US20130126415A1 - Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130126415A1
US20130126415A1 US13/497,624 US201013497624A US2013126415A1 US 20130126415 A1 US20130126415 A1 US 20130126415A1 US 201013497624 A US201013497624 A US 201013497624A US 2013126415 A1 US2013126415 A1 US 2013126415A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
cylindrical housing
oil
cylinder
screen
refrigerant
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Abandoned
Application number
US13/497,624
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English (en)
Inventor
Rickey Dean Burns
Robert Jackson Maddox
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Priority to US13/497,624 priority Critical patent/US20130126415A1/en
Assigned to KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V. reassignment KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MADDOX, ROBERT JACKSON, BURNS, RICKEY DEAN
Publication of US20130126415A1 publication Critical patent/US20130126415A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
    • F25B43/02—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat for separating lubricants from the refrigerant
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an oil separator configured to separate oil from refrigerant, and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • Oil separators configured to separate refrigerant from oil in a refrigeration system are known.
  • conventional oil separator designs typically require fabrication using a relatively large amount of separate components that must be individually modified at manufacture. This increases the cost of manufacturing such oil separators (in manpower and materials), and may hinder reliability, usability, and/or efficiency.
  • the oil separator configured to separate oil from refrigerant.
  • the oil separator comprises a cylindrical housing, a first annular seat, a first screen, a second annular seat, a second screen, and coalescing material.
  • the cylindrical housing has a first end and a second end, and forms an oil outlet opening, an inlet opening, and a refrigerant outlet opening.
  • the oil outlet opening is formed in a sidewall of the cylindrical housing near the first end of the cylindrical housing, and is configured to release oil that has been separated from refrigerant within the cylindrical housing out of the cylindrical housing.
  • the inlet opening is formed in the sidewall of the cylindrical housing spaced away from the oil outlet opening toward the second end of the cylindrical housing, and is configured to receive a flow of refrigerant mixed with oil into the oil separator.
  • the refrigerant outlet opening is formed at the second end of the cylindrical housing, and is configured to release refrigerant from which oil has been removed out of the cylindrical housing.
  • the first annular seat is disposed on an inner surface of the cylindrical housing between the inlet opening and the refrigerant outlet opening, and is a fixed annular protrusion from the inner surface of the cylindrical housing.
  • the first screen is seated on a side of the first annular seat facing toward the second end of the cylindrical housing, and has a shape that corresponds to the cross section of the cylindrical housing.
  • the second annular seat is disposed on an inner surface of the cylindrical housing between the first annular seat and the refrigerant outlet opening, and is a fixed annular protrusion from the inner surface of the cylindrical housing.
  • the second screen is seated on a side of the second annular seat facing toward the first end of the cylindrical housing, and has a shape that corresponds to the cross section of the cylindrical housing.
  • the coalescing material is disposed within the cylindrical housing between the first screen and the second screen such that the coalescing material applies a force to the first screen that seats the first screen on the first annular seat, and applies a force to the second screen that seats the second screen on the second annular seat.
  • the method comprises (a) obtaining an open, hollow cylinder having a first end and a second end; (b) forming an oil outlet opening in a sidewall of the cylinder near the first end of the cylinder, the oil outlet opening being configured to release oil that has been separated from refrigerant within the cylinder out of the cylinder; (c) forming an inlet opening in the sidewall of the cylinder spaced away from the oil outlet opening toward the second end of the cylinder, the inlet opening being configured to receive a flow of refrigerant mixed with oil into the oil separator; (d) enclosing the first end of the cylinder by spinning the first end of the cylinder; (e) forming a first annular seat on an inner surface of the cylinder between the inlet opening and the refrigerant outlet opening, wherein the first annular seat is a fixed annular protrusion from the inner surface of the cylinder; (f)
  • the oil separator configured to separate oil from refrigerant.
  • the oil separator comprises a cylindrical housing having a first end and a second end, the cylindrical housing forming: means for releasing oil that has been separated from refrigerant within the cylindrical housing out of the cylindrical housing; means for receiving a flow of refrigerant mixed with oil into the cylindrical housing; and means for releasing refrigerant from which oil has been removed out of the cylindrical housing.
  • the oil separator further comprises means for coalescing oil out of a flow of refrigerant and oil; first means for capturing the means for coalescing within the cylindrical housing, wherein the first means for capturing is positioned between the means for receiving and the means for releasing refrigerant; means for retaining the first means for capturing within the cylindrical housing, wherein the first means for capturing is seated on a side of the means for retaining that faces the second end of the cylindrical housing; second means for capturing the means for coalescing within the cylindrical housing, wherein the second means for capturing is positioned on a side of the means for coalescing opposite the first means for capturing; and means for retaining the second means for capturing within the cylindrical housing, wherein the second means for capturing is seated on a side of the means for retaining that faces the first end of the cylindrical housing.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a front elevation view of an oil separator, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of an oil separator, according to one or more embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a bottom view of an oil separator, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a sectional view of an oil separator, according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a method of manufacturing an oil separator, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.
  • FIGS. 1-4 illustrate an oil separator 10 configured to separate oil from refrigerant.
  • the oil separator 10 is configured to separate oil from refrigerant in a refrigeration system.
  • oil separator 10 may be deployed in a heat exchange system configured to liquefy one or more fluids that are gaseous at ambient temperature and pressure.
  • oil separator 10 may reduce costs associated with manufacture, reduce failure to leakage, reduce misalignment of components that impair function and/or result in other undesirable effects (e.g., undesirable noise during operation, etc.).
  • FIGS. 1-3 depict front, side, and bottom elevation views, respectively, of oil separator 10 .
  • FIG. 4 depicts a sectional view of oil separator 10 taken along section line 4 - 4 shown in FIG. 3 .
  • oil separator 10 includes a cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the cylindrical housing 12 is hollow, and is enclosed at each of a first end 14 and a second end 16 .
  • cylindrical housing 12 has a wall thickness of about 0.062 inches, an inner diameter of about 1.0 inches, and/or a length of about 3.5 inches.
  • the cylindrical housing 12 is formed from a chemically and structurally stable material that will facilitate the functionality attributed herein to oil separator 10 .
  • cylindrical housing 12 is formed from a metallic material, such as copper, aluminum, and/or other metallic materials.
  • the cylindrical housing 12 forms an oil outlet opening 18 , an inlet opening 20 , and a refrigerant outlet opening 22 .
  • An oil outlet line 24 communicates with the interior of cylindrical housing 12 via oil outlet opening 18 .
  • An inlet line 26 communicates with the interior of cylindrical housing 12 via inlet opening 20 .
  • a refrigerant outlet line 28 communicates with the interior of cylindrical housing 12 via refrigerant outlet opening 22 .
  • the oil outlet opening 18 is formed in the side wall of cylindrical housing 12 at or near first end 14 .
  • the oil outlet line 24 is mated to cylindrical housing 12 at oil outlet opening 18 such that oil separated from refrigerant within cylindrical housing 12 is released from cylindrical housing 12 through oil outlet opening 18 and oil outlet line 24 .
  • oil outlet line 24 conveys the oil released from cylindrical housing 12 back to the system from which it came (e.g., a refrigerator compressor).
  • the oil outlet opening 18 may be formed in the sidewall of cylindrical housing 12 by extrusion drilling The diameter of oil outlet opening 18 may be about 0.032 inches.
  • the oil outlet line 24 may be formed from copper tubing, aluminum tubing, and/or other tubular materials.
  • the inlet opening 20 is formed in the side wall of cylindrical housing 12 between oil outlet opening 18 and second end 16 .
  • the inlet line 26 is mated to cylindrical housing 12 at inlet opening 20 such that a flow of refrigerant mixed with oil is received into cylindrical housing 12 from inlet line 26 through inlet opening 20 .
  • inlet opening 20 is formed in cylindrical housing 12 such that the flow of refrigerant mixed with oil is introduced into cylindrical housing 12 along a path that is off-axis with respect to a longitudinal axis through cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the inlet opening 20 may be formed in the sidewall of cylindrical housing 12 by milling, and/or other techniques.
  • the diameter of inlet opening 20 may be about 0.25 inches.
  • the inlet line 26 may be formed from copper tubing, aluminum tubing, and/or other materials.
  • the refrigerant outlet opening 22 is formed at second end 16 of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • refrigerant outlet opening 22 is formed at or near the longitudinal axis of cylindrical housing 12 . This may enhance flow through refrigerant outlet opening 22 .
  • this configuration is not intended to be limiting and refrigerant outlet opening 22 may be formed at other locations at or near second end 16 of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the refrigerant outlet line 28 is mated to cylindrical housing 12 at refrigerant outlet opening 22 such that refrigerant from which the oil has been removed flows out of cylindrical housing 12 through refrigerant outlet opening 22 and refrigerant outlet line 28 .
  • refrigerant outlet opening 22 is formed at second end 16 during enclosure of second end 16 of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • second end 16 is enclosed by a spinning process, and a lip 30 that forms refrigerant outlet opening 22 is formed during this spinning process.
  • a faying surface of refrigerant outlet opening 22 at which refrigerant outlet line 28 is mated to refrigerant outlet opening 22 is enlarged.
  • the diameter of inlet opening 20 may be about 0.25.
  • the refrigerant outlet line 28 may be formed from copper tubing, aluminum tubing, and/or other materials.
  • a filter 32 is seated within cylindrical housing 12 between inlet opening 20 and oil outlet opening 18 .
  • the filter 32 is configured to filter oil that has entered cylindrical housing 12 through inlet opening 20 before the oil is released from cylindrical housing 12 through oil outlet opening 18 .
  • the filter 32 may be seated within cylindrical housing 12 by friction fit, by press fit, by an adhesive, by weld, and/or by other techniques for fixing the position of filter 32 within cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the oil separator 10 includes a first annular seat 34 and a second annular seat 36 disposed along the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • Each of first annular seat 34 and second annular seat 36 are a fixed annular protrusion from the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • These annular protrusions may each be continuous, or substantially continuous, which may provide a more secure seat in comparison with seats formed from a plurality of protrusions (e.g., as a series of three or more tabs extending into cylindrical housing 12 ).
  • first annular seat 34 and second annular seat 36 are formed integrally with cylindrical housing 12 in that they are formed from the actual material of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • each of first annular seat 34 and second annular seat 36 can be formed by rolling a bead in cylindrical housing 12 that runs around cylindrical housing 12 .
  • a first screen 38 is seated on first annular seat 34 on a side of first annular seat 34 facing toward second end 16 .
  • the first screen 38 has a shape that corresponds to the cross section of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • first screen 38 has a shape such that any substance passing from one side of first screen 38 to the other side of first screen 38 within cylindrical housing 12 must pass through first screen 38 (and not around a side thereof).
  • the shape of first screen 38 may be slightly larger than the cross section of cylindrical housing 12 . This will enable first screen 38 to be held in place within 12 by press fit, as well as the seating on first annular seat 34 and other forces that hold first screen 38 in place (discussed below).
  • first screen 38 will bow upon installation within cylindrical housing 12 , which can be seen in FIG. 4 .
  • the first screen 38 may be formed from stainless steel, aluminum, and/or other materials.
  • a second screen 40 is seated on second annular seat 36 on a side of oil outlet line 24 facing toward first end 14 .
  • the shape of second screen 40 corresponds to the cross section of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the shape of second screen 40 is the same, or substantially the same, as the shape of first screen 38 .
  • the second screen 40 may be formed from stainless steel, aluminum, and/or other materials.
  • a coalescing material 42 is disposed within cylindrical housing 12 between first screen 38 and second screen 40 .
  • the coalescing material 42 is captured within cylindrical housing 12 by first screen 38 and second screen 40 .
  • the coalescing material 42 applies forces to first screen 38 and second screen 40 that seats first screen 38 on first annular seat 34 and that seats second screen 40 on second annular seat 36 , respectively.
  • the coalescing material 42 may include, for example, a porous material, such as a wool, a sponge, and/or other porous materials.
  • the coalescing material 42 may be formed from a metallic material, such as stainless steel, aluminum, and/or other materials.
  • a ferrel 44 is disposed within cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the ferrel 44 has an annular cross section that is smaller in diameter than the inner diameter of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the outer diameter of ferrel 44 is about 0.75 inches.
  • ferrel 44 includes an annular rim 46 that extends from ferrel 44 in a direction transverse to a longitudinal axis of ferrel 44 .
  • rim 46 is seated on first annular seat 34 .
  • the rim 46 is held in place on rim first annular seat 34 by first screen 38 .
  • rim 46 of ferrel 44 between first annular seat 34 and first screen 38 provides a more secure fixture of ferrel 44 within cylindrical housing 12 than embodiments in which rim 46 is only engaged on one side. This may, for example, reduce noise associated with movement of ferrel 44 within cylindrical housing 12 during use.
  • a flow of refrigerant and oil mixed together enter cylindrical housing 12 through inlet opening 20 .
  • the refrigerant is in a gaseous state, and the oil and/or other impurities may be in a liquid state (as a vapor within the refrigerant) and/or a gaseous state.
  • the flow may be somewhat pressurized.
  • the refrigerant/oil mix Upon entering cylindrical housing 12 , the refrigerant/oil mix is directed in a flow path around and around the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the flow path is formed by the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 , and ferrel 44 .
  • oil within the refrigerant is centrifuged out to the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 .
  • the oil condenses on the inner surface of cylindrical housing 12 , and slides down to first end 14 through filter 32 .
  • Refrigerant that has been centrifuged in this manner eventually passes through ferrel 44 and first screen 38 toward second end 16 . In doing so this refrigerant, which is still mixed with some oil, passes through coalescing material 42 .
  • the coalescing material 42 draws even more of the oil of the refrigerant by causing condensation of the oil on coalescing material 42 . This condensed oil eventually will fall, by virtue of gravity, back toward first end 14 through first screen 38 , ferrel 44 , and filter 32 .
  • the refrigerant After passing through coalescing material 42 and second screen 40 , the refrigerant is released from cylindrical housing 12 through refrigerant outlet opening 22 .
  • the refrigerant released from cylindrical housing 12 through refrigerant outlet opening 22 will be substantially free from oil and/or other impurities.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a method 48 of manufacturing an oil separator configured to separate oil from refrigerant.
  • the operations of method 48 presented below are intended to be illustrative. In some embodiments, method 48 may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the operations of method 48 are illustrated in FIG. 5 and described below is not intended to be limiting.
  • an open, hollow cylinder having a first end and a second end is obtained.
  • Obtaining the cylinder may include, for example, cutting and/or otherwise preparing a length of cylindrical stock material.
  • the cylinder may for a cylindrical housing that is similar to or the same as cylindrical housing 12 (shown in FIGS. 1-4 and described above).
  • one or more openings are formed in the cylinder obtained at operation 50 .
  • the one or more openings include openings through which refrigerant and/or oil are received into and released from the oil separator.
  • the one or more opening include an oil outlet opening and an inlet opening.
  • the oil outlet opening is formed in the cylinder at or near the first end.
  • the inlet opening is formed in the cylinder between the oil outlet opening and the second end of the cylinder.
  • the oil outlet opening and the inlet opening are the same as or similar to oil outlet opening 18 and inlet opening 20 , respectively (shown in FIGS. 1-4 and described above).
  • a filter is installed in the cylinder. Upon installation, the filter is positioned in the cylinder between the oil outlet opening and the inlet opening such that oil released from the oil separator filtered by the filter before being released.
  • the filter is the same as or similar to filter 32 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a first annular seat is formed within the cylinder.
  • the first annular seat is a fixed annular protrusion from the inner surface of the cylinder.
  • the first annular seat is the same as or similar to first annular seat 34 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a ferrel is deposited within the cylinder.
  • the ferrel includes a rim that extends from one end of the ferrel in a direction that is transverse to a longitudinal axis of the ferrel. As the ferrel is deposited within the cylinder, the rim of the ferrel contacts the first annular seat on a side of the first annular seat that faces toward the second end of the cylinder.
  • the ferrel is the same as or similar to ferrel 44 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a first screen is disposed in the cylinder.
  • the first screen is installed in the cylinder to contact a side of the rim of the ferrel opposite the first annular seat. This effectively seats both the first screen and the ferrel on the first annular seat.
  • the first screen is the same as or similar to first screen 38 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a coalescing material is deposited into the cylinder.
  • the coalescing material is deposited on a side of the first screen that faces the second end of the cylinder.
  • the coalescing material is the same as or similar to coalescing material 42 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a second screen is disposed within the cylinder on a side of the coalescing material opposite from the first screen.
  • the second screen is the same as or similar to second screen 40 (shown in FIG. 4 and described above).
  • a second annular seat is formed within the cylinder.
  • the second annular seat is a fixed protrusion from the inner surface of the cylinder.
  • the position of the second annular seat is such that the second screen is seated on the second annular seat on a side of the second annular seat facing toward the first end of the cylinder.
  • the second annular seat is configured such that the seating of the second screen on the second annular seat captures the coalescing material within the cylinder between the first screen and the second screen. By virtue of its capture between the first screen and the second screen, the coalescing material applies forces to the first screen and the second screen that seat the first screen and the second screen on the first annular seat and the second annular seat, respectively.
  • the first and second ends of the cylinder are closed.
  • the first and second ends of the cylinder may be spun closed.
  • a refrigerant outlet opening is formed at or near the closed second end of the cylinder.
  • the refrigerant outlet opening is configured to release refrigerant from the oil separator after the oil has been removed.
  • the refrigerant outlet opening is formed at least partially during the closure of the second end of the cylinder in operation 68 .
  • the refrigerant outlet opening may be the same as or similar to refrigerant outlet opening 22 (shown in FIGS. 1-4 and described above).
  • one or more lines are connected to the openings formed in the cylinder at operations 52 and 70 .
  • the one or more lines are configured to convey refrigerant and/or oil to or from the cylinder.
  • the one or more lines include an oil outlet line, an inlet line, and a refrigerant outlet line that are the same as or similar to oil outlet line 24 , inlet line 26 , and refrigerant outlet line 28 , respectively (shown in FIGS. 1-4 and described above).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Edible Oils And Fats (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
US13/497,624 2009-09-25 2010-08-17 Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same Abandoned US20130126415A1 (en)

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US13/497,624 US20130126415A1 (en) 2009-09-25 2010-08-17 Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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US24580609P 2009-09-25 2009-09-25
US13/497,624 US20130126415A1 (en) 2009-09-25 2010-08-17 Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same
PCT/IB2010/053715 WO2011036578A2 (en) 2009-09-25 2010-08-17 Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same

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US20130126415A1 true US20130126415A1 (en) 2013-05-23

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US13/497,624 Abandoned US20130126415A1 (en) 2009-09-25 2010-08-17 Oil separator and method of manufacturing the same

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US (1) US20130126415A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP2480841A2 (zh)
JP (1) JP6200154B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN102639948A (zh)
AU (1) AU2010299504B2 (zh)
WO (1) WO2011036578A2 (zh)

Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105509382A (zh) * 2016-01-21 2016-04-20 珠海凌达压缩机有限公司 一种低压腔转子式压缩机以及空调器
WO2019053444A1 (en) * 2017-09-18 2019-03-21 J & E Hall Limited OIL SEPARATOR
CN118066750A (zh) * 2024-04-25 2024-05-24 绍兴三花汽车热管理科技有限公司 气液分离装置

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CN103836856B (zh) * 2012-11-22 2016-06-29 浙江三花制冷集团有限公司 一种油分离器及应用该油分离器的制冷设备
JP6207430B2 (ja) * 2014-03-07 2017-10-04 住友重機械工業株式会社 オイルセパレータ
KR102368980B1 (ko) * 2015-11-27 2022-03-02 엘지전자 주식회사 오일분리기 및 이를 이용한 공기 조화기
CN106766301A (zh) * 2017-01-23 2017-05-31 浙江和利制冷设备有限公司 节能型超低温冰柜用制冷系统
CN106766430A (zh) * 2017-01-23 2017-05-31 浙江和利制冷设备有限公司 制冷系统用精馏型气液油分离器

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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WO2019053444A1 (en) * 2017-09-18 2019-03-21 J & E Hall Limited OIL SEPARATOR
CN118066750A (zh) * 2024-04-25 2024-05-24 绍兴三花汽车热管理科技有限公司 气液分离装置

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CN102639948A (zh) 2012-08-15
WO2011036578A3 (en) 2011-05-26
WO2011036578A2 (en) 2011-03-31
JP2013506106A (ja) 2013-02-21
EP2480841A2 (en) 2012-08-01
JP6200154B2 (ja) 2017-09-20
AU2010299504A1 (en) 2012-05-17
AU2010299504B2 (en) 2015-02-12

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