US20070044309A1 - Plate heat exchanger - Google Patents

Plate heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070044309A1
US20070044309A1 US10/575,720 US57572004A US2007044309A1 US 20070044309 A1 US20070044309 A1 US 20070044309A1 US 57572004 A US57572004 A US 57572004A US 2007044309 A1 US2007044309 A1 US 2007044309A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
connection
plate heat
plate
braze
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/575,720
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English (en)
Inventor
Per Sjodin
Per-Olof Dahlberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alfa Laval Corporate AB
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to ALFA LAVAL CORPORATE AB reassignment ALFA LAVAL CORPORATE AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DAHLBERG, PER-OLOF, SJODIN, PER
Publication of US20070044309A1 publication Critical patent/US20070044309A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F28F9/16—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/082—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from steel or ferrous alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0031—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D9/0043—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
    • F28D9/005—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having openings therein for both heat-exchange media
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0246—Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49373—Tube joint and tube plate structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49377—Tube with heat transfer means
    • Y10T29/49378—Finned tube
    • Y10T29/4938—Common fin traverses plurality of tubes

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a plate heat exchanger including a number of heat exchanger plates, which are arranged beside each other and connected to each other by means of a braze connection, wherein the heat exchanger plates substantially are manufactured in stainless steel containing chromium, wherein the plate heat exchanger includes a number of port channels extending through at least some of the heat exchanger plates, and wherein one or more of the port channels are surrounded by a connection surface for connection of the port channel to a pipe member.
  • the invention also refers to a method for manufacturing a plate heat exchanger including a number of heat exchanger plates, which substantially are manufactured in stainless steel containing chromium, and including a number port channels extending through at least some of the heat exchanger plates, wherein each port channel is surrounded by a connection surface for connection of the port channel to a pipe member.
  • the heat exchanger plates in plate heat exchangers are frequently manufactured in stainless steel for resisting attacks from various media transported through the heat exchanger. These media may frequently be aggressive against metallic materials.
  • the heat exchanger plates are connected to each other by brazing during a braze process with a braze material based on e.g. copper, nickel, iron or silver.
  • the braze process is normally performed in a closed space at vacuum-like pressure conditions or a gas atmosphere, and at a relatively high temperature, for instance about 1100° C. with copper as braze material and about 1200° C. with nickel as braze material.
  • the object of this invention is to remedy the problems mentioned above. More precisely, the object is to provide a plate heat exchanger offering improved possibilities to attach connection conduits by means of brazing.
  • connection surface includes a material that permits brazing of said pipe member to the connection surface in a more easy manner than to stainless steel.
  • pipe members such as external conduits, may in an easy manner be connected to the respective port channel through a braze process that may be performed during normal surrounding conditions. It is thus possible to perform these connections at an arbitrary location, for instance where the plate heat exchanger is to be used.
  • said material is more reduction susceptible than chromium dioxide, i e the oxide formed on the material may be reduced in a more easy manner than chromium dioxide, and thus strong and reliable braze joint is achieved by easy means.
  • Suitable materials are based on or include one of the materials copper and nickel.
  • said braze connection of the heat exchanger plates is achieved through a braze process.
  • the braze process may be performed in vacuum or in a gas atmosphere consisting substantially of an inert gas or a reducing gas.
  • said material may be bound to the stainless steel through diffusion, wherein said diffusion is achieved during said braze process. Thanks to such a diffusion of atoms from the material into the steel, and from the steel into the material, a strong metallic bond is achieved.
  • One of said heat exchanger plates forms an outer heat exchanger plate which has a respective outer surface surrounding a respective port channel.
  • said material may be applied to the outer surface for forming said connection surface.
  • the connection surface is thus formed directly on the outer heat exchanger plate which is designed to permit brazing of a connection pipe.
  • the plate heat exchanger includes a connection member at each port channel, wherein the connection member forms said connection surface.
  • the connection member is attached to the outer surface area.
  • the connection member may have a primary surface onto which said material is applied for forming said connection surface. Also in this case, said material may be applied on the primary surface and bound to the connection member by diffusion achieved during said braze process.
  • the primary surface has a rough surface finish, which is accomplished by abrasive blasting or any similar roughening process and which facilitates wetting of the primary surface with said material.
  • said material may then have been applied onto the primary surface by means of and during the braze process, wherein the material due to the roughened surface will flow out and be distributed over the primary surface.
  • the connection member may substantially be manufactured in stainless steel containing chromium.
  • the connection member is manufactured in an alloy substantially containing copper and nickel. The connection surface will then be formed by this alloy which on the surface oxidises to nickel oxide and copper oxide, both of which are relatively easily reducible. It is suggested that said alloy may contain 55 to 95 percent by weight copper and 5 to 45 percent by weight nickel, In particular 70 to 80 percent copper and 20 to 30 percent nickel.
  • connection member is designed as a pipe nipple, wherein the substantially cylindrical inner or outer surface of the pipe nipple forms the connection surface.
  • connection member may be designed as a washer.
  • the object is also achieved by the method initially defined, which includes the steps of: applying a material, which forms the connection surface and which permits brazing of said pipe member to the connection surface in a more easy manner than to stainless steel, arranging the heat exchanger plates beside each other, and joining the heat exchanger plates to each other by means of a braze connection.
  • FIG. 1 discloses schematically a plan view of a plate heat exchanger according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 discloses schematically a side view of the plate heat exchanger in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 discloses schematically a plan view of a plate heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 discloses schematically a side view of the plate heat exchanger in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 5 discloses schematically a plan view of a plate heat exchanger according to a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 discloses schematically a side view of the plate heat exchanger in FIG. 5 .
  • FIGS. 1 to 6 disclose different embodiments of a plate heat exchanger.
  • the plate heat exchanger includes in all embodiments a number of heat exchanger plates 1 , which are arranged beside each other to form a plate package 2 .
  • Each heat exchanger plate 1 includes in a manner known per se a corrugation 3 for increasing the heat transfer, and four port holes for forming a corresponding number of port channels 4 extending through the plate package 2 .
  • the plate package 2 may include another number of port channels 4 than the four disclosed in the embodiments in FIGS. 1 to 6 .
  • the plate package 2 includes a first outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′ and a second outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′′. Between these heat exchanger plates the remaining heat exchanger plates 1 are arranged.
  • the first outer heat exchanger plate 1 has also been provided with port holes aligned to the port channels 4 , whereas the second outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′ does not have any port holes.
  • the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′ are arranged in such a way that they extend substantially in parallel to a common main extension plane p.
  • the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′ are substantially manufactured in stainless steel containing chromium.
  • the chromium percentage means that the surface layer of the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′ will contain chromium dioxide which is difficult to reduce.
  • the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′ are connected to each other by means of a braze connection.
  • the brazing takes place by means of a braze material based on or containing copper, nickel, iron or silver and possibly any possible flux agent that can contain fluorine and that enables reduction of chromium dioxide.
  • a thin foil of the braze material is positioned in each interspace between the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′. Thereafter, the plate package 2 is compressed.
  • the compressed plate package 2 may by placed in a closed space (not disclosed), such as a vacuum furnace, during vacuum-like pressure conditions or in a gas atmosphere consisting of a substantially inert gas or a reducing gas, and a desired braze temperature which may be up to about 1100° C. with copper as braze material and about 1200° C. with nickel as braze material.
  • a closed space such as a vacuum furnace, during vacuum-like pressure conditions or in a gas atmosphere consisting of a substantially inert gas or a reducing gas, and a desired braze temperature which may be up to about 1100° C. with copper as braze material and about 1200° C. with nickel as braze material.
  • connection surfaces 5 are thus located on the first outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′ which has an outer surface area surrounding each port channel 4 .
  • the connection surfaces 5 thus extend substantially in parallel to the main extension plane p of the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′ and have been formed by a material applied to the outer surface area.
  • This material permits brazing of the pipe members 6 to the respective connection surface in a more easy manner than stainless steel and is more reduction susceptible than chromium dioxide.
  • this material may be based on or include one of the materials copper, nickel, iron or silver. Possibly the material may also include a suitable fluxing agent.
  • the outer surface areas may thus be coated by a thin layer of for instance nickel.
  • the layer may have a thickness which amounts to about 20 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the layer may be applied by different methods, for instance by melting or chemical or electrolytic plating. This application of the material may advantageously be made prior to the brazing of the plate package 2 , and thus before the plate package 2 is subjected to the above-mentioned vacuum/gas atmosphere and the above-mentioned braze temperature.
  • the nickel material will during this braze process be bound to the stainless steel of the outer surface areas of the first heat exchanger plate 1 ′ in such a way that a very strong bond is achieved through diffusion.
  • the layer of nickel material also may be applied after the plate package has been brazed according to the above description of the braze process. Also in this case, nickel or any other material may be applied through melting or chemical or electrolytic plating.
  • the plate heat exchanger includes four connection members.
  • each connection member is designed as a pipe nipple 8 .
  • the pipe nipples 8 are attached to the outer surface area at a respective one of the four port channels 4 .
  • Each pipe nipple 8 is in this embodiment, as well as the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′, substantially manufactured in stainless steel containing chromium.
  • Each pipe nipple 8 has a primary surface on which the layer with the above-mentioned material is applied for forming the connection surface 5 . In the embodiment disclosed, the primary surface is formed by an outer cylindrical surface of the pipe nipple 8 .
  • the pipe nipples 8 may advantageously be applied to the plate package 2 before it is brazed.
  • a foil of braze material is applied before said braze process between the pipe nipples 8 and the first outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′, wherein the pipe nipples 8 will be brazed to the first outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′.
  • the pipe nipples 8 may also be attached by other methods, for instance welding.
  • the layer of material is applied in a similar manner as according to the first embodiment described above. Consequently, the primary surface may be coated by a thin layer of for instance nickel.
  • the layer may have a thickness which amounts to about 20 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the layer may be applied by different methods, for instance melting or chemical or electrolytic plating.
  • This application of the material may advantageously be made prior to the brazing of the plate package 2 and the pipe nipples 8 , and thus before the plate package 2 and the pipe nipples 8 are subjected to the above-mentioned vacuum or gas atmosphere, and the above defined braze temperature.
  • the nickel material applied to the primary surface of the pipe nipples 8 will during this braze process be bound to the stainless steel of the primary surface on the pipe nipples 8 in such a way that a very strong metallic bond is achieved through diffusion.
  • the layer also may include a material based on copper.
  • a braze material with a lower melt temperature than copper is used for the brazing of the heat exchanger plates 1 , 1 ′, 1 ′′.
  • a braze temperature that is lower than the melt temperature of the material applied to the pipe nipples 8 has to be used since this material must not melt and flow away from the pipe nipples 8 .
  • the primary surface is provided with a rough surface finish.
  • This rough primary surface may be accomplished by blasting or any similar roughening method.
  • the roughening is made as an initial step before the pipe nipples 8 are mounted to the plate package 2 .
  • Such a rough primary surface facilitates wetting with the mentioned material and means that the material during the above described brazing of the plate package 2 will flow out over the primary surface in such a way that a strong layer of the material is formed on the primary surface.
  • This layer which thus may include any of the materials copper, nickel, iron or silver, may also have a thickness of about 20 to 50 ⁇ and form a connection surface 5 with proper braze properties. Different types of pipe members 6 may then be brazed to this connection surface 5 by means of simple, conventional braze methods.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 A third embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 .
  • This embodiment also includes four connection members, one around each port hole 4 .
  • each connection member is however designed as a washer 9 .
  • the washers 9 are attached to the outer surface area of the outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′ at a respective one of the port channels 4 .
  • Each washer 9 has an outer plane surface forming a substantially plane connection surface 5 to which a pipe member 6 may be attached in a similar manner as in the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • each washer 9 in this embodiment is manufactured in an alloy containing mainly copper and nickel. By the addition of nickel to copper the melt temperature of the alloy may be increased, the higher percentage of nickel the higher the melt temperature.
  • the alloy is to contain only so much nickel that the melt temperature becomes higher than the melt temperature of the braze material used for brazing the plate package and for brazing the washers 9 to the outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′′.
  • the alloy may contain 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 percent by weight copper and a corresponding percentage nickel, i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45 percent by weight nickel.
  • the washers 9 may as well as in the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 3 and 4 be attached in various ways to the outer heat exchanger plate 1 ′.
  • connection members which are manufacture in stainless steel and which are disclosed in FIGS. 3 and 4 as an alternative may be designed as washers 9 and that the connection members manufactured in an alloy of copper and nickel and disclosed in FIGS. 5 and 6 as an alternative may be designed as pipe nipples 8 . Also other shapes of the disclosed connections member than pipe nipples 8 and washers 9 are possible.
US10/575,720 2003-10-17 2004-09-20 Plate heat exchanger Abandoned US20070044309A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE0302748A SE527509C2 (sv) 2003-10-17 2003-10-17 Lödd plattvärmeväxlare med plattor av i huvudsak rostfritt stål och förfarande för tillverkning av en sådan plattvärmeväxlare
SE0302748-9 2003-10-17
PCT/SE2004/001322 WO2005038382A1 (en) 2003-10-17 2004-09-20 A plate heat exchanger

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20070044309A1 true US20070044309A1 (en) 2007-03-01

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/575,720 Abandoned US20070044309A1 (en) 2003-10-17 2004-09-20 Plate heat exchanger

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US20070044309A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1676089B1 (de)
JP (2) JP2007508523A (de)
KR (1) KR20110106455A (de)
CN (1) CN100554862C (de)
AT (1) ATE473410T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2004281347B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2542746C (de)
DE (1) DE602004028032D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2346537T3 (de)
SE (1) SE527509C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2005038382A1 (de)

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US20090129999A1 (en) * 2006-04-28 2009-05-21 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Method of brazing a first metal member to a second metal member using a high wettability metal as layer between the two metal members; reformer manufactured by this method, the metal members having grooves
US20110220337A1 (en) * 2008-10-16 2011-09-15 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Heat exchanger
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EP3486593A1 (de) * 2017-11-15 2019-05-22 LG Electronics Inc. Plattenwärmetauscher und klimaanlage damit
WO2021263034A1 (en) * 2020-06-26 2021-12-30 Vacuum Process Engineering, Inc. Integrated hybrid compact fluid heat exchanger
CN117053611A (zh) * 2023-10-12 2023-11-14 广州市迈源科技有限公司 一种板式换热器板片及其制备、清洗和应用方法

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SE523855C2 (sv) 2000-11-10 2004-05-25 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Järnbaserat lodmaterial för sammanfogning av elememt och lödd produkt framställd härmed
DK1888294T4 (en) 2005-05-26 2017-05-01 Alfa Laval Corp Ab PROCEDURE FOR HARDWARE OF STAINLESS STEEL ART
DE102007043047A1 (de) * 2007-09-11 2009-03-12 Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh Vorrichtung mit einem gelöteten Wärmetauscher für eine Verbrennungsmaschine
DK2644312T3 (en) * 2012-03-28 2019-02-25 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Hitherto unknown soldering concept
JP6192564B2 (ja) * 2014-02-18 2017-09-06 日新製鋼株式会社 プレート式熱交換器およびその製造方法
TWI529365B (zh) * 2015-01-19 2016-04-11 國立中央大學 熱交換模組
SE1550140A1 (sv) 2015-02-09 2016-08-10 Titanx Engine Cooling Holding Ab Port flange for a heat exchanger, heat exchanger comprising a port flange and method of making a port flange
CN104827178B (zh) * 2015-03-10 2017-08-04 胡桂林 换热板的制造方法
CN106001662B (zh) * 2016-06-28 2017-12-05 洛阳红奇机械科技有限公司 一种大板热压机一体式水套加热板的制造工艺
CN109654922A (zh) * 2019-01-25 2019-04-19 宁波市哈雷换热设备有限公司 一种钎焊板式热交换器及用于该热交换器的制造方法
JP2024051385A (ja) * 2022-09-30 2024-04-11 ダイキン工業株式会社 冷凍サイクル装置、及び、冷凍サイクル装置の製造方法

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EP1676089A1 (de) 2006-07-05
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KR20110106455A (ko) 2011-09-28
CN1867807A (zh) 2006-11-22
JP2007508523A (ja) 2007-04-05
SE527509C2 (sv) 2006-03-28
WO2005038382A1 (en) 2005-04-28
AU2004281347B2 (en) 2009-02-26
SE0302748D0 (sv) 2003-10-17
AU2004281347A1 (en) 2005-04-28
CA2542746C (en) 2012-02-21
ES2346537T3 (es) 2010-10-18
JP2011117720A (ja) 2011-06-16
ATE473410T1 (de) 2010-07-15
CA2542746A1 (en) 2005-04-28
EP1676089B1 (de) 2010-07-07

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