US20070141325A1 - Novel nanocomposites and their application as monolith columns - Google Patents

Novel nanocomposites and their application as monolith columns Download PDF

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US20070141325A1
US20070141325A1 US10/558,541 US55854104A US2007141325A1 US 20070141325 A1 US20070141325 A1 US 20070141325A1 US 55854104 A US55854104 A US 55854104A US 2007141325 A1 US2007141325 A1 US 2007141325A1
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hybrid
hybrid material
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monolith
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John O'Gara
Julia Ding
Daniel Walsh
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Waters Technologies Corp
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Waters Investments Ltd
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Assigned to WATERS INVESTMENTS LIMITED reassignment WATERS INVESTMENTS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: O'GARA, JOHN E., WALSH, DANIEL B.
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
    • B01D15/265—Adsorption chromatography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
    • B01D15/20—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to the conditioning of the sorbent material
    • B01D15/206—Packing or coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
    • B01D15/22—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to the construction of the column
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/281—Sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
    • B01J20/282—Porous sorbents
    • B01J20/285—Porous sorbents based on polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/22—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to internal surfaces, e.g. of tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
    • B32B9/04—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
    • C08G77/20—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to unsaturated aliphatic groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/005—Reinforced macromolecular compounds with nanosized materials, e.g. nanoparticles, nanofibres, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods or nanolayered materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
    • C08L83/06—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to oxygen-containing groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/80—Aspects related to sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
    • B01J2220/82—Shaped bodies, e.g. monoliths, plugs, tubes, continuous beds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/80—Aspects related to sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
    • B01J2220/86—Sorbents applied to inner surfaces of columns or capillaries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31609—Particulate metal or metal compound-containing
    • Y10T428/31612—As silicone, silane or siloxane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
    • Y10T428/31663—As siloxane, silicone or silane

Definitions

  • Packing materials for liquid chromatography are generally classified into two types: organic materials, e.g., polydivinylbenzene; and inorganic materials typified by silica
  • organic materials are chemically stable against strongly alkaline and strongly acidic mobile phases, allowing flexibility in the choice of mobile phase pH.
  • organic chromatographic materials generally result in columns with low efficiency, leading to inadequate separation performance, particularly with low molecular-weight analytes.
  • organic chromatographic materials shrink and swell when the composition of the mobile phase is changed.
  • most organic chromatographic materials do not have the mechanical strength of typical chromatographic silicas.
  • silica is the material most widely used in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
  • HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • the most common applications employ silica that has been surface-derivatized with an organic group such as octadecyl (C 18 ), octyl (C 8 ), phenyl, amino, cyano, etc.
  • organic group such as octadecyl (C 18 ), octyl (C 8 ), phenyl, amino, cyano, etc.
  • these packing materials result in columns that have high efficiency and do not show evidence of shrinking or swelling.
  • Monolith materials are characterized by a continuous, interconnected pore structure of large macropores, the size of which can be changed independent of the skeleton size without causing bed instability.
  • the presence of large macropores allows liquid to flow directly through with very little resistance resulting in very low backpressures even at high flow rates.
  • Monolith columns have been designed to disobey the trade-off rule associated with packed particle beds. Theoretically, they can exhibit combined properties of low backpressure and high efficiency that go beyond the limits of packed particle columns in pressure-driven liquid chromatography.
  • Capillary monolith columns comprising polymeric, inorganic silica and organic-inorganic hybrid materials have been studied and reported in the literature. (2, 3)
  • the polymeric monoliths are made primarily via a radical polymerization of methacrylate or styrene-divinylbenzene(DVB) monomers and are used under electroosmotic flow in electrochromatography applications and low pressure pump driven applications because of their limited mechanical strength under high pressure.
  • Silica monoliths have also been applied in HPLC separations by Nakanishi et al. (3) and have demonstrated an efficiency similar to 5 ⁇ m particles but with permeability 25-30 times higher.
  • silica capillaries with an I.D. larger than 50 ⁇ m showed much lower efficiency, and in all cases 5-15% of the length of each capillary end had to be cut off to remove large voids caused by shrinkage that formed between the monolith and capillary wall before the capillary could be used.
  • Nakanishi et al. (4) demonstrated the possibility of making a capillary column of 200 ⁇ m internal diameter (I.D.) from a mixture of tetramethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane.
  • these hybrid-type silica monoliths capillaries still had large voids caused by shrinkage that formed between the monolith and capillary wall and required cutting of 5-15% of the length of each capillary end before use.
  • the hybrid-type silica monolith also had a three-fold increase in separation impedance versus the analogous silica monolith column of 50 ⁇ m I.D.
  • the present invention provides novel hybrid inorganic/organic materials and methods for their preparation.
  • the invention provides nanocomposite monolith materials having increased resistance to shrinkage and novel physical characteristics.
  • the nanocomposites of the invention have enhanced capillary wall adhesion as compared to prior art monolith materials.
  • the improved adhesion of the monoliths of the invention enables the preparation of capillary columns with an internal diameter (I.D.) ⁇ 150 ⁇ m.
  • the invention provides a hybrid inorganic/organic material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the invention provides a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the present invention provides a method of preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, said method comprising the steps of
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the invention provides a method of preparation of a hybrid 15 inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, said method comprising the steps of
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the invention provides a separations device comprising
  • a surface capable of accepting a monolith material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN) material, said surface comprising an anchoring functionality and
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with the anchoring functionality on said surface, and wherein said hybrid organic/inorganic monolith is anchored to said surface by a chemical interaction between said scaffolding functionality and anchoring functionality.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the invention provides a fused-silica capillary column, comprising
  • a fused-silica capillary column having a cylindrical interior surface capable of accepting a monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN) material, said interior surface comprising an anchoring functionality, and
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with the anchoring functionality on said surface, and wherein said hybrid organic/inorganic monolith is anchored to said surface by a chemical interaction between said scaffolding functionality and anchoring functionality.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of in situ preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith in a fused-silica capillary column, said method comprising:
  • scaffolding functionality and said anchoring functionality chemically interact to thereby anchor said monolith to said surface, such that a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith is prepared in situ in a fused-silica capillary column.
  • the invention provides a method of in situ preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith in a fused-silica capillary column, said method comprising:
  • scaffolding functionality and said anchoring functionality chemically interact to thereby anchor said monolith to said surface, such that a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith is prepared in situ in a fused-silica capillary column.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides an inorganic/organic hybrid monolith comprising a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, produced by the process of
  • the invention provides an inorganic/organic hybrid monolith comprising a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, produced by the process of
  • the invention provides a method of preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), comprising the steps of
  • the monolith contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material.
  • the invention provides a method of preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), comprising the steps of
  • the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention provides a capillary column, wherein the interior surface of the capillary column is derivatized with a polymerizable anchoring functionality.
  • FIGS. 1A-1D depict a schematic representation of monoliths made by the polymerization sol gel (PSG) reaction.
  • FIG. 1A depicts examples of hybrid and inorganic monomers in chemical structure and schematic form.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic depiction of hybrid and inorganic monomer hydrolysis and oligomerization.
  • Figure C is a simplified depiction of the PSG reaction to form a cross-sectional block of polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite material.
  • Figure D is a simplified cross-sectional view of the PSN material, including expanding views of the PSN material.
  • the present invention provides novel hybrid inorganic/organic materials, and methods for their preparation.
  • the invention provides nanocomposite monolith materials having increased resistance to shrinkage and novel physical characteristics.
  • the nanocomposites of the invention have enhanced capillary wall adhesion, as compared to prior art monolith materials.
  • the improved adhesion of the monoliths of the invention enables the preparation of capillary columns with an internal diameter (I.D.) ⁇ 150 ⁇ m.
  • the invention provides novel, inorganic/organic monolith materials inside a fused silica capillary column.
  • the monoliths of the invention are prepared in situ inside a surface-modified fused silica capillary column through simultaneous organic polymerization and sol-gel reaction of a silane mixture that has an organosilane monomer containing at least one organic polymerizable group, such as, e.g., (3-methacryloxyproply)trimethoxysilane.
  • alicyclic group includes closed ring structures of three or more carbon atoms.
  • Alicyclic groups include cycloparaffins or naphthenes that are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, cycloolefins which are unsaturated with two or more double bonds, and cycloacetylenes which have a triple bond. They do not include aromatic groups.
  • Examples of cycloparaffins include cyclopropane, cyclohexane, and cyclopentane.
  • cycloolefins include cyclopentadiene and cyclooctatetraene.
  • Alicyclic groups also include fused ring structures and substituted alicyclic groups such as alkyl substituted alicyclic groups.
  • such substituents can further comprise a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • aliphatic group includes organic compounds characterized by straight or branched chains, typically having between 1 and 22 carbon atoms. Aliphatic groups include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups. In complex structures, the chains can be branched or cross-linked. Alkyl groups include saturated hydrocarbons having one or more carbon atoms, including straight-chain alkyl groups and branched-chain alkyl groups. Such hydrocarbon moieties may be substituted on one or more carbons with, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a thiol, an amino, an alkoxy, an alkylcarboxy, an alkylthio, or a nitro group.
  • lower aliphatic as used herein means an aliphatic group, as defined above (e.g., lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl), but having from one to six carbon atoms.
  • Representative of such lower aliphatic groups, e.g., lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-chloropropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, 2-aminobutyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 3-thiopentyl, and the like.
  • nitro means —NO 2 ;
  • halogen designates —F, —Cl, —Br or —I;
  • thiol means SH; and
  • hydroxyl means —H.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous to alkyls, but which contain at least one double or triple bond respectively. Suitable alkenyl and alkynyl groups include groups having 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, having an oxygen atom attached thereto.
  • Representative alkoxy groups include groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • alkyl includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone, e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain or C 3 -C 30 for branched chain.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 20 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone, e.g., C 1 -C 20 for straight chain or C 3 -C 20 for branched chain, and more preferably 18 or fewer.
  • preferred cycloalkyls have from 4-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 4-7 carbon atoms in the ring structure.
  • the term “lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbons in the chain, and to cycloalkyls having from 3 to 6 carbons in the ring structure.
  • alkyl (including “lower alkyl”) as used throughout the specification and claims includes both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
  • substituents can include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfate, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoro
  • aralkyl is an alkyl substituted with an aryl, e.g., having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms, e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl).
  • alkylamino as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, having an amino group attached thereto.
  • exemplary alkylamino groups include groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkylthio refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, having a sulfhydryl group attached thereto.
  • exemplary alkylthio groups include groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkylcarboxyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, having a carboxyl group attached thereto.
  • amino refers to an unsubstituted or substituted moiety of the formula —NR a R b , in which R a and R b are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, or R a and R b , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a cyclic moiety having from 3 to 8 atoms in the ring.
  • amino includes cyclic amino moieties such as piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl groups, unless otherwise stated.
  • An “amino-substituted amino group” refers to an amino group in which at least one of R a and R b , is further substituted with an amino group.
  • anchoring functionality is intended to include functional moieties that promote the ability of the second material to chemically interact with the PSN material.
  • the anchoring functionality is a polymerizable group, including, but not limited to vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, styrene, divinylbenzene, itaconate, fumarate, alkyne, azo compounds, and combinations thereof.
  • anchoring refers to the act of adhesion of one material to a second material.
  • the extent of adhesion is a direct result of the chemical interaction of the first material with the second material, and is intended to include a range of interactions which extend from flexible interactions to strict immobilization.
  • aromatic group includes unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings.
  • Aromatic groups include 5- and 6-membered single-ring groups which may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • the aromatic ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, a halogen, a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • aryl includes 5- and 6-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, unsubstituted or substituted benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • Aryl groups also include polycyclic fused aromatic groups such as naphthyl, quinolyl, indolyl, and the like. The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents, e.g., as described above for alkyl groups. Suitable aryl groups include unsubstituted and substituted phenyl groups.
  • aryloxy as used herein means an aryl group, as defined above, having an oxygen atom attached thereto.
  • aralkoxy as used herein means an aralkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen atom attached thereto. Suitable aralkoxy groups have 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms, e.g., O-benzyl.
  • azo compounds is intended to include azo containing groups as surface functionalities. These azo groups on the surface can initiate the polymerization from the surface into the bulk nanaocomposite. This approach is achieved using silanes that contain azo groups in them and that can be bonded onto the walls of the glass capillaries. 9,10
  • chemical interaction is intended to include, but is not limited to hydrophobic/hydrophilic, ionic (e.g., coulombic attraction/repulsion, ion-dipole, charge-transfer), chemical bonding, Van der Waals, and hydrogen bonding.
  • ionic e.g., coulombic attraction/repulsion, ion-dipole, charge-transfer
  • chemical bonding Van der Waals
  • hydrogen bonding e.g., hydrogen bonding.
  • chemical interaction is meant to be distinguished from physical interactions, such as physical friction between surfaces.
  • chemical bonding is intended to include the formation of a covalent bond, e.g., organic covalent bond or inorganic covalent bond.
  • Organic covalent bonds are defined to involve the formation of a covalent bond between the common elements of organic chemistry including but not limited to hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens.
  • carbon-silicon and carbon-oxygen-silicon bonds are defined as organic covalent bonds, whereas silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds that are not defined as organic covalent bonds, i.e., silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds are defined as inorganic covalent bonds.
  • capillary column refers to a chromatographic column with internal diameters (I.D.) in the range of 50-2000 ⁇ m.
  • coalescing and “coalesced,” as used in the language “coalesced particles” are intended to describe a material in which several individual components have become coherent to result in one new component by an appropriate chemical or physical process, e.g., heating.
  • the term coalesced is meant to be distinguished from a collection of individual particles in close physical proximity, e.g., in a bed formation, in which the end product comprises individual particles.
  • ense material is intended to include hybrid materials, which upon view of an axial cross-section of the material's surface are comprised of the hybrid material and macropores with an average diameter of less than 0.5 ⁇ m that separate the hybrid material.
  • derivatized or “derivatization” are intended to include to the property or characteristic of anchoring or coating an agent of alternate functionality onto a second material by conversion of the functionality of the receiving surface of the second material to the alternate functionality, e.g., by coating or chemical bonding, e.g., polymerization.
  • the term “functionalizing group” includes organic groups which impart a certain chromatographic functionality to a chromatographic stationary phase, including, e.g., octadecyl (C 18 ) or phenyl. Such functionalizing groups are present in, for example, surface modifiers such as disclosed herein which are attached to the base material, e.g., via derivatization or coating and later crosslinking, imparting the chemical character of the surface modifier to the base material.
  • R′ may be, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl or cyclohexyl; preferably, R′ is methyl.
  • the functionalizing group R may include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, amino, diol, nitro, ester, a cation or anion exchange group, embedded polar functionalities, or an alkyl or aryl group containing an embedded polar functionality.
  • R functionalizing groups include C 1 -C 30 alkyl, including C 1 -C 20 , such as octyl (C 8 ), octadecyl (C 18 ), and triacontyl (C 30 ); alkaryl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 -phenyl; cyanoalkyl groups, e.g., cyanopropyl; diol groups, e.g., propyldiol; amino groups, e.g., aminopropyl; and alkyl or aryl groups with embedded polar functionalities, e.g., carbamate functionalities such as disclosed in U. S. Pat. No.
  • Such groups include those of the general formula wherein l, m, o, r, and s are 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and q is an integer from 0 to 19; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cyano and phenyl; and Z, R′, a and b are defined as above.
  • the carbamate functionality has the general structure indicated below: wherein R 5 may be, e.g., cyanoalkyl, t-butyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, octadecyl, or benzyl.
  • R 5 is octyl, dodecyl, or octadecyl.
  • heterocyclic group includes closed ring structures in which one or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen.
  • Heterocyclic groups can be saturated or unsaturated and heterocyclic groups such as pyrrole and furan can have aromatic character. They include fused ring structures such as quinoline and isoquinoline. Other examples of heterocyclic groups include pyridine and purine.
  • Heterocyclic groups can also be substituted at one or more constituent atoms with, for example, a halogen, a lower alkyl, a lower alkenyl, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkylthio, a lower alkylamino, a lower alkylcarboxyl, a nitro, a hydroxyl, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • Suitable heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups generally will have 1 to 3 separate or fused rings with 3 to about 8 members per ring and one or more N, O or S atoms, e.g.
  • hybrid i.e., as used in the language “inorganic/organic hybrid material” or “inorganic/organic hybrid monolith” includes inorganic-based structures wherein an organic functionality is integral to both the internal or “skeletal” inorganic structure.
  • the inorganic portion of the hybrid material may be selected from, but are not limited to alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and ceramic material. In one embodiment the inorganic portion of the hybrid material is silica.
  • HLB Hydrophile Balance
  • the term “material” as it is used herein, is intended to include three-dimensional copolymers that have been formed in a single piece.
  • the material of the invention is prepared by casting precursors into a mold of a desired shape.
  • Materials of the invention include, but are not limited to polymeric materials such as monoliths or non-monolith materials, e.g., particles, copolymers with low porosity, or porous copolymers that do not have interconnected pore structure.
  • macropore is intended to include pores of a material, or channels through the material, which allow liquid to flow directly through the material with reduced resistance at chromatographically-useful flow rates.
  • macropores of the present invention are intended to include, but are not limited to pores with a pore diameter larger than about 0.05 ⁇ m, pores with a pore diameter ranging from about 0.1 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, pores with a pore diameter ranging from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m, and pores with a pore diameter ranging from about 0.8 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m.
  • macropore size in the materials of the invention for use in chromatography may be analyzed based on, at least, column backpressure and efficiency. If the macropore size is too small, the column backpressure will become too great for chromatographic use, while if the macropore diameter is too large, the column will lose chromatographic efficiency.
  • minimally water soluble is intended to include the ability of the compound to remain at least soluble enough to allow the intended reaction to move forward.
  • the language “minimally soluble” is intended to include a range of solubility between sparingly soluble and fully soluble. It should be understood that the solubility includes solubility induced by using, for example, heat or additional reagents. In certain embodiments, 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) would be understood by one skilled the art to be minimally water soluble.
  • the term “monolith” refers to a porous, three-dimensional material having a continuous interconnected pore structure in a single piece.
  • the term monolith is meant to be distinguished from a collection of individual particles packed into a bed formation, in which the end product comprises individual particles.
  • the term monolith is also meant to be distinguished from three-dimensional polymers with low porosity or porous three-dimensional polymers that do not have interconnected pore structure.
  • a monolith of the invention is prepared by casting precursors into a mold of a desired shape.
  • the monolith comprises coalesced particles.
  • the monolith material may be used for chromatography, i.e., the monolith is a chromatographically useful material, e.g., a chromatographic column.
  • phase separation at the molecular level is generated upon the simultaneous reaction of hybrid and inorganic monomers through a polymerization sol-gel reaction.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical depiction of the polymerization sol-gel reaction of the invention that leads to the production of organic and inorganic nanophases.
  • polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite refers to hybrid composite materials that comprise a polymerized organic nanophase surrounded by an inorganic nanophase, e.g., polymerized siloxane, wherein the nanophases form independently through independent reactions, e.g., a polymerization and a sol gel reaction, and wherein the organic and inorganic nanophases interconnect by chemical bond formation through a hybrid monomer, e.g., by condensation of the inorganic phase, e.g., of the hybrid monomer to an inorganic monomer; and polymerization of the organic phase, e.g., radical polymerization, such that a hybrid material forms with a plurality of surface scaffolding functionalities.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • polymerization sol-gel (PSG) reaction refers to the approach of preparing hybrid materials using simultaneous polymerization reactions and sol-gel reactions, wherein the organic and inorganic nanophases interconnect by chemical bond formation through an interaction with a hybrid monomer, e.g., by condensation of the inorganic phase, e.g., of the hybrid monomer to an inorganic monomer; and polymerization of the organic phase, e.g., radical polymerization, such that a hybrid material forms.
  • the materials are made from a mixture of a tetraalkoxysilane, e.g., tetramethoxysilane, and a polymerizable organosilane, e.g., (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, wherein the organosilane is minimally water soluble, e.g., sufficient to produce a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (i.e., the polymerizable group will have an affect on this solubility).
  • the starting silanes have limited solubility in water.
  • the SiOR bonds are hydrolyzed to SiOH, the SiOH monomer that forms is substantially soluble in water.
  • polymerization refers to any process that results from the bonding or coupling of smaller molecules to form a larger molecule.
  • polymerization is intended to include a range of different degrees of polymerization, i.e., ranging from a single reaction, e.g., two molecules reacting to form a dimer, to a plurality of reactions, e.g., a large number of molecules reacting to form a macromolecule.
  • scaffolding functionality refers to functional moieties, such as organic functionalities, e.g., of organosilanes, that are capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, e.g., a containment vessel, thus allowing the PSN material to anchor to the second material, and thereby become immobilized relative thereto.
  • a second material e.g., a containment vessel
  • the functional moiety is a “polymerizable group” including, but not limited to vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, e.g., 3-methacryloxypropyl, acrylamide, methacrylamide, styrene, e.g., styrylethyl, divinylbenzene, itaconate, fumarate, alkyne, and combinations thereof.
  • a polymerizable group including, but not limited to vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, e.g., 3-methacryloxypropyl, acrylamide, methacrylamide, styrene, e.g., styrylethyl, divinylbenzene, itaconate, fumarate, alkyne, and combinations thereof.
  • the scaffolding functionality would be consumed during a polymerization reaction to varying extents depending on the reaction conditions chosen, and that the above listed functionalities are provided in their unreacted or monomeric state.
  • second material is intended to include any second material with a surface capable of receiving the PSN material.
  • surface modifiers is intended to include functionalizing groups that impart a certain chromatographic functionality to a chromatographic stationary phase.
  • Surface modifiers such as disclosed herein are attached to the base material, e.g., via derivatization or coating and later crosslinking, imparting the chemical character of the surface modifier to the base material.
  • wall adhesion refers to a property of a material, e.g., a PSN material, in which the material possesses sufficient chemical interaction between the material and a second material (e.g., the inside wall of a capillary column) such that the chemical interactions are retained upon subjection of the material to additional factors, e.g., during use of the material in chromatographic separations.
  • the PSN material possesses sufficient wall adhesion so as to minimize or preclude flow paths between the PSN material and the second material, e.g., chromatographic column, where said flow paths would be deleterious to separation efficacy in the chromatographic column.
  • the invention provides a hybrid inorganic/organic material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material.
  • the hybrid material includes inorganic-based structures wherein an organic functionality is integral to both the internal or “skeletal” inorganic structure, wherein the inorganic portion is selected from, but not limited to silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, ceramics, tin oxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the organic functionality of the hybrid material is derived, at least in part, from a hybrid monomer, e.g., an organosilane, e.g., an organoalkoxysilane, which comprises both an inorganic and organic component, i.e., relating to the presence of both a silicon-oxygen bond and a carbon-silicon bond in a single monomeric unit.
  • a hybrid monomer e.g., an organosilane, e.g., an organoalkoxysilane, which comprises both an inorganic and organic component, i.e., relating to the presence of both a silicon-oxygen bond and a carbon-silicon bond in a single monomeric unit.
  • the organosilane is an organoalkoxysilane having the formula R 2 Si(OR 1 ) 3 or R 6 [Si(OR 1 ) 3 ] m
  • R 2 is a styryl, vinyl, an acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, divinylbenzene, itaconate, fumarate, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 18 alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene, or a combination thereof
  • R 1 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl moiety
  • R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 18 alkenylene, alkynylene or arylene moiety bridging two or more silicon atoms
  • m is an integer greater than or equal to two.
  • the organosilane is (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane.
  • the organosilane is minimally water soluble, e.g., sufficient to produce a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite.
  • the PSN is the product of a reaction of a hybrid organic/inorganic monomer, e.g., an organosilane, and an inorganic monomer, e.g., a silane monomer.
  • the PSN is the product of a reaction of a tetraalkoxysilane and an organosilane containing at least one polymerizable group, e.g., 3-methacryloxypropyl or styrylethyl.
  • the tetraalkoxysilane has the formula Si(OR 1 ) 4 , where R 1 is a C 1 -C 3 alkyl moiety, e.g., tetramethoxysilane or tetraethoxysilane.
  • the organosilane and/or tetraalkoxysilane are minimally water soluble, e.g., sufficient to produce a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite.
  • the (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane and the tetramethoxysilane are present in a volume to volume ratio of 1 to 4.
  • the hybrid inorganic/organic material may be cast in any shape by techniques well known in the art, such as molding, so long as the properties of the material are not substantially affected.
  • the hybrid inorganic/organic material is a porous hybrid inorganic/organic monolith, e.g., a capillary monolith.
  • the monoliths of the present invention have improved properties including, but not limited to enhanced wall adhesion, i.e., capillary wall adhesion, and increased resistance to shrinkage and improved mechanical stability in comparison to capillary monoliths known in the art.
  • the polymerizable organo groups are embedded inside the silica skeleton, which yields monoliths that have high surface silanol concentrations, i.e., a large population of chromatographically accessible silanols, and with essentially no chromatographically accessible or useful organo groups.
  • the monolith skeletons of these monoliths are composed of an organic-inorganic nanocomposite, wherein the organic moiety is embedded inside the inorganic silica network: This approach offers monoliths with an increased resistance to shrinkage as well as good resistance to shrinking and swelling upon exposure to organic solvent.
  • the shrinkage of the silica skeleton/scaffold will be minimized due to the high organic content.
  • monolith columns with IDs of greater than 50 ⁇ m, e.g., 1-2 mm can be prepared in-situ using this method of reaction.
  • the polymerized organic phase is chromatographically accessible and changes the hydrophobicity of the porous surface, resulting in novel selectivities for chromatographic separations.
  • the extent to which the organic phase is chromatographically accessible depends on the extent to which the scaffolding functionality is consumed upon anchoring of the PSN material to the interior surface of the chromatographic column.
  • unpolymerized scaffolding functionality may directly, e.g., methacrylate groups, or indirectly, e.g., hydrolyzed methacrylate groups, provide the chromatographically accessible organic phase. This polymerization reaction may be regulated to produce desired chromatographic selectivities.
  • the PSN contains a scaffolding functionality that is capable of chemically interacting with a surface of a second material, e.g., a containment vessel, thus allowing the PSN material to anchor to the second material.
  • the scaffolding functionality is a “polymerizable group” including, but not limited to vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, e.g., 3-methacryloxypropyl, acrylamide, methacrylamide, styrene, e.g., styrylethyl, divinylbenzene, itaconate, fumarate, alkyne, and combinations thereof.
  • the improved properties afforded by the invention are the result of the scaffolding functionality that anchors the polymer to the wall of the containment vessel.
  • the ordinarily skilled artisan would understand that the scaffolding functionality would be substantially consumed during a polymerization reaction, and that the above-listed functionalities are provided in their unreacted or monomeric state.
  • the second material in accordance with the invention, is any material having a surface that is capable of receiving the PSN material.
  • the second material is a containment vessel, which provides supportive enclosure to the PSN material.
  • the second material e.g., containment vessel, may be used as the primary reaction vessel for preparation of the PSN material, or the PSN material may be prepared independently of the second material and subsequently transferred to the second material, e.g., a secondary containment vessel, such that the PSN material is capable of interacting with the second material.
  • the containment vessel is used as the reaction vessel, whereby chemical interactions, such as chemical bonding, e.g., covalent bonding, occur between the forming PSN material and the second material during the polymerization of the PSN material.
  • the PSN material is subsequently transferred to the second material, such as a secondary containment vessel, wherein chemical interactions, such as chemical bonding, e.g., covalent bonding, occur through further chemical processing, e.g., addition of a crosslinking agent, photoinitiation of a radical polymerization reaction, or addition of a hydrosilylation catalyst for a hydrosilylation reaction.
  • the containment vessels that may be utilized for PSN materials of the present invention include, but are not limited to a chromatographic column, e.g., capillary column, e.g., a fused silica capillary column, a glass lined steel column, a radial compression column, a trap column, a microfluidic device, a microchip, a sensor, an electronic circuit, a solid phase extraction (SPE) device, e.g., a miniaturized SPE device, and an on-column frit.
  • a chromatographic column e.g., capillary column, e.g., a fused silica capillary column, a glass lined steel column, a radial compression column, a trap column, a microfluidic device, a microchip, a sensor, an electronic circuit, a solid phase extraction (SPE) device, e.g., a miniaturized SPE device, and an on-column frit.
  • SPE
  • the second material in itself has functionality suitable for interaction with the nanocomposite.
  • the surface of the second material is derivatized with an anchoring functionality or treated to provide the anchoring functionality.
  • the anchoring functionality and the scaffolding functionality may be copolymerizable, such that a covalent bond is formed as a result of copolymerization of the scaffolding and anchoring functionalities.
  • this polymerization may be initiated by a radical initiator, including, but not limited to 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride, 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), potassium persulfate, and peracetic acid.
  • the radical initiator is at least minimally soluble, e.g., minimally water soluble.
  • the present invention involves the interaction of silanol functionalities, e.g., chemical bonding between a silanol of second surface and a silanol of the PSN material (i.e., a glass capillary surface containing silanols that react with the Si—OH groups of a silica sol to form a bridging siloxane between a gelling monolith and the capillary wall).
  • silanol functionalities e.g., chemical bonding between a silanol of second surface and a silanol of the PSN material (i.e., a glass capillary surface containing silanols that react with the Si—OH groups of a silica sol to form a bridging siloxane between a gelling monolith and the capillary wall).
  • silanol functionalities e.g., chemical bonding between a silanol of second surface and a silanol of the PSN material (i.e., a glass capillar
  • the invention provides a PSN that is a composite material prepared by the polymerization sol-gel reaction described herein below.
  • the preparation of a PSN material comprises the steps of
  • the preparation of the PSN may further comprise the step of (d) modifying the pore structure of the material.
  • the porous inorganic/organic hybrid materials of the invention may be used as prepared by the process noted above and further described in Section II below, without further modification.
  • the hybrid materials of the invention may be further modified by one or more processing treatments, e.g., by: chemical processing treatment, such as derivatization of surface functionalities of the thus-prepared material; incorporating additives to the PSG reaction that affect the physical properties, e.g., porogens, such as surfactants or solvents, e.g., toluene; physical processing treatments, such as hydrothermal treatment; or a combination of several processing treatments.
  • chemical processing treatment such as derivatization of surface functionalities of the thus-prepared material
  • additives to the PSG reaction that affect the physical properties, e.g., porogens, such as surfactants or solvents, e.g., toluene
  • physical processing treatments such as hydrothermal treatment
  • the pore structure of the materials of the invention is modified by further including a surfactant or combination of different surfactants in the PSG reaction.
  • the surfactant or combination of surfactants includes at least one nonionic surfactant.
  • Exemplary nonionic surfactants include but are not limited to surfactants comprised of block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropyleneglycol, surfactants comprised of alkylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, and polyethyleneglycol, e.g., Pluronic F38.
  • the surfactant or combination of surfactants are selected from surfactants with a hydrophile-lipophile balance ranging from about 0 to 60, e.g., about 10 to 50, e.g., about 20 to 40, e.g., about 30 to 40, e.g., about 33.
  • the surfactants are believed to enhance the concentration of water and the acid/base catalyst on the surface of the material during the polymerization sol-gel reaction. Use of surfactants to modulate the surface structure of the material stabilizes the polymer material that is forming throughout the reaction, and minimizes or suppresses inhomogeneous morphology.
  • the methods of preparation may further comprise surface modifying the materials of the invention, e.g., the monolith materials of the invention.
  • the hybrid materials of the invention possess both organic groups and silanol groups, which may be additionally substituted or derivatized with a surface modifier.
  • surface organic groups of the porous inorganic/organic hybrid material are derivatized or modified in a subsequent step via formation of an organic covalent bond between the modifying reagent and organic groups of the material, wherein the material retains sufficient scaffolding functionality such that the material is able to interact with a second material.
  • the surface silanol groups of the hybrid silica are derivatized into siloxane organic groups, such as by reacting with an organotrihalosilane, e.g., octadecyltrichlorosilane, or a halopolyorganosilane, e.g., octadecyldimethylchlorosilane.
  • the surface organic and silanol groups of the hybrid silica are both derivatized.
  • R′ may be, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl or cyclohexyl; preferably, R′ is methyl.
  • the organic groups may be similarly functionalized.
  • the organic groups of the hybrid materials react to form an organic covalent bond with a surface modifier.
  • the modifiers can also form an organic covalent bond to the material's organic group via a number of mechanisms well known in organic and polymer chemistry including but not limited to nucleophilic, electrophilic, cycloaddition, free-radical, carbene, nitrene, and carbocation reactions.
  • the surface modifier may be an organotrihalosilane, such as octyltrichlorosilane or octadecyltrichlorosilane.
  • the surface modifier may be a halopolyorganosilane, such as octyldimethylchlorosilane or octadecyldimethylchlorosilane.
  • the surface modifier is octadecyldimethyl-N,N-dimethylaminosilane.
  • the surface of the hybrid silica material may also be surface modified by coating with a polymer.
  • Polymer coatings are known in the literature and may be provided generally by polymerization or polycondensation of physisorbed monomers onto the surface without chemical bonding of the polymer layer to the support (type I), polymerization or polycondensation of physisorbed monomers onto the surface with chemical bonding of the polymer layer to the support (type II), immobilization of physisorbed prepolymers to the support (type III), and chemisorption of presynthesized polymers onto the surface of the support (type IV) (11) .
  • coating the hybrid material with a polymer may be used in conjunction with various surface modifications described in the invention.
  • the surface of the materials of the invention may contain residual organic groups, which can be derivatized by reacting with a reagent that is reactive towards the organic group.
  • a reagent that is reactive towards the organic group For example, vinyl groups, e.g., unreacted methacrylate groups, on the particle can be reacted with a variety of olefin reactive reagents such as bromine (Br 2 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), free radicals, propagating polymer radical centers, dienes, and the like.
  • hydroxyl groups on the material can be reacted with a variety of alcohol reactive reagents such as isocyanates, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid chlorides, and reactive organosilanes as described below.
  • the surface of the materials of the invention contain silanol groups, which can be derivatized by reacting with a reactive organosilane.
  • the surface derivatization of the hybrid material may be conducted according to standard methods, for example by reaction with octadecyltrichlorosilane or octadecyldimethylchlorosilane in an organic solvent at elevated temperature.
  • An organic solvent such as toluene or methylene chloride is typically used for this reaction.
  • An organic base such as pyridine or imidazole is added to the reaction mixture to catalyze the reaction.
  • the product of this reaction is then washed with one or more solvents such as methanol, water, toluene, methylene chloride, and/or acetone and can be sometimes further dried at about 80° C. to 100° C. under reduced pressure for about 16 h.
  • the resultant hybrid material can be further reacted with a short-chain silane such as trimethylchlorosilane to endcap any remaining silanol groups, by using a similar procedure described above.
  • materials of the invention may be subjected to hydrothermal treatment to improve the material's pore structure, e.g., by further condensation of the siloxane polymer network formed during the PSG reaction, and dissolution and redeposition of silicic acid silicates from and to the surface of the pore structure.
  • this treatment would be applicable after the polymerization achieved a solid state.
  • the hydrothermal treatment is in a basic solution at an elevated or high temperature, e.g., 120° C. (i.e., the hydrothermal treatment is run in the capillary).
  • the range of pH of the hydrothermal treatment is about 6-12, e.g., about 8-11, e.g., about 9-10.
  • the monolith material is then rinsed with water followed by a solvent exchange, e.g., with methanol; ethanol; acetonitrile; or tetrahydrofuran followed by room temperature, e.g. about 20-25° C., drying.
  • the material is then dried at about 25-120° C., and preferably at about 70° C., under vacuum overnight.
  • the condensation is base catalyzed, e.g., by ammonia.
  • the ammonia is generated by the high temperature decomposition of urea or a suitable organic amide.
  • the surface of the hydrothermally treated hybrid material may be modified in a similar fashion to that of the hybrid material that is not modified by hydrothermal treatment as described above.
  • the surface organic groups of the hybrid material may be optionally modified via formation of a covalent bond between the monolith material's organic and/or silanol group and the modifying reagent, and optionally including coating with a polymer, i.e., also as is described above.
  • the invention provides a method of preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), comprising the steps of
  • the methods further comprise the step of (d) modifying the pore structure of the material.
  • the resulting PSN material may be subsequently transferred to the second material, such as a secondary containment vessel, wherein chemical interactions, such as chemical bonding, e.g., covalent bonding, occur through further chemical processing, e.g., addition of a crosslinking agent, photoinitiation of a radical polymerization reaction, or addition of a hydrosilylation catalyst for a hydrosilylation reaction.
  • chemical bonds such as chemical bonding, e.g., covalent bonding
  • the invention provides a method for in situ preparation of a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith in a chromatographic column, e.g., a capillary column, e.g., a fused-silica capillary column.
  • a chromatographic column e.g., a capillary column, e.g., a fused-silica capillary column.
  • the method comprises:
  • the in situ process involves covalent bond formation between the PSN material and the surface of the chromatographic column, i.e., consumption of a plurality of scaffolding functionalities in covalent bond formation to the second material.
  • the hybrid materials are prepared using a polymerization sol-gel (PSG) reaction. More particularly, the hybrid materials are prepared using simultaneous polymerization reactions and sol-gel reactions, wherein the organic and inorganic nanophases interconnect by chemical bond formation through an interaction with a hybrid monomer, e.g., by condensation of the inorganic phase, e.g., of the hybrid monomer to an inorganic monomer; and polymerization of the organic phase, e.g., radical polymerization, such that a hybrid material forms.
  • PSG polymerization sol-gel
  • the materials are made from a mixture of a tetraalkoxysilane, e.g., tetramethoxysilane, and a polymerizable organosilane, e.g., (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, wherein the organosilane is minimally water soluble, e.g., sufficient to produce a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (i.e., the polymerizable group will have an affect on this solubility).
  • a tetraalkoxysilane e.g., tetramethoxysilane
  • a polymerizable organosilane e.g., (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
  • the PSG reaction begins with hydrolysis, e.g., acid catalyzed hydrolysis, e.g., by acetic acid, and slow condensation of a hybrid monomer and an inorganic monomer, e.g., a mixture of tetramethoxysilane and a polymerizable organosilane, such as (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and proceeds at low temperature (e.g., a temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about room temperature, e.g. about 20-25° C.) and low pH (e.g., about 2-3), forming a mixture of low molecular weight oligomers.
  • hydrolysis e.g., acid catalyzed hydrolysis, e.g., by acetic acid
  • slow condensation of a hybrid monomer and an inorganic monomer e.g., a mixture of tetramethoxysilane and a polymerizable organosilane,
  • a polymerization reaction is initiated, e.g., radically initiated.
  • the radical initiation occurs at an increased temperature (e.g., above room temperature, e.g., about 60-65° C.).
  • the oligomers formed are then simultaneously polymerized, e.g., via radical chain polymerization, and further condensed to form a polymerized sol-gel (illustrated in FIG. 1 ).
  • the polymerizable group (depicted in FIG. 1A , in both chemical structure and schematic form) may react with additional polymerizable groups or terminate in a reaction with the surface of a second material, e.g., with an anchoring functionality on the inner surface of a chromatographic column.
  • FIG. 1 A simplified example of the product of the polymerization sol-gel reaction is shown in a cross-sectional block of an interior portion of the PSN material in FIGS. 1C and 1D , i.e., polymerization to the second material is not depicted. However, the depictions of FIG. 1 are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • the PSG reaction is performed at a temperature sufficient to achieve simultaneous polymerization and sol gel reactions, e.g., at 65° C., and is performed for an amount of time sufficient to prepare the hybrid inorganic/organic material, e.g., the PSN material.
  • the polymerization is initiated with a radical initiator, e.g., a radical initiator that is minimally water soluble, e.g., 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), potassium persulfate, or peracetic acid.
  • the sol-gel reaction occurs in the presence of urea.
  • the porous inorganic/organic hybrid materials of the current invention have a wide variety of end uses in the separation sciences, such as materials for chromatographic columns, thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates, filtration membranes, microtiter plates, scavenger supports, solid phase organic synthesis supports, Capillary-LC columns, radial compression columns, trap columns, microfluidic devices, microchips, sensors, electronic circuits, miniaturized solid phase extraction (SPE) devices and on-column frits, and the like, having a stationary phase that includes porous inorganic/organic hybrid materials, e.g., monolith materials, of the present invention.
  • the stationary phase may be introduced into the device by coating, impregnation, cladding, wrapping, or other art-recognized techniques consistent with the methods of preparation of the present invention, etc., depending on the requirements of the particular device.
  • the invention provides a separations device comprising
  • a surface capable of accepting a monolith material comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN) material, said surface comprising an anchoring functionality and
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the devices in accordance with the invention include chromatographic columns, e.g., a glass lined steel column, capillary column, thin layer plates, filtration membranes, sample cleanup devices, and microtiter plates.
  • the separations device is a fused-inorganic capillary column, wherein the inorganic portion may be selected from, but is not limited, to silica, alumina, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, ceramics, tin oxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the invention provides a chromatographic column, e.g., a capillary column, e.g., a fused-silica capillary column, comprising
  • a chromatographic column having a cylindrical interior surface capable of accepting a monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN) material, the interior surface comprising an anchoring functionality, and
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • a hybrid inorganic/organic monolith comprising a polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite (PSN), wherein the nanocomposite contains a scaffolding functionality capable of chemically interacting with the anchoring functionality on the surface, and wherein the hybrid organic/inorganic monolith is anchored to the surface by a chemical interaction between the scaffolding functionality and anchoring functionality.
  • PSN polymerized scaffolding nanocomposite
  • the device is a chromatographic column, e.g., a capillary column, e.g., a fused-silica capillary column, wherein the interior surface of the capillary column is derivatized with a polymerizable anchoring functionality.
  • a chromatographic column e.g., a capillary column, e.g., a fused-silica capillary column, wherein the interior surface of the capillary column is derivatized with a polymerizable anchoring functionality.
  • the capillary column has an inner diameter (I.D.) greater than about 50 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 100 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 150 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 200 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 250 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 500 ⁇ m, e.g., greater than about 1.0 mm, e.g., greater than about 2 mm, e.g., greater than about 3 mm.
  • the chromatographic device is a chromatographic column, such as commonly used in HPLC.
  • the present invention may be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples describing the preparation of porous inorganic/organic hybrid monolith materials, and their use.
  • a fused silica capillary column (ca. 2 m in length) was treated by the following five steps: (1) the column was purged with 1N NaOH at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for at least 5 minutes, sealed via compression fittings and heated to 90° C.
  • the column was purged with 1N HCl water solution at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for at least 5 minutes; (3) the column was rinsed with water, acetone, and then toluene at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for 10 minutes each (total volume ⁇ 500 ⁇ L, >10 times column volume); (4) the column was filled with a mixture of 0.5 mL (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane/0.5 mL pyridine/10 mL toluene at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for 5 minutes, sealed at both ends of the column and the column was then heated in a 90° C. oven for 21 hours; and (5) the column was washed with toluene, acetone and water for 10 minutes each at a flow of 50 ⁇ L/min.
  • sections of the 2 meter capillary are cut to make multiple, shorter capillary monoliths that may be used in further experiments.
  • Pluronic® F38 (Example 2a—0.622 g, Example 2b—0.596 g) and urea (Example 2a—0.517 g, Example 2b—0.515 g) were added to 5 mL of a 15 mM acetic acid solution at room temperature in a glass vial.
  • the solutions were deoxygenated by nitrogen gas purging for at least 2 minutes before Vazo® 64 (1-2 mg) was added, and then the solution was cooled to 0° C.
  • a 2 mL silane mixture (4/1 TMOS:MAPTMOS v/v) was prepared and then cooled to 0° C. Next, the silane mixture was added slowly to the acetic acid solution. The combined solutions were stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature (rt) for 1.75 h.
  • the resulting solutions were delivered into two separate 50 ⁇ m (I.D.) ⁇ 40 mm (L) capillary columns that were surface treated as described in Example 1 with the exception that step (1) was run for 2 hours. The columns were then sealed at both ends with two compression screws and were heated at 45° C. in an oven for 18.5 h.
  • Monolith morphology of the cross-sections of each column was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (JEOL, Peabody, Mass. or equivalent) and showed the formation of monolith materials with a majority of macropores with diameters greater than 0.5 ⁇ m and the absence of shrinkage away from the capillary wall.
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • Pluronic® F38 and urea were added to 5 mL of an acetic acid solution at room temperature.
  • the solutions were deoxygenated by nitrogen gas purging for at least 2 minutes before Vazo® 64 was added.
  • the stirred solutions were cooled to 0° C. for a specific time, and 2 mL of a 0° C. silane mixture (4/1 TMOS:MAPTOS v/v) was added slowly to the acetic acid solution.
  • the combined solutions were stirred at 0° C. for a prescribed time and then at rt for an additional time period.
  • Monolith morphology of the cross-sections of each column was observed by SEM as described in Example 2.
  • dense monolith materials a majority of macropores with diameters less than 0.5 ⁇ m
  • non-dense monolith materials a majority of macropores with diameters greater than 0.5 ⁇ m
  • Specific amounts of reagents used to prepare these products and characterization data are listed in Table 1.
  • Example 3k and 3t were cut to 20 cm lengths and the surfactant was removed from the monolith structure by prolonged methanol purging using an Eldex Micropro Syringe Pump (Eldex, Napa, Calif., or equivalent).
  • the column was purged with methanol for 5 days at a 1.0 ⁇ L/min flow rate, at which time no surfactant could be detected in the mobile phase as measured by FTIR spectroscopy (Polaris, ThermoMattson, Madison, Wis., or equivalent).
  • Example 3t was purged with methylene chloride at 1.0 ⁇ L/min for 16 h and then purged with a solution of octadecyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane in methylene chloride (1/4 v/v) at 1 ⁇ L/min for 3 h.
  • the column was purged with methylene chloride at 1 ⁇ L/min flow rate for 16 hours, which was then exchanged with acetonitrile by purging with greater that 3 column volumes.
  • the resulting surface modified monolith is identified as Example 3u, which was in turn evaluated as described in Example 9 (see Table 4).
  • Pluronic® F38 and urea were added to 5 mL of an acetic acid solution at room temperature.
  • the solutions were deoxygenated with N 2 purge for at least 2 minutes before Vazo® 64 was added.
  • the stirred solutions were cooled to 0° C. for a specific time, and 2 mL of a 0° C. silane mixture (4/1 TMOS:MAPTMOS v/v) was added slowly to the acetic acid solution.
  • the combined solutions were stirred at rt for prescribed time.
  • the resulting solutions were delivered into separate 150 ⁇ m (I.D.) ⁇ 40 mm (L) capillary columns that were surface treated as described in Example 1.
  • the columns were then sealed at both ends with two compression screws and were heated at 65° C. for a prescribed time and then at an elevated temperature (4a-e 120° C.; 4f-n 110° C.) for an additional time period.
  • Monolith morphology on the cross-section of the column was observed by SEM as described in Example 2.
  • dense monolith materials a majority of macropores with diameters less than 0.5 ⁇ m
  • non-dense monolith materials a majority of macropores with diameters greater than 0.5 ⁇ m
  • Specific amounts of reagents used to prepare these products and characterization data are listed in Table 2.
  • Pluronic® F38 (0.424 g) and 0.503 g urea were added to 5 mL of a 15 mM acetic acid solution at room temperature in a glass vial.
  • the solutions were deoxygenated by nitrogen gas purging for at least 2 minutes before 3 mg of Vazo® 64 was added, and then the solution was cooled to 0° C.
  • a 2 mL silane mixture (4/1 TMOS:MAPTMOS v/v) was prepared and then cooled to 0° C. Next, the silane mixture was added slowly to the acetic acid solution. The combined solutions were stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature (rt) for 1.75 h.
  • Example 5a-b The resulting solution was delivered into a fused silica capillary with a length of 40 cm (Examples 5a-b) or 120 cm (Examples 5c-d), and an inner diameter of 150 ⁇ m (Examples 5a-c) or 520 ⁇ m (Example 5d), which was pretreated as described in Example 1, at a flow rate of 50 ⁇ L/min for 5-7 minutes.
  • the column was then sealed at both ends using compression screws (Examples 5a-b) or Upchurch P760 compression fittings and a single Upchurch P760 union (Examples 5c-d).
  • the sealed column was held at room temperature for two hours after the mixed silanes were added to the acetic acid mixture.
  • the column was then heated in a 65° C. oven for 2 hours, and transferred to a 125° C. oven and held overnight (20 hours).
  • the column was then slowly cooled to room temperature.
  • the surfactant was removed from the structure by prolonged methanol purging using an Eldex Micropro Syringe Pump (Eldex, Napa, Calif.).
  • the column was purged with methanol for 6 hours at a 0.5 ⁇ L/min flow rate, then for 20 hours at 1 ⁇ L/min flow rate.
  • Monolith morphology on the cross-section of the column was observed by SEM as described in Example 2.
  • Non-dense monolith materials (a majority of macropores with diameters greater than 0.5 ⁇ m) were observed, and wall adhesion was achieved.
  • a 0.32 M solution of octadecyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane was prepared in toluene or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the column was purged with this solution using an Eldex Micropro Syringe Pump at a flow rate of 1 ⁇ L/min for several column volumes and then heated from 25° C. to 50-55° C. and maintained at 50-55° C. for 19 hours.
  • the column was heated using a Hot Pocket column heater (Thermo Hypersil-Keystone, Bellefonte, Pa., or equivalent).
  • methanol was purged through the column at 1 ⁇ L/min flow rate for at least 5 hours at 35° C.
  • a 1.0 mm I.D. ⁇ 150 mm L borosilicate glass lined steel column (SGE Inc., Austin, Tex., or equivalent) was surface treated as described in Example 1, with the exception that 6 mL aliquots of solvent was used in step (5).
  • Pluronic® F38 (1.272 g) and urea (1.506 g) were weighed into a glass vial and dissolved into 15.0 mL of a 32 mM acetic acid solution. The mixture was deoxygenated by nitrogen gas purging for 5 minutes before 9 mg of Vazo® 64 were added. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature, and then chilled to 0° C. for 23 min.
  • silane mixture (4/1 TMOS:MAPTMOS v/v) was slowly added into the above mixture at 0° C. After silane addition, the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h. The resulting mixture was delivered into the glass lined steel column. The column was then sealed at both ends using two Waters stainless steel compression plugs. The sealed column was held at room temperature for two hours after the mixed silanes were added to the acetic acid mixture. The column was heated in a 65° C. oven for 2 hours, and then transferred to a 125° C. oven and held for 18 hours. The column was then slowly cooled to room temperature.
  • the surfactant was removed from the monolith structure by prolonged methanol purging using a HPLC pump (Model 515, Waters Corp, or equivalent). After methanol purging the column end-fittings and frits were removed. Inspection of the monolith structure yielded no evidence of monolith shrinkage, as observed by optical microscope (Model C-P-S, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan, or equivalent).
  • the following example demonstrates the porosity of the hybrid inorganic/organic materials and further characterizes the materials using chromatographic criteria, i.e., efficiency and tailing factor.
  • the experimental data was acquired using an Eldex MicroPro Syringe Pump (Eldex, Napa, Calif., or equivalent), a Valco internal sample injector (Valco Instruments Co. Inc., Houston, Tex., or equivalent) and a Waters 2487 Dual ⁇ absorbance detector equipped with a 250 nL capillary flow cell (Waters Corp., or equivalent). Data acquisition and determination of chromatography parameters was performed using Millenium 32 software (Waters Corp., or equivalent). Acetonitrile and water was mixed in 40/60 volume ratio. Thiourea, naphthalene and acenaphthene were used as analytes. The pump was operated at volumetric flow rates between 0.25 and 4.0 ⁇ L/min.

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