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  • C07C323/64—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and sulfur atoms, not being part of thio groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C323/66—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and sulfur atoms, not being part of thio groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton containing sulfur atoms of sulfo, esterified sulfo or halosulfonyl groups, bound to the carbon skeleton
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  • C07C323/62—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atom of at least one of the thio groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
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  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D263/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D277/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to 2-(substituted sulphur, sulphone or sulphoxide)-3-(substituted phenyl) propionic acid derivatives, 2-(substituted oxygen)-3-(substituted phenyl) propionic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, and derivatives of 2-methyl-2-(phenoxy or phenylthio)propanoic acid and 2-(methyl or ethyl)-2-(phenoxy or phenylthio)butanoic acid, to processes for preparing such compounds, to their use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
• IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• GI gastrointestinal
• Treatment is constrained to symptom relief, inflammatory suppression and in severe cases surgery and which all current treatment are linked to relatively severe side effects.
• Anti-inflammatory treatments with oral gluco-corticoid receptor (GCR) agonists e.g. Budesonide, Prednisolone or Fluticazone
• GCR oral gluco-corticoid receptor
• GCR agonist treatment suppresses life saving immuno-activation upon infection by virus, bacteria or other pathogenic microbes, which further reduces patient quality of life and increases risk for secondary disease.
• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) and antibiotics e.g. 5-ASA, Sulfasalazine, and Metronidazole
• 5-ASA e.g. 5-ASA, Sulfasalazine, and Metronidazole
• Similar reasoning as above is also relevant for other inflammatory diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
• COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• NHRs nuclear hormone receptors
• the nuclear hormone receptors comprise a series of soluble protein complexes that upon ligand modulation and co-factor complexation translocate to the cellular nucleus with subsequent binding to specific DNA regions. Such binding induces or reduces protein expression cascades and, for several NHRs, immunoactivation or deactivation has been implicated.
• Oestrogen receptors (Steffan et al, 2006), the Liver X Receptor (LXR) (Tontonoz et al, US2004/0259948; Zelcer & Tontonoz, 2006) and the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR)- ⁇ , ⁇ and/or ⁇ , (Desreumaux et al, 2001; Tanaka et al, 2001; Lewis et al, 2001; Patel et al; 2003) have all been suggested to exert such immuno-modulatory effects via small molecular modulators.
• LXR Liver X Receptor
• PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor
• NHRs are in general multi-potent in the sense that they regulate several profound physiological events, either simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the cell type or tissue in which the modulation is accomplished. This might also be the reason for unwanted effects from these NHR modulators, which are in parallel with the mechanism related side effects observed with the GCR modulators.
• PPARs The regulation of inflammatory responses by PPARs have been suggested to involve the trans-repression of inflammatory gene activation by interfering with several signalling pathways of the transcription factors NFkB, STAT-1, NFAT and AP-1. As a result of this interaction, a number of down-streams pathways are affected. These includes the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, TNF) or chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, IL-8), decrease expression of adhesion molecules (e.g., V-CAM) resulting in reduced leukocyte recruitment.
• pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g., IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, TNF
• chemokines e.g., MCP-1, IL-8
• adhesion molecules e.g., V-CAM
• soft drug varies.
• the definition of the term “soft drug” is a chemical compound that exerts its activity in the target organ, and subsequent inactivation or alteration by metabolism is such that receptor modulation within other compartments (e.g. systemic compartments) is excluded and unwanted effects and/or side effects that are disadvantageous, or of no use, for the patient is reduced.
• US 2003/0236227 discusses the use of soft drugs for the treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. However, these soft drugs have activity in the systemic compartment, and thus they do not fall within the definition of the term “soft drugs” in this patent application. Further, US 2003/0236227 is silent about compounds having anti-inflammatory properties.
• PPAR modulator refers to the ability of a compound to modulate the biological activity of PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ via increase or decrease of the function and/or expression of PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ , where PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ function may include transcription regulatory activity and/or protein-binding. Modulation may occur in vitro or in vivo.
• Modulation includes antagonism, agonism, partial antagonism and/or partial agonism of a function or characteristic associated with PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ , either directly or indirectly, and/or the upregulation or downregulation of PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ expression, either directly or indirectly. More specifically, such a PPAR modulator either enhances or inhibits the biological activities of PPAR via the function and/or expression of PPAR. If such a modulator partially or completely enhances the biological activities of PPAR via the function and/or expression of PPAR, it is a partial or full PPAR agonist, respectively. It is the object of the present invention to provide PPAR modulators. Another object of this invention is to provide PPAR modulator compounds being PPAR agonists.
• the local compartment is the GI tract (i.e. gastrointestinal tract); when a compound has passed beyond/through the liver it has reached the systemic compartment.
• the lung is the local compartment, and beyond the lung is the systemic compartment.
• systemic compartment we mean any tissue or organ that an administrated compound reaches after it has passed beyond/through another tissue or organ in which some (e.g. 90%, but also including 100%) elimination or metabolism of the compound as occurred.
• An aim with PPAR soft drugs for IBD should be to not accept predicted human systemic exposure higher than a factor (e.g. 10) below a corresponding exposure that would give an expected pharmacological effect in dyslipidemic patients.
• a factor e.g. 10
• the PPAR modulator compound must bind to the ligand binding domain of the PPAR and recruit one or more of the nuclear hormone receptor co-factors present in the U-2 OS cell-based method described herein.
• the compounds of this invention that form an PPAR-modulator compound-complex may recruit at least one or more of the other >80 known different nuclear hormone receptor cofactors in any other cell-based method, prepared and assayed according to known procedures.
• Compounds according to Formula I, XI, CI and MI, that do not recruit any of the co-factors present in the in cell-based method described herein, are however anticipated to bind to PPAR and the PPAR-modulator compound-complex so formed will recruit at least one or more of the other >80 known different nuclear receptor cofactors present in other cellular systems.
• the PPAR modulator compound-complex may also displace co-repressors, with simultaneous recruitment of a co-activator or alternatively displace a co-repressor without co-activator recruitment, leading to partial activation of certain PPAR regulated genes.
• Peptides derived from any of these other nuclear hormone receptor cofactors may be similarly prepared and assayed according to known procedures.
• C 1 alkyl denotes an alkyl group having 1 carbon atom.
• An example of “C 1 alkyl” is methyl.
• C 2 alkyl denotes an alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms.
• An example of “C 1 alkyl” is ethyl.
• C 1 -C 2 alkyl denotes an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
• Examples of “C 1 -C 2 alkyl” are methyl or ethyl.
• C 1 -C 3 alkyl denotes a straight or branched saturated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of said alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl denotes a straight or branched saturated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.
• branched C 3 -C 4 alkyl denotes a branched saturated alkyl group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of said alkyl include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.
• C 1 -C 6 alkyl denotes a straight or branched saturated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl and hexyl.
• C 2 -C 3 alkenyl denotes a straight or branched unsaturated alkenyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms.
• alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl, and allyl.
• C 1 -C 2 alkoxy denotes an alkyl group containing one or two carbon atoms linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of said C 1 -C 2 alkoxy include methoxy and ethoxy
• C 1 -C 3 alkylaryl denotes an alkyl chain containing one to three carbon atoms linked to an aryl group. It shall be understood that when R 2 in compounds of formula I, XI, CI, MI represents C 1 -C 3 alkylaryl it binds to X via the alkyl chain.
• C 1 -C 3 alkylheteroaryl denotes an alkyl chain containing one to three carbon atoms linked to an heteroaryl group. It shall be understood that when R 2 in compounds of formula I, XI, CI, MI represents C 1 -C 3 alkylheteroaryl it binds to X via the alkyl chain.
• halogen denotes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo groups.
• aryl denotes an aromatic monocyclic ring composed of 6 carbon atoms or a fully aromatic bicyclic ring system composed of 10 carbon atoms. Examples of said “aryl” include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphtalene and azulene.
• heteroaryl denotes an aromatic 5 or 6 membered monocyclic ring or an aromatic 9 or 10 membered bicyclic ring in which one or more of the atoms in the monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring system is an element other than carbon independently selected from one or more of for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• sulfur shall be understood to include sulphoxide (S(O)) and sulphone (SO 2 ).
• nitrogen shall be understood to include nitrogen oxide (NO).
• heteroaryl examples include, but are not limited to, furan, pyrrole, pyrazine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyridine-1-oxide, isoxazole, oxazole, isothiazole, thiazole, thiophene, 1,2,4-triazole, furazane, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole 1,2,3-thiadiazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, indole, isoindole, benzothiophene, benzo[c]thiophene, benzimidazole, purine, indazole, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzthiazole,
• cycloalkyl denotes a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic monocarbocyclic ring composed of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms or a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic bicyclic ring system composed of 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
• cycloalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctanyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, cyclooctadienyl, decaline, and hydrindane.
• heterocyclyl denotes a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 membered monocyclic ring or a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic or partly aromatic 9 or 10 membered bicyclic ring system in which one or more of the atoms in the monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring system is an element other than carbon independently selected from one or more of for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• sulfur shall be understood to include sulphoxide (S(O)) and sulphone (SO 2 ).
• nitrogen shall be understood to include nitrogen oxide (NO).
• heterocyclyl examples include, but are not limited to, aziridine, azetidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, pyrrolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, 2-pyrazoline, oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydropyran, furan, tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dioxane 1,3-dioxolane, 1,2-oxathiolane, morpholine, 3-pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, 2H-pyrane, 4H-pyrane, 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-oxathiane, thiomorpholine, indoline, chroman, isochroman, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, phtalan, and isoindoline.
• R a independently represents H or a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 4 alkyl chain optionally substituted by one or more F.
• R b independently represents a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 4 alkyl chain optionally substituted by one or more F.
• R a or R b when a substitutent bears more than one of R a or R b then each of these may be the same or different.
• NR a R a includes amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino.
• substituents in the same compound bear more than one of R a or R b then each of these may be the same or different.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist as tautomers or stereoisomers (e.g. racemate, enantiomer, diastereomer or E- or Z-isomer). It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses all such tautomers or stereoisomers.
• Certain compounds of the present invention may exist as solvates or hydrates. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses all such solvates or hydrates.
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (3H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention is, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for example, an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, methansulphonic, sulphuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, para-toluene sulphonic, 2-mesitylen sulphonic, citric, acetic, tartaric, fumaric, lactic, succinic, malic, malonic, maleic, 1,2-ethanedisulphonic, adipic, aspartic, benzenesulphonic, benzoic, ethanesulphonic or nicotinic acid.
• an inorganic or organic acid for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, methansulphonic, sulphuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, para-toluene
• a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention is, for example, a base-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently acidic, for example, a metal salt, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc or aluminum, an ammonium salt, a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically acceptable cation, which includes quartenery ammonium hydroxides, for example methylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine, tert-butylamine, triethylamine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylethylamine, cyclohexylethylamine, tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, hydroxyethyl diethylamine, (1R,2S)-2-hydroxyinden-1-amine, morpholine, N-methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, piperazine, methylpiperazine, adamantylamine,
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formulas I, XI, CI and MI as a medicament.
• the compounds of Formula I of the invention may be prepared as outlined in the schemes I-IV below. However, the invention is not limited to these methods.
• the compounds may also be prepared as described for structurally related compounds in the prior art.
• the reactions can be carried out according to standard procedures or as described in the experimental section.
• R 1 represents any substitutent which is inert to the reaction conditions used for the outlined intermediates.
• substituents are for instance alkyl groups or alkoxy groups.
• PG means protecting group.
• PG1 represents a protecting group for carboxylic hydroxy groups which tolerates the required reaction conditions for the synthesis of the outlined intermediates but can be cleaved off with an appropriate deprotecting reagent.
• PG2 represents a protecting group for alcoholic hydroxy groups which tolerates the required reaction conditions for the synthesis of the outlined intermediates but can be cleaved off with an appropriate deprotecting reagent. Examples of such protecting groups are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• reagent means a reagent that causes the selective cleavage of the protecting group.
• Reagent 1 represents any reagent which allows the deprotection from PG1
• reagent 2 represents any reagent which allows the deprotection from PG2. Examples of such reagents are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• LG means a leaving group.
• leaving groups are for instance Cl, Br, I, methanesulfonate (OMs), acetate (Ac) or simply a proton (H).
• Ox. agent means oxidation agent.
• Ox. agent 1 represents any reagent which allows the transfer a primary alcohol to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Examples of such reagents are for instance potassium permanganate, pyridinium dichromate or ruthenium tetraoxide.
• Ox. agent 2 represents any reagent which allows to transfer a thioether into the corresponding sulfone. Examples of such reagents are for instance metachloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) or potassium peroxymonosulfate (OxoneTM)
• alkylating reagent in this scheme means any reagent plus base or acid if required which transfers the carboxylic acid into the corresponding alkylester.
• alkylating reagent are for instance iodomethane, methanol or trimethylsilyl diazomethane.
• solvent referres to a solvent which does not react with the starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product.
• solvents are for instance dimethylformamide, methylene chloride and acetonitrile.
• Cu + in schemes I and II represents any kind of Cu(I) salt, for instance Cu(I)O or Cu(I) I.
• atom X can be equal in the same molecule but it does not necessarily have to be.
• X can be only oxygen or only sulfur in the same molecule but it also can be oxygen at one place and sulfur at the other place.
• substituted aniline derivatives of formula II and VI, the acrylic acid esters, the alcohols or thiols bearing R 2 and the carboxylic acids, alcohols or thiols bearing A in the schemes I-IV above are commercially available or may be prepared as described in the experimental part in this patent application or by methods known by those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the invention may be isolated from their reaction mixtures using conventional techniques.
• the compounds of Formula XI of the invention may be prepared as outlined in the scheme V below. However, the invention is not limited to these methods. The compounds may also be prepared as described for structurally related compounds in the prior art. The reactions can be carried out according to standard procedures or as described in the experimental section.
• R′ represents any substitutent which is inert to the reaction conditions used for the outlined intermediates.
• substituents are for instance alkyl groups or alkoxy groups.
• PG means protecting group.
• PG1 and PG2 represent protecting groups for carboxylic hydroxy groups and/or alcoholic hydroxy groups which tolerate the required reaction conditions for the synthesis of the outlined intermediates but can be cleaved off selectively with an appropriate deprotecting reagent. Examples of such protecting groups are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• reagent means a reagent that causes the selective cleavage of the protecting group.
• Reagent 1 represents any reagent which allows the selective deprotection from PG1
• reagent 2 represents any reagent which allows the selective deprotection from PG2. Examples of such reagents are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• solvent refers to a solvent which does not react with the starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product.
• solvents are for instance dimethylformamide, methylene chloride and acetonitrile.
• atom X can be equal in the same molecule but it does not necessarily have to be.
• X can be only oxygen or only sulfur in the same molecule but it also can be oxygen at one place and sulfur at the other place.
• substituted aldehydes of formula II, the ⁇ -substituted carboxylic acid ester derivatives of formula III, the phenol or thiophenol derivatives of formula VI, the carboxylic acid derivatives of formula VII and the carboxylic acids, alcohols or thiols of formula IV in the scheme V above are commercially available or may be prepared as described in the experimental part in this patent application or by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the invention may be isolated from their reaction mixtures using conventional techniques.
• the compounds of Formula CI of the invention may be prepared as outlined in the schemes VI and VII below. However, the invention is not limited to these methods. The compounds may also be prepared as described for structurally related compounds in the prior art. The reactions can be carried out according to standard procedures or as described in the experimental section.
• PG means protecting group.
• PG represents a protecting group for carboxylic hydroxy groups which tolerates the required reaction conditions for the synthesis of the outlined intermediates but can be cleaved off with an appropriate deprotecting reagent. Examples of such protecting groups are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• reagent means a reagent that causes the selective cleavage of the protecting group.
• This reagent represents any reagent which allows the deprotection from PG. Examples of such reagents are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• Red. agent means reducing agent.
• This reducing agent represents any reagent which allows the reduction of a carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol without reducing any other functional group.
• An examples of such a reagent is for instance BH 3 x THF.
• solvent refers to a solvent which does not react with the starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product.
• solvents are for instance dimethylformamide, methylene chloride and acetonitrile.
• the compounds of the invention may be isolated from their reaction mixtures using conventional techniques.
• the compounds of Formula MI of the invention may be prepared as outlined in the scheme VIII below. However, the invention is not limited to this method. The compounds may also be prepared as described for structurally related compounds in the prior art. The reactions can be carried out according to standard procedures or as described in the experimental section.
• R 1 , R 2 , X, R 3 , p, n, i, and A are as defined for compounds of formula MI above.
• R′ represents any substituent which is inert to the reaction conditions used for the outlined intermediates.
• substituents are for instance alkyl groups or alkoxy groups.
• PG means protecting group.
• PG1 and PG2 represent protecting groups for carboxylic hydroxy groups and/or alcoholic hydroxy groups which tolerate the required reaction conditions for the synthesis of the outlined intermediates but can be cleaved off selectively with an appropriate deprotecting reagent. Examples of such protecting groups are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• reagent means a reagent that causes the selective cleavage of the protecting group.
• Reagent 1 represents any reagent which allows the selective deprotection from PG1
• reagent 2 represents any reagent which allows the selective deprotection from PG2. Examples of such reagents are described in the standard text book “Protective Groups in the Organic Synthesis”, 3 rd Edition (1999) by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts.
• solvent refers to a solvent which does not react with the starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product.
• solvents are for instance dimethylformamide, methylene chloride and acetonitrile.
• atom X can be equal in the same molecule but it does not necessarily have to be.
• X can be only oxygen or only sulfur in the same molecule but it also can be oxygen at one place and sulfur at the other place.
• phenol or thiophenol derivatives of formula II, the carboxylic acid derivatives of formula III and the carboxylic acids, alcohols or thiols of formula IV in the scheme VIII above are commercially available or may be prepared as described in the experimental part in this patent application or by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the invention may be isolated from their reaction mixtures using conventional techniques.
• enantiomerically pure or enriched compounds of formula MI can be obtained either through a racemic resolution of any of the outlined racemic intermediates or through a stereoselective synthesis where the reaction step allows.
• a pharmaceutical formulation including any of the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents and/or carriers.
• compositions can include, but are not constrained to, extended or controlled release formulations.
• formulation can also include appropriate oral, trans-dermal or rectal administrations.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI have activity as pharmaceuticals, in particular as modulators of PPAR activity and may be used in the prevention and/or treatment (pro-phylactic or therapeutic) of conditions/diseases in humans or animals with inflammatory responses.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are useful for their anti-inflammatory effect on local production of cytokines and chemokines from e.g., macrophages, activated T cells, epithelial cells, repression of adhesion molecules, inhibits expression of other inflammatory markers such as reactive nitrogen derivates and COXs, induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types including T cells and macrophages, represses expression of adhesion molecules, and inhibit production of extra cellular matrix components.
• cytokines and chemokines from e.g., macrophages, activated T cells, epithelial cells, repression of adhesion molecules, inhibits expression of other inflammatory markers such as reactive nitrogen derivates and COXs, induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types including T cells and macrophages, represses expression of adhesion molecules, and inhibit production of extra cellular matrix components.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are expected to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disorders such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, proctitis, gastric inflammation, celiac disease, appendicitis, microscopic colitis, distal proctitis, indeterminant colitis.
• the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound of formula I, XI, CI or MI serves to improve the clinical signs of disease and the quality of life of the patients.
• the compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI are also expected to prevent or reduce the risk of clinical relapse of the disease.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are also useful in inhibiting release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from e.g., activated macrophages, airway epithelial cells, inhibit neutrophilia, eosinophilia and the associated chemoattractans/survival factors thereof, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types including endothelial cells, T cells and macrophages, and inhibit production of extra cellular matrix components.
• pro-inflammatory cytokines from e.g., activated macrophages, airway epithelial cells, inhibit neutrophilia, eosinophilia and the associated chemoattractans/survival factors thereof, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types including endothelial cells, T cells and macrophages, and inhibit production of extra cellular matrix components.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are expected to have anti-inflammatory effects in respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis.
• respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
• pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary fibrosis.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are also useful in primarily inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine release from e.g., activated T cells and macrophages, as well as exert effect on epidermal cell growth/termination. As an effect of these properties, compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are expected to exert anti-inflammatory action and epidermal regulation in skin inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and atopic dermatitis.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI can serves as anti-inflammatory agents by inhibiting release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive nitrogen derivates, COXs.
• compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are expected to exert anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis, if the compound can be reached by e.g. transdermal formulation.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI are also useful by inducing cell cycle arrest, as well as exert anti-inflammatory activities by inhibition of pro-inflammatory agents such as COXs, iNOS.
• compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI may exert anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects in adenocarcinomas or other cancer diseases in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric cancer, colorectal cancer), respiratory tract (small lung cell cancer), skin or nasal region.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Crohn's disease.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of ulcerative colitis.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of proctitis.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of gastric inflammation.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of celiac disease.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of appendicitis.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of microscopic colitis.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of distal proctitis.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of indeterminant colitis.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing Crohn's disease comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing ulcerative colitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing proctitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing gastric inflammation comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing celiac disease comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing appendicitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing microscopic colitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing distal proctitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing indeterminant colitis comprising the administration of an effective amount of a compound of formula I, XI, CI and MI to a mammal (particularly a human) in need thereof.
• the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt, of this invention may be combined with other anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant therapeutic compounds, therapeutic regimens, compositions, and agents suitable for the treatment of disorders, such that improved effects are reached and/or side effects ameliorated side effects.
• the invention includes combination therapies wherein the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt, of this invention are used in conjunciton with other therapeutic agents used for the treatment of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD) such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, proctitis, gastric inflammation, celiac disease, appendicitis, microscopic colitis, distal proctitis, indeterminant colitis, allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, atopi cermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis or adenocarcinomas or other cancer disease in gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, skin or nasal region
• IBD inflammatory bowel disorders
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
• pulmonary fibrosis psoriasis,
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt may be administered in association with a GCR active compound e.g. Budesonide, Fluticazone or Prednisolone.
• a GCR active compound e.g. Budesonide, Fluticazone or Prednisolone.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt may be administered in association with a 5-ASA compound or an appropriate NSAID.
• a suitable 5-ASA compound is for example Mesalazine.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt may be administered in association with an antibiotics eg. Metronidazole, trimethoprim/sulfamthoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline.
• an antibiotics eg. Metronidazole, trimethoprim/sulfamthoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline.
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt may be administered in association with anti-inflammatory antibodies acting against eg. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) eg. Infliximab.
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI and MI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a solvate of such a salt may be administered in association with a dihydrofo late reductase inhibitor.
• Flash column chromatography employed normal phase silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm, Merck) or IST Isolute®SPE columns normal phase silica gel or Biotage HorizonTM HPFC System using silica FLASH+TM HPFCTM Cartridges.
• HPLC purifications were performed on either a Gilson preparative HPLC system with a UV triggered fraction collector, equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or a Kromasil C18 column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with a Kromasil C8 10 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 50 mm column or an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or on a Waters FractionLynx HPLC system with a mass triggered fraction collector, equipped with a ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 100 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column; or a Sunfire C18 5 ⁇ 19 mm ⁇ 100 mm column using MeCN/NH 4 OAc buffer system with a gradient from 100% mobilphase A (5% MeCN+95% 0.1 M NH 4 OAc) to 100% mobilphase B (100% MeCN) unless otherwise stated
• Flash column chromatography employed normal phase silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm, Merck) or IST Isolute®SPE columns normal phase silica gel or Biotage HorizonTM HPFC System using silica FLASH+TM HPFCTM Cartridges.
• HPLC purifications were performed on either a Gilson preparative HPLC system with a UV triggered fraction collector, equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or a Kromasil C18 column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with a Kromasil C8 10 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 50 mm column or an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or on a Waters FractionLynx HPLC system with a mass triggered fraction collector, equipped with a ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 100 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column; or a Sunfire C18 5 ⁇ 19 mm ⁇ 100 mm column using MeCN/NH 4 OAc buffer system with a gradient from 100% mobilphase A (5% MeCN+95% 0.1 M NH 4 OAc) to 100% mobilphase B (100% MeCN) unless otherwise stated
• Phase Separator from IST was used. Flashchromatography was performed using standard glass columns employing normal phase silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm, Merck). HPLC purifications were performed on Waters FractionLynx HPLC system with a mass triggered fraction collector, a Sunfire C18 5 ⁇ m 19 mm ⁇ 150 mm column using MeCN/HCO 2 H buffer system with a gradient from 100% mobilphase A (5% MeCN+95% 0.1 M HCO 2 H, pH3) to 100% mobilphase B (100% MeCN).
• 1 H NMR measurements were performed on a Varian Inova 400 and 600 spectrometer, operating at 1 H frequencies of 400 and 600 MHz. Chemical shifts are given in 6 values (ppm) with the solvent used as internal standard.
• Mass spectral data were obtained using a Micromass LCT or Waters Q-T of micro system and, where appropriate, either positive ion data or negative ion data were collected.
• Flash column chromatography employed normal phase silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm, Merck) or IST Isolute®SPE columns normal phase silica gel or Biotage HorizonTM HPFC System using silica FLASH+TM HPFCTM Cartridges.
• HPLC purifications were performed on either a Gilson preparative HPLC system with a UV triggered fraction collector, equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or a Kromasil C18 column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with a Kromasil C8 10 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column, or on a Waters preparative HPLC system equipped with an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 50 mm column or an ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 250 mm ⁇ 20 mm column, or on a Waters FractionLynx HPLC system with a mass triggered fraction collector, equipped with a ACE C8 5 ⁇ m 100 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm column; or a Sunfire C18 5 ⁇ 19 mm ⁇ 100 mm column using MeCN/NH 4 OAc buffer system with a gradient from 100% mobilphase A (5% MeCN+95% 0.1 M NH 4 OAc) to 100% mobilphase B (100% MeCN) unless otherwise stated
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• Methanesulfonic acid 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxy-ethyl)-phenyl ester
• LiAlH 4 (50 mg, 1.34 mmol) was added in several small portions and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was cooled down to 0° C. and excess LiAlH 4 was hydrolyzed by adding MeOH (5 mL), H 2 O (10 mL) and 2N aq. HCl (5 mL). After extracting with DCM the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as an oil.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): ⁇ 8.05-8.09 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.58 (m, 3H), 4.75 (s, 2H).
• the title compound was prepared from 3-(4-amino phenyl)-propan-1-ol (1.02 g, 6.72 mmol) and acrylic acid 2,2,2-trichloroethylester (4.55 g, 22.17 mmol) in the same manner as described for 2-chloro-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography using DCM/iPrOH 95:5 as the eluent and the product was obtained as an oil (0.74 g, 29.4%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-chloro-3-[4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (0.74 g, 1.98 mmol) and 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanethiol (0.34 g, 2.17 mmol) as described for 3-[4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy-methyl)-phenyl]-2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-propionic acid methyl ester.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-[2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloro-ethoxycarbonyl)-ethyl]-benzoic acid (220 mg, 0.46 mmol) and 2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-ethanol (103 mg, 0.50 mmol) in the same manner as described for 4-[2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-2-(2,2,2-trichloro-ethoxy-carbonyl)-ethyl]-benzoic acid 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyl-oxazol-4-ylmethylester.
• Methanesulfonic acid 4-(2-mercapto-ethyl)-phenyl ester dissolved in anhydrous DCM was added droppwise and the reaction was stirred for 18 h at ambient temperature.
• EtOAc was added and the mixture was extracted with aq. KHSO 4 , aq. Na 2 CO 3 and brine.
• the organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and finally concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude title compound as an oil (78 mg, 89.9%). No further purification was done.
• the title compound was prepared from 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.85 g, 2.28 mmol) in the same manner as described for 3-(3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-ethoxy-propionic acid.
• the crude product was used in the next step without further purification (0.71 g, 85%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3-[4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-phenyl]-2-ethoxy-propionic acid ethyl ester (1.1 g, 3.0 mmol) in the same manner as described for 3-(3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-ethoxy-propionic acid.
• the crude product was obtained as a solid and used in the next step without further purification (0.73 g, 65%).
• Oxalyl chloride (0.364 g, 2.87 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 3-(3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-ethoxy-propionic acid (0.345 g, 1.15 mmol) and a catalytic amount of DMF in dry DCM (2.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for 17 h at room temperature before the excess oxalyl chloride was evaporated in vacuo. The remaining carboxylic acid chloride was redissolved in dry DCM (3.0 mL) and benzyl alcohol (0.15 g, 1.38 mmol) was added under nitrogen atmosphere.
• the title compound was prepared from 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid (0.71 g, 3.15 mmol) in the same manner as described for 3-(3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using n-heptane/EtOAc (3:2) as the eluent and the title compound was obtained as an oil (0.51 g, 51.6%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3-(3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester (48 mg, 0.123 mol) and (4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetic acid (31 mg, 0.123 mmol) in the same manner as described for 3- ⁇ 3-benzyl-4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using n-heptane/EtOAc (7:3) as the solvent to afford the product as a as an oil (65.1 mg, 72.2%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenyl)-propionic acid benzyl ester (38 mg, 0.15 mmol) and (4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetic acid (47 mg, 0.15 mmol) in the same manner as decsribed for 3- ⁇ 3-benzyl-4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-[2-ethoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloro-ethoxy carbonyl)-ethyl]-benzoic acid (0.032 g, 0.087 mmol) and methanesulfonic acid 4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl ester (0.018 g, 0.09 mmol) in the same manner as decsribed for 3- ⁇ 3-benzyl-4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester.
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for 2-(3-carboxymethyl-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester above from 4-mercapto-benzoic acid (60 mg, 0.389 mmol), 2-bromomethyl-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (135 mg, 0.389 mmol), cesium carbonate (152 mg, 0.467 mmol) and DMF (2 mL).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for 2-(3-carboxymethyl-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester above from 4-mercapto-phenylacetic acid (0.73 g, 4.33 mmol), 2-bromomethyl-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (1.50 g, 4.33 mmol), cesium carbonate (1.69 g, 5.20 mmol) and DMF (25 mL). The crude material (1.88 g, 100%) was used for the next step without further purification; Mass spectrum: M ⁇ H + 432.
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for 2-[3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)-phenylsulfanylmethyl]-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester above from 2-(4-carboxymethyl-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (155 mg, 0.357 mmol), (4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methanol (157 mg, 0.893 mmol), EDCxHCl (206 mg, 1.072 mmol), DMAP (4.4 mg, 0.036 mmol) and DCM (3 mL).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for 2-[3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)-phenylsulfanylmethyl]-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester above from 2-(3-carboxymethyl-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (168 mg, 0.387 mmol), 1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol (88 mg, 0.465 mmol), EDCxHCl (111 mg, 0.581 mmol), DMAP (4.7 mg, 0.039 mmol) and DCM (5 mL).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for 2-[3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)-phenylsulfanylmethyl]-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester above from 2-(3-carboxymethyl-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (168 mg, 0.387 mmol), 1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol (88 mg, 0.465 mmol), EDCxHCl (111 mg, 0.581 mmol), DMAP (4.7 mg, 0.039 mmol) and DCM (4 mL).
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• the title compound is commercially available.
• Step 1 To a solution of 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2 trichloro-ethyl ester (70 mg, 0.15 mmol) and (4-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (32.5 mg, 0.15 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (3.0 mL) was added EDCxHCl (37.5 mg, 0.195 mmol) and DMAP (0.18 mg, 0.002 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. After complete addition the cooling bath was removed and the homogenous mixture was stirred at ambient temperature until no starting material was left.
• Step 2 The crude 2,2,2-trichloro ethyl ester derivative (68.7 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (5.0 mL) and zinc (135 mg, 2.0 mmol) was added followed by acetic acid (0.6 mL, 10 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at ambient temperature until no starting material was left. After filtering off and washing the zinc with MeOH and EtOAc, the combined organic layers were extracted with water, dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The title compound was obtained through purification of the crude product by column chromatography using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 95:5 as the eluent. The pure product was obtained as an oil (19.7 mg, 35.8%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2 trichloro-ethyl ester (33 mg, 0.072 mmol) and (4-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (15 mg, 0.065 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography (yield: 2.0 mg, 5.6%). Mass Spectrum: M+H + 547.10.
• the title compound was prepared from 3-(4-carboxymethyl-phenyl)-2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro ethyl ester (30 mg, 0.061 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl alcohol (12 mg, 0.067 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1.
• the crude product was purified by HPLC (yield: 3.0 mg, 9.4%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3-(4-carboxymethyl-phenyl)-2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (30 mg, 0.01 mmol) and methanesulfonic acid 4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl ester (14 mg, 0.067 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1.
• the crude product was purified by HPLC (yield: 0.47 mg, 1.4%). Mass Spectrum: M ⁇ H + 545.50.
• the title compound was prepared from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (34 mg, 0.072 mmol) and methanesulfonic acid (4-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (15 mg, 0.065 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1.
• the crude product was purified by HPLC (yield: 3.0 mg, 8.2%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-[4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (45 mg, 0.091 mmol) and (4-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-acetic acid (19 mg, 0.083 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1.
• the crude product was purified by HPLC (yield: 3.0 mg, 4.2%).
• Step 1 2-Phenyl-propionic acid (0.112 g, 0.1 mmol) was weighted in the tube, 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (0.516 g, 0.065 mmol) dissolved in 1.0 mL DCM was added followed by EDCxHCl (0.020 g, 0.1 mmol). The reaction was stirred at r.t. for 18 h, then 3.0 mL water was added and the organic layer was isolated via phase separator.
• Step 2 First zinc (0.085 g, 1.3 mmol), then acetic acid (2 mL, 33 mmol) was added to the organic phase and the resulting inhomogeneous mixture was stirred at r.t. for 4 h. The zinc was filtered off and subsequently washed with DCM. The combined organic layers were evaporated and the remaining crude product was purified by HPLC to afford the pure product (6.5 g, 21%).
• the title compound was prepared starting from 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid and 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester in the same manner as described for example 7 (yield: 6.3 mg, 20%).
• the title compound was prepared starting from 2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)-propionic acid and 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester in the same manner as described for example 7 (yield: 5.6 mg, 17%).
• the title compound was prepared starting from 2-pyridineacetic acid (HCl salt) and 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3-(4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester in the same manner as described for example 7 (yield: 8.6 mg, 29%).
• the title compound was synthesized from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3- ⁇ 4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazo-1-4-yl)acetoxymethyl]-phenyl ⁇ -propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (751 mg, 1.23 mmol) in the same manner as decsribed for example 12.
• the reaction time was 17 h and the crude product was purified by recrystallisation from iPrOH/iPr 2 O/n-heptane. The pure product was obtained as a solid (yield: 184 mg, 31%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanesulfonyl]-3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxycarbonylmethyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (170 mg, 0.25 mmol) in the same manner as decsribed for example 12.
• the reaction time was 2 h and the crude product was purified by HPLC. The pure product was obtained as a solid (yield: 100 mg, 73%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethylsulfanyl]-3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-methanesulfonyloxy-phenyl)-ethylsulfanylcarbonyl]-phenyl ⁇ -propionic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (yield: 100 mg, 0.144 mmol) in the same manner as decsribed for example 12. The reaction time was 18 h and the crude product was purified by HPLC. The pure product was obtained as a solid (yield: 5.0 mg, 6.2%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3- ⁇ 3-benzyl-4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester (0.054 g, 0.09 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1 with the difference that EtOH was used as the solevnt instead of EtOAc.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using DCM/MeOH (95:5) as the eluent and the desired compound was obtained as an oil (0.019 g, 41.3%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3- ⁇ 3-benzyl-4-[2-(4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester (0.06 g, 0.096 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1 with the difference that EtOH was used as the solvent instead of EtOAc.
• EtOH was used as the solvent instead of EtOAc.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using DCM/MeOH (9:1) as the eluent and the title compound was obtained as an oil (0.047 g, 24.2%).
• the title compound was prepared from 2-ethoxy-3- ⁇ 3-methyl-4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-acetoxy]-phenyl ⁇ -propionic acid benzyl ester (0.63 g, 1.22 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1 with the difference that MeOH was used as the solvent instead of EtOAc.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using DCM/iPrOH (95:5) as the eluent and the title compound was obtained as a solid (0.303 g, 58.3%).
• the title compound was prepared from 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetoxy]-3-methyl-phenyl ⁇ -2-ethoxy-propionic acid benzyl ester (0.035 g, 0.064 mmol) in the same manner as described for example 1 with the difference that MeOH was used as the solvent instead of EtOAc.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography using DCM/iPrOH (95:5) as the eluent and the title compound was obtained as a solid (0.02 g, 68.4%).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for example 1 above from 2- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-acetoxymethyl]phenylsulfanylmethyl ⁇ benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (112 mg, 0.189 mmol), zinc (247 mg, 3.79 mmol), HOAc, 97% (1.08 mL, 18.9 mmol) and DCM (9 mL).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for example 1 above from 2- ⁇ 3-[1-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylmethyl]phenylsulfanylmethyl ⁇ -benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (157 mg, 0.0.259 mmol), zinc (339 mg, 5.18 mmol), HOAc, 97% (1.48 mL, 25.9 mmol) and DCM (12 mL).
• the titled compound was prepared according to the method described for example 1 above from 2- ⁇ 3-[2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylmethyl]phenylsulfanylmethyl ⁇ -benzoic acid 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl ester (160 mg, 0.264 mmol), zinc (345 mg, 5.28 mmol), HOAc, 97% (1.51 mL, 26.4 mmol) and DCM (12 mL).
• step 1 The crudes from step 1 were dissolved in DCM (10 mL) and zinc (377 mg, 5.76 mmol) were added to each of the reactions followed by the addition of HOAc, 97% (1.65 mL). The reaction mixtures were stirred for 4 h, unless otherwise stated. The zinc were filtered off through phase separators. The filtrates, collected into new vials (40 mL), were washed with water and the two phases were separated through phase separators. The DCM were removed and the crudes were dissolved in DMSO (1.8 mL) before being purified by HPLC.
• step 1 The crudes from step 1 were dissolved in DCM (10 mL) and zinc (377 mg, 5.76 mmol) were added to each of the reactions followed by the addition of HOAc, 97% (1.65 mL). The reaction mixtures were stirred for 4 h, unless otherwise stated. The zinc were filtered off through phase separators. The filtrates, collected into new vials (40 mL), were washed with water and the two phases were separated through phase separators. The DCM were removed and the crudes were dissolved in DMSO (1.8 mL) before being purified by HPLC.
• Expression vectors were prepared by inserting the ligand binding domain cDNA (complementary DNA) of human PPARalpha (amino acid 168-468) and human PPARgamma (amino acid 205-505), 3′ to and in frame with, the yeast GAL4 transcription factor DNA binding domain and the nuclear localization signal from the T-antigen of Polyoma Virus into the mammalian expression vector pSG5 (Stratagene).
• the resulting expression vectors pSGGAL-PPARalpha and pSGGAL-PPARgamma were used in co-transfection experiments together with a modified pGL3 promoter plasmid (Promega) containing five copies of the UAS GAL4 recognition site.
• pSGGAL-PPARalpha or pSGGAL-PPARgamma were mixed with 25 ⁇ g pGL3p 5xUAS and 22.5 ⁇ g pBluescript (Stratagene) in 0.95 mL ice cold PBS containing between 9-12 million U-20S (human osteosarcoma) cells.
• the cell/DNA mixture was incubated on ice for 5 minutes and then divided between two 0.4 cm cuvettes and electroporated at 960 ⁇ F, 230 V using a BioRad electroporator.
• the two electroporation mixes were combined in assay medium [Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium w/o phenol red, (Gibco 11880-028) including 10% FBS (Foetal Bovine Serum), 1% PEST (Penicillin & Streptomycin), 20 mM Hepes, 2 mM L-Glutamine and 0.36% Glucose (Gibco 31966-021)] at 0.32 million cells/ml. 25 ⁇ l diluted, electroporated cells, were seeded into 384-well plates and allowed to adhere for 3-4 h at 37° C., 5% CO 2 in a cell culture incubator. Test compounds in DMSO were diluted 40 fold in assay medium.
• assay medium Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium w/o phenol red, (Gibco 11880-028) including 10% FBS (Foetal Bovine Serum), 1% PEST (Penicillin & Streptomycin), 20 mM Hepes,
• Plasma clearance and oral bioavailability is estimated in Syrian male hamster or in female C57B1/6 mice.
• Hamsters are prepared 2 days prior to dosing by cannulation of the left carotid artery for blood sampling and, when applicable, by cannulation of the righ jugular vein for intravenous administration.
• the cannulae are filled with heparin (100 IU/ml), extorized at the nape of the neck and sealed.
• the surgery is performed under isoflurane (Forene®, Abbott) anaesthesia. After surgery and under the experiment, the hamsters are housed individually and have free access to food and water.
• the compound is dissolved in TEG:DMA:water (1:1:1) or another appropriate vehicle.
• the compound is administered as an intravenous (iv) bolus injection at a dose of ⁇ 2 ⁇ mmol/kg.
• Blood samples are collected at frequent intervals up to at least 6 hours after drug administration.
• the compound is administered orally at ⁇ 8 ⁇ mmol/kg via gavage and blood samples are collected frequently up to at least 6 hours after dosing.
• Blood samples are collected in heparinized tubes, kept on ice and centrifuged within 30 min for 5 min at 10000 g and 4° C. An aliquot of 50 ⁇ l plasma is transferred to 96-well plate and stored at ⁇ 20° C. For analysis, samples are precipitated with 150 ⁇ l cold acetonitrile and centrifuged for 20 min at 2900 g. The supernatant is diluted 1:1 with water and analysed by LCMSMS. The concentrations of the soft drug and, if possible, at least of one of the expected metabolites, are determined using standard curves. The concentrations of the compound in the formulation are confirmed by LCMSMS.
• the bioavailability (F) is calculated as
• the total plasma clearance, CL is calculated as Dose i.v. /AUC i.v.
• V z the apparent volume of distribution
• the volume of distribution at steady state, V ss is calculated as MRT i.v. ⁇ CL.
• the mean residence time after intravenous administration, MRT i.v. is calculated as AUMC/AUC for bolus injection. After intravenous infusion, the mean residence time is calculated as (AUMC/AUC) ⁇ t inf /2.
• AUMC is the area under the first-moment versus time curve.
• Liver microsomes are prepared from human liver samples according to internal SOPs, whereas Syrian male hamster liver microsomes are purchased (Biopredic). The compounds are incubated at 37° C. at a total microsome protein concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in a 0.1 mon potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, in the presence of the cofactor, NADPH (1.0 mmol/L). The initial concentration of compound is 1.0 ⁇ mol/L. Samples are taken for analysis at 5 time points, 0, 7, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the start of the incubation. The enzymatic activity in the collected sample is immediately stopped by adding acetonitrile (1:3.5), thereafter the sample is diluted 1:1 with water.
• the concentration of compound remaining in each of the collected samples is determined by means of LCMSMS.
• the elimination rate constant (k) of the soft drug is calculated as the slope of the plot of In[soft drug] against incubation time (minutes).
• the elimination rate constant is then used to calculate the half-life (T 1/2 ) of the soft drug, which is subsequently used to calculate the intrinsic clearance (CLint) of the soft drug in liver microsomes as:
• the compounds of formula I, XI, CI, MI have an EC 50 of less than 30 ⁇ mol/l for PPAR ⁇ and/or ⁇ in reporter gene assays (Table I).
• the compounds of Example 1 and Example 14 have EC 50 's for PPAR ⁇ of 0.24 ⁇ mol/l and 1.4 ⁇ mol/l, respectively and EC 50 's for PPAR ⁇ of 1.8 ⁇ mol/l and 0.11 ⁇ mol/l, respectively in reporter gene assays.
• the skilled person should be able to adapt the disclosed test conditions to make a suitable assessment of the compound activity, for example by adjusting the incubation time.
• the compounds of formula (I), (XI), (CI), (MI) would have activity in a cell free assay, e.g. a binding assay.
• the binding assay may be a scintillation proximity assay (SPA).
• SPA scintillation proximity assay
• a radiolabelled ligand which can bind to the protein stimulates the beads to emit a signal. Binding affinities of unlabelled ligands can be determined by competitive displacement of the radioligand.
• Recombinant 6-histidine tagged PPARLBD protein can be expressed and purified from E. coli.
• Immobilisation of the PPAR protein on the beads can be achieved through electrostatic interactions using yttrium silicate SPA beads precoated with polylysine. Assays can be performed in multi-well format. Reaction mixes may contain, polylysine coated SPA beads, a fixed concentration of a tritiated PPAR ligand, recombinant 6-His PPAR and assay buffer. The amounts and concentrations of the reaction mix components and incubation times are determined experimentally.
• radioligand/PPAR complex The formation of a radioligand/PPAR complex can be measured in a scintillation counter. Affinities of test compounds can be determined by incorporating increasing concentrations of unlabelled test compound into the assay which will lead to displacement of the radiolabelled ligand from the complex which is detected as loss of radioactive signal. Competition curves can be generated by plotting % binding versus concentration and equilibrium dissociation constants determined.

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