US20140162317A1 - Isoform entriched antibody preparation and method for obtaining it - Google Patents

Isoform entriched antibody preparation and method for obtaining it Download PDF

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US20140162317A1
US20140162317A1 US13/994,673 US201113994673A US2014162317A1 US 20140162317 A1 US20140162317 A1 US 20140162317A1 US 201113994673 A US201113994673 A US 201113994673A US 2014162317 A1 US2014162317 A1 US 2014162317A1
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antibody
solution
conductivity
cation exchange
chromatography material
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Roberto Falkenstein
Kaus Schwendner
Bernhard Spensberger
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C07K1/18—Ion-exchange chromatography
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2863—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for growth factors, growth regulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • C07K16/3015—Breast
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/32—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against translation products of oncogenes

Definitions

  • affinity chromatography with microbial proteins e.g. protein A or protein G affinity chromatography
  • ion exchange chromatography e.g. cation exchange (carboxymethyl resins), anion exchange (amino ethyl resins) and mixed-mode exchange
  • thiophilic adsorption e.g. with beta-mercaptoethanol and other SH ligands
  • hydrophobic interaction or aromatic adsorption chromatography e.g. with phenyl-sepharose, aza-arenophilic resins, or m-aminophenylboronic acid
  • metal chelate affinity chromatography e.g.
  • Ni(II)- and Cu(II)-affinity material size exclusion chromatography
  • electrophoretical methods such as gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis
  • Gel electrophoresis capillary electrophoresis
  • WO 2006/125599 reports a method for the purification of antibodies. Antibody purification by protein A and ion exchange chromatography is reported in WO 2004/076485.
  • the chromatographic separation and/or enrichment of antibody isoforms is possible with a decent conductivity increase of the mobile phase on a cation exchange chromatography material.
  • the required conductivity increase is at most 50%, i.e. the second solution has a conductivity of from 101% to 150% of the conductivity of the first solution.
  • one aspect as reported herein is a method for providing an antibody preparation comprising the following steps:
  • the conductivity of the second solution exceeds the conductivity of the first solution by at least 1% but not more than 20%.
  • the conductivity of the second solution exceeds the conductivity of the first solution by at least 1% but not more than 15%.
  • the conductivity of the second solution exceeds the conductivity of the first solution by at least 1% but not more than 10%.
  • step a has the solution of step a) the same conductivity as the solution of step b).
  • the buffered solution comprising different isoforms of an antibody has a first conductivity and the first solution has the same (first) conductivity.
  • the cation exchange chromatography material comprises a swellable matrix.
  • the swellable matrix is agarose.
  • the cation exchange chromatography material is a strong cation exchange chromatography material.
  • the strong cation exchange chromatography material is a sulfopropyl-cation exchange chromatography material.
  • the first solution is changed to the second solution in a single step.
  • the single step is a change from 100 vol % of the first solution to 100 vol % of the second solution.
  • the first solution is changed to the second solution in a linear gradient.
  • the linear gradient is over about 30 column volumes. In one embodiment the linear gradient is over about 20 column volumes.
  • the first solution comprises 20 mM sodium citrate.
  • the second solution comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 5 mM sodium chloride.
  • the first solution comprises 25 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane and 10 mM sodium chloride.
  • the second solution comprises 25 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane and 70 mM sodium chloride.
  • the second solution comprises 25 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane and 45 mM sodium chloride.
  • the first and second solutions are aqueous solutions.
  • the antibody is an anti-HER2 antibody.
  • the anti-HER2 antibody is the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab or the anti-HER2 antibody Pertuzumab.
  • the anti-HER2 antibody is a humanized anti-HER2 antibody.
  • the antibody is an anti-HER2 antibody.
  • Another aspect as reported herein is a method for producing an antibody preparation comprising the following steps:
  • the first solution has the first solution a conductivity of from 4 mS/cm to 5 mS/cm.
  • a method for obtaining an antibody preparation comprising the steps of i) applying a buffered solution comprising different isoforms of an antibody to a cation exchange chromatography material, ii) applying a first solution with a first conductivity to the cation exchange chromatography material, whereby the antibody isoforms remain bound to the cation exchange chromatography material, and iii) applying a second solution with a second, conductivity to the cation exchange chromatography material and thereby obtaining the antibody preparation, whereby the conductivity of the second solution exceeds the conductivity of the first solution by not more than 50%.
  • recombinantly produced monoclonal antibodies are recovered from the cultivation supernatant of the producing cells, such as BHK or Sp2/0 or CHO or HEK cells. Concomitantly also other proteinaceous compounds as well as different antibody isoforms are recovered. Antibody isoforms differ only in minor structural characteristics, such as glycosylation pattern, heavy chain C-terminal lysine heterogeneity, and partial deamidation of asparagine or glutamine amino acid residues.
  • an antibody is recovered from a cation exchange chromatography column/material in a single (symmetrical) peak (see e.g. Example 6 and FIG. 5 ).
  • antibody isoforms can be enriched or partially separated from each other by using cation exchange chromatography method.
  • the separation/enrichment is achieved in a bind-and-elute chromatography method using a pH gradient or a salt gradient and by using a gradient with an especially slight slope.
  • the conductivity increase is 50% or less, i.e. the conductivity is increased from 100% to at least 101% and at most 150%, i.e. starting from a first level to a second, higher level, in order to effect elution of the antibody.
  • the conductivity increase is 10% or less, i.e. the conductivity is increased from 100% to at least 101% and at most 110%, i.e. starting from a first level to a second, higher level, in order to effect elution of the antibody.
  • the matrix of the cation exchange chromatography material has to be a swellable matrix.
  • the matrix is a cross-linked saccharide.
  • the saccharide is a polysaccharide.
  • the polysaccharide is agarose, i.e. a polysaccharide consisting of glycosidically bound D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.
  • the increase can be in form of a single step.
  • the increase can be in form of a linear gradient.
  • the first solution is changed to the second solution in a linear gradient.
  • the linear gradient is over about 50 column volumes.
  • linear gradient is over about 30 column volumes. In one embodiment the linear gradient is over about 20 column volumes.
  • the term “applying to” denotes a partial step of a purification method in which a solution is brought in contact with a chromatography material. This denotes that either a) the solution is added to a chromatographic device in which the chromatography material is contained, or b) that the chromatography material is added to the solution. In case a) the solution passes through the device allowing for an interaction between the chromatography material and the substances contained in solution. Depending on the conditions, such as e.g. pH, conductivity, salt concentration, temperature, and/or flow rate, some substances of the solution can be bound to the chromatography material and other substances can be recovered from the chromatography material. The substances remaining in solution or recovered from the chromatography material can be found in the flow-through.
  • the “flow-through” denotes the solution obtained after the passage of the device, which may either be the applied solution or a buffered solution, which is used to wash the column or to cause elution of substances bound to the chromatography material.
  • the device is a column or a cassette.
  • the chromatography material can be added, e.g. as a solid, to the solution, e.g. containing the substance of interest to be purified, allowing for an interaction between the chromatography material and the substances in solution. After the interaction the chromatography material is removed, e.g. by filtration, and the substance bound to the chromatography material are also removed therewith from the solution whereas the substances not bound to the chromatography material remain in solution.
  • bind-and-elute mode denotes an operation mode of a chromatography step, in which a solution containing a substance of interest to be purified is applied to a chromatography material, whereby the substance of interest binds to the chromatography material.
  • the substance of interest is retained on the chromatography material whereas substances not of interest are removed with the flow-through or the supernatant.
  • the substance of interest is afterwards recovered from the chromatography material in a second step with an elution solution.
  • the method as reported herein is operated in bind-and-elute mode.
  • buffered solutions denotes a solution in which changes of pH due to the addition or release of acidic or alkaline substances is leveled by the dissolved buffer substance. Any buffer substance with such properties can be used. Generally pharmaceutically acceptable buffers substances are used.
  • the buffered solution is selected from a phosphate buffered solution consisting of phosphoric acid and/or salts thereof, or an acetate buffered solution consisting of acetic acid and salts thereof, or a citrate buffered solution consisting of citric acid and/or salts thereof, or a morpholine buffered solution, or a 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic buffered solution, or a histidine buffered solution, or a glycine buffered solution, or a tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) buffered solution.
  • a phosphate buffered solution consisting of phosphoric acid and/or salts thereof
  • an acetate buffered solution consisting of acetic acid and salts thereof or a citrate buffered solution consisting of citric acid and/or salts thereof, or a morpholine buffered solution, or a 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic buffer
  • the buffer solution is selected from a phosphate buffered solution, or an acetate buffered solution, or a citrate buffered solution, or a histidine buffered solution.
  • the buffered solution may comprise an additional salt, such as e.g. sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium citrate, or potassium citrate.
  • gradient elution and “gradient elution method”, which are used interchangeably within this application, denote a method wherein the conductivity of a solution causing elution, i.e. the recovery of a bound compound from a chromatography material, is changed, i.e. raised or lowered, continuously, i.e. the concentration is changed by a sequence of small steps each not bigger than a change of 2%, or of 1% of the concentration of the substance causing elution.
  • continuous elution one or more conditions, for example the pH, the ionic strength, concentration of a salt, and/or the flow of a chromatography, may be changed linearly or exponentially or asymptotically. In one embodiment the change is linear.
  • step elution denotes a method wherein e.g. the concentration of a substance causing elution, i.e. the recovery of a bound substance from a chromatography material, is raised or lowered at once, i.e. directly from one value/level to the next value/level.
  • one or more conditions for example the pH, the ionic strength, concentration of a salt, and/or the flow of a chromatography, can be changed all at once from a first, e.g. starting, value to a second, e.g. final, value.
  • the conditions are changed incrementally, i.e. stepwise, in contrast to a linear change.
  • the term “ion exchange chromatography material” denotes an immobile high molecular weight matrix that carries covalently bound charged substituents used as stationary phase in ion exchange chromatography. For overall charge neutrality not covalently bound counter ions are bound thereto.
  • the “ion exchange chromatography material” has the ability to exchange its not covalently bound counter ions for similarly charged ions of the surrounding solution.
  • the “ion exchange resin” is referred to as cation exchange resin or as anion exchange resin.
  • the “ion exchange resin” is referred to as, e.g. in the case of cation exchange resins, sulfonic acid resin (S), or sulfopropyl resin (SP), or carboxymethyl resin (CM).
  • ion exchange materials i.e. stationary phases
  • Bio-Rex® e.g. type 70
  • Chelex® e.g. type 100
  • Macro-Prep® e.g. type CM, High S, 25 S
  • AG® e.g. type 50W, MP
  • WCX 2 available from Ciphergen
  • Dowex® MAC-3 available from Dow chemical company
  • Mustang C and Mustang S available from Pall Corporation
  • Cellulose CM e.g. type 23, 52
  • hyper-D partisphere available from Whatman plc.
  • Amberlite® IRC e.g.
  • the cation exchange material is a strong cation exchange material such as Macro-Prep® High S or 25S, or MacroCap SP, or Toyopearl® SP 650M, or Source S, or SP Sepharose, or POLYCAT A, or Mono S, or Highscreen SP.
  • nucleic acid is characterized by its nucleic acid sequence consisting of individual nucleotides and likewise by the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded thereby.
  • a substance of interest e.g. antibody isoforms
  • a stationary phase when brought in contact with it, e.g. an ion exchange material.
  • This does not necessarily denote that 100% of the substance of interest is bound but essentially 100% of the substance of interest is bound, i.e. at least 50% of the substance of interest is bound, preferably at least 75% of the substance of interest is bound, preferably at least 85% of the substance of interest is bound, more preferably, more than 95% of the substance of interest is bound to the stationary phase.
  • therapeutic antibody denotes an antibody which is tested in clinical studies for approval as human therapeutic and which can be administered to an individual for the treatment of a disease.
  • the antibody is a therapeutic antibody.
  • the therapeutic antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • the therapeutic antibody is obtained from a great ape or an animal transformed with a human antibody locus or a human monoclonal antibody or a humanized monoclonal antibody.
  • the therapeutic antibody is a human monoclonal antibody.
  • therapeutic antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody.
  • Therapeutic antibodies are being used widely for the treatment of various diseases such as oncological diseases (e.g.
  • antibodies against ALK adhesion related kinase receptor (e.g., Axl), or ERBB receptors (e.g., EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4), or erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (EPH) receptors (e.g., EphA1; EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB5, EphB6), or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (e.g., FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR5), or Fgr, or IGF1R, or Insulin Receptor,
  • ALK adhesion related kinase receptor
  • ERBB receptors e.g., EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4
  • EPH erythropoietin
  • antibody encompasses the various forms of antibody structures including whole antibodies and antibody fragments.
  • the antibody as reported herein is in one embodiment a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a T cell antigen depleted antibody.
  • Genetic engineering of antibodies is e.g. described in Morrison, S. L., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 6851-6855; U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,238 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,244; Riechmann, L., et al., Nature 332 (1988) 323-327; Neuberger, M.
  • antibodies are divided in the classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Some of these classes are further divided into subclasses (isotypes), i.e. IgG in IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, or IgA in IgA1 and IgA2.
  • immunoglobulin class to which an antibody belongs are the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins are called ⁇ (IgA), ⁇ (IgD), ⁇ (IgE), ⁇ (IgG), and ⁇ (IgM), respectively.
  • antibody of human IgG1 class denotes an antibody in which the amino acid sequence of the constant domains is derived from the amino acid sequence of human IgG1.
  • the term includes human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies and antibody conjugates.
  • “Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g. rodent) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain partial sequences derived from a non-human antibody and from a human antibody.
  • humanized antibodies are derived from a human antibody (recipient antibody), in which residues from a hypervariable region are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody), such as mouse, rat, rabbit, or non-human primate, having the desired specificity and affinity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit, or non-human primate
  • framework region (FR) residues of the human antibody are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
  • humanized antibodies may comprise further modifications, e.g. amino acid residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. Such modifications result in variants of such recipient or donor antibody, which are homologous but not identical to the corresponding parent sequence. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human donor antibody and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human recipient antibody.
  • the humanized antibody optionally will also comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region, typically that of a human antibody.
  • a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers by substituting hypervariable region sequences for the corresponding sequences of a non-human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies, wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some framework region residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent or non-human primate antibodies.
  • monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which include different antibodies directed against different antigenic sites (determinants or epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single antigenic site on the antigen.
  • the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies:
  • the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
  • chimeric antibody denotes an antibody comprising a variable domain, i.e. binding region, from a first species and at least a portion of a constant region derived from a different second source or species, usually prepared by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Amino acid sequence variants of antibodies can be prepared by introducing appropriate modifications into the nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody chains, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences of the interferon. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the antigen binding properties as the parent antibody.
  • amino acid substitutions are shown in Table 1 under the heading of “preferred substitutions”. More substantial changes are provided in the following Table under the heading of “exemplary substitutions”, and as described below in reference to amino acid side chain classes. Amino acid substitutions may be introduced into the antibody chains and the products screened for retention of the biological activity of the parent antibody.
  • Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
  • Hudziak, R. M., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (1989) 1165-1172 describe the generation of a panel of HER2 antibodies which were characterized using the human breast tumor cell line SK-BR-3. Relative cell proliferation of the SK-BR-3 cells following exposure to the antibodies was determined by crystal violet staining of the monolayers after 72 hours. Using this assay, maximum inhibition was obtained with the antibody called 4D5 which inhibited cellular proliferation by 56%. Other antibodies in the panel reduced cellular proliferation to a lesser extent in this assay. The antibody 4D5 was further found to sensitize HER2-overexpressing breast tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of TNF- ⁇ (see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,171).
  • HER2 antibodies discussed in Hudziak, R. M., et al. are further characterized in Fendly, B. M., et al., Cancer Research 50 (1990) 1550-1558; Kotts, C. E., et al., In Vitro 26 (1990) 59A; Sarup, J. C., et al., Growth Regulation 1 (1991) 72-82; Shepard, H. M., et al., J. Clin. Immunol. 11 (1991) 117-127; Kumar, R., et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991) 979-986; Lewis, G. D., et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother.
  • a recombinant humanized version of the murine HER2 antibody 4D5 (huMAb4D5-8, rhuMab HER2, trastuzumab or HERCEPTIN®; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337) is clinically active in patients with HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancers that have received extensive prior anti-cancer therapy (Baselga, J., et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 14 (1996) 737-744).
  • Trastuzumab received marketing approval from the Food and Drug Administration Sep. 25, 1998 for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress the HER2 protein.
  • Humanized anti-ErbB2 antibodies include huMAb4D5-1, huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6, huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (HERCEPTIN®) as described in Table 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 expressly incorporated herein by reference; humanized 520C9 (WO 93/21319) and humanized 2C4 antibodies as described in WO 01/000245 expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • HER2 antibodies with various properties have been described in Tagliabue, E., et al., Int. J. Cancer 47 (1991) 933-937; McKenzie, S. J., et al., Oncogene 4 (1989) 543-548; Maier, L. A., et al., Cancer Res. 51 (1991) 5361-5369; Bacus, S. S., et al., Molecular Carcinogenesis 3 (1990) 350-362; Stancovski, I., et al., PNAS USA 88 (1991) 8691-8695; Bacus, S. S., et al., Cancer Research 52 (1992) 2580-2589; Xu, F., et al., Int.
  • Pertuzumab (see e.g. WO 01/000245) is the first of a new class of agents known as HER dimerization inhibitors (HDIs).
  • Pertuzumab binds to HER2 at its dimerization domain, thereby inhibiting its ability to form active dimer receptor complexes and thus blocking the downstream signal cascade that ultimately results in cell growth and division (see Franklin, M. C., Cancer Cell 5 (2004) 317-328).
  • Pertuzumab is a fully humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER2.
  • Pertuzumab Binding of Pertuzumab to the HER2 on human epithelial cells prevents HER2 from forming complexes with other members of the HER family (including EGFR, HER3, HER4) and probably also HER2 homodimerization. By blocking complex formation, Pertuzumab prevents the growth stimulatory effects and cell survival signals activated by ligands of HER1, HER3 and HER4 (e.g. EGF, TGF ⁇ , amphiregulin, and the heregulins). Another name for Pertuzumab is 2C4. Pertuzumab is a fully humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody based on the human IgG1(K) framework sequences.
  • Pertuzumab The structure of Pertuzumab consists of two heavy chains (449 residues) and two light chains (214 residues). Compared to Trastuzumab (Herceptin®), Pertuzumab has 12 amino acid differences in the light chain and 29 amino acid differences in the IgG1 heavy chain.
  • hydrophobic denotes compounds which are predominantly characterized by van der Waals interactions as major or even solely intermolecular interactions to be considered.
  • the term “predominantly” in this context indicates that in principle, hydrophilic compounds may be also possible and present but only have a minor importance for the general characterization of the chemical and/or physical properties of the respective analyte.
  • hydrophilic which denotes those compounds characterized by hydrogen bonding and which have a strong polar and/or protic character.
  • the ion exchange chromatography material matrix is a hydrophobic matrix.
  • protic denotes the property of containing or releasing proton(s) and/or of forming hydrogen bond(s), such as, for example water, alcohols, amines etc.
  • the release of protons from a molecule is also known to the skilled person as dissociation.
  • the simplest protic solvent is water, which in a simplified way dissociates into a proton and a hydroxyl ion.
  • Well-known protic solvents are, for example, alcohols in which the release of the proton generally occurs at the hydroxyl group leaving a negatively charged oxygen atom of the former hydroxyl group because the electronegative oxygen atom is able to stabilize the resulting negative charge.
  • protic solvents Even carbonic acids may be considered as protic solvents, provided that the release of protons from the carboxylic function does not lead to a chemical reaction with a particular substance which for example is to be dissolved in the particular solution.
  • a further group of protic solvents is represented by amines which contain “protons”, strictly speaking hydrogen atoms, in their amino group as well as a free electron pair at the corresponding nitrogen atom for forming a hydrogen bond.
  • mobile phase denotes any mixtures of water and/or aqueous buffers, and organic solvents being suitable to elute analytes from a chromatography column.
  • to elute or “eluting”, respectively, in the present context is used as known to the expert skilled in the art and denotes the dissolution, optionally the displacement, of adsorbed substance(s) from solids or adsorbents, which are impregnated with fluids, i.e., the column material to which the substance(s) is/are adsorbed.
  • adsorption denotes the accumulation of substances from a fluid, e.g. a mobile phase, at the boundary phase formed of the fluid with a substance, wherein the latter is able to adsorb the substances at its surface. This adsorption leads to an accumulation of the adsorbed substances at the particular surface.
  • the substance that is able to accumulate substances at its surface is often referred to as adsorbent and the adsorbed material as adsorbate.
  • adsorption is usually distinguished from the term “absorption” which beyond the accumulation at a surface also refers to the penetration of the accumulated substances into the interior of the adsorbing solid or fluid.
  • adsorption is a physical process in which substances usually molecules adhere to a surface of the adsorbent and thus, are accumulated at the respective surface.
  • the forces being responsible for this adherence are considered to be physical forces rather than chemical bonds and thus, adsorption is also known in the art as physical adsorption or physisorption, which does not necessarily exclude chemical bonding of substances to the surface.
  • the physical forces involved in the adsorption of substances to a surface are in most cases van der Waals-forces, London forces or dipole/dipole interactions, for example hydrogen bonds, or dipole-induced dipole interactions, wherein these terms are used as either explained above or as normally used in context with adsorption.
  • solvents are used as eluent, i.e., eluting agent in which the substance(s) which are to be eluted are at least sufficiently soluble.
  • swellable matrix denotes any swellable polymer gel on the basis of monomers which are chemically or physically connected with one another under formation of a three-dimensional network.
  • the chemical connectivity is realized through bond formation, whereas the physical construction of swellable matrices may be on the basis of electrostatic, hydrophobic or dipole/dipole interactions between single areas of the respective polymer segments.
  • swellable matrix denotes in one embodiment polymer gels in which the three-dimensional network is obtained through chemical bond formation.
  • the network itself can consist of one or more different components. In the presence of a suitable solvent the network swells under simultaneous incorporation of the respective solvent into its three-dimensional network until an equilibrium volume of incorporated volume is reached. In another terminology the swollen state of the network is known as gel and the non-swollen state is known as gelator. In context of the present invention the term swellable matrix also encompasses the meaning of the term gelator.
  • swellable matrix denotes only those gels constructed of hydrophilic but water-insoluble polymers which swell in the presence of water as solvent.
  • the affinity of swellable matrices to water is attributed to salvation and entropic effects of the polymeric network.
  • Beside water also pure hydrophilic organic solvents, such as, for example methanol, ethanol and dimethyl formamide as well as their respective aqueous solutions containing the organic solvent in variable amounts effect swelling of the swellable matrices, wherein the term hydrophilic is understood as explained above. Accordingly, the term swellable matrix is no longer limited to only those gels that swell under incorporation of water into their network but also under incorporation of hydrophilic organic solvents and/or of their respective aqueous solutions and/or mixtures of variable composition.
  • cross-linking is of major importance because it leads to the formation of the three-dimensional structure and also to the formation of cavities, which allows the swelling behavior of the matrix. Moreover, the degree of cross-linking necessarily affects the size of the pores of the obtained swellable matrices.
  • one aspect as reported herein is a method for enriching antibody isoforms in an antibody preparation comprising the following steps:
  • the solution of step a) has in one embodiment the same conductivity as the solution of step b).
  • an “antibody isoform” denotes a version of an antibody with small differences with respect to another isoform of the same antibody.
  • the “same antibody” is an antibody with the same amino acid sequence except for the modification(s) of the specific isoform. Different forms of an antibody can result during transcription or translation of the sequence encoding the antibody, as well as differences arising from the processing and secretion of the antibody from a cell, from purification, from formulation and from degradation during storage.
  • An antibody isoform can vary in amino acid sequence, multimerization, glycosylation and other post translational modifications.
  • a “glycoform” is an isoform where different versions of a glycoprotein have different polysaccharides attached to them, by posttranslational modifications. Also antibody heavy chain C-terminal processing of lysine residues can be a source of antibody structural variation.
  • antibody isoforms in an antibody preparation can be enriched or even partially separated using a cation exchange column chromatography method. This can be achieved in a bind-and-elute method using a pH or salt gradient, either linear or step, for recovering of the antibody from the chromatography material.
  • the method is especially effective by using a gradient with a slight slope, i.e. having a relative change of the pH value or increase of the conductivity of 50% or less of the starting value, especially of 10% or less of the starting value.
  • the isoform composition of an antibody preparation can be adjusted based on the selected and combined elution fractions spanning the respective peaks in the chromatogram.
  • antibody preparation denotes a mixture comprising different isoforms of the same antibody.
  • FIG. 1 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a linear gradient from 20 vol % elution buffer to 60 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 100 mM sodium chloride). It can be seen that the antibody isoforms are recovered in a single peak. A slight pre-peak can be seen.
  • FIG. 2 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 24 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 100 mM sodium chloride). It can be seen that the antibody isoforms are recovered in a semi-detached peak.
  • FIG. 3 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 15 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 80 mM sodium chloride). It can be seen that the antibody isoforms are recovered in two semi-detached peak, wherein the first peak shows a pre-peak.
  • FIG. 4 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 100 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 5 mM sodium chloride). It can be seen that the antibody isoforms are recovered in three semi-detached peaks.
  • FIG. 5 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a single step elution method wherein the conductivity was increased from 100% to 159%. It can be seen that the antibody is recovered as a single peak.
  • FIG. 6 an elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a linear gradient of from 100 vol % of the first buffer solution to 60 vol % of the second buffer solution is shown (first buffer comprises 25 mM TRIS and 10 mM sodium chloride; second buffer comprises 25 mM TRIS and 70 mM sodium chloride; both buffer have a pH value of pH 7.4). It can be seen that the antibody isoforms are recovered in three peaks.
  • the conductivity increase is 50% or less, i.e. the conductivity is increased to 150% or less.
  • the second solution has a conductivity that is 101% to 150% of the conductivity of the first solution.
  • the increase can be in form of a single step or a linear gradient.
  • the conductivity increase is 10% or less, i.e. the conductivity is increased to 110% or less.
  • the second solution has a conductivity that is 101% to 110% of the conductivity of the first solution.
  • the increase can be in form of a single step or a linear gradient.
  • the linear gradient comprises three linear gradients each with different slope.
  • the first linear gradient is for 18 to 20 column volumes
  • the second linear gradient is for 2 to 4 column volumes
  • the third linear gradient is for 6 to 8 column volumes.
  • the first linear gradient is to about 115% of the conductivity of the first solution
  • the second linear gradient is to about 137% of the conductivity of the first solution
  • the third linear gradient is to about 150% of the conductivity of the first solution.
  • the matrix of the cation exchange chromatography material has to be a swellable matrix.
  • the matrix is a cross-linked saccharide.
  • the saccharide is a polysaccharide.
  • the polysaccharide is agarose, i.e. a polysaccharide consisting of glycosidically bound D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.
  • Another aspect as reported herein is a method for producing an antibody preparation comprising the following steps:
  • the method is a method for producing in large scale.
  • large scale is of 1 g or more antibody preparation.
  • FIG. 1 Elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a linear gradient from 20 vol % elution buffer to 60 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 100 mM sodium chloride).
  • FIG. 2 Elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 24 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 100 mM sodium chloride).
  • FIG. 3 Elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 15 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 80 mM sodium chloride).
  • FIG. 4 Elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a step gradient of 100 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate, elution buffer comprises 20 mM sodium citrate and 5 mM sodium chloride).
  • FIG. 5 Single step elution of anti-HER-2 antibody from strong cation exchange resin SP-Sepharose; monomeric and aggregated forms of the antibody are not separated and elute as one peak.
  • FIG. 6 Elution chromatogram of a column chromatographic separation using a linear gradient to 60 vol % elution buffer is shown (wash buffer comprises 25 mM TRIS and 10 mM sodium chloride, elution buffer comprises 25 TRIS and 70 mM sodium chloride).
  • An exemplary immunoglobulin which can be used in the method as reported herein is an anti-HER2 antibody reported in WO 92/022653, WO 99/057134, WO 97/04801, U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,171 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 (incorporated herein by reference).
  • Sample and carboxypeptidase B are diluted to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml with sample buffer.
  • sample buffer To the diluted sample solution 1 (w/w) of the diluted carboxypeptidase solution is added.
  • the elution chromatogram is shown in FIG. 1 . It can be seen that the antibody isoforms can be recovered in a single peak. A slight pre-peak can be seen.
  • the elution chromatogram is shown in FIG. 2 . It can be seen that the antibody isoforms can be recovered in a semi-detached peak.
  • the elution chromatogram is shown in FIG. 3 . It can be seen that the antibody isoforms can be recovered in two semi-detached peak, wherein the first peak shows a pre-peak.
  • the elution chromatogram is shown in FIG. 4 . It can be seen that the antibody isoforms can be recovered in three semi-detached peaks.
  • the isoforms can be obtained as three semi-detached peaks.
  • the monoclonal anti-HER-2 antibody was purified in a first step with a protein A affinity chromatography. Elution from the protein A column is carried out under acidic conditions (10 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH value of 3.0 ⁇ 0.5). Before the filtration step the pH value of the fraction containing the antibody is adjusted with a concentrated tris-hydroxymethyl-amino-methane (IRIS) buffer to pH 5.6.
  • IRIS tris-hydroxymethyl-amino-methane
  • the protein A eluate is a solution with a protein concentration between 5 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml and is buffered with sodium citrate.
  • the conditioned protein A eluate was applied to a chromatography column containing a strong cation exchange resin (SP-Sepharose). After the loading step at a flow rate of 160 cm/h the column was washed with equilibration buffer (10 column volumes). The bound immunoglobulins were eluted with a single step elution method, whereby the pH value was kept constant and the conductivity was varied by the (stepwise) increase of the sodium chloride concentration.
  • the elution chromatogram is displayed in FIG. 5 .
  • the elution chromatogram is shown in FIG. 6 . It can be seen that the antibody isoforms can be recovered in defined peak.

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