing single-strand breaks (‘nicks’ in the DNA). If such nicks persist unrepaired until DNA is replicated (which must precede cell division), then the replication itself can cause double strand breaks to form.
  • Drugs that inhibit PARP1 cause multiple double strand breaks to form in this way, and in tumors with BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2 mutations these double strand breaks cannot be efficiently repaired, leading to the death of the cells.
  • Normal cells that don't replicate their DNA as often as cancer cells, and that lacks any mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 still have homologous repair operating, which allows them to survive the inhibition of PARP.
  • Some cancer cells that lack the tumor suppressor PTEN may be sensitive to PARP inhibitors because of down-regulation of Rad51, a critical homologous recombination component, although other data suggest PTEN may not regulate Rad51.
  • PARP inhibitors may be effective against many PTEN-defective tumors (e.g. some aggressive prostate cancers).
  • PARP inhibitors Cancer cells that are low in oxygen (e.g. in fast growing tumors) are sensitive to PARP inhibitors.
  • PARP inhibitors were originally thought to work primarily by blocking PARP enzyme activity, thus preventing the repair of DNA damage and ultimately causing cell death.
  • PARP inhibitors have an additional mode of action: localizing PARP proteins at sites of DNA damage, which has relevance to their anti-tumor activity.
  • the trapped PARP protein-DNA complexes are highly toxic to cells because they block DNA replication.
  • the PARP family of proteins in humans includes PARP1 and PARP2, which are DNA binding and repair proteins.
  • PARP1 and PARP2 When activated by DNA damage, these proteins recruit other proteins that do the actual work of repairing DNA. Under normal conditions, PARP1 and PARP2 are released from DNA once the repair process is underway. However, as this study shows, when they are bound to PARP inhibitors, PARP1 and PARP2 become trapped on DNA. The researchers showed that trapped PARP-DNA complexes are more toxic to cells than the unrepaired single-strand DNA breaks that accumulate in the absence of PARP activity, indicating that PARP inhibitors act as PARP poisons. These findings suggest that there may be two classes of PARP inhibitors, catalytic inhibitors that act mainly to inhibit PARP enzyme activity and do not trap PARP proteins on DNA, and dual inhibitors that both block PARP enzyme activity and act as PARP poison.
  • Radiotherapy The main function of radiotherapy is to produce DNA strand breaks, causing severe DNA damage and leading to cell death. Radiotherapy has the potential to kill 100% of any targeted cells, but the dose required to do so would cause unacceptable side effects to healthy tissue. Radiotherapy therefore can only be given up to a certain level of radiation exposure.
  • Combining radiation therapy with PARP inhibitors offers promise, since the inhibitors would lead to formation of double strand breaks from the single-strand breaks generated by the radiotherapy in tumor tissue with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. This combination could therefore lead to either more powerful therapy with the same radiation dose or similarly powerful therapy with a lower radiation dose.
  • PARP inhibitors include: Iniparib (BSI 201) for breast cancer and squamous cell lung cancer; Olaparib (AZD-2281) for breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer; Rucaparib (AG014699, PF-01367338) for metastatic breast and ovarian cancer; Veliparib (ABT-888) for metastatic melanoma and breast cancer; CEP 9722 for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); MK 4827 which inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; BMN-673 for advanced hematological malignancies and for advanced or recurrent solid tumors; and 3-aminobenzamide.
  • PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway Another family of anti-cancer target is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This pathway is an important signaling pathway for many cellular functions such as growth control, metabolism and translation initiation. Within this pathway there are many valuable anti-cancer drug treatment targets and for this reason it has been subject to a lot of research in recent years.
  • a Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor (PI3K inhibitor) is a potential medical drug that functions by inhibiting a Phosphoinositide 3-kinase enzyme which is part of this pathway and therefore, through inhibition, often results in tumor suppression. There are a number of different classes and isoforms of PI3Ks.
  • Class 1 PI3Ks have a catalytic subunit known as p110, with four types (isoforms)—p110 alpha, p110 beta, p110 gamma and p110 delta.
  • the inhibitors being studied inhibit one or more isoforms of the class 1 PI3Ks. They are being actively investigated for treatment of various cancers. Examples include: Wortmannin an irreversible inhibitor of PI3K; demethoxyviridin a derivative of wortmannin; and LY294002 a reversible inhibitor of PI3K.
  • PI3K inhibitors include: Perifosine, for colorectal cancer and multiple myeloma; CAL101 an oral PI3K delta for certain late-stage types of leukemia's; PX-866; IPI-145, a novel inhibitor of PI3K delta and gamma, especially for hematologic malignancies; BAY 80-6946, predominantly inhibiting PI3K ⁇ , ⁇ isoforms; BEZ235 a PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor; RP6503, a dual PI3K delta/gamma inhibitor for the treatment of Asthma and COPD; TGR 1202, oral PI3K delta inhibitor (also known as RP5264); SF1126, the first PI3KI for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); INK1117, a PI3K-alpha inhibitor; GDC-0941 IC50 of 3 nM; BKM120; XL147 (also known as SAR245408); XL76
  • IC50 100 nM for inhibition of p110- ⁇ ; TG100-115, inhibits all four isoforms but has a 5-10 fold better potency against p110- ⁇ and p110- ⁇ ; CAL263; RP6530, a dual PI3K delta/gamma inhibitor for T-cell Lymphomas; PI-103 a dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor; GNE-477, a PI3K-alpha and mTOR inhibitor with IC50 values of 4 nM and 21 nM; CUDC-907, also an HDAC inhibitor; and AEZS-136, which also inhibits Erk1/2.
  • Apatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR). It is an orally bioavailable, small molecule agent which is thought to inhibit angiogenesis in cancer cells; specifically apatinib inhibits VEGF-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation thus blocking new blood vessel formation in tumor tissue. This agent also mildly inhibits c-Kit and c-SRC tyrosine kinases.
  • VAGFR2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
  • Apatinib is an investigational cancer drug currently undergoing clinical trials as a potential targeted treatment for metastatic gastric carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer patients were administered varied doses of Apatinib daily for 28 days. Apatinib was well tolerated at doses below 750 mg/day, 3 of 3 dose limiting toxicities were reported at 1000 mg/day and the maximum tolerated dose is determined to be 850 mg/day. The investigator also reported of 65 cancer patients treated in Phase I/II, 1.54% had a complete response, 12.31% had a partial response, 66.15% had stable disease and 20% had progressive disease.
  • apatinib may be useful in circumventing cancer cells' multidrug resistance to certain conventional antineoplastic drugs.
  • the study showed that apatinib reverses the ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance by inhibiting those functions and increasing the intracellular concentrations of the antineoplastic drugs. This study suggests that apatinib will be potentially effective in combination therapies with conventional anticancer drugs especially in cases where resistance to chemotherapy exists.
  • BRAF is a human gene that encodes B-Raf.
  • the gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf.
  • the B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells, which are involved in directing cell growth. In 2002, it was shown to be faulty (mutated) in human cancers. Certain other inherited BRAF mutations cause birth defects. Drugs that treat cancers driven by BRAF have been developed.
  • B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion.
  • B-Raf is a 766-amino acid, regulated signal transduction serine/threonine-specific protein kinase.
  • CR1 conserved region 1
  • CR2 conserved region 2
  • CR3 conserved region 3
  • B-Raf forms dimers via hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions of its kinase domains.
  • B-Raf is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase.
  • B-Raf catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a consensus sequence on target proteins by ATP, yielding ADP and a phosphorylated protein as products. Since it is a highly regulated signal transduction kinase, B-Raf must first bind Ras-GTP before becoming active as an enzyme. Once B-Raf is activated, a conserved protein kinase catalytic core phosphorylates protein substrates by promoting the nucleophilic attack of the activated substrate serine or threonine hydroxyl oxygen atom on the ⁇ -phosphate group of ATP through bimolecular nucleophilic substitution.
  • B-Raf To effectively catalyze protein phosphorylation via the bimolecular substitution of serine and threonine residues with ADP as a leaving group, B-Raf must first bind ATP and then stabilize the transition state as the ⁇ -phosphate of ATP is transferred. Since constitutively active B-Raf mutants commonly cause cancer (see Clinical Significance) by excessively signaling cells to grow, inhibitors of B-Raf have been developed for both the inactive and active conformations of the kinase domain as cancer therapeutic candidates.
  • BAY43-9006 (Sorafenib, Nexavar) is a V600E mutant B-Raf and C-Raf inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of primary liver and kidney cancer.
  • Bay43-9006 disables the B-Raf kinase domain by locking the enzyme in its inactive form.
  • the inhibitor accomplishes this by blocking the ATP binding pocket through high-affinity for the kinase domain. It then binds key activation loop and DFG motif residues to stop the movement of the activation loop and DFG motif to the active conformation. Finally, a trifluoromethyl phenyl moiety sterically blocks the DFG motif and activation loop active conformation site, making it impossible for the kinase domain to shift conformation to become active.
  • the distal pyridyl ring of BAY43-9006 anchors in the hydrophobic nucleotide-binding pocket of the kinase N-lobe, interacting with W531, F583, and F595.
  • the hydrophobic interactions with catalytic loop F583 and DFG motif F595 stabilize the inactive conformation of these structures, decreasing the likelihood of enzyme activation.
  • Further hydrophobic interaction of K483, L514, and T529 with the center phenyl ring increase the affinity of the kinase domain for the inhibitor.
  • Hydrophobic interaction of F595 with the center ring as well decreases the energetic favorability of a DFG conformation switch further.
  • PLX4032 (Vemurafenib) is a V600 mutant B-Raf inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of late-stage melanoma. Unlike BAY43-9006, which inhibits the inactive form of the kinase domain, Vemurafenib inhibits the active “DFG-in” form of the kinase, firmly anchoring itself in the ATP-binding site. By inhibiting only the active form of the kinase, Vemurafenib selectively inhibits the proliferation of cells with unregulated B-Raf, normally those that cause cancer.
  • PLX4720 Since Vemurafenib only differs from its precursor, PLX4720, in a phenyl ring added for pharmacokinetic reasons, PLX4720's mode of action is equivalent to Vemurafenib's.
  • PLX4720 has good affinity for the ATP binding site partially because its anchor region, a 7-azaindole bicyclic, only differs from the natural adenine that occupies the site in two places where nitrogen atoms have been replaced by carbon. This enables strong intermolecular interactions like N7 hydrogen bonding to C532 and N1 hydrogen bonding to Q530 to be preserved. Excellent fit within the ATP-binding hydrophobic pocket (C532, W531, T529, L514, A481) increases binding affinity as well.
  • Ketone linker hydrogen bonding to water and difluoro-phenyl fit in a second hydrophobic pocket contribute to the exceptionally high binding affinity overall.
  • Selective binding to active Raf is accomplished by the terminal propyl group that binds to a Raf-selective pocket created by a shift of the ⁇ C helix.
  • Selectivity for the active conformation of the kinase is further increased by a pH-sensitive deprotonated sulfonamide group that is stabilized by hydrogen bonding with the backbone peptide NH of D594 in the active state.
  • the inhibitor's sulfonamide group interacts with the backbone carbonyl of that residue instead, creating repulsion.
  • Vemurafenib binds preferentially to the active state of B-Rafs kinase domain.
  • Mutations in the BRAF gene can cause disease in two ways. First, mutations can be inherited and cause birth defects. Second, mutations can appear later in life and cause cancer, as an oncogene. Inherited mutations in this gene cause cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, a disease characterized by heart defects, mental retardation and a distinctive facial appearance.
  • Vemurafenib (RG7204 or PLX4032), licensed as Zelboraf for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, is the current state-of-the-art example for why active B-Raf inhibitors are being pursued as drug candidates.
  • Vemurafenib is biochemically interesting as a mechanism to target cancer due to its high efficacy and selectivity.
  • B-Raf not only increased metastatic melanoma patient chance of survival but raised the response rate to treatment from 7-12% to 53% in the same amount of time compared to the former best chemotherapeutic treatment: dacarbazine.
  • 20% of tumors still develop resistance to the treatment. In mice, 20% of tumors become resistant after 56 days.
  • B-Raf inhibitors include GDC-0879, PLX-4720, Sorafenib Tosylate, Dabrafenib and LGX818.
  • MEK inhibitor Another family of anti-cancer agent is the MEK inhibitor. These are a chemical or drug that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase enzymes MEK1 and/or MEK2. They can be used to affect the MAPK/ERK pathway which is often overactive in some cancers. Hence MEK inhibitors have potential for treatment of some cancers, especially BRAF-mutated melanoma, and KRAS/BRAF mutated colorectal cancer.
  • MEK inhibitors include: Trametinib (GSK1120212), for treatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma and possible combination with BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib to treat BRAF-mutated melanoma; Selumetinib, for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); MEK162, had phase 1 trial for biliary tract cancer and melanoma; PD-325901, for breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma; XL518; CI-1040 and PD035901.
  • CDK inhibitors are chemicals that inhibits the function of CDKs. It is used to treat cancers by preventing overproliferation of cancer cells. In many human cancers, CDKs are overactive or CDK-inhibiting proteins are not functional. Therefore, it is rational to target CDK function to prevent unregulated proliferation of cancer cells.
  • CDK Cyclin-dependent kinase
  • the validity of CDK as a cancer target should be carefully assessed because genetic studies have revealed that knockout of one specific type of CDK often does not affect proliferation of cells or has an effect only in specific tissue types. For example, most adult cells in mice proliferate normally even without both CDK4 and CDK2. Furthermore, specific CDKs are only active in certain periods of the cell cycle.
  • Types of CDK inhibitors include: Broad CDK inhibitors that target a broad spectrum of CDKs; specific CDK inhibitors that target a specific type of CDK; and multiple target inhibitors that target CDKs as well as additional kinases such as VEGFR or PDGFR. Specific examples include: P1446A-05 targeting CDK4 and PD-0332991 that targets CDK4 and CDK6 for leukemia, melanoma and solid tumors.
  • Salinomycin is an antibacterial and coccidiostat ionophore therapeutic drug. Salinomycin has been shown to kill breast cancer stem cells in mice at least 100 times more effectively than the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The study screened 16,000 different chemical compounds and found that only a small subset, including salinomycin and etoposide, targeted cancer stem cells responsible for metastasis and relapse. The mechanism of action by which salinomycin kills cancer stem cells specifically remains unknown, but is thought to be due to its action as a potassium ionophore due to the detection of nigericin in the same compound screen. Studies performed in 2011 showed that salinomycin could induce apoptosis of human cancer cells.
  • Salinomycin is able to effectively eliminate CSCs and to induce partial clinical regression of heavily pretreated and therapy-resistant cancers.
  • the ability of salinomycin to kill both CSCs and therapy-resistant cancer cells may define the compound as a novel and an effective anticancer drug.
  • Salinomycin and its derivatives exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against the drug-resistant cancer cell lines. Salinomycin is the key compound in the pharmaceutical company Verastem's efforts to produce an anti-cancer-stem-cell drug.
  • Drugs for non-small cell lung cancer may include: Abitrexate (methotrexate), Abraxane (Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation), Afatinib Dimaleate, Alimta (pemetrexed disodium), Avastin (Bevacizumab), Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Crizotinib, Erlotinib Hydrochloride, Folex (methotrexate), Folex PFS (methotrexate), Gefitinib Gilotrif (afatinib dimaleate), Gemcitabine Hydrochloride, Gemzar (gemcitabine hydrochloride), Iressa (Gefitinib), Methotrexate, Methotrexate LPF (methotrexate), Mexate (methotrexate), Mexate-AQ (methotrexate), Paclitaxel, Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation, Paraplat (carboplatin), Paraplatin
  • Combinations approved for non-small cell lung cancer may include: Carboplatin-Taxol and Gemcitabline-Cisplatin.
  • Drugs approved for small cell lung cancer may include: Abitrexate (methotrexate), Etopophos (etoposide phosphate), Etoposide, Etoposide Phosphate, Folex (methotrexate), Folex PFS (methotrexate), Hycamtin (topotecan hydrochloride), Methotrexate, Methotrexate LPF (methotrexate), Mexate (methotrexate), Mexate-AQ (methotrexate), Toposar (etoposide), Topotecan Hydrochloride, and VePesid (etoposide).
  • Agents that may serve as inhaled anti-cancer and/or inhaled anti-fibrotic therapeutic agents may include: Gefitinib (Iressa, also known as ZD1839); Erlotinib (also known as Tarceva); Bortezomib (originally codenamed PS-341 and MG-341; marketed as Velcade and Bortecad); Janus kinase inhibitors (also known as JAK inhibitors), including: Tofacitinib (tasocitinib; CP-690550), Ruxolitinib, Baricitinib (LY3009104, INCB28050), CYT387, Lestaurtinib, Pacritinib (SB1518), and TG101348; ALK inhibitors, including Crizotinib (trade name Xalkori), AP26113, LDK378, and NPM-ALK; Bcl-2 inhibitors, including Genasense (G3139) ABT-73, ABT
  • agents that may serve as inhaled anti-cancer and/or inhaled anti-fibrotic therapeutic agents may include: Apatinib (also known as YN968D1); BRAF inhibitors including Vemurafenib (PLX4032 or RG7204 or Zelboraf), Dabrafenib, BAY43-9006 (Sorafenib, Nexavar), GDC-0879, PLX-4720, Sorafenib Tosylate, and LGX818; MEK inhibitors including Trametinib (GSK1120212), Selumetinib, MEK162, PD-325901, XL518, CI-1040, and PD035901; CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitors including P1446A-05, and PD-0332991; Salinomycin, Abitrexate (methotrexate), Abraxane (Paclitaxel Albumin-stabilized Nanoparticle Formulation), A
  • Aerosol administration directly to one or more desired regions of the respiratory tract which includes the upper respiratory tract (e.g., nasal, sinus, and pharyngeal compartments), the respiratory airways (e.g., laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial compartments) and the lungs or pulmonary compartments (e.g., respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli), may be effected (e.g., “pulmonary delivery”) in certain preferred embodiments through intra-nasal or oral inhalation to obtain high and titrated concentration of drug, pro-drug active or sustained-release delivery to a site of respiratory pathology.
  • the upper respiratory tract e.g., nasal, sinus, and pharyngeal compartments
  • the respiratory airways e.g., laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial compartments
  • the lungs or pulmonary compartments e.g., respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
  • Aerosol administration such as by intra-nasal or oral inhalation may also be used to provide drug, pro-drug active or sustained-release delivery through the pulmonary vasculature (e.g., further to pulmonary delivery) to reach other tissues or organs, by non-limiting example, the heart, brain, liver central nervous system and/or kidney, with decreased risk of extra-respiratory toxicity associated with non-respiratory routes of drug delivery.
  • a particular phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound e.g., imatinib
  • certain embodiments described herein reflect re-formulations of compositions and novel delivery methods for recognized active drug compounds.
  • topical pathologies and/or infections contemplate topical pathologies and/or infections that may also benefit from the discoveries described herein, for example, through direct exposure of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein to diseased skin, rectum, vagina, urethra, urinary bladder, eye, and/or ear, including aerosol delivery to a burn wound to prevent scarring.
  • any composition intended for therapeutic administration such as the herein described imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulations
  • any composition intended for therapeutic administration such as the herein described imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulations
  • those familiar with the art will be aware of a number of physicochemical factors unique to a given drug composition.
  • the particular product form includes physical chemistry of the formulation (e.g., imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation), the intended disease indication(s) for which the formulation is to be used, clinical acceptance, and patient compliance.
  • physical chemistry of the formulation e.g., imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation
  • a desired imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation for aerosol delivery may be provided in the form of a simple liquid such as an aqueous liquid (e.g., soluble imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound with non-encapsulating soluble excipients/salts), a complex liquid such as an aqueous liquid (e.g., imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound with non-encapsulating soluble excipients/salts), a complex liquid such as an aqueous liquid (e.g., imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt
  • Selection of a particular imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein according to certain preferred embodiments may be influenced by the desired product packaging.
  • Factors to be considered in selecting packaging may include, for example, intrinsic product stability, whether the formulation may be subject to lyophilization, device selection (e.g., liquid nebulizer, dry-powder inhaler, meter-dose inhaler), and/or packaging form (e.g., simple liquid or complex liquid formulation, whether provided in a vial as a liquid or as a lyophilisate to be dissolved prior to or upon insertion into the device; complex suspension formulation whether provided in a vial as a liquid or as a lyophilisate, and with or without a soluble salt/excipient component to be dissolved prior to or upon insertion into the device, or separate packaging of liquid and solid components; dry powder formulations in a vial, capsule or blister pack; and other formulations packaged as readily soluble or low-solubility solid agents in separate containers alone or together with readily soluble or low-solubility solid agents.
  • device selection e.g., liquid nebulizer, dry-powder inhaler
  • Packaged agents may be manufactured in such a way as to provide imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation composition for pulmonary delivery that comprises a solution which is provided as imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound aqueous solution having a pH from about 3.0 to about 11.0, more preferably from about pH 4 to about pH 8, at a concentration of at least 0.001 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL or at a concentration of at least 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, and having a total osmolality at least 50 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg, more preferably 200 to about 500 mOsmol/kg.
  • the present invention relates to the aerosol and/or topical delivery of a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound (e.g., imatinib).
  • Imatinib has favorable solubility characteristics enabling dosing of clinically-desirable levels by aerosol (e.g., through liquid nebulization, dry powder dispersion or meter-dose administration) or topically (e.g., aqueous suspension, oily preparation or the like or as a drip, spray, suppository, salve, or an ointment or the like), and can be used in methods for acute or prophylactic treatment of a subject having pulmonary fibrosis, or of a subject at risk for having pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the method treats or serves as prophylaxis against interstitial lung disease (ILD) by administering imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as an aerosol (e.g., a suspension of liquid particles in air or another gas) to a subject having or suspected to have interstitial lung disease.
  • Interstitial lung disease includes those conditions of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias as defined by American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary concensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, AM. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 277-304 (2002).
  • ILD of known cause or association with connective tissue diseases, occupational causes or drug side effect
  • idiopathic interstitial pneumonias e.g. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis-ILD, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia and lyphocytic interstitial pneumonia
  • granulomatous lung disease e.g., sarcodosis, hypersensitity pneumonitis and infection
  • other forms of ILD e.g., lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary Langerhans' cell histocytosis, eosinophilic pneumonia and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
  • the therapeutic method may also include a diagnostic step, such as identifying a subject with or suspected of having ILD.
  • the method further sub-classifies into idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the delivered amount of aerosol imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound (or salt thereof) formulation is sufficient to provide acute, sub-acute, or chronic symptomatic relief, slowing of fibrosis progression, halting fibrosis progression, reversing fibrotic damage, and/or subsequent increase in survival and/or improved quality of life.
  • the therapeutic method may also include a diagnostic step, such as identifying a subject with or suspected of having fibrosis in other tissues, by non-limiting example in the heart, liver, kidney or skin.
  • a diagnostic step such as identifying a subject with or suspected of having fibrosis in other tissues, by non-limiting example in the heart, liver, kidney or skin.
  • the delivered amount of liquid nebulized, dry powder or metered-dose aerosol imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound (or salt thereof) formulation is sufficient to provide acute, sub-acute, or chronic symptomatic relief, slowing of fibrosis progression, halting fibrosis progression, reversing fibrotic damage, and/or subsequent increase in survival and/or improved quality of life.
  • the therapeutic method may also include a diagnostic step, such as identifying a subject with or suspected of having multiple sclerosis.
  • a diagnostic step such as identifying a subject with or suspected of having multiple sclerosis.
  • the delivered amount of liquid nebulized, dry powder or metered-dose aerosol imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound (or salt thereof) formulation is sufficient to provide acute, sub-acute, or chronic symptomatic relief, slowing of demylination progression, halting demylination progression, reversing demylinated damage, and/or subsequent increase in survival and/or improved quality of life.
  • liquid nebulized, dry powder or metered-dose aerosol imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound (or salt thereof) may be co-administered, administered sequentially or prepared in a fixed-combination with antimicrobial agents to also provide therapy for a co-existing bacterial infection.
  • the bacteria may be a gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus
  • the bacteria are gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, by non-limiting example these include Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii , and Bacteroides splanchnicus .
  • the bacteria are gram-positive bacteria, by non-limiting example these include: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus milleri; Streptococcus (Group G); Streptococcus (Group C/F); Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp.
  • the bacteria are gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, by non-limiting example these include Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetini , and Clostridium botulinum .
  • the bacteria are acid-fast bacteria, by non-limiting example these include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare , and Mycobacterium leprae .
  • the bacteria are atypical bacteria, by non-limiting example these include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein e.g., imatinib
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts to produce and maintain threshold drug concentrations in the lung and/or targeted downstream tissue, which may be measured as drug levels in epithelial lining fluid (ELF), sputum, lung tissue, bronchial lavage fluid (BAL), or by deconvolution of blood concentrations through pharmacokinetic analysis.
  • ELF epithelial lining fluid
  • BAL bronchial lavage fluid
  • One embodiment includes the use of aerosol administration, delivering high or titrated concentration drug exposure directly to the affected tissue for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation associated with ILD (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) in animals and humans.
  • the peak lung ELF levels achieved following aerosol administration to the lung will be between 0.1 mg/mL and about 50 mg/mL imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the peak lung wet tissue levels achieved following aerosol administration to the lung will be between 0.004 mcg/gram lung tissue and about 500 mcg/gram lung tissue imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein formulated to permit mist, gas-liquid suspension or liquid nebulized, dry powder and/or metered-dose inhaled aerosol administration to supply effective concentrations or amounts to produce and maintain threshold drug concentrations in the blood and/or lung, which may be measured as drug levels in epithelial lining fluid (ELF), sputum, lung tissue, bronchial lavage fluid (BAL), or by deconvolution of blood concentrations through pharmacokinetic analysis that absorb to the pulmonary vasculature producing drug levels sufficient for extra-pulmonary therapeutics, maintenance or prophylaxis.
  • ELF epithelial lining fluid
  • BAL bronchial lavage fluid
  • One embodiment includes the use of aerosol administration, delivering high concentration drug exposure in the pulmonary vasculature and subsequent tissues and associated vasculature for treatment, maintenance and/or prophylaxis of, but not limited to cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, heart or kidney toxicity, or multiple sclerosis.
  • the peak tissue-specific plasma levels e.g., heart, kidney and liver
  • cerebral spinal fluid levels e.g.
  • central nervous system achieved following aerosol administration to the lung following oral inhalation or to the lung or nasal cavity following intra-nasal administration will be between 0.1 mcg/mL and about 50 mcg/mL imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the peak lung wet tissue levels achieved following aerosol administration to the lung will be between 0.004 mcg/gram lung tissue and about 500 mcg/gram lung tissue imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • a method for acute or prophylactic treatment of a patient through non-oral or non-nasal topical administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof (or a salt thereof) compound formulation to produce and maintain threshold drug concentrations at a burn site.
  • One embodiment includes the use of aerosol administration, delivering high concentration drug exposure directly to the affected tissue for treatment or prevention of scarring in skin.
  • the term aerosol may include a spray, mist, or other nucleated liquid or dry powder form.
  • a method for acute or prophylactic treatment of a patient through non-oral or non-nasal topical administration of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation to produce and maintain threshold drug concentrations in the eye.
  • One embodiment includes the use of aerosol administration or formulation drops to deliver high concentration drug exposure directly to the affected tissue for treatment or prevention of scarring following surgical glaucoma surgery (e.g., bleb fibrosis).
  • the term aerosol may include a spray, mist, or other nucleated liquid or dry powder form.
  • a drop may be simple liquid or suspension formulation.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein (e.g., imatinib) formulation by inhalation wherein the inhaled liquid aerosol (e.g., following liquid nebulization or metered-dose administration) or dry powder aerosol has a mean particle size from about 1 micron to 10 microns mass median aerodynamic diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to about 3 microns.
  • the particle size is 2 microns to about 5 microns mass median aerodynamic diameter and a particle size geometric standard deviation of less than or equal to about 3 microns.
  • the particle size geometric standard deviation is less than or equal to about 2 microns.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein remains at the therapeutically effective concentration at the site of pulmonary pathology, suspected pulmonary pathology, and/or site of pulmonary absorption into the pulmonary vasculature for at least about 1 minute, at least about a 5 minute period, at least about a 10 min period, at least about a 20 min period, at least about a 30 min period, at least about a 1 hour period, at least a 2 hour period, at least about a 4 hour period, at least an 8 hour period, at least a 12 hour period, at least a 24 hour period, at least a 48 hour period, at least a 72 hour period, or at least one week.
  • imatinib remains at the therapeutically effective concentration at the site of pulmonary pathology, suspected pulmonary pathology, and/or site of pulmonary absorption into the pulmonary vasculature for at least about 1 minute, at least about a 5 minute period, at least about a 10 min period, at least about a 20 min period, at least
  • the effective imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is sufficient to cause a therapeutic effect and the effect may be localized or broad-acting to or from the site of pulmonary pathology.
  • a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compound as provided herein (e.g., imatinib or salt thereof) following inhalation administration remains at the therapeutically effective concentration at the site of cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, heart or kidney toxicity, or multiple sclerosis demylination for at least about 1 minute, at least about a 5 minute period, at least about a 10 min period, at least about a 20 min period, at least about a 30 min period, at least about a 1 hour period, at least a 2 hour period, at least about a 4 hour period, at least an 8 hour period, at least a 12 hour period, at least a 24 hour period, at least a 48 hour period, at least a 72 hour period, or at least one week.
  • the effective imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof concentration is sufficient to cause a therapeutic effect and the effect may be localized or broad-acting to or from the site of extrapulmonary pathology.
  • delivery sites such as a pulmonary site, the an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a respirable delivered dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 and 200 milligrams.
  • delivery sites such as a pulmonary site, the an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a respirable delivered dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 milligrams.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a respirable delivered dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, and 200 milligrams.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a respirable delivered dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.1 mg to about 300 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200 milligrams.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof formulation is administered in the described respirable delivered dose in less than 60 minutes, less than 50 minutes, less than 40 minutes, less than 30 minutes, less than 20 minutes, less than 15 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 7 minutes, less than 5 minutes, in less than 3 minutes, in less than 2 minutes, in less than 1 minute, 10 inhalation breaths, 8 inhalation breaths, 6 inhalation breaths, 4 inhalation breaths, 3 inhalation breaths, 2 inhalation breaths or 1 inhalation breath.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof formulation is administered in the described respirable delivered dose using a breathing pattern of 1 second inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 2 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 3 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 4 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 5 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 6 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 7 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, and 8 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 9 seconds inhalation, 2 seconds exhalation, 10 seconds inhalation, 2 seconds exhalation, 1 second inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 2 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 3 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 4 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 5 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 6 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation,
  • delivery sites such as the nasal cavity or sinus, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a nasal cavity or sinus deposited dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 and 200 milligrams.
  • delivery sites such as the nasal cavity or sinus, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a nasal cavity or sinus deposited dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 milligrams.
  • delivery sites such as the nasal cavity or sinus, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a nasal cavity or sinus deposited dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.001 mg to about 200 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, and 200 milli
  • delivery sites such as the nasal cavity or sinus, imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation is administered in one or more administrations so as to achieve a nasal cavity or sinus deposited dose daily of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof of at least about 0.1 mg to about 300 mg, including all integral values therein such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, and 200 milligrams.
  • the imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof formulation is administered in the described nasal or sinus deposited dose in less than 20 minutes, less than 15 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 7 minutes, less than 5 minutes, in less than 3 minutes, in less than 2 minutes, in less than 1 minute, 10 intranasal inhalation breaths, 8 intranasal inhalation breaths, 6 intranasal inhalation breaths, 4 intranasal inhalation breaths, 3 intranasal inhalation breaths, 2 intranasal inhalation breaths or 1 intranasal inhalation breath.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof formulation is administered in the described respirable delivered dose using a breathing pattern of 1 second inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 2 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 3 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 4 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 5 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 6 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 7 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, and 8 seconds inhalation and 2 seconds exhalation, 9 seconds inhalation, 2 seconds exhalation, 10 seconds inhalation, 2 seconds exhalation, 1 second inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 2 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 3 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 4 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 5 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation, 6 seconds inhalation and 3 seconds exhalation,
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human with ILD. In some embodiments, the method further sub-classifies into idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • aerosol administration would be performed using an in-line device (by non-limiting example, the Nektar Aeroneb Pro) or similar adaptor with device for liquid nebulization. Aerosol administration could also be performed using an in-line adaptor for dry powder or metered-dose aerosol generation and delivery.
  • an in-line device by non-limiting example, the Nektar Aeroneb Pro
  • aerosol administration could also be performed using an in-line adaptor for dry powder or metered-dose aerosol generation and delivery.
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human requiring cardiac fibrosis therapy. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human requiring kidney fibrosis therapy. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human requiring hepatic fibrosis therapy. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human requiring cardiac or kidney toxicity therapy. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • the subject is a human. In some embodiments of the methods described above, the subject is a human requiring therapy for disease resulting from active, previous or latent viral infection. In some embodiments of the methods describe above, the human subject may be mechanically ventilated.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a simple liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation with non-encapsulating water soluble excipients as described above having an osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 6000 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 400 mOsmol/kg to about 5000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the osmolality is from about 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 mOsmol/kg to about 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3200, 3400, 3600, 3800, 4000, 4200, 4400, 4600, 4800 m 5000, 5200, 5400, 5600, 5800 and 6000 mOsmol/kg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a simple liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having a permeant ion concentration between from about 30 mM to about 300 mM and preferably between from about 50 mM to 200 mM.
  • one or more permeant ions in the composition are selected from the group consisting of chloride and bromide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation encapsulated or complexed with water soluble excipients such as lipids, liposomes, cyclodextrins, microencapsulations, and emulsions) as described above having a solution osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 6000 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 1000 mOsmol/kg.
  • the osmolality is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 400 mOsmol/kg to about 5000 mOsmol/kg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • one or more permeant ions in the composition are selected from the group consisting of chloride and bromide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having a permeant ion concentration from about 50 mM to about 200 mM.
  • one or more permeant ions in the composition are selected from the group consisting of chloride and bromide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a simple liquid formulation of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having an imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative to multivalent cation positive charge molar ratio between about two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to about 0.1 to about 4 multivalent cation positive charges.
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ion two cation positive charges
  • three imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compounds to one magnesium ions four imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ions
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions.
  • divalent cations by non-limiting example magnesium, reduced imatinib dissolution time and increased imatinib aqueous solubility in a molar ratio-dependent manner.
  • This increased saturation solubility is enabling to deliver predicted-sufficient quantities of inhaled liquid-nebulized imatinib to the lung.
  • one imatinib molecules to three magnesium molecules exhibited a slower dissolution time and reduced saturation solubility than one imatinib molecule to one magnesium molecule.
  • one imatinib molecules to one magnesium molecule exhibited a faster dissolution time and greater aqueous solubility than an equal-molar ratio of imatinib to sodium.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex liquid formulation of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having an imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative to to about 0.1 to about 4 multivalent cation positive charges.
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ion two cation positive charges
  • three imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compounds to one magnesium ions four imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ions
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as a low water-soluble stable nanosuspension alone or in co-crystal/co-precipitate complexes, or mixtures with low solubility lipids, such as lipid nanosuspensions) as described above having a solution osmolality from about 50 mOsmol/kg to about 6000 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 100 mOsmol/kg to about 500 mOsmol/kg. In one embodiment, the osmolality is from about 400 mOsmol/kg to about 5000 mOsmol/kg.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex suspension of an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having a permeant ion concentration from about 30 mM to about 300 mM.
  • one or more permeant ions in the composition are selected from the group consisting of chloride and bromide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex suspension of an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having a permeant ion concentration from about 50 mM to about 200 mM.
  • one or more permeant ions in the composition are selected from the group consisting of chloride and bromide.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a complex suspension of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation having an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof to multivalent cation positive charge molar ratio between about one imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to about 0.1 to about 4 multivalent cation positive charges.
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ion two cation positive charges
  • three imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative compounds to one magnesium ions four imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to one magnesium ions
  • two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions two imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compounds to two magnesium ions.
  • an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation as provided herein, or a pharmaceutical composition is provided that includes a taste-masking agent.
  • a taste-masking agent may include a sugar, saccharin (e.g., sodium saccharin), sweetener or other compound or agent that beneficially affects taste, after-taste, perceived unpleasant saltiness, sourness or bitterness, or that reduces the tendency of an oral or inhaled formulation to irritate a recipient (e.g., by causing coughing or sore throat or other undesired side effect, such as may reduce the delivered dose or adversely influence patient compliance with a prescribed therapeutic regimen).
  • Certain taste-masking agents may form complexes with imatinib or salt thereof, the phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • the formulation comprises an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound and a taste-masking agent and may be optimized with respect to a desired osmolality, and/or an optimized permeant ion concentration.
  • the taste-masking agent comprises saccharin (e.g., sodium saccharin), which according to non-limiting theory affords certain advantages associated with the ability of this taste-masking agent to provide desirable taste effects even when present in extremely low concentrations, such as may have little or no effect on the detectable osmolality of a solution, thereby permitting the herein described formulations to deliver aqueous solutions, organic or dry powder formulations in a well-tolerated manner.
  • saccharin e.g., sodium saccharin
  • the taste-masking agent comprises a chelating agent (e.g., EDTA or divalent cation such as magnesium), which according to non-limiting theory affords certain advantages associated with the ability of this taste-masking agent to provide desirable taste effects by masking taste-stimulating chemical moieties on imatinib of phenylaminopyrimidine derivative.
  • a chelating agent e.g., EDTA or divalent cation such as magnesium
  • inclusion as a taste-masking agent may also substitute as an osmolality adjusting agent, and pending the salt form may also provide the permeant ion (e.g. magnesium chloride), thereby permitting the herein described formulations to deliver aqueous solutions, organic or dry powder formulations in a well-tolerated manner.
  • Non-limiting examples of these and related embodiments include an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation for pulmonary delivery as described herein that comprises an aqueous solution having a pH of from about 4 to about 8 and an osmolality of from about 50 to about 1000 mOsmol/kg (e.g., adjusted with sodium chloride), the solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound and sodium saccharin where the aqueous solution contains from about 0.1 mM to about 2.0 mM saccharin.
  • a related non-limiting example further comprises citrate (e.g., citric acid) in an aqueous solution containing from about 1 mM to about 100 mM citrate.
  • a related non-limiting example further comprises or replace citrate with phosphate (e.g., sodium phosphate) in an aqueous solution containing from about 0.0 mM to about 100 mM phosphate.
  • Another related non-limiting example further comprises or replace citrate with phosphate (e.g., sodium phosphate) in an aqueous solution containing from about 0.5 mM to about 100 mM phosphate.
  • these and related embodiments include an imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound formulation for pulmonary delivery as described herein that comprises an aqueous solution having a pH of from about 4 to about 8 and an osmolality of from about 50 to about 5000 mOsmol/kg (e.g., adjusted with magnesium chloride), the solution comprising imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound, wherein a divalent cation (e.g., berilium, magnesium, or calcium) serves both to adjust osmolality and as a taste-masking agent.
  • a divalent cation e.g., berilium, magnesium, or calcium
  • divalent cation e.g., magnesium
  • imatinib or salt thereof a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • 1 mol divalent ion to 2 mols imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof 1.5 mols divalent ion to 2 mols imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, 2 mols divalent ion to 2 mols imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, 3 mols divalent ion to 2 mols imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof, or 4 mols divalent ion to 2 mols imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylamino
  • a related non-limiting example further comprises citrate (e.g., citric acid) in an aqueous solution containing from about 1 mM to about 100 mM citrate.
  • citrate is replaced with phosphate (e.g., sodium phosphate) in an aqueous solution containing from about 0.0 mM to about 100 mM phosphate.
  • citrate is replaced with phosphate (e.g., sodium phosphate) in an aqueous solution containing from about 0.0 mM to about 100 mM phosphate.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may be protected from light to avoid photodegradation.
  • this may occur by light-protected vials, ampoules, blisters, capsules, or other colored or light-protected primary packaging.
  • this may occur by use of secondary packaging such as an aluminum or other light-protected over-pouch, box or other secondary packaging.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may be protected from oxygen to protect from oxidation.
  • oxygen in solution this may occur by removing oxygen from solution prior to or during compounding (e.g., sparging), and or controlled the primary packaging head-space gas (e.g. using of inert gas such as argon or nitrogen in the head space).
  • controlling the included secondary packaging gas e.g. with inert gas
  • this may be controlled by use of insert gas in primary and/or secondary packaging.
  • Meter-dose inhaled products may benefit by the same means as described above for solution products.
  • imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof present in a pharmaceutical composition may be protected from hydrolysis by inclusion of a cationic metal ion.
  • a cationic metal ion By non-limiting example, acid hydrolysis of amide bonds decreases with an increased salt concentration. Specifically, hydration number is important for this rate decrease, as electrolyte hydration decreases the availability of free water for the reaction. Thus, the rate decreases with increased salt and increased hydration number. The order of increasing hydration number: potassium ⁇ sodium ⁇ lithium ⁇ magnesium. The rate decrease also nearly parallels ionic strength.
  • the addition of magnesium will stabilize the structure of imatinib. It is known that imatinib chelates Fe(III) at a ratio of 3 imatinib molecules to 1 Fe(III). From this it follows that imatinib will chelate magnesium at 2 imatinib molecules to 1 magnesium +2 charge. Therefore, for this purpose the addition of magnesium or other cationic metal ion may be stoichiometric to the amount of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • 2 imatinib molecules to 0.1 magnesium molecules 2 imatinib molecules to 0.25 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 0.5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 0.75 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 1 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 1.5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 2 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 3 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 4 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 6 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 7 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 8 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 9 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 10 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 12 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 14 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 16 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 18 magnesium molecules, or 2 imatinib molecules to 20 magnesium molecules.
  • Potassium, sodium, lithium or iron may substitute for magnesium in these ratios and pharmaceutical composition.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of liquid imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may contain a solubility enhancing agent or co-solvent.
  • a solubility enhancing agent or co-solvent may include ethanol, cetylpridinium chloride, glycerin, lecithin, propylene glycol, polysorbate (including polysorbate 20, 40, 60, 80 and 85), sorbitan triolate, and the like.
  • cetylpridinium chloride may be used from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 4 mg/mL pharmaceutical composition.
  • ethanol may be used from about 0.01% to about 30% pharmaceutical composition.
  • glycerin may be used from about 0.01% to about 25% pharmaceutical composition.
  • lecithin may be used from about 0.01% to about 4% pharmaceutical composition.
  • propylene glycol may be used from about 0.01% to about 30% pharmaceutical composition.
  • polysorbates may also be used from about 0.01% to about 10% pharmaceutical composition.
  • sorbitan triolate may be used from about 0.01% to about 20% pharmaceutical composition.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of liquid or dry powder imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may contain a chelated metal ion to assist in solubility and/or dissolution of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • these may include iron, magnesium, or calcium.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of liquid or dry powder imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof may contain a chelated metal ion to assist in scavenging reactive oxygen species.
  • a chelated metal ion may include iron, magnesium, or calcium.
  • magnesium or other cationic metal ion may be stoichiometric to the amount of imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof.
  • 2 imatinib molecules to 0.1 magnesium molecules 2 imatinib molecules to 0.25 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 0.5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 0.75 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 1 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 1.5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 2 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 3 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 4 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 5 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 6 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 7 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 8 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 9 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 10 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 12 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 14 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 16 magnesium molecules, 2 imatinib molecules to 18 magnesium molecules, or 2 imatinib molecules to 20 magnesium molecules.
  • Potassium, sodium, lithium or iron may substitute for magnesium in these ratios and pharmaceutical composition.
  • a salt form of imatinib, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or tyrosine kinase inhibitor is described.
  • the counterion of the salt form of imatinib, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or tyrosine kinase inhibitor is acetate, acetonide, alanine, aluminum, arginine, ascorbate, asparagine, aspartic acid, benzathine, benzoate, besylate, bisulfate, bisulfite, bitartrate, bromide, calcium, carbonate, camphorsulfonate, cetylpridinium, chloride, chlortheophyllinate, cholinate, citrate, cysteine, deoxycholate, diethanolamine, diethylamine, diphosphate, diproprionate, disalicylate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, ethylamine, ethylenedi
  • these or other counterions may be stoichiometric to the amount of imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative.
  • 1 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecule to 1 counterion molecule 1 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecule to 2 counterion molecules, 1 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecule to 3 counterion molecules, 1 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecule to 4 counterion molecule, 2 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecules to 1 counterion molecule, 3 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecules to 1 counterion molecule, 4 imatinib or phenylaminopyrimidine derivative molecules to 1 counterion molecule.
  • the maintenance of the buffers described herein at a pH from about 4.0 to about 8.0, and may include an additional salt form at a level that provides an osmolality of 50 mOsmo/kg and 600 mOsmo/kg. While 300 mOsmo/kg is discussed in the literature as important for acute tolerability upon inhalation of this in a nebulized solution, 600 mOsmo/kg has been shown in unpublished studies to be well tolerated with other drug solutions. However, a final solution osmolality up to 5000 mOsmo/kg is contemplated.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is prepared as a glutamate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is an aspartate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a citrate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a succinate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a sulfate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a fumarate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is an acetate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a chloride salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a bromide salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a phosphate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is an edetate salt form.
  • the imatinib salt form, phenylaminopyrimidine derivative salt form or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor salt form is a lactate salt form.
  • described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof; water; phosphate buffer or citrate buffer; and optionally sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.
  • described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib phosphate salt; water, and optionally phosphate buffer or citrate buffer, or sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.
  • described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib aspartate salt; water, and optionally phosphate buffer or citrate buffer, or sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.
  • described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib fumarate salt; water, and optionally phosphate buffer or citrate buffer, or sodium chloride or magnesium chloride. In some embodiments, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib chloride salt; water, and optionally phosphate buffer or citrate buffer, or sodium chloride or magnesium chloride. In some embodiments, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib bromide salt; water, and optionally phosphate buffer or citrate buffer, or sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.
  • a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof; water; phosphate buffer or citrate buffer; and optionally sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.
  • a pharmaceutical composition that includes: imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof; water; a buffer; and at least one additional ingredient selected from sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, polysorbate 80, and cetylpyridinium bromide (or chloride).
  • the buffer is phosphate buffer. In other embodiments, the buffer is citrate buffer.
  • the pharmaceutical composition includes 0.001 mg to 200 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, for example, 0.005 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, or 200 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition includes 1 mg to 500 mg of imatinib or salt thereof, for example, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 115 mg, 150 mg, 190 mg, 220 mg or 500 mg.
  • the osmolality of the pharmaceutical composition described herein is between about 50 mOsmo/kg to 6000 mOsmo/kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition optionally includes saccharin (e.g. sodium salt).
  • saccharin e.g. sodium salt
  • Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical compositions described herein include any one of the pharmaceutical compositions described in Tables 11a to 11f of Example 5.
  • compositions described herein include any one of the following liquid formulations:
  • Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Aqueous Formulations Tyrosine Kinase Sodium Sodium Citrate Phosphate Fumarate Inhibitor or salt Chloride Bromide Saccharin Buffer Buffer Buffer Formulation thereof (mg/mL) a (mM) (mM) (mM) (mM) (mM) (mM) Water pH (+/ ⁇ 2.0) 1 0.01 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 q.s. 6.0 2 0.01 200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 q.s. 6.0 3 200 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 q.s. 6.0 4 200 200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 q.s.
  • the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative. In some embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is imatinib. In some embodiments, a salt form of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in another embodiment, includes a simple dry powder imatinib or salt thereof, a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative or salt thereof, or other tyrosine kinase inhibitor or salt thereof compound alone in dry powder form with or without a carrier agent such as lactose.
  • compositions described herein include any one of the following dry powder formulations:

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US17/028,595 US20210093569A1 (en) 2013-07-31 2020-09-22 Inhaled imatinib for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah)
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