Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5355—Non-condensed oxazines and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
  • A61K31/541—Non-condensed thiazines containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel substituted 5-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives having protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory activities, to processes for the preparation of such compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and to the use of such compounds or compositions for treating proliferative disorders, in particular cancer and tumor diseases.
• Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and accounted for 7 6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008. Deaths from cancer are projected to continue to rise worldwide to over 11 million in 2030 (WHO source, Fact Sheet No. 297, February 2011).
• Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors (FGFRs) form part of a unique and diverse signalling system which plays a key role in a variety of biological processes which encompass various aspects of embryonic development and adult pathophysiology [Itoh and Ornitz, J. Biochem. 149 (2), 121-130 (2011)].
• FGFs Fibroblast growth factors
• FGFRs receptors
• FGFs stimulate through FGFR binding a wide range of cellular functions including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
• the FGF family comprises 18 secreted polypeptidic growth factors that bind to four highly conserved receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR-1 to -4) expressed at the cell surface.
• FGFR-5 can bind to FGFs but does not have a kinase domain, and therefore is devoid of intracellular signalling.
• the specificity of the ligand/receptor interaction is enhanced by a number of transcriptional and translational processes which give rise to multiple isoforms by alternative transcriptional initiation, alternative splicing, and C-terminal truncations.
• Various heparan sulfate proteoglycans e.g.
• FGFRs are cell surface receptors consisting of three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular dimerized tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of FGF bring the intracellular kinases into close proximity, enabling them to transphosphorylate each other. Seven phosphorylation sites have been identified (e.g., in FGFR-1 Tyr463, Tyr583, Tyr585, Tyr653, Tyr654, Tyr730, and Tyr766).
• phosphotyrosine groups act as docking sites for downstream signalling molecules which themselves may also be directly phosphorylated by FGFR, leading to the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways.
• the MAPK signalling cascade is implicated in cell growth and differentiation, the PI3K/Akt signalling cascade is involved in cell survival and cell fate determination, while the PI3K and PKC signalling cascades have a function in the control of cell polarity.
• Several feedback inhibitors of FGF signalling have now been identified and include members of the Spry (Sprouty) and Sef (similar expression to FGF) families. Additionally, in certain conditions, FGFR is released from pre-Golgi membranes into the cytosol.
• the receptor and its ligand, FGF-2 are co-transported into the nucleus by a mechanism that involves importin, and are engaged in the CREB-binding protein (CBP) complex, a common and essential transcriptional coactivator that acts as a gene activation gating factor.
• CBP CREB-binding protein
• Multiple correlations between the immunohistochemical expression of FGF-2, FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 and their cytoplasmic and nuclear tumor cell localizations have been observed. For instance, in lung adenocarcinomas this association is also found at the nuclear level, emphasizing an active role of the complex at the nucleus [Korc and Friesel, Curr. Cancer Drugs Targets 5, 639-651 (2009)].
• FGFs are widely expressed in both developing and adult tissues and play important roles in a variety of normal and pathological processes, including tissue development, tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, neoplastic transformation, cell migration, cellular differentiation, and cell survival. Additionally, FGFs as pro-angiogenic factors have also been implicated in the emerging phenomenon of resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) inhibition [Bergers and Hanahan, Nat. Rev. Cancer 8, 592-603 (2008)].
• VEGFR-2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
• the same mutations discovered to be the cause of many developmental disorders are also found in tumor cells (e.g., the mutations found in achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia, which cause dimerization and thus constitutive activation of FGFR-3, are also frequently found in bladder cancer).
• a mutation that promotes dimerization is just one mechanism that can increase ligand-independent signalling from FGFRs.
• Other mutations located inside or outside of the kinase domain of FGFRs can change the conformation of the domain giving rise to permanently active kinases.
• Amplification of the chromosomal region 8p11-12, the genomic location of FGFR-1, is a common focal amplification in breast cancer and occurs in approximately 10% of breast cancers, predominantly in oestrogen receptor-positive cancers.
• FGFR-1 amplifications have also been reported in non-small cell lung squamous carcinoma and are found at a low incidence in ovarian cancer, bladder cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma.
• approximately 10% of gastric cancers show FGFR-2 amplification, which is associated with poor prognosis, diffuse-type cancers.
• SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms located in FGFR-1 to -4 were found to correlate with an increased risk of developing selective cancers, or were reported to be associated with poor prognosis (e.g., FGFR-4 G388R allele in breast cancer, colon cancer and lung adenocarcinoma). The direct role of these SNPs to promote cancer is still controversial.
• Fused hetero-5,6-bicyclic kinase inhibitors bearing a 9- or a 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl substituent have been disclosed in WO 2007/061737-A2 and WO 2005/097800-A1, respectively. These compounds were stated to be useful for the treatment of cancer and other diseases owing to their inhibitory action on the mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) and/or IGF-1R (type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor) kinases. Further hetero-5,6-bicyclic template structures associated with the inhibition of kinases have been described in, inter alia, WO 01/19828-A2, WO 2007/079164-A2 and WO 2010/051043-A1.
• 4-Aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine derivatives with differing inhibition profiles against a number of protein kinases have been disclosed in, inter alia, WO 00/71129-A1, WO 2007/056170-A2, WO 2007/061882-A2, WO 2007/064932-A2, WO 2009/136966-A1, and WO 2010/126960-A1.
• WO 2005/121147-A1 WO 2007/064883-A2 and WO 2007/064931-A2,4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f]-[1,2,4]triazine derivatives containing a substituted diarylurea group in 5-position were described as having FGFR-1 inhibiting activity.
• other receptor tyrosine kinases notably the VEGFR, PDGFR and Tie-2 kinases, are also significantly inhibited by this particular class of compounds.
• the present invention relates to 6,7-disubstituted 5-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives of the general formula (I)
• the compounds according to this invention can also be present in the form of their salts, solvates and/or solvates of the salts.
• Compounds according to the invention are the compounds of the formula (I) and their salts, solvates and solvates of the salts, the compounds included in the formula (I) of the formulae (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D) and (I-E) mentioned in the following and their salts, solvates and solvates of the salts, and the compounds included in the formula (I) and mentioned in the following as process products and/or embodiment examples and their salts, solvates and solvates of the salts, where the compounds included in the formula (I) and mentioned in the following are not already salts, solvates and solvates of the salts.
• Salts for the purposes of the present invention are preferably pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention (for example, see S. M. Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19). Salts which are not themselves suitable for pharmaceutical uses but can be used, for example, for isolation or purification of the compounds according to the invention are also included.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, for example salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and benzoic acid.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include salts of customary bases, such as for example and preferably alkali metal salts (for example sodium and potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (for example calcium and magnesium salts), and ammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines, such as illustratively and preferably ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol, diethylaminoethanol, procaine, dicyclohexylamine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpiperidine, arginine, lysine, and 1,2-ethylenediamine.
• customary bases such as for example and preferably alkali metal salts (for example sodium and potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (for example calcium and magnesium salts), and ammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines
• Solvates in the context of the invention are designated as those forms of the compounds according to the invention which form a complex in the solid or liquid state by stoichiometric coordination with solvent molecules. Hydrates are a specific form of solvates, in which the coordination takes place with water. Hydrates are preferred solvates in the context of the present invention.
• the compounds of this invention may, either by nature of asymmetric centers or by restricted rotation, be present in the form of isomers (enantiomers, diastereomers). Any isomer may be present in which the asymmetric center is in the (R)-, (S)-, or (R,S)-configuration.
• the present invention also encompasses all suitable isotopic variants of the compounds according to the invention.
• An isotopic variant of a compound according to the invention is understood to mean a compound in which at least one atom within the compound according to the invention has been exchanged for another atom of the same atomic number, but with a different atomic mass than the atomic mass which usually or predominantly occurs in nature.
• isotopes which can be incorporated into a compound according to the invention are those of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, such as 2 H (deuterium), 3 H (tritium), 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 O, 18 O, 18 F, 36 Cl, 82 Br, 123 I, 124 I, 129 I and 131 I.
• Particular isotopic variants of a compound according to the invention, especially those in which one or more radioactive isotopes have been incorporated, may be beneficial, for example, for the examination of the mechanism of action or of the active compound distribution in the body.
• isotopes for example of deuterium
• isotopes can lead to particular therapeutic benefits as a consequence of greater metabolic stability of the compound, for example an extension of the half-life in the body or a reduction in the active dose required.
• modifications of the compounds according to the invention may therefore in some cases also constitute a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• Isotopic variants of the compounds according to the invention can be prepared by processes known to those skilled in the art, for example by the methods described below and the methods described in the working examples, by using corresponding isotopic modifications of the particular reagents and/or starting compounds therein.
• (C 1 -C 4 )-Alkyl in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. There may be mentioned by way of example and preferably: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
• (C 1 -C 4 )-Alkoxy in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. There may be mentioned by way of example and preferably: methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy.
• Mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino in the context of the invention represents an amino group with a straight-chain or branched alkyl substituent which contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. There may be mentioned by way of example and preferably: methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, and tert-butylamino.
• Di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylamino in the context of the invention represents an amino group with two identical or different straight-chain or branched alkyl substituents which each contain 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• (C 1 -C 4 )-Alkylcarbonyl in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which is bonded to the rest of the molecule via a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—].
• (C 1 -C 4 )-Alkoxycarbonyl in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which is bonded to the rest of the molecule via a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—].
• a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—].
• Mono-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylaminocarbonyl in the context of the invention represents an amino group which is bonded to the rest of the molecule via a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—] and which has a straight-chain or branched alkyl substituent having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—] which has a straight-chain or branched alkyl substituent having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Di-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkylaminocarbonyl in the context of the invention represents an amino group which is bonded to the rest of the molecule via a carbonyl group [—C( ⁇ O)—] and which has two identical or different straight-chain or branched alkyl substituents having in each case 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl, N-ethyl-N-methylaminocarbonyl, N-methyl-N-n-propylaminocarbonyl, N-isopropyl-N-methylaminocarbonyl, N,N-diisopropylaminocarbonyl, N-n-butyl-N-methylaminocarbonyl, and N-tert-butyl-N-methylaminocarbonyl.
• (C 3 -C 6 )-Cycloalkyl in the context of the invention represents a monocyclic, saturated carbocycle having 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms.
• cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl There may be mentioned by way of example: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl and 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl in the context of the invention represent a monocyclic, saturated heterocycle with 4 to 7 or, respectively, 4 to 6 ring atoms in total, which contains one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms from the series N, O, S and S(O) 2 , and which can be bonded via a ring carbon atom or via a ring nitrogen atom (if present).
• 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing one ring nitrogen atom and optionally one further ring heteroatom from the series N, O or S(O) 2 is preferred.
• 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing one ring nitrogen atom and optionally one further ring heteroatom from the series N or O is particularly preferred.
• azetidinyl pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, 1,2-oxazolidinyl, 1,3-oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 1,2-oxazinanyl, morpholinyl, and thiomorpholinyl.
• Particularly preferred are pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl.
• 5-membered aza-heteroaryl in the context of the invention represents an aromatic heterocyclic radical (heteroaromatic) having 5 ring atoms in total, which contains at least one ring nitrogen atom and optionally one or two further ring heteroatoms from the series N, O and/or S, and which is bonded via a ring carbon atom or optionally via a ring nitrogen atom (when allowed by valency).
• 5-membered aza-heteroaryl containing one ring nitrogen atom and one or two further ring heteroatoms from the series N and/or O is preferred.
• pyrrolyl pyrazolyl
• imidazolyl oxazolyl
• thiazolyl isoxazolyl
• isothiazolyl triazolyl
• oxadiazolyl thiadiazolyl
• Preferred are pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, and oxadiazolyl.
• An oxo substituent in the context of the invention represents an oxygen atom, which is bonded to a carbon atom via a double bond.
• radicals in the compounds according to the invention are substituted, the radicals can be mono- or polysubstituted, unless specified otherwise. Substitution by one or by two or three identical or different substituents is preferred. Substitution by one or by two identical or different substituents is particularly preferred.
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• R 1 is methyl, and R 2 is methoxy.
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• G 1 represents the group —CH 2 —OR 3 , wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• G 1 represents the group —CH 2 —NR 4 R 5 , wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• G 2 represents the group —CH 2 —NR 9 R 10 , wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• G 2 represents the group —C( ⁇ O)—NR 11 R 12 , wherein
• the present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I), wherein
• R 1 is methyl
• R 2 is methoxy
• G 1 represents the group —CH 2 —OR 3 , wherein
• residues indicated specifically in the respective combinations or preferred combinations of residues are also replaced as desired by definitions of residues of other combinations, irrespective of the particular combinations indicated for the residues. Combinations of two or more of the abovementioned preferred ranges are particularly preferred.
• the compounds of the general formula (I) can be prepared by various synthetic routes which are primarily governed by the nature of the particular G 1 and G 2 groups chosen (see definitions above).
• the present invention relates to a process for preparing the compounds of the general formula (I), characterized in that
• Process steps [A] (II) ⁇ (IV) and [C] (XIII) ⁇ (I-C), representing Mannich-type aminomethylation reactions, are carried out in the usual way by treating the respective starting compound with a mixture of aqueous formaldehyde and amine component (III) in the presence of an acid catalyst such as formic acid or acetic acid.
• an acid catalyst such as formic acid or acetic acid.
• acetic acid is used both as catalyst and solvent.
• the reaction is usually performed at a temperature ranging from +20° C. to +80° C.
• N-bromosuccinimide N-bromosuccinimide
• DBDMH 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
• elemental bromine preferably N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH) or elemental bromine.
• NBS N-bromosuccinimide
• DBDMH 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
• elemental bromine elemental bromine
• Palladium catalysts suitable for this purpose include, for example, palladium(II) acetate, palladium(II) chloride, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride, bis(acetonitrile)palladium(II) chloride, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), and tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), optionally in combination with other phosphine ligands such as, for example, 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (X-Phos), 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (S-P
• palladium pre-catalysts from which the catalytically active species is generated under the reaction conditions such as (2′-aminobiphenyl-2-yl)(chloro)palladium-dicyclohexyl(2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine
• 2′-aminobiphenyl-2-yl)(chloro)palladium-dicyclohexyl(2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine can be used [see, for example, S. Kotha et al., Tetrahedron 58, 9633-9695 (2002); T. E. Barder et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (13), 4685-4696 (2005); S. L. Buchwald et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (40), 14073-14075 (2010)
• Suitable bases for these coupling reactions are in particular alkali carbonates, such as sodium, potassium or caesium carbonate, alkali phosphates, such as sodium or potassium phosphate, or alkali fluorides, such as potassium or caesium fluoride. Usually, these bases are employed as aqueous solutions. The reactions are carried out in organic solvents that are inert under the reaction conditions.
• water-miscible organic solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), are employed but other inert solvents, such as dichloromethane or toluene, may also be used.
• Process step [B] (II) ⁇ (VII) [“Vilsmeier-Haack formylation”] is carried out in the usual manner by treating the pyrrolotriazine (II) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent with phosphoryl chloride. The reaction is usually performed at a temperature from 0° C. to +80° C.
• Reducing agents suitable for the reductive amination reactions [B-1] (IX)+(III) ⁇ (I-A) and [C-1] (XIV)+(XV) ⁇ (I-D) are customary alkali borohydrides, such as lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
• the transformations are generally carried out in the presence of an acid, preferably acetic acid, in an alcohol or ether solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane, within a temperature range from 0° C. to +80° C., depending on the reactivity of the amine components (III) and (XV), respectively, and/or the particular borohydride used.
• an acid preferably acetic acid
• an alcohol or ether solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane
• Condensing agents suitable for process step [B-2] (X)+(XI) ⁇ (I-B) [amide formation] include, for example, carbodiimides such as N,N′-diethyl-, N,N′-dipropyl-, N,N′-diisopropyl-, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), phosgene derivatives such as N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or isobutyl chloroformate, ⁇ -chloroenamines such as 1-chloro-2-methyl-1-dimethylamino-1-propene, phosphorus compounds such as propanephosphonic anhydride, diethyl cyanophosphonate, bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphoryl chloride, benzotriazol
• HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• TBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
• DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• Oxidizing agents that are capable of converting the primary alcohol (I-C) into the aldehyde (XIV) (process [C-1]) under mild conditions include 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (“Dess-Martin periodinane”), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in combination with secondary oxidants such as iodosobenzene-I,I-diacetate or sodium hypochlorite, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based oxidation systems such as DMSO/trifluoroacetic anhydride or DMSO/N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Preference is given to 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one.
• the reaction is generally carried out in an inert solvent, preferably
• Bases suitable for the process step [C-2] (XVI)+(XVII) ⁇ (I-E) [ether formation] are in particular alkali carbonates such as lithium, sodium, potassium or caesium carbonate, alkali acetates such as sodium or potassium acetate, or customary tertiary amine bases such as triethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methylpiperidine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine or pyridine. Preference is given to N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA).
• DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• the reaction (XVI)+(XVII) ⁇ (I-E) is performed in an inert solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, or without solvent, using an excess of alcohol (XVII), at a temperature ranging from +20° C. to +200° C., preferably at +50° C. to +150° C.
• the conversion is carried out by means of a microwave reactor device.
• reaction sequence (I-C) ⁇ (XVI) ⁇ (I-E) may be carried out in two separate steps, i.e. with isolation and purification of the intermediate compound (XVI), or it may be performed using a one-pot procedure, i.e. employing the crude intermediate (XVI) as obtained in the preparation reaction.
• a primary or secondary amine moiety forms part of the G 1 or G 2 group in the target compounds of formula (I)
• a protected derivative of this amine as reaction component instead of the free amine
• conventional temporary amino-protecting groups such as acyl groups (e.g., acetyl or trifluoroacetyl) or carbamate-type protecting groups (e.g., a Boc-, Cbz- or Fmoc-group)
• a Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl) group is preferably used.
• a hydroxy function being part of the G 1 or G 2 group may temporarily be blocked in precursor compounds and process intermediates, for example as a tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ether or as a silyl ether derivative, such as a trimethylsilyl or tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether.
• THP tetrahydropyranyl
• silyl ether derivative such as a trimethylsilyl or tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether.
• the 6-substituted 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines of formula (II) can, for example, be prepared by two different routes which are depicted in Scheme 5 below.
• the second route starts from the protected 1-amino-4-bromo-2-cyanopyrrole (XXI) [preparation given in Int. Pat. Appl. WO 2007/064883 (Intermediate AAE, Step 3)].
• XXI protected 1-amino-4-bromo-2-cyanopyrrole
• Deprotonation of the urethane nitrogen, subsequent metalation in 4-position and reaction with formaldehyde affords the 4-(hydroxymethyl) derivative (XXII).
• Treatment with hydrogen chloride followed by addition of alcohol (XVII) and condensation with formamidine using a one-pot procedure then provides the target compound of formula (IIb).
• the 4-amino-5-bromopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine derivative of formula (XII) is readily available from 4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine (IIa) (cf. Scheme 5) by initial 5,7-dibromination using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and subsequent selective 7-debromination via a halogen-metal exchange with n-butyllithium followed by methanol quenching (see Scheme 6 below).
• the benzothiophen-2-yl boronates of formula (VI) can conveniently be prepared starting from the substituted thiophenol derivatives of formula (XXIV) (see Scheme 7 below). Alkylation with bromoacetal (XXV) and subsequent polyphosphoric acid-mediated cyclization provides the benzothiophene intermediates of formula (XXVII) which are then metalated in 2-position and reacted with a trialkyl borate Alkaline work-up affords the free (benzothiophen-2-yl)boronic acids of formula (VIa) which may be transformed, if desired, into cyclic boronates, e.g.
• MIDA boronates of formula (VIb) by standard procedures known in the art [see, for example, D. M. Knapp et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (20), 6961-6963 (2009)].
• the compounds of the present invention have valuable pharmacological properties and can be used for the prevention and treatment of disorders in humans and other mammals.
• the compounds of the present invention are potent inhibitors of the activity or expression of receptor tyrosine kinases, particularly of the FGFR kinases, and most notably of the FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 kinases. Accordingly, in another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating disorders relating to or mediated by the activity of FGFR kinases in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined above.
• the disorders relating to the activity of FGFR kinases are proliferative disorders, in particular cancer and tumor diseases.
• treatment includes inhibiting, delaying, relieving, mitigating, arresting, reducing, or causing the regression of a disease, disorder, condition, or state, the development and/or progression thereof, and/or the symptoms thereof.
• prevention includes reducing the risk of having, contracting, or experiencing a disease, disorder, condition, or state, the development and/or progression thereof, and/or the symptoms thereof.
• prevention includes prophylaxis. Treatment or prevention of a disorder, disease, condition, or state may be partial or complete.
• proliferative disorder includes disorders involving the undesired or uncontrolled proliferation of a cell.
• the compounds of the present invention can be utilized to prevent, inhibit, block, reduce, decrease, control, etc., cell proliferation and/or cell division, and/or produce apoptosis.
• This method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof, including a mammal, including a human, an amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate or solvate thereof which is effective to treat or prevent the disorder.
• a method of treating a disease in a patient comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound of formula (I)” is meant to include the simultaneous treatment of more than one disease as well as the administration of more than one compound of formula (I).
• Proliferative disorders that can be treated and/or prevented with the compounds of the present invention particularly include, but are not limited to, the group of cancer and tumor diseases. These are understood as meaning, in particular, the following diseases, but without being limited to them: mammary carcinomas and mammary tumors (ductal and lobular forms, also in situ), tumors of the respiratory tract (small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, parvicellular and non-parvicellular carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, pleuropulmonary blastoma), cerebral tumors (e.g.
• tumors of the brain stem and of the hypothalamus astrocytoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and neuro-ectodermal and pineal tumors
• tumors of the digestive organs oesophagus, stomach, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
• liver tumors inter alia hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma and mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma
• tumors of the head and neck region laarynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, lips and oral cavity
• skin tumors squamous epithelial carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma, Merkel cell skin cancer and non-melanomatous skin cancer
• tumors of soft tissue inter alia soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas, malignant fibrous histiocytomas
• tumors of the urinary tract tumors of the bladder, penis, kidney, renal pelvis and ureter
• tumors of the reproductive organs tumors of the reproductive organs (carcinomas of the endometrium, cervix, ovary, vagina, vulva and uterus in women, and carcinomas of the prostate and testicles in men), as well as distant metastases thereof.
• proliferative blood diseases in solid form and as circulating blood cells such as lymphomas, leukaemias and myeloproliferative diseases, e.g.
• lymphomas acute myeloid, acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic, chronic myelogenic and hairy cell leukaemia, and AIDS-related lymphomas, Hodgkin's lymphomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphomas, and lymphomas in the central nervous system.
• the compounds of the present invention are believed to be particularly suitable for the treatment of breast (mammary), lung, stomach (gastric), bladder and ovary cancer and tumor diseases. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be especially suited for the prevention or suppression of tumor metastasis in general.
• proliferative disorders that can be treated and/or prevented with the compounds and methods of the present invention include psoriasis, keloids and other hyperplasias affecting the skin, bullous disorders associated with subepidermal blister formation including bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme and dermatitis herpetiformis, fibrotic disorders such as lung fibrosis, atherosclerosis, restenosis and hepatic cirrhosis, renal diseases including mesangial cell proliferative disorders, glomerulopathies, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, malignant nephrosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), angiogenic or blood vessel proliferative disorders, and thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes.
• psoriasis keloids and other hyperplasias affecting the skin
• bullous disorders associated with subepidermal blister formation including bullous pemphigoid
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful for the treatment and/or prevention of ophthalmological diseases such as, for example, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), dry macular degeneration, ischemic retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macula edema, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and other retinopathies.
• AMD age-related macular degeneration
• ischemic retinal vein occlusion ischemic retinal vein occlusion
• diabetic macula edema diabetic macula edema
• diabetic retinopathy retinopathy of prematurity
• other retinopathies such as, for example, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), dry macular degeneration, ischemic retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macula edema, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and other retinopathies.
• gynaecological diseases such as endometriosis, myoma and ovarian cysts, metabolic disorders related to adipogenesis, bile metabolism, phosphate metabolism, calcium metabolism and/or bone mineralization, skeletal disorders such as, for example, dwarfism, achondrodysplasia and Pfeiffer syndrome, cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis and polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, calvities, and transplant rejection.
• gynaecological diseases such as endometriosis, myoma and ovarian cysts
• metabolic disorders related to adipogenesis such as, bile metabolism, phosphate metabolism, calcium metabolism and/or bone mineralization
• skeletal disorders such as, for example, dwarfism, achondrodysplasia and Pfeiffer syndrome
• cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis and polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, calvities, and transplant rejection.
• the present invention further relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
• the present invention further relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
• the present invention further relates to the use of the compounds according to the invention in a method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
• the present invention further relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders, by using an effective amount of at least one of the compounds according to the invention.
• Compounds of the present invention may be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents as long as this combination does not lead to undesirable and/or unacceptable side effects.
• Such combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation which contains a compound of formula (I), as defined above, and one or more additional therapeutic agents, as well as administration of a compound of formula (I) and each additional therapeutic agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation.
• a compound of formula (I) and a therapeutic agent may be administered to the patient together in a single (fixed) oral dosage composition such as a tablet or capsule, or each agent may be administered in separate dosage formulations.
• the compound of formula (I) and one or more additional therapeutic agents may be administered at essentially the same time (i.e., concurrently) or at separately staggered times (i.e., sequentially).
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in fixed or separate combination with other anti-cancer agents such as alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, plant-derived anti-tumor agents, hormonal therapy agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, targeted drugs, antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), immunologicals, biological response modifiers, anti-angiogenic compounds, and other anti-proliferative, cytostatic and/or cytotoxic substances.
• anti-cancer agents such as alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, plant-derived anti-tumor agents, hormonal therapy agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, targeted drugs, antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), immunologicals, biological response modifiers, anti-angiogenic compounds, and other anti-proliferative, cytostatic and/or cytotoxic substances.
• Abarelix abiraterone, aclarubicin, afatinib, aflibercept, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, alpharadin, altretamine, aminoglutethimide, amonafide, amrubicin, amsacrine, anastrozole, andromustine, arglabin, asparaginase, axitinib, 5-azacitidine, basiliximab, belotecan, bendamustine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, bisantrene, bleomycin, bortezomib, bosutinib, brivanib alaninate, buserelin, busulfan, cabazitaxel, CAL-101, calcium folinate, calcium levofolinate, camptothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmofur, carmustine, cat
• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one of the compounds according to the invention and one or more additional therapeutic agents for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be employed in conjunction with radiation therapy and/or surgical intervention.
• the compounds of formula (I) may be utilized, as such or in compositions, in research and diagnostics, or as analytical reference standards, and the like, which are well known in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and other mammals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1% to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5% to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one of the compounds according to the invention, conventionally together with one or more inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients, and to the use thereof for the treatment and/or prevention of disorders, especially of the aforementioned disorders.
• the compounds according to the invention can act systemically and/or locally.
• they can be administered in a suitable way such as, for example, by the oral, parenteral, pulmonary, nasal, lingual, sublingual, buccal, rectal, dermal, transdermal, conjunctival, otic or topical route, or as an implant or stent.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered in suitable application forms.
• Suitable for oral administration are application forms which function according to the prior art and deliver the compounds according to the invention rapidly and/or in modified fashion, and which contain the compounds according to the invention in crystalline, amorphous and/or dissolved form, such as, for example, tablets (uncoated or coated tablets, for example having enteric coatings or coatings which are insoluble or dissolve with a delay and control the release of the compound according to the invention), tablets which disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, or films/wafers, films/lyophilisates, capsules (e.g. hard or soft gelatin capsules), sugar-coated tablets, granules, pellets, powders, emulsions, suspensions, aerosols or solutions.
• tablets uncoated or coated tablets, for example having enteric coatings or coatings which are insoluble or dissolve with a delay and control the release of the compound according to the invention
• tablets which disintegrate rapidly in the mouth or films/wafers, films/lyophilisates
• capsules e.g. hard or soft ge
• Parenteral application can be carried out with avoidance of an absorption step (intravenously, intraarterially, intracardially, intraspinally or intralumbarly) or with inclusion of an absorption (intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracutaneously, percutaneously or intraperitoneally).
• Useful parenteral application forms include injection and infusion preparations in the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, lyophilisates and sterile powders.
• Forms suitable for other application routes include, for example, inhalatory pharmaceutical forms (e.g. powder inhalers, nebulizers), nasal drops, solutions or sprays, tablets or capsules to be administered lingually, sublingually or buccally (e.g. troches, lozenges), suppositories, ear and eye preparations (e.g. drops, ointments), vaginal capsules, aqueous suspensions (lotions, shaking mixtures), lipophilic suspensions, ointments, creams, milks, pastes, foams, dusting powders, transdermal therapeutic systems (e.g. patches), implants and stents.
• inhalatory pharmaceutical forms e.g. powder inhalers, nebulizers
• nasal drops, solutions or sprays e.g. troches, lozenges
• suppositories e.g. drops, ointments
• vaginal capsules e.g. drops, ointments
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined above is provided in a form suitable for oral administration.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined above is provided in a form suitable for intravenous administration.
• the compounds according to the invention can be converted into the recited application forms in a manner known per se by mixing with inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients.
• excipients include, inter alia, carriers (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol), solvents (e.g. liquid polyethylene glycols), emulsifiers (e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate), surfactants (e.g. polyoxysorbitan oleate), dispersants (e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone), synthetic and natural polymers (e.g. albumin), stabilizers (e.g. antioxidants such as, for example, ascorbic acid), colorants (e.g. inorganic pigments such as, for example, iron oxides), and taste and/or odour masking agents.
• carriers e.g. microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol
• solvents e.g. liquid polyethylene glyco
• a preferred dose of the compound of the present invention is the maximum that a patient can tolerate and not develop serious side effects.
• the compound of the present invention may be administered parenterally at a dose of about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, preferably of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg of body weight.
• an exemplary dose range is about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 to 20 mg/kg, and more preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight. Ranges intermediate to the above-recited values are also intended to be part of the invention.
• actual dosage levels and time course of administration of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• Treatment can be initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage may be increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in individual portions spread over the day.
• Instrument Micromass GCT, GC6890; column: Restek RTX-35, 15 m ⁇ 200 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.33 ⁇ m; constant flow with helium: 0.88 mL/min; oven: 70° C.; inlet: 250° C.; gradient: 70° C., 30° C./min ⁇ 310° C. (maintain for 3 min).
• Instrument MS Waters Micromass QM
• Instrument HPLC Agilent 1100 series
• column Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18 3.0 mm ⁇ 50 mm, 3.5 ⁇
• eluent A 1 L water+0.01 mol ammonium carbonate
• eluent B 1 L acetonitrile
• gradient 0.0 min 98% A ⁇ 0.2 min 98% A ⁇ 3.0 min 5% A ⁇ 4.5 min 5% A
• temperature 40° C.
• flow rate 1.75 mL/min
• UV detection 210 nm.
• Instrument MS Waters Micromass ZQ
• Instrument HPLC Agilent 1100 series
• column Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C18 3.0 mm ⁇ 50 mm, 3.5 ⁇
• eluent A 1 L water+0.01 mol ammonium carbonate
• eluent B 1 L acetonitrile
• gradient 0.0 min 98% A ⁇ 0.2 min 98% A ⁇ 3.0 min 5% A ⁇ 4.5 min 5% A
• temperature 40° C.
• flow rate 1.75 mL/min
• UV detection 210 nm.
• the product obtained from the preceding RP-HPLC purification is dissolved in methanol and filtered through an anion exchange cartridge (Stratospheres SPE, PL-HCO 3 MP-resin). The cartridge is eluted with methanol, and the filtrate is evaporated.
• an anion exchange cartridge (Stratospheres SPE, PL-HCO 3 MP-resin). The cartridge is eluted with methanol, and the filtrate is evaporated.
• reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic phases were washed with sat. aq. sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated, affording 2 66 g of the crude product which was used in the next step without further purification.
• Step 1 A solution of Intermediate 9A (2.3 g, 9.69 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) was treated with a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (24 ml, 96.9 mmol) and stirred at rt for 130 min. Then, the suspension was filtered, and the precipitate was washed with 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and dried in vacuo yielding 1.01 g (54% of th.) of the intermediate compound 1-amino-4-(chloromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride.
• Step 2 Freshly prepared 1-amino-4-(chloromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride from Step 1 (0.3 g, 1.82 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) and stirred at rt for 5 min. The clear solution was treated with formamidine acetate (813 mg, 7.81 mmol) and potassium phosphate (1.66 g, 7.81 mmol) and stirred first at rt for 3 days, then at 80° C. for 10.5 h. More formamidine acetate (488 mg, 4.69 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for further 18 h at 80° C.
• Example 55 A solution of Example 55 (678 mg, purity 89%, 1.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 ml) containing molecular sieves (4 ⁇ ) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one; 623 mg, 1.47 mmol) and stirred at rt for 5 min. The reaction mixture was then adsorbed on diatomaceous earth and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient of 30-100% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, then 0-10% methanol dichloromethane) yielding 449 mg (49% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 13 A solution of Example 13 (59 mg, 130 ⁇ mol) in dichloromethane (3.5 ml) was treated with thionyl chloride (19 ⁇ l, 261 ⁇ mol) and stirred at rt for 15 min. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in DMF (2.8 ml) and treated with sodium iodide (97 mg, 652 ⁇ mol) and sodium azide (169 mg, 2.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After dilution with sat. aq. sodium chloride solution, the aqueous phase was extracted four times with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol 98:2 ⁇ 90:10) afforded 35 mg (56% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 50 A solution of Example 50 (710 mg, purity 70%, 1.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) containing molecular sieves (4 ⁇ ) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one; 623 mg, 1.47 mmol) and stirred at rt for 5 min. The reaction mixture was then adsorbed on diatomaceous earth and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient of 30-100% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) yielding 386 mg (72% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 68 A solution of Example 68 (250 mg, 0.684 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one; 377 mg, 0.889 mmol) and stirred at rt for 1 h.
• the reaction mixture was combined with the reaction mixture from a 50 mg test run, quenched with sat. aq. sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and sat. aq. sodium thiosulfate solution (1:1) and stirred at rt for 30 min.
• Example 68 A solution of Example 68 (100 mg, 273 ⁇ mol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was treated with thionyl chloride (39 ⁇ l, 547 ⁇ mol) and stirred at rt for 15 min. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in DMF (6 ml) and treated with sodium iodide (205 mg, 1.36 mmol) and sodium azide (355 mg, 5.47 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight, then diluted with water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, followed by sat. aq. sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated affording 91 mg of the crude product which was used in the next step without further purification.
• Example 73 A solution of Example 73 (135 mg, purity 89%, 302 ⁇ mol) in dichloromethane (7 ml) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one; 166 mg, 392 ⁇ mol) and stirred at rt for 70 min.
• the reaction mixture was combined with the reaction mixture of a 18 mg (45 ⁇ mol) test run and quenched with sat. aq. sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and sat. aq. sodium thiosulfate solution (1:1).
• the aqueous phase was extracted three times with dichloromethane.
• the combined organic phases were washed with sat. aq. sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated yielding 143 mg (purity 77%, 92% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 79 To a suspension of 166 mg (0.44 mmol) of Example 79 and molecular sieves (3 ⁇ ) in 3 ml dichloromethane were added 207 mg (0.49 mmol) Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one) at 0-5° C. The mixture was stirred for 10 min at this temperature, then further 56 mg (0.13 mmol) Dess-Martin periodinane were added, and stirring was continued for 15 min at 5° C. and 10 min at ambient temperature.
• Dess-Martin periodinane 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one
• Example 79 The title compound was isolated as a by-product in the preparation of Example 79 (see below). Yield: 9.2 mg (10% of th.).
• Example 75 To a suspension of 175 mg (0.49 mmol) of Example 75 and molecular sieves (3 ⁇ ) in 3.5 ml dichloromethane were added 230 mg (0.54 mmol) Dess-Martin periodinane (1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one) at 0-5° C. The mixture was stirred for 5 min at this temperature, followed by 30 min at rt. After this, the mixture was adsorbed on diatomaceous earth and purified by flash-chromatography on silica gel with isohexane/10-100% ethyl acetate as eluent. Yield: 139 mg of a solid (79% of th.).
• reaction mixture was quenched with 2 M aq. sodium hydroxide solution, and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic phases were washed with sat. aq. sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 3:2) afforded 82 mg (62% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 86 A suspension of Example 86 (1 g, 2.51 mmol) in toluene (60 ml) was treated dropwise with thionyl chloride (1.83 ml, 25.1 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene under reduced pressure for three times affording 0.85 g (74% of th.) of the title compound which was immediately used for the next step without further purification.
• Example 1 A solution of Example 1 (100 mg, 214 ⁇ mol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml) was treated with a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml, 8 mmol). The solvent was evaporated leaving 130 mg (quant.) of the title compound.
• Example 13 A solution of Example 13 (930 mg, 1.9 mmol) in dichloromethane (18 ml) was treated with thionyl chloride (210 ⁇ l, 2.8 mmol) and stirred at rt for 15 min. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in ethanol (18 ml) and treated with DIPEA (670 ⁇ l, 3.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 2 h and then evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (dichloromethane/methanol 98:2 ⁇ 90:10). The product thus obtained was triturated in an acetonitrile/diethylether mixture and filtered.
• the resulting mixture was diluted with THF to dissolve precipitates and separated by preparative RP-HPLC (Reprosil C18, gradient 20-40% acetonitrile/0.2% aq. TFA).
• the product fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue was dissolved in methanol and filtered through an anion exchange cartridge (Stratospheres SPE, PL-HCO 3 MP-resin). The cartridge was eluted with methanol, and the filtrate was evaporated yielding 32 mg (68% of th.) of the title compound.
• the aqueous phase was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml) and stirred at rt for 2 h. After evaporation, the residue was purified by two-fold preparative RP-HPLC (first Reprosil C18, gradient 10-95% acetonitrile/0.1% aq. formic acid; then Shield RP18, gradient 5-50% methanol+0.1% aq. TFA/0.1% aq. TFA). The product thus obtained was lyophilized from a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane affording 14 mg (8% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 18 A solution of Example 18 (50 mg, 107 ⁇ mol) in a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (1 ml) was stirred at rt for 15 min. After evaporation 55 mg (93% of th.) of the title compound were obtained.
• Example 18 A solution of Example 18 (70 mg, 150 ⁇ mol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) and THF (0.8 ml) was treated with acetyl chloride (21 ⁇ l, 300 ⁇ mol) and sodium carbonate (127 mg, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. After evaporation, the residue was purified by preparative RP-HPLC (Reprosil C18, gradient 10-95% acetonitrile/0.1% aq. formic acid) affording 27 mg (31% of th.) of the title compound.
• RP-HPLC Reprosil C18, gradient 10-95% acetonitrile/0.1% aq. formic acid
• Example 13 A solution of Example 13 (60 mg, 132 ⁇ mol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was treated with thionyl chloride (14 ⁇ l, 198 ⁇ mol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 15 min and then evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethylene glycol (500 ⁇ l) and stirred at 100° C. for 90 min. Purification by preparative RP-HPLC (Reprosil C18, gradient 10-95% acetonitrile/0.1% aq. formic acid) afforded 34 mg (47% of th.) of the title compound.
• Example 33 A solution of Example 33 (105 mg, 68% purity, 144 ⁇ mol) in THF/dichloromethane (1:2.5, 3.9 ml) was treated with sodium carbonate (179 mg, 1.6 mmol) and stirred at rt for 30 min Acetyl chloride (30 ⁇ l, 424 ⁇ mol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min, then quenched with methanol (2 ml) and evaporated. Purification by preparative RP-HPLC (Reprosil C18, gradient 10-95% acetonitrile/0.1% aq. formic acid) afforded 30 mg (85% purity, 34% of th.) of the title compound.

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• 2018
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