US20070104809A1 - Composition comprising a bacteriocin and an extract from a plant of the labiatae family - Google Patents

Composition comprising a bacteriocin and an extract from a plant of the labiatae family Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070104809A1
US20070104809A1 US10/568,324 US56832404A US2007104809A1 US 20070104809 A1 US20070104809 A1 US 20070104809A1 US 56832404 A US56832404 A US 56832404A US 2007104809 A1 US2007104809 A1 US 2007104809A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
composition
amount
composition according
extract
nisin
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US10/568,324
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English (en)
Inventor
Bob Coyne
John Faragher
Sebastien Gouin
Carsten Hansen
Richard Ingram
Torben Isak
Linda Thomas
Kathryn Tse
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DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS
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Danisco AS
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Priority claimed from GB0319817A external-priority patent/GB2388581A/en
Priority claimed from GB0323335A external-priority patent/GB0323335D0/en
Application filed by Danisco AS filed Critical Danisco AS
Priority to US10/568,324 priority Critical patent/US20070104809A1/en
Priority claimed from PCT/GB2004/003423 external-priority patent/WO2005018333A1/en
Assigned to DANISCO A/S reassignment DANISCO A/S ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INGRAM, RICHARD, GOUIN, SEBASTIEN, COYNE, BOB, TSE, KATHRYN LOUISE, FARAGHER, JOHN, HANSEN, CARSTEN BJORN, ISAK, TORBEN, THOMAS, LINDA VALERIE
Publication of US20070104809A1 publication Critical patent/US20070104809A1/en
Assigned to DUPONT NUTRITION BIOSCIENCES APS reassignment DUPONT NUTRITION BIOSCIENCES APS CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DANISCO A/S
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/20—After-treatment of capsule walls, e.g. hardening
    • B01J13/22—Coating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/90—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2984—Microcapsule with fluid core [includes liposome]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition that exhibits a microbicidal or microbiostatic action.
  • Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteins or peptides that can be produced by certain bacteria, which can kill or inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria.
  • the bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are of particular importance since they have great potential for the preservation of food and for the control of foodborne pathogens. (Wessels et al. 1998.)
  • Nisin The most well known bacteriocin is nisin, which is the only bacteriocin currently authorised as a food additive.
  • Nisin is produced by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and is sold as the commercial extract Nisaplin® Natural Antimicrobial (Danisco).
  • Nisin has an unusually broad antimicrobial spectrum for a bacteriocin, being active against most Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, lactic acid bacteria). It is not normally effective against Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts or moulds.
  • Nisin is allowed as a food preservative worldwide but its levels of use and approved food applications are strictly regulated, varying from country to country.
  • bacteriocins have since been discovered with potential as food preservatives, e.g. pediocin, lactcin, sakacin, lactococcin, enterococin, plantaricin, leucocin. These are also active, although usually with a more narrow spectrum, against Gram-positive bacteria. Their food use is at present restricted to production of the bacteriocin in situ, i.e. by growth of the producer organism within the food.
  • Antioxidants are widely used in food products susceptible to oxidative degeneration.
  • An antioxidant is defined by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 170.3) as “a substance used to preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation”.
  • Spices or plant extracts can be used in food as antioxidants and to impart flavour.
  • One advantage of such extracts is that they are perceived as natural ingredients when compared to chemical antioxidants such as butyl hydroxyanisol (BHA) and butylated hydoxytoluene (BHT). Plants of the family Labiatae contain several well known herbs.
  • Extracts from these plants have been shown to have antioxidant and, in some cases, antimicrobial activity (Nychas & Skandamis, 2003; Smid and Gorris, 1999; Loliger, 1989).
  • Such extracts may be essential oils and oleoresins (extracts with essential oil content used in flavours and fragrances) or “deodorised”, extracts that have a high phenolic diterpene content and low level of flavour-inducing compounds.
  • Carnosic acid a phenolic diterpene (C 20 H 28 O 4 ), occurs naturally in leaves of plants of the Labiatae family, particularly rosemary and sage, but also thyme and marjoram. Dried leaves of rosemary or sage contain 1.5-2.5% carnosic acid and 0.3-0.4% carnosol (US6231896).
  • Carnosol is an oxidative artefact of carnosic acid (Wenkert et al. J. Org. Chem 30:2931, 1965). The oxidation takes place in the presence of harvesting in the leaves left to dry in the air and if the leaves are subjected to extraction with solvents. Rosmanol may also be a product of the oxidation of carnosic acid.
  • WO 98/56395 teaches a mix of tea-tree oil and thyme Essential oil.
  • GB 2275 194 A discusses plant extract disinfectant.
  • US 6083921 discusses a combination of plant extracts including one from Labiatae: Scutellaria, preferably root (Radix scutellariae).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,684 teaches an oral composition for plaque and gingivitis containing thymol and eugenol
  • Food safety and prevention of food spoilage is an ever present concern worldwide, particularly with the increasing trend for convenience foods such as ready to eat meals, soups, sauces or snacks. Spoilage of food is a major economic problem for the food manufacturer. Food manufacturers need to protect the health and safety of the public by delivering products that are safe to eat. Such food must have a guaranteed shelf life, either at chilled or ambient temperature storage. Consumers prefer good tasting food of high quality—this is difficult to achieve with chemical preservatives, harsh heating regimes and other processing measures. Food safety and protection is best achieved with a multiple preservation system using a combined approach of milder processing and natural preservatives. Foodborne micro-organisms are also less able to adapt and grow in food preserved with different preservative measures.
  • Bacteriocins such as nisin can be used as preservatives in food to help meet this need.
  • Nisin is a proven safe, natural preservative with GRAS status.
  • Other bacteriocins can be used for preservation if produced in situ, by growth of the bacteriocin producer organism in the food.
  • the present invention alleviates the problems of the prior art.
  • the present invention provides a composition
  • a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0 wt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a microorganism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0 wt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0 wt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the present invention provides kit for preparing a composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0 wt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition, in separate packages or containers; optionally with instructions for admixture and/or contacting and/or use.
  • rosemary and sage have antioxidant activity in foods that is mainly related to phenolic diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol, as well as other phenolic compounds, including phenolic triterpenes such as betulinic acid, oleanolic add and ursolic acid; and rosmarinic acid.
  • Antimicrobial activity has been attributed to some of these compounds, all of which can be obtained by selective extraction from the plants.
  • the phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid are distinct from the essential oils and oleoresins that are often used in flavours and fragrances. The high flavour and odour levels of essential oils is not conducive to their use in food.
  • the present invention provides a synergistic combination of components for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, such as foodstuff.
  • This combination of components allows lower levels of the antimicrobial material to be used to provide effective action and prevent the development of tolerance to the antimicrobial material. This is particularly important in food applications where reduction of dosage and/or avoidance of development of tolerance is desired for commercial and regulatory reasons.
  • the antimicrobial material is a bacteriocin.
  • the antimicrobial material such as a bacteriocin
  • a bacteriocin may typically be selected from materials (bacteriocins) that can be used as preservatives in food
  • the antimicrobial material is at least nisin.
  • the antimicrobial material consists of nisin.
  • Nisin is a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,301) derived from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus - lactis ) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,801).
  • the bacteriocin used in the present invention is at least nisin.
  • nisin is a polypeptide bacteriocin produced by the lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus lactis Group N).
  • Nisin is reportedly a collective name representing several closely related substances which have been designated nisin compounds A, B, C, D and E (De Vuyst, L. and Vandamme, E. J. 1994. Nisin, a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis: properties, biosynthesis, fermentation and applications. In: Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Microbiology, Genetics and Applications. Eds.: De Vuyst and Vandamme. Blackie Academic and Professional, London). The structure and properties of nisin are also discussed in the article by E. Lipinska, entitled “Nisin and Its Applications”, The 25th Proceedings of the Easter School in Agriculture Science at the University of Nottingham, 1976, pp.
  • Nisin has the food additive number E234 and is classed as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) (Food and Drug Administration. 1988. Nisin preparation: Affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human ingredient. Federal Regulations 53: 11247).
  • the international activity unit (IU hereinafter) was defined as 0.001 mg of an international nisin reference preparation.
  • Nisaplin® Natural Antimicrobial is the brand name for a nisin concentrate containing 1 million IU per g, which is commercially available from Danisco.
  • Nisin is an acknowledged and accepted food preservative with a long history of safe, effective food use. There have been several reviews of nisin, e.g. Hurst 1981; 1983; Delves-Broughton, 1990; De Vuyst and Vandamme, 1994; Thomas et al. 2000; Thomas & Delves-Broughton, 2001). Nisin was discovered over 50 years ago and the first commercial preparation, made in 1953, was Nisaplin®. Nisin has several characteristics that make it particularly suitable as a food preservative. It has undergone extensive toxicological testing to demonstrate its safety. It is heat-stable, acid-stable and effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Nisin is an effective preservative in pasteurised and heat-treated foods (e.g.
  • processed cheese, cheese, pasteurised milks, dairy desserts, cream, mascarpone and other dairy products puddings such as semolina, tapioca etc., pasteurised liquid egg, pasteurised potato products, soy products, crumpets, pikelets, flapjacks, processed meat products, beverages, soups, sauces, ready to eat meals, canned foods, vegetable drinks) and low acid foods such as salad dressings, sauces, mayonnaise, beer, wine and other beverages.
  • bacteriocin pediocin produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus, P. acidilactici, or Lactobacillus plantarum, may be used in the present invention. Like nisin, different structures of pediocin have been described.
  • pediocin and other bacteriocins are not allowed as food additives but their antibacterial activity can be achieved by production of the bacteriocin in situ, as a consequence of the growth of the producer organism in the food. This is the purpose of commercial s protective cultures such as HOLDBACTM Listeria (Danisco).
  • Pediocin has a more narrow antimicrobial spectrum compared to nisin, but there is much interest in its food safety ability to kill, prevent or control the growth of the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Ray & Miller, 2000).
  • bacteriocins may be used in the present invention, including those named generally as divercin, leucocin, mesentericin, sakacin, curvacin, bavaricin, acidocin, bifidocin, carnobacteriocin, pisicocin, piscicolin, mundticin, enterocin, thermophilin, lacticin, plantaricin, lactococcin, divercin, diplococcin, mesenterocin, leuconosin, camosin, acidophilin, lactacin, brevicin, lactocin, helevticin, reutericin, propionicin.
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 1 5 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 10 wt. %, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition preferably less than 10 wt. %, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 10 wt. %, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition preferably less than 10 wt. %, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition.
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt.
  • % preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition).
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than O.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt.
  • % preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition).
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt.
  • % preferably less than 0.1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition).
  • the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10 wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7 wt. %, preferably less than 5 wt. %, preferably less than 2 wt. %, preferably less than 1 wt. %, preferably less than 0.75 wt. %, preferably less than 0.5 wt. %, preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt.
  • % preferably less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the composition).
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract.
  • the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. %, preferably less than 0.05 wt. %, preferably less than 0.04 wt. %, preferably less than 0.02 wt. %, preferably less than 0.01 wt. %, preferably less than 0.004 wt. %, based on the extract.
  • the extract used in the present invention is obtained from or is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family.
  • the extract used in the present invention is obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family.
  • the extract used in the present invention is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family.
  • an extract obtainable from a plant may be obtained from a plant or may be isolated from the plant, identified and then obtained from an alternative source, for example by chemical synthesis or enzymatic production.
  • the extract may be produced by a eukaryotic or prokaryotic fermentation, by a process of genetic manipulation.
  • the present applicant have recognised that products present in a plant of the Labiatae family may synergistically increase the activity of a an antimicrobial material, preferably a bacteriocin. These products may be obtained from any source and will fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention comprises use of a combination of a bacteriocin such as nisin and a of the Labiatae plant family, such as rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalls ) or sage ( Salvia officinalis ) that together give enhanced control of Gram-positive bacteria in a food system.
  • the extracts responsible for synergy in the present invention preferably refer to extracts of the plant family Labiatae that have been selectively extracted (“deodorised extracts”) to increase their phenolic diterpene content (such as carnosol and carnosic acid), phenolic tripterpene content (such as ursolic acid, betulinic acid and oleanolic acid) or rosmarinic acid content.
  • deodorised extracts can be distinguished by their high phenolic diterpene content (for example greater than 3.5 wt. %) and their low level (less than 1 wt. %) of flavour-inducing compounds from plant essential oils and oleoresins that are used as flavours or fragrances.
  • Essential oils are typically extracted by simple steam distillation of the plant material.
  • Essential oils comprise the various essential oils in plants having the odour or the flavour of the plant from which they were extracted.
  • the essential oils are typically terpenoids often comprising monoterpenes.
  • an antioxidant type of rosemary extract which could be described as selectively extracted or deodorised, contains >3.5% phenolic diterpenes but less than 1 wt. % essential oils.
  • a non-selective, flavouring extract contains 10-30 wt. % essential oils and a phenolic diterpene content of 2->3.5 wt. %.
  • Essential oils are commonly described as the volatile ethereal fraction obtained from a plant or plant part by a physical separation process such as distillation or chromatographic separation.
  • Essential oils have also been described as a “group of odorous principles, soluble in alcohol and to a limited extent in water, consisting of a mixtures of esters, aldehydes, ketones and terpenes.
  • Essential oils are typically obtained by distilling plants with water; the oil that separates from distillate usually has highly characteristic odors identified with the plant origin. The resulting mixture of organic compounds was thought, in the days of alchemists, to be the essence of the plant, hence the term “essential oil”.
  • the extract is a deodorised extract.
  • the (deodorised) extract contains from 1.0 to 70 wt. % phenolic diterpenes, preferably 3.5 to 70 wt. % phenolic diterpenes and less than 1 wt. % essential oil.
  • the extract is selected from phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid.
  • the extract is or comprises a phenolic diterpene.
  • the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid, carnosol and methylcarnosic acid.
  • the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid and carnosol.
  • the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt. %.
  • the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt. %, for example greater than 5.0 wt. %, greater than 10.0 wt. %, greater than 20.0 wt. %, or greater than 25.0 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is greater than 1.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 2.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.5 wt. %, preferably greater than 5.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 10.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 20.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 40.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 50.0 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is from 2.0 to 2.5 wt. %, such as 2.3 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition is from 4.0 to 4.5 wt. %, such as 4.2 wt. %.
  • the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 1.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 2.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.5 wt. %, preferably greater than 5.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 10.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 20.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 40.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 50.0 wt. %.
  • the extract contains one or more phenolic triterpenes.
  • the phenolic triterpenes are selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.
  • phenolic triterpene is selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.
  • the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one highly preferred aspect the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.
  • the extract is or comprises rosmarinic acid.
  • the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the extract is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.
  • the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the composition.
  • flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils are camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa-terpineol.
  • the combined amount of camphor present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %) based on the extract.
  • the combined amount of borneol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %) based on the extract.
  • the combined amount of alfa-terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %) based on the extract.
  • the combined amount of camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa-terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.1 wt. %) based on the extract.
  • the extract contain less than 1 wt. % of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contain less than 1 wt. % of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the composition.
  • the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, savoury and thyme. In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, and savoury. It will be understood that these name cover all species and varieties of plants known by these names.
  • the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), marjoram ( Origanum marjorana L.), mint ( Mentha spp.), balm ( Melissa officinalis L.), savoury ( Satureia hortensis ), thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.).
  • the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.), oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), marjoram ( Origanum mailorana L.), mint ( Mentha spp.), balm ( Melissa officinalis L.), and savoury ( Satureia hortensis ).
  • the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.), marjoram ( Origanum marjorana L.), mint ( Mentha spp.), balm ( Melissa officinalis L.), and savoury ( Satureia hortensis ).
  • the plant of the Labiatae family is rosemary.
  • phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid are obtained by chemical synthesis.
  • the present invention provides
  • the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in a material. This may be slowing or arresting a micro-organism, such a bacteria, or by killing the micro-organism present on contact with the present composition.
  • the antimicrobial material and/or the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.
  • the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.
  • the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic synergistic effect.
  • the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal synergistic effect.
  • microbicidal or microbiostatic effect is a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.
  • the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is advantageous for the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect to be in respect of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
  • the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of an organism selected from Gram-positive bacteria associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease including Bacillus species, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria species, Listeria monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid spoilage bacteria, Lactobacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium species, C. sporogenes, C. tyrobutyricum.
  • the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of the invention in combination with a chelating agent is in respect of an organism selected from other micro-organisms associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease, including yeasts, moulds and Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, and Pseudomonas species.
  • the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Listeria monocytogenes.
  • compositions, process and use of the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in any material.
  • the composition is a foodstuff or may be added to a foodstuff.
  • the essential components of (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family are already present in the foodstuff. They may have been provided by one or more means. For example they may have been added in the form of a composition containing the bacteriocin and the extract.
  • the two components may have been added to the foodstuff sequentially.
  • one or more of the components may have be formed in situ in the foodstuff.
  • the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.
  • composition of the present invention is a protectant composition suitable for addition to a foodstuff.
  • Typical foodstuffs are raw meat, cooked meat, raw poultry products, cooked poultry products, raw seafood products, cooked seafood products, ready to eat meals, pasta sauces, pasteurised soups, mayonnaise, salad dressings, oil-in-water emulsions, margarines, low fat spreads, water-in-oil emulsions, dairy products, cheese spreads, processed cheese, dairy desserts, flavoured milks, cream, fermented milk products, cheese, butter, condensed milk products, ice cream mixes, soya products, pasteurised liquid egg, bakery products, confectionery products, fruit products, and foods with fat-based or water-containing fillings.
  • the compositon of the present invention or the composition for use in the present invention may contain one or more additional components.
  • the protectant composition of the present invention (suitable for addition to a foodstuff) contains no additional components or contains no additional components that materially affect the properties of the composition.
  • the present invention provides
  • the composition further comprises an emulsifier.
  • the emulsifier is selected from polyoxy-ethylene sorbitan esters (E432-E436) otherwise known as polysorbates (e.g. Tween 80, Tween 20), monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of mono-diglycerides, tartaric acid esters of mono-diglycerides and citric acid esters of mono-diglycerides.
  • composition further comprises a chelator.
  • a chelator is selected from EDTA, citric acid, monophosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates and polyphosphates.
  • sequestering agents are useful in food processing in their salt forms, which are commonly alkali metal or alkaline earth salts such as sodium, potassium or calcium or quaternary ammonium salts. Sequestering compounds with multiple valencies may be beneficially utilised to adjust pH or selectively introduce or abstract metal ions e.g. in a food system coating. Additional information chelators is disclosed in T. E. Furia (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, 2nd Ed., pp. 271-294 (1972, Chemical Rubber Co.), and M. S. Peterson and A. M. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Food Science, pp. 694-699 (1978, AVI Publishing Company, Inc.) which articles are both hereby incorporated by reference.
  • chelator is defined as organic or inorganic compounds capable of forming co-ordination complexes with metals. Also, as the term “chelator” is used herein, it includes molecular encapsulating compounds such as cyclodextrin. The chelator may be inorganic or organic, but preferably is organic.
  • Preferred chelator are non-toxic to mammals and include aminopolycarboxylic acids and their salts such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salts (particularly its di- and tri-sodium salts), and hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
  • aminopolycarboxylic acids and their salts such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salts (particularly its di- and tri-sodium salts), and hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.
  • non-citric acid and non-citrate hydrocarboxylic acid chelators are also believed useful in the present invention such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and their salts.
  • chelator is defined and used herein as a synonym for sequestering agent and is also defined as including molecular encapsulating compounds such as cyclodextrin.
  • Cyclodextrins are cyclic carbohydrate molecules having six, seven, or eight glucose monomers arranged in a donut shaped ring, which are denoted alpha, beta or gamma cyclodextrin, respectively.
  • cyclodextrin refers to both unmodified and modified cyclodextrin monomers and polymers. Cyclodextrin molecular encapsulators are commercially available from American Maize-Products of Hammond, Ind.
  • Cyclodextrin are further described in Chapter 11 entitled, “Industrial Applications of Cyclodextrin”, by J. Szejtli, page 331-390 of Inclusion Compounds, Vol. III (Academic Press, 1984) which chapter is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin. More preferably the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin in respect of Gram-negative bacteria and other micro-organisms.
  • composition further comprises a lytic enzyme.
  • lytic enzyme is a lysozyme.
  • the present invention provides process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1.0 wt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material together.
  • the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material sequentially.
  • the present invention provides in one aspect a preservative/protectant composition which may be added to a range of materials such as food systems and in another aspect a combination of two separate products which may added sequentially to materials such as food products.
  • the extract is added to the material.
  • the bacteriocin is added to the material.
  • the extract is formed in situ in the material.
  • the bacteriocin is formed in situ in the material.
  • the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.
  • the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material; wherein (a) and (b) are different; and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075 wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15 wt. % based on the composition.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin cidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes in chicken soup at 25° C. by a selectively extracted rosemary extract
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in chilled chicken soup by a selectively extracted rosemary extract (GRE09)
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement by a selectively extracted rosemary extract of nisin control of B. cereus spore outgrowth in chilled chicken soup. Minimal detection limit was 100 cfu/g. For the length of the testing period, the samples containing the combination of nisin and rosemary had Bacillus counts at or below 100 cfu/g.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing combined effect of nisin, selectively extracted rosemary extracts and rosemary extract components against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20° C. (Minimum detection limit 100 cfu/g)
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin activity by selectively extracted extracts of rosemary or rosmarinic acid against Listeria monocytogenes in a chicken soup at ambient temperature.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes at 8° C.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of B. cereus at 15° C.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of L. monocytogenes in carbonara sauce at 8° C.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of B. cereus spores in carbonara sauce at 15° C.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20° C. a) pH 4.5
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20° C. b) pH 6.7
  • GUARDIANTM Rosemary Extract 09 (Danisco) (GRE09). This is a water dispersible deodorised rosemary extract containing 4% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils, extracted from rosemary leaves, combined with the carriers polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and propylene glycol. A commercial extract of nisin at potency of 1 ⁇ 10 6 IU/g: Nisaplin® Natural Antimicrobial (Danisco).
  • Test strains Bacillus cereus 204, B. cereus Campden, B. cereus NCTC2599, B. subtilis Campden, Listeria monocytogenes 272, L. monocytogenes NCTC12426, L. monocytogenes S23, Lactobacillus sake 272, Escherichia coli S15, E. coli CRA109, Salmonella Typhimurium S29, Pseudomonas fluorescens 3756.
  • a 100,000 ppm GRE09 solution was prepared in water and filter sterilised (0.2 ⁇ m). Further dilutions were prepared in sterile deionised water at 1,250-20,000 ppm.
  • Brain Heart Infusion broth (Oxoid) was prepared and GRE09 stock solutions were added to give the following test solutions of GRE09; 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000 ppm.
  • a 10,000 IU/ml nisin solution was prepared, filter sterilised and a range of stock solutions then prepared. A range of nisin concentrations was then prepared in Brain Heart Infusion broth.
  • a fully automated microbial growth analyser was used to determine microbial growth curves (Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C analyser linked to a PC with installed software BioLink v 5.30; Labsystem Oy, Finland). Tests were prepared in honeycomb 2 (HC 2) microtitre/cuvette plates with a capacity of 100 wells per plate. The wells were loaded with 270 ⁇ l of the prepared media and inoculated at a level of 10 3 CFU (colony forming units)/ml with 30 ⁇ l of microbial suspension. Incubation time and temperature was as appropriate for the test organism. This test allowed suitable test levels for the compounds to be determined. The rosemary extract and nisin were then tested in combination, using the same procedure. Nisin solutions were prepared at 50-1000 IU/ml in broth as above. GRE09 solutions were prepared at 250, 500 and 1000 ppm as above. Combinations of all these test levels were prepared and tested in the Bioscreen as before.
  • Test compounds GRE09 at 0.1%, 0.5%, Nisaplin® (Danisco).
  • Test strains a cocktail was prepared of L. monocytogenes strains NCTC12426, NCTC5105, NCC FSM60 and CRA3930. The Listeria strains were grown at 30° C. on Brain heart infusion agar overnight then inoculated into broth at 30° C. overnight. A volume of each broth was mixed together to give a cocktail of strains with a cell concentration of approximately 10 9 CFU/ml.
  • a chilled pasteurised chicken soup was used as a food model because it was a 15 good mix of different food components including vegetables, dairy products and poultry meat It was comprised of a chicken stock with the addition of chicken, cream, vegetables, flour and seasonings.
  • the pH was 6.12.
  • the soup was pasteurised at a core temperature of 80° C. for 2 minutes.
  • the Listeria cocktail was diluted to 10 4 CFU/ml and inoculated into soup tests to give a final cell count of approximately 10 2 CFU/g (growth inhibitory tests) and 10 7 CFU/ml (cidal tests).
  • the latter test was incubated at 25° C. for 2 h and then tested by viable count enumeration to estimate the extent of cidal activity.
  • the growth test was incubated at 8° C. with regular sampling to estimate bacteriostatic activity.
  • Nisaplin (100 IU/ml) +GRE09 at 0.5%, (b) Nisaplin (250 IU/ml)+GRE09 at 0.1%, and (c) Nisaplin (250 IU/ml)+GRE09 at 0.5% did not give any total aerobic viable counts above 100 cfu/g.
  • Test strains a cocktail of Bacillus spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Bacillus cereus strain 204, Bacillus cereus strain 199, B. cereus strain Campden, and B. cereus strain ABC 4/9.
  • test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above.
  • the soup was pasteurised at 70° C. for 2 minutes, cooled and inoculated with approximately 10 3 CFU/g of a cocktail of Bacillus cereus spores. Incubation was for 56 days. Results are shown in FIG. 3 and summarised in Table 3. Bacteriostatic synergy between the nisin and rosemary extract GRE09 was evident. For example, spoilage (i.e. 10 6 CFU/ml) resulted after 13 days in the presence of 25 IU/ml nisin, and after 10 days in the presence of 300 ppm GRE09. In the presence of both these ingredients, no spoilage had occurred by the end of the trial (56 days).
  • Test strains a cocktail of Clostridium spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Clostridium sporogenes strain Campden, Clostridium sporogenes 1.221, and Clostridium sporogenes NCIMB1793.
  • test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above.
  • the soup was pasteurised at 70° C. for 2 minutes and transferred to sterile test tubes. These were inoculated with a cocktail of heat-shocked Clostridium sporogenes spores, at a level of 2.2 ⁇ 10 2 CFU/g, then anaerobic conditions were created by plugging the tubes with agar.
  • the samples were incubated at 37° C. and checked daily for gas production (observed by blowing of the gas plug and by the distinctive clostridial odour). Results for a 27 day incubation period, demonstrating synergy, are shown in Table 4.
  • MIC Minimal inhibitory concentrations
  • the test compounds comprised nisin (as Nisaplin®; Danisco), GRE09 (Danisco), pure rosmarinic acid (RA; Sigma) and a range of deodorised rosemary extracts. These had been prepared by selected extraction with either organic solvents or CO 2 to obtain extracts containing 28% phenolic diterpenes (28RE; Danisco) and a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA; Danisco).
  • nisin activity was evident with a combination of nisin combined with pure rosmarinic acid (RA; this may have partly been due to low pH levels), a combination of nisin with a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA) and a combination of nisin with a deodorised rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils (28RE).
  • RA pure rosmarinic acid
  • 6RA rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid
  • 28RE deodorised rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes and ⁇ 1% essential oils
  • Test strains Listeria monocytogenes strains 272, CRA3930 and NCTC12426
  • the chicken soup model was used as before.
  • the following samples were tested: GRE09, deodorised rosemary extracts containing 28% or 70% phenolic diterpenes (RE28 and RE70; Danisco), a water soluble rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA; Danisco) and pure rosmarinic acid (RA; Sigma). Additions to the soup were made as appropriate.
  • the soup was pasteurised (70° C./2 minutes), the pH recorded and the soup was then inoculated with a cocktail of Listeria cells prepared as described before. The tests were incubated at 20° C. and viable count enumeration performed after 0, 2, 4 and 24 h at 20 ° C. Initial Listeria levels were 1.3 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/ml.
  • the test was repeated at two nisin levels and over different time periods.
  • the pH of the soup without addition was pH 6.06-6.20.
  • Addition of rosmarinic acid at 0.1% resulted in a slight pH drop to pH 5.75.
  • Addition of 6% RA resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.75-5.78.
  • Addition of 0.5% RE28 resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.98.
  • Addition of 0.5% RE70 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6.10.
  • Addition of 0.5% GRE09 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6.02-6.09.
  • Results shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , indicate that all the deodorised extracts tested and rosmarinic acid contributed to synergy with nisin in achieving kill of Listeria cells. This could not be attributed to the drop in pH caused by some of the additions. The additional synergy with Tween 80 was observed in GRE09. The results indicate that the antioxidant compounds carnosol and carnosic acid, present at 28 and 70% in two of the extracts tested, synergistically enhanced the cidal and growth inhibitory activity of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes. A nisin synergy with rosmarinic acid was evident but not as strong.
  • nisin as Nisaplin®, Danisco
  • Rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes RE28
  • a blend of nisin with the Rosemary extract at levels of 50 IU/mg and 4.2% phenolic diterpenes were added to commercial chicken soup that contained no other preservatives.
  • the soup pH 5.8 was pasteurised at a core temperature of 70° C. for 2 minutes.
  • the soup was cooled to ambient temperature and either inoculated with a cocktail of stationary phase cells of Listeria monocytogenes strains or spores of Bacillus cereus.
  • the strain cocktails comprised: L.
  • the sauce was prepared from lean minced beef (50%), tomatoes and juice (48.9%), starch (0.5%), saKt (0.4%) and sucrose (0.2%).
  • the beef was fried for 5 minutes until brown, then the dry ingredients mixed in followed by the tomatoes with juice.
  • the sauce was simmered for 10 minutes and allowed to cool before blending to a smooth consistency. Final pH was 5.13. Additions were made of nisin, rosemary extract and blends.
  • the sauce was pasteurised to a core temperature of 80° C. for 2 minutes.
  • a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes strains (as above) were inoculated after pasteurisation and the tests incubated at 8° C.
  • Results The results, shown as the time taken for bacterial numbers to reach 10 6 CFU/g, are summarised in Table 6. These show that the rosemary extract alone had no activity against Bacillus, and only slight activity against Listeria. The rosemary extract significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of nisin. TABLE 6 Summary of results demonstrating nisin/phenolic diterpene synergy against Listeria in a pasteurised meat sauce at 8° C.
  • test blends contained 1) 100 IU/g nisin+30 ppm rosemary extract (i.e. 8.4 phenolic diterpenes), and 2) 150 IU/g nisin+45 ppm rosemary extract (i.e. 12.6 phenolic diterpenes).

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