US20100009442A1 - Stem Cell Culture Medium and Method - Google Patents

Stem Cell Culture Medium and Method Download PDF

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US20100009442A1
US20100009442A1 US12/442,245 US44224507A US2010009442A1 US 20100009442 A1 US20100009442 A1 US 20100009442A1 US 44224507 A US44224507 A US 44224507A US 2010009442 A1 US2010009442 A1 US 2010009442A1
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cells
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Yoshiki Sasai
Kiichi Watanabe
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RIKEN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0603—Embryonic cells ; Embryoid bodies
    • C12N5/0606—Pluripotent embryonic cells, e.g. embryonic stem cells [ES]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0603—Embryonic cells ; Embryoid bodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/70—Enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/999—Small molecules not provided for elsewhere
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a method of culturing stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells), a medium for culture of such stem cells and uses thereof.
  • stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
  • ES cells embryonic stem cells
  • ES cells provide a strong candidate as a cell source in cell transplants for central nervous disease such as Parkinson's disease and diabetes.
  • mouse ES cell are commonly used at present, but in view of clinical applications, it is necessary to carry out research and development not using human ES cells.
  • human ES cells more easily undergo cell death than mouse ES cells in cell culture.
  • human ES cells are homogeneously dissociated into single cells cell death and cessation of growth occurs very easily and cloning efficiency in human ES cells is consequently believed to be 1% or less.
  • SFEB Human-free Floating culture of Embryoid Bodies-like aggregates
  • Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK:GenBank accession NO:NM — 005406) is one of the main effector molecules of Rho GTPase and it is known that it controls physiological phenomena such as vascular constriction and nerve axon extension (Riento et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 446-456 (2003)).
  • ROCK inhibitors for example, Ishizaki et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 976-983 (2000) and Narumiya et al., Methods Enzymol. 325, 273-284 (2000)).
  • ROCK inhibition Although there are several reports that the cellular death is controlled by ROCK inhibition (Minambres et al., J. Cell Sci. 119, 271-282 (2006) and Kobayashi et al., J. Neurosci. 24, 3480-3488 (2004)), there are also reports that ROCK inhibition accelerates apoptosis (Rattan et al., J. Neurosci Res. 83, 243-255 (2006) and Svoboda et al., Dev Dyn. 229, 579-590 (2004)) and the role of Rho/ROCK in apoptosis control is not established yet (Riento et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 446-456 (2003)).
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a novel methodology and novel medium effective for culturing stem cells such as ES cells.
  • the present inventors have extensively studied and as a result have found that the survival rate, proliferation potency and/or differentiation efficiency of a stem cell such as a pluripotent stem cell, especially an ES, cell can be improved by culturing the stem cell in a culture medium containing a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the present invention hence provides:
  • a method of culturing stem cells which comprises a step of treating the stem cell with a ROCK inhibitor in a culture medium;
  • stem cells are embryonic stem cells
  • a method for producing a differentiated cell from a stem cell which has an improved survival rate and/or proliferation potency or a stem cell which has improved differentiation efficiency comprising culturing a stem cell in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor;
  • a cell preparation comprising a stem cell and a ROCK inhibitor
  • a stem cell culture medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor
  • a serum-free medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor
  • a culture system containing a stem cell and a ROCK inhibitor in a medium [21] A culture system containing a stem cell and a ROCK inhibitor in a medium.
  • Embodiments of the above thus include a method of culture of a stem cell comprising maintaining the stem cell in a culture medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor, and a stem cell culture medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the invention provides: a method of culturing stem cells so as to promote cloning efficiency or passaging efficiency, comprising culturing the stem cells in a culture medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor; a method of promoting colony formation in a stem cell culture, comprising culturing stem cells in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor; and a method of improving cloning efficiency or passaging efficiency in a stem cell culture, comprising culturing stem cells in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the stem cells are cultured in the absence of feeder cells, feeder cell extracts and/or serum.
  • the stem cells can be cultured in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor prior to subcloning or passaging, e.g. for at least one hour before subcloning or passaging.
  • the stem cells are maintained in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor after subcloning or passaging.
  • the stem cells are maintained in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor for at least about 12 hours, more preferably at least about 2, about 4, or about 6 days.
  • the stem cells are maintained in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor for at least one to five passages.
  • the ROCK inhibitor is subsequently withdrawn from the culture medium, for example after about 12 hours or after about 2, about 4, or about 6 days. In other embodiments, the ROCK inhibitor is withdrawn after at least one to five passages.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of improving the survival of stem cells in a culture, comprising contacting the stem cells with or otherwise exposing the stem cells to a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the methods of this aspect of the invention are particularly suitable for improving cell survival when the culture comprises dissociated stem cells or aggregates of stem cells in suspension. Such methods are especially useful when the culture comprises cells at low density, including the exemplary cell densities described herein, or when the culture comprises stem cells at clonal density.
  • the stem cells are maintained in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor for at least about 12 hours, more preferably for at least about 2, about 4, or about 6 days, or for at least one to five passages.
  • the ROCK inhibitor is subsequently withdrawn from the culture medium, e.g. after about 12 hours, after about 2, about 4, or about 6 days, or after at least one to five passages.
  • An additional method of the invention is a method of transporting stem cells comprising transporting the stem cells in a medium comprising a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the stem cells are pluripotent stem cells, e.g. embryonic stem cells, including any type of stem cell described herein.
  • the stem cells can be adult multipotent stem cells.
  • the stem cells can be murine stem cells, rodent stem cells or primate stem cells, including human stem cells.
  • ROCK inhibitors are Y-27632, Fasudil and H-1152.
  • the invention provides a method of culture of ES cells, comprising the steps of:
  • the ES cells are cultured in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor prior to withdrawal of the serum, serum extract and/or feeders.
  • the methods of the invention can advantageously be used in any situation in which stem cells are isolated or cultured at low densities.
  • the stem cells are maintained in an undifferentiated state with reduced cell death.
  • the methods can be used to improve the derivation of stem cells from tissues.
  • the methods of the invention can also be used for deriving pluripotent cells (e.g. ES cells including mouse and human ES cells) from a blastocyst using any appropriate methodology.
  • a blastocyst can be obtained and optionally be cultured in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor, after which the inner cell mass can be dissociated, a cell or cells from the inner cell mass isolated and cultured in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the methods of the invention are also useful in the context of genetic modification of stem cells, particularly in isolating clonal populations of genetically modified stem cells. Accordingly, the invention provides a method of obtaining a transfected population of ES cells, comprising:
  • the ROCK inhibitor can be present in the culture medium before and/or after the application of selection for cells that express the selectable marker. It is preferred that the ROCK inhibitor is present during selection, particularly if the selectable marker confers resistance to particular selection agents present in the medium (e.g. antibiotic resistance) to counteract the effects of low stem cell densities.
  • the method further includes the step of subcloning the ES cells that express the selectable marker in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor, thereby promoting stem cell growth and/or colony formation and/or improving the survival of the stem cells.
  • the invention also provides use of a ROCK inhibitor in the manufacture of a culture medium for stem cells.
  • the culture medium can be any medium described herein, or can comprise a combination or one or more medium components described herein.
  • the medium can be formulated so as to be suitable for the culture of any stem cell type described herein, including human and mouse stem cells, e.g. ES cells.
  • the invention provides cell culture medium that is free of serum and serum extract and comprises: basal medium; a ROCK inhibitor; and optionally one or more of insulin, insulin growth factor and an iron transporter.
  • basal media and iron transporters e.g. transferrin
  • Suitable basal media and iron transporters are readily available to the skilled person, including the exemplary media and iron transporters described herein.
  • aspects of the present invention relate to the use of a ROCK inhibitor to achieve the effects on stem cells described herein.
  • aspects of the invention provide use of a ROCK inhibitor to promote and/or improve cloning efficiency or passaging efficiency in a stem cell culture; use of a ROCK inhibitor to promote and/or improve colony formation in a stem cell culture; and use of a ROCK inhibitor to promote and/or improve the survival of stem cells in a culture
  • the culture methods of the present invention can improve the survival rate, proliferation potency or differentiation efficiency of stem cells, in particular, ES cells such as human ES cells.
  • the culture method of the present invention can exhibit its advantages, for example, in any culture methods including dissociation of stem cells, adherent or suspension cultures of the dissociated stem cells or the like.
  • the culture method of the present invention has such advantages, so that it can be preferably used for passage culture of the stem cell, differentiation inducing of the stem cell (for example, to neural or nerve cells), purification or cloning of the stem cell, genetic modification of the stem cell, and so on.
  • the cell preparation, culturing agent, combination (for example, composition and kit), serum-free medium, culture system and the like of the present invention can be preferably used, for example, for the culture method of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method of culturing a stem cell including treating the stem cell with a ROCK inhibitor, and a stem cell obtained by the culture method and differentiated cell therefrom. Further, the present invention provides a method of treating a stem cell with a ROCK inhibitor.
  • stem cell includes pluripotent, undifferentiated cells and includes embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and adult stem cells.
  • Reference to ES cells includes ES cells established by culturing an early embryo before implantation, ES stem cells established by culturing an early embryo prepared by nuclear-transfer using a nucleus of a somatic cell, and ES cells having genes modified by genetic engineering.
  • Such stem cells can be prepared by any of known methods (see, for example, Wilmut et. al., Nature, 385, 810 (1997); Cibelli et. al., Science, 280, 1256 (1998); Baguisi et. al., Nature Biotechnology, 17, 456 (1999); Wakayama et.
  • embryonic stem cells are available from specified organizations or commercially available.
  • human ES cell such as KhES-1, KhES-2 and KhES-3 are available from Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University.
  • the term adult stem cell includes any stem cells capable of differentiating to differentiated cells described later. Neural stem cells, haematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells are preferred examples of adult stem cells.
  • the stem cell can be derived from warm-blooded animals such as mammals (for example, primates, Rodentia).
  • mammals for example, primates, Rodentia
  • mammals includes humans, monkeys, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cattle, horses and goats.
  • the stem cells are preferably derived from primates such as human.
  • the stem cells to be treated with a ROCK inhibitor according to the present invention can be dissociated cells or non-dissociated cells.
  • the dissociated cells refer to cells treated to promote cell dissociation (for example, the dissociation described later).
  • Dissociated cells include a single cell and cells having formed a small cell clump (aggregate) of several (typically about 2 to 50, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10) cells.
  • the dissociated cells can be suspended (floating) cells or adhered cells.
  • ES cells such as human ES cells are susceptible to specific conditions such as dissociation (and/or suspension culture after dissociation).
  • the methods of the present invention have particular use when the stem cell is subject to conditions at which hitherto cell death would have occurred.
  • ROCK inhibitors generally are suitable without limitation so long as an inhibitor can inhibit the function of Rho-kinase (ROCK), and suitable inhibitors include Y-27632 (for example, refer to Ishizaki et. al., Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 976-983 (2000); Narumiya et. al., Methods Enzymol. 325,273-284 (2000)), Fasudil (also referred to as HA1077) (for example, refer to Uenata et. al., Nature 389: 990-994 (1997)), H-1152 (for example, refer to Sasaki et. al., Pharmacol. Ther.
  • Y-27632 for example, refer to Ishizaki et. al., Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 976-983 (2000); Narumiya et. al., Methods Enzymol. 325,273-284 (2000)
  • Fasudil also referred to as HA1077
  • H-1152 for example, refer
  • Wf-536 for example, refer to Nakajima et. al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 52(4): 319-324 (2003)
  • Y-30141 described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,838
  • antisense nucleic acid for ROCK for example, RNA interference inducing nucleic acid (for example, siRNA), competitive peptides, antagonist peptides, inhibitory antibodies, antibody-ScFV fragments, dominant negative variants and expression vectors thereof.
  • RNA interference inducing nucleic acid for example, siRNA
  • competitive peptides for example, antagonist peptides, inhibitory antibodies, antibody-ScFV fragments, dominant negative variants and expression vectors thereof.
  • ROCK inhibitors since other low molecular compounds are known as ROCK inhibitors, such compounds or derivatives thereof can be also used in the present invention (for example, refer to United State Patent Application Nos.
  • the stem cell can be treated with the ROCK inhibitor in a medium.
  • the medium used in the methods of the present invention may already contain the ROCK inhibitor or alternatively, the methods of the present invention may involve a step of adding the ROCK inhibitor to the medium.
  • the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor in the medium is particularly not limited as far as it can achieve the desired effects such as the improved survival rate of stem cells.
  • Y-27632 when used as the ROCK inhibitor, it can be used at the concentration of preferably about 0.01 to about 1000 ⁇ M, more preferably about 0.1 to about 100 ⁇ M, further more preferably about 1.0 to about 30 ⁇ M, and most preferably about 2.0 to 20 ⁇ M.
  • Fasudil/HA1077 When Fasudil/HA1077 is used as the ROCK inhibitor, it can be used at about twofold the aforementioned Y-27632 concentration. When H-1152 is used as the ROCK inhibitor, it can be used at about 1/50 th of the aforementioned Y-27632 concentration.
  • the time for treating with the ROCK inhibitor is particularly not limited as long as it is a time duration for which the desired effects such as the improved survival rate of stem cells can be achieved.
  • the time for treating is preferably about 30 minutes to several hours (e.g., about one hour) before dissociation. After dissociation, the human embryonic stem cell can be treated with the ROCK inhibitor for, for example, about 12 hours or more to achieve the desired effects.
  • the density of the stem cell(s) to be treated with the ROCK inhibitor is particularly not limited as far as it is a density at which the desired effects such as the improved survival rate of stem cells can be achieved. It is preferably about 1.0 ⁇ 10 1 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml, more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ 10 2 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml, further more preferably about 1.0 ⁇ 10 3 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 cells/ml, and most preferably about 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml.
  • the methods of the present invention can further involve a step of dissociating stem cells.
  • Stem cell dissociation can be performed using any known procedures. These procedures include treatments with a chelating agent (such as EDTA), an enzyme (such as trypsin, collagenase), or the like, and operations such as mechanical dissociation (such as pipetting).
  • the stem cell(s) can be treated with the ROCK inhibitor before and/or after dissociation. For example, the stem cell(s) can be treated only after dissociation.
  • the treatment of the stem cell(s) with the ROCK inhibitor can be as described above.
  • the culturing conditions according to the present invention will be appropriately defined depending on the medium and stem cells used.
  • the present invention also provides a medium to be used in the methods of the present invention.
  • the medium according to the present invention can be prepared using a medium to be used for culturing animal cells as its basal medium.
  • a medium to be used for culturing animal cells as its basal medium.
  • the basal medium any of BME, BGJb, CMRL 1066, Glasgow MEM, Improved MEM Zinc Option, IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle MEM, ⁇ MEM, DMEM, Ham, RPMI 1640, and Fischer's media, as well as any combinations thereof can be used, but the medium is not particularly limited thereto as far as it can be used for culturing animal cells.
  • the medium according to the present invention can be a serum-containing or serum-free medium.
  • the serum-free medium refers to media with no unprocessed or unpurified serum and accordingly, can include media with purified blood-derived components or animal tissue-derived components (such as growth factors). From the aspect of preventing contamination with heterogeneous animal-derived components, serum can be derived from the same animal as that of the stem cell(s).
  • the medium according to the present invention may contain or may not contain any alternatives to serum.
  • the alternatives to serum can include materials which appropriately contain albumin (such as lipid-rich albumin, albumin substitutes such as recombinant albumin, plant starch, dextrans and protein hydrolysates), transferrin (or other iron transporters), fatty acids, insulin, collagen precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3′thiolglycerol, or equivalents thereto.
  • the alternatives to serum can be prepared by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 98/30679, for example.
  • any commercially available materials can be used for more convenience.
  • the commercially available materials include knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), Chemically-defined Lipid concentrated (Gibco), and Glutamax (Gibco).
  • the medium of the present invention can also contain fatty acids or lipids, amino acids (such as non-essential amino acids), vitamin(s), growth factors, cytokines, antioxidant substances, 2-mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, and inorganic salts.
  • concentration of 2-mercaptoethanol can be, for example, about 0.05 to 1.0 mM, and preferably about 0.1 to 0.5 mM, but the concentration is particularly not limited thereto as long as it is appropriate for culturing the stem cell(s).
  • a culture vessel used for culturing the stem cell(s) can include, but is particularly not limited to: flask, flask for tissue culture, dish, petri dish, dish for tissue culture, multi dish, micro plate, micro-well plate, multi plate, multi-well plate, micro slide, chamber slide, schale, tube, tray, culture bag, and roller bottle, as long as it is capable of culturing the stem cells therein.
  • the culture vessel can be cellular adhesive or non-adhesive and selected depending on the purpose.
  • the cellular adhesive culture vessel can be coated with any of substrates for cell adhesion such as extracellular matrix (ECM) to improve the adhesiveness of the vessel surface to the cells.
  • the substrate for cell adhesion can be any material intended to attach stem cells or feeder cells (if used).
  • the substrate for cell adhesion includes collagen, gelatin, poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, laminin, and fibronectin and mixtures thereof for example Matrigel, and lysed cell membrane preparations (Klimanskaya I et al 2005. Lancet 365: p1636-1641).
  • the culturing temperature can be about 30 to 40° C. and preferably about 37° C. but particularly not limited to them.
  • the CO 2 concentration can be about 1 to 10% and preferably about 2 to 5%.
  • the oxygen tension can be 1-10%.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used for adhesion culture of stem cells, for example.
  • the cells can be cultured in the presence of feeder cells.
  • feeder cells such as foetal fibroblasts can be used as feeder cells (for example, refer to; Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994); Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993); Martin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 7634 (1981); Evans et. al., Nature, 292, 154 (1981); Jainchill et al., J.
  • the methods of the present invention can be also used for a suspension culture of stem cells, including suspension culture on carriers (Fernandes A M et al J Biotechnology 2007) or gel/biopolymer encapsulation (United States Patent 20070116680).
  • suspension culture of the stem cells means that the stem cells are cultured under non-adherent condition with respect to the culture vessel or feeder cells (if used) in a medium.
  • the suspension culture of stem cells includes a dissociation culture of stem cells and an aggregate suspension culture of stem cells.
  • dissociation culture of stem cells means that suspended stem cells is cultured, and the dissociation culture of stem cells include those of single stem cell or those of small cell aggregates composed of a plurality of stem cells (for example, about 2 to 20 cells).
  • the aggregate suspension culture includes an embryoid culture method (see Keller et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 862-869 (1995)), and a SFEB method (Watanabe et al., Nature Neuroscience 8, 288-296 (2005); International Publication No. 2005/123902).
  • the methods of the present invention can significantly improve the survival rate and/or differentiation efficiency of stem cells in a suspension culture.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used as stem cell subculture methods. Therefore, the methods of the present invention can involve a step of collecting/plating stem cells. According to the methods of the present invention, a higher survival rate and improved proliferation potency can be achieved. For example, conventionally, the survival rate of the dissociated human ES cells was very low and could not be grown sufficiently. According to the methods of the present invention, the higher survival rate of the human ES cells and improved proliferation potency can be achieved.
  • the methods of the present invention not only facilitate the culture of a large amount of human ES cells, which has been difficult, but also allow single cells (or a small aggregation of cells) to be dissociated from each other in culture efficiently; furthermore, the methods of the invention can promote the efficiency of drug discovery and safety tests (for example, high throughput screening) using stem cells.
  • the methods of the present invention provide for easy screening/subcloning of genetically-modified stem cells (knocked-in and/or homologously-recombined cells) and safer and more homogeneous screening of a stem cell line for medical applications.
  • the methods of the present invention also have advantages in that they result in the stem cells retaining undifferentiated properties of stem cells without impairing their differentiation potency.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used whilst inducing stem cell differentiation. Therefore, the methods of the present invention can involve a step of inducing stem cell differentiation. Any known method can be employed for inducing stem cell differentiation. Examples of the cells to be produced through stem cell differentiation include endodermal cells (Sox17 or AFP marker positive cells, etc.), mesodermal cells (Brachyury, Flk1, Mox marker positive cells, etc.), and ectodermal cells.
  • Examples of the ectodermal cells include neural cells (NCAM, TUJ1, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin, nestin, MAP2, MAP2ab, NeuN, GABA, glutamate, ChAT, or Sox1 marker positive cells, etc.), epidermal cells (cytokeratin marker positive cells, etc.), sensory cells (RPE or rhodopsin marker positive cells, etc.), pigmentary cells (TRP-1 marker positive cells, etc.), and neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells (SMA marker positive cells, etc.).
  • the SFEB method see Nature Neuroscience 8, 288-296, 2005; International Publication No.
  • Neurode 2005/123902 can be used to preferably induce nervous system cells, such as neural cells (e.g. cerebral neural cells) and their precursors, from the ES cells.
  • factors can be used as follows; Nodal inhibitors (Lefty-A, Lefty-B, Lefty-1, Lefty-2, soluble Nodal receptors, Nodal antibodies; Nodal receptor inhibitors, etc.); Wnt inhibitors (Dkk1, Cerberus proteins, Wnt receptor inhibitors, soluble Wnt receptors, Wnt antibodies, casein kinase inhibitors, dominant negative Wnt proteins, etc.); and BMP inhibitors (anti-BMP antibodies, soluble BMP receptors, BMP receptor inhibitors, etc.).
  • Nodal inhibitors Lefty-A, Lefty-B, Lefty-1, Lefty-2, soluble Nodal receptors, Nodal antibodies; Nodal receptor inhibitors, etc.
  • Wnt inhibitors Dkk1, Cerberus proteins, Wnt receptor inhibitors, soluble
  • the stem cells for example, human ES cells
  • the methods of the present invention have further advantages in that it can be preferably used in other methods (for example, a SDIA method, a AMED method, a method using PA6 cells), which enable the stem cells to be differentiated into neural cells (forebrain neural cells and/or cerebral dorsal (cortical region) cells and cerebral ventral (basal ganglion region) cells).
  • neural cells forebrain neural cells and/or cerebral dorsal (cortical region) cells and cerebral ventral (basal ganglion region) cells.
  • the present invention provides a cell preparation obtained by the methods of the present invention and/or the above-mentioned dissociation treatments.
  • the cell preparation of the present invention preferably includes a stem cell and a ROCK inhibitor.
  • a cell preparation of the present invention can be a preparation comprising dissociated cells such as small cell aggregates composed of a plurality of single cells.
  • the survival rate of human ES cells subjected to dissociation treatment was extremely low, however, such a cell preparation can improve the survival rate or differentiation efficiency of the stem cells such as ES cells, preferably human or neural stem cells, again preferably human.
  • the cell preparation of the present invention for example, can be used for the storage (for example, cryopreservation) and/or transport of stem cells or the subculture of stem cells.
  • the cell preparation of the present invention can further include the above described serum or substitute thereof, or an organic solvent (for example, DMSO).
  • the concentration of serum or substitute thereof can be, but is not limited to, about 1-50% (v/v), preferably about 5-20% (v/v).
  • the concentration of organic solvent can be, but is not limited to, about 0-50% (v/v), preferably about 5-20% (v/v).
  • Compositions of these embodiments of the invention can include serum or can be serum free and separately can include feeder cells.
  • the present invention provides a culture agent of stem cells comprising a ROCK inhibitor.
  • the culture agent will be a culture medium for stem cells.
  • the culture agent of the present invention can be preferably used in the culture methods of the present invention.
  • the present invention also provides a combination comprising a ROCK inhibitor and other components.
  • the combination of the present invention can be used for culturing of stem cells (for example, passage culture, differentiation induction culture).
  • the combination of the present invention may be a composition.
  • the composition of the present invention can be provided in the form of a mixture of a ROCK inhibitor and other components.
  • the other components which can be included in the composition of the present invention include, for example: differentiation adjustment agents of stem cells such as differentiation inhibitors of stem cells (for example, serum, FGF, LIF, BMP, Wnt, an extracellular matrix, TGF- ⁇ , a feeder cell), and differentiation inducers of stem cells (for example, a BMP inhibitor, a Wnt inhibitor, a Nodal inhibitor, retinoic acid, serum, an extracellular matrix, the feeder cells such as mesenchymal cells); as well as the culture additive (for example, KSR, 2-mercaptoethanol, amino acids, fatty acids and the other factors described above).
  • differentiation inhibitors of stem cells for example, serum, FGF, LIF, BMP, Wnt, an extracellular matrix, TGF- ⁇ , a feeder cell
  • differentiation inducers of stem cells for example, a BMP
  • kits of the present invention can comprise a ROCK inhibitor and other components separately (i.e. a non-mixed manner).
  • the kit of the present invention can be provided in the form of the each component being packaged in a container individually.
  • the other components which can be contained in the kit of the present invention include, for example: the other components mentioned above, which can be included in the composition of the present invention; a material for identification or measurement (detection or quantification) of stem cells or differentiated cells (for example, an antibody against the cell marker); a cell culture medium; a container for culturing which is treated with an extracellular matrix; a plasmid for genetic recombination and a selective agent thereof.
  • the present invention also provides a culture system wherein stem cells and a ROCK inhibitor are contained in a medium.
  • the culture system of the present invention can contain stem cells in the medium of the present invention.
  • the culture system of the present invention can further contain cell culture factors in a medium, other than the components described in detail in relation to the methods of the present invention, such as a feeder cell, cell a supporting matrix, a ROCK inhibitor.
  • FIG. 1 The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 markedly increases the cloning efficiency of hES cells (KhES-1) without affecting their pluripotency.
  • KhES-1 The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 markedly increases the cloning efficiency of hES cells (KhES-1) without affecting their pluripotency.
  • a-c Low-density culture of dissociated hES cells in the absence (a) and presence (b) of 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 on MEF for seven days. Almost all colonies were positive for ALP. Bars, 500 ⁇ m.
  • (c) Ratios of ALP+ colonies to the number of initially seeded hES cells (**, P ⁇ 0.01 vs control, n 3).
  • FIG. 2 Y-27632 directly enhances the cloning efficiency of hES cells (KhES-1).
  • KhES-1 hES cells
  • (a, b) Feeder cell-free culture of hES cells on matrigel-coated plates in MEF-conditioned medium. Bars, 500 ⁇ m. Colony formation from dissociated hES cells was clearly enhanced by Y-27632 (b; inset, a high magnification view of a typical colony; bar, 100 ⁇ m) whereas few colonies formed in its absence (a; ⁇ 0.2% and 10.2 ⁇ 1.2% without and with Y-27632, respectively; P ⁇ 0.001, n 3).
  • (i-n) Flow-cytometric analysis of cell-cycle phase-specific populations.
  • (i, j, l, m) Flow-cytometry patterns.
  • X axis DNA content shown by 7-AAD-binding;
  • Y axis BrdU uptake after a one-hour exposure.
  • (k, n) Relative percentages of phase-specific populations among the hES cells in Groups 1 (blue) and 2 (red).
  • *, P ⁇ 0.05; **, P ⁇ 0.01, Group 2 vs Group 1 (n 3 studies). The degree of increase in cell growth is not very large and cannot explain the robust increase of cloning efficiency (1% vs 27%).
  • FIG. 3 The ROCK inhibitor prevents apoptosis and promotes survival of dissociated hES cells (KhES-1) in suspension culture.
  • a-c TUNEL assay. Dissociated hES cells were cultured in suspension for two days in the absence (a) or presence (b) of 10 ⁇ M Y-27632. TUNEL+ cells were analyzed by FACS.
  • (d) Cell numbers two, four and six days after culturing 2 ⁇ 105 dissociated hES cells in 35-mm plates (n 3). On day 6, efficient formation of cell aggregates was observed with the Y-27632-treated ES cells (f), but not with the control cells (e). Bars, 300 ⁇ m.
  • Bf1 red
  • TuJ1 green
  • DAPI blue
  • Bar 50 ⁇ m.
  • some Bf1+ cells were positive for the neuronal marker TuJ1.
  • (j-n) Immunostaining analysis of SFEB-h-induced neural cells. Bars, 25 ⁇ m.
  • (j) Percentages of Bf1+ telencephalic cells that were positive for Pax6 and Nkx2.1 (**, P ⁇ 0.01 vs control; n 3). Immunocytochemistry of SFEB-h-induced neural cells cultured without (k,l) or with (m,n) Shh (30 nM). Bf1 (green; k-n), Pax6 (red; k,m) and Nkx2.1 (red; l,n).
  • FIG. 4 Analysis of hES cells cultured in the presence of Y-27632 at low density.
  • FIG. 5 Neurological differentiation of hES cells (KhES-1) in suspension culture involving dissociation/reaggregation in the presence of Y-27632.
  • the Human embryonic stem cells used for the experiments described herein were embryonic stem cells (KhES-1, KhES-2 and KhES-3) from human blastocysts established in the laboratory of Norio Nakatsuji, at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, which were distributed and used (mainly KhES-1) following the human embryonic stem cell guidelines of the Japanese government.
  • KhES-1, KhES-2 and KhES-3 embryonic stem cells
  • KhES-2 and KhES-3 embryonic stem cells
  • undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells were cultured on a plastic culture dish with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (inactivated with mitomycin, MEF) seeded as a feeder layer of cells.
  • the culture medium containing comprising KSR (Invitrogen/Gibco-BRL) at the final concentration of 20%, 1 ⁇ NEAA (non-essential amino acids, Invitrogen/Gibco BRL), 2 mM L-glutaminic acid and 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol in D-MEM F12 (Sigma D6421) was used, and the culturing was performed at 37° C., 5% CO 2 .
  • KSR Invitrogen/Gibco-BRL
  • 1 ⁇ NEAA non-essential amino acids
  • 2 mM L-glutaminic acid 2 mM L-glutaminic acid
  • 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol in D-MEM F12 Sigma D6421
  • Passaging was performed in every three or four days, and the embryonic stem cells were detached from the feeder layer using the dissociation liquid (containing 0.25% trypsin, 1 mg/ml collagenase IV solution, 1 mM CaCl 2 in a phosphate buffered saline; all of which from lnvitrogen/Gibco-BRL), followed by dissociated into small cell clumps (of about 50-100 cells) by pipetting, and then were seeded on the feeder layer which had been formed from seeding MEF on the day before.
  • the dissociation liquid containing 0.25% trypsin, 1 mg/ml collagenase IV solution, 1 mM CaCl 2 in a phosphate buffered saline; all of which from lnvitrogen/Gibco-BRL
  • the cell death inhibiting effect and the influence on cloning efficiency, of ROCK inhibitor, for the human embryonic stem cell culture after dissociation to single cells were examined as follows.
  • the human embryonic stem cells as cultured above were detached from the feeder layer as small cell clumps, and further contaminating feeder cells were adhered to the bottom of a cellular adhesive culture plate (0.1% gelatine coated) for removing, by incubating in the maintenance culture medium at 37° C. for one hour, wherein the embryonic stem cell clumps do not strongly adhere to the plate while the contaminating feeder cells strongly adhere.
  • the embryonic stem cell clumps ware dissociated to single cells by trypsin digestion (0.25% trypsin—EDTA, at 37° C.
  • ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 was added at the concentration of 10 ⁇ M one hour prior to detaching the cells from the feeder layer, and the same amount was added to culture in the same amount after the detachment.
  • the cloning efficiencies were 1% and 27% without and with the ROCK inhibitor, respectively.
  • the cells in colonies formed by the treatment with the ROCK inhibitor expressed alkaline phosphatase and Oct3/4, which are markers for undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
  • the superior effect of the ROCK inhibitor for cloning efficiency was confirmed not only in KhES-1 but also KhES-2 and KhES-3 as human embryonic stem cells.
  • ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 significantly improved the survival rate of human embryonic stem cells.
  • the maintenance culture of human embryonic stem cells was performed by passages of small cell clumps as described in Example 1.
  • human embryonic stem cells were dissociated to single cells by trypsin digestion, suspended in the culture medium for maintenance culture, and incubated at 37° C.
  • the cells were collected by centrifugation after 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes of the incubation, and subsequently treated with The small GTPase activation kit (Cytoskeleton company, Denver, Colo.) following the manufacturer's instruction, and analyzed by Pull down method.
  • Activation of Rho was judged on the basis of increases in the ratio of activated Rho (GTP associated Rho) to total Rho by Western blotting.
  • a sample of cells was prepared from a 10 cm culture plate (about 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells) as a batch.
  • Rho The activation of Rho was decreasing slowly over 30 minutes.
  • the results indicate that the superior effect of Y-27632 to human embryonic stem cells was due to the inhibition of the Rho activation, which was caused by the ROCK inhibition action of Y-27632.
  • ROCK inhibitors The effects of other ROCK inhibitors on the cloning efficiency of human embryonic stem cells in maintenance culture were evaluated using methods as described in example 1.
  • the inhibitors for other kinases used were: cAMP-Rp (1-100 ⁇ M) and KT5720 (5-500 nM), which are protein kinase A inhibitors; bisindolylmaleimide (0.01-5 ⁇ M) and staurosporine (1-50 nM) , which are protein kinase C inhibitors; PD98059 (0.5-50 ⁇ M), which is an MAPK inhibitor; LY294002 (1-50 ⁇ M), which is a PI3K inhibitor; and ML-7 (0.3-30 ⁇ M), which is an MLCK inhibitor.
  • ROCK inhibitor could specifically improve the survival rate of human embryonic stem cells.
  • Human ES cells subjected to maintenance culture were detached as small cell clumps (aggregates) from feeder cells in the same manner as in Example 1, and after removal of residual feeder cells, they were dissociated into single cells by trypsin digestion. After centrifugation, 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells were dissociated in serum-free culture medium for post differentiation induction (Watanabe et al., Nature Neuroscience 8, 288-296, 2005; supplemented with G-MEM, KSR and 2-mercaptoethanol, KSR was added at a concentration of 20%).
  • the singly-dissociated human ES cells (1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml) were suspension-cultured in a non-cell adhesive 35 mm culture plate to form aggregates, and were cultured in the same culture medium for 2-6 days (SFEB method; See the above reference of Watanabe et al.). After 2-day culture, the percentage of apoptic cells was measured by TUNEL method (MEBSTAIN Apoptosis kit Direct, MBL). Treatment with ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, was initiated at 1 hour before cell separation in the same manner as in Example 1, and the inhibitor was added to maintenance culture medium also after dissociation.
  • caspase inhibitor ZVAD; 10 ⁇ M
  • BDNF/NT-3/NT-4 mixture of 50 ng/ml each
  • ROCK inhibitor markedly improved the survival rate of human ES cells.
  • Human ES cells subjected to maintenance culture were detached from feeder cells as small cell clumps in the same manner as in Example 4, and after removal of residual feeder cells, they were dissociated into single cells by trypsin digestion. After centrifugation, cells were dissociated into culture medium for differentiation induction at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/mL, and were suspension-cultured using a non-cell adhesive culture plate to conduct serum-free culture (SFEB method) of suspended aggregates.
  • SFEB method serum-free culture
  • Nodal inhibitor LeftyA (1 ⁇ g/ml, R&D), Wnt inhibitor Dkk1 (500 ng/ml, R&D) and BMP inhibitor BMPR1A-Fc(1.5 ⁇ g/ml, R&D) were added for the first 10 days after the start of culture for differentiation induction. After serum-free suspension culture for 16-35 days, the cell aggregates were fixed and immunostained by fluorescence antibody method. Treatment with the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, was initiated at 1 hour before cell separation in the same manner as in Example 1, and the inhibitor was added to maintenance culture medium for the first six days also after dissociation.
  • ROCK inhibitor did not impair the differentiation potency of human ES cells, and human cells treated with the ROCK inhibitor could very efficiently differentiate.
  • Y-27632 treatment time was divided into the following three groups to compare cell survival-promoting effects in maintenance culture.
  • surviving cells on day 3 per seeded cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 cells per one well of a 6-well plate) were counted in maintenance culture system on MEF layer.
  • the number of cells on day 6 increased to 670% and 860% of the number of initially seeded cells in Groups 1 and 2, respectively.
  • the population doubling time based upon the number of cells during days 2 to 6 after the start of dissociation culture, was 49.0 hours for Group 1, and 41.5 hours for Group 2; the doubling time was shortened in half for Group 2.
  • the percentage of apoptosis (the percentage of active Caspase 3-positive cells) on days 3 and 5 was less than 1% of total cells.
  • stem cells are cultured in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor and the invention provides culture methods and media therefor.

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