US20060031963A1 - Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants - Google Patents

Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants Download PDF

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US20060031963A1
US20060031963A1 US10/524,972 US52497205A US2006031963A1 US 20060031963 A1 US20060031963 A1 US 20060031963A1 US 52497205 A US52497205 A US 52497205A US 2006031963 A1 US2006031963 A1 US 2006031963A1
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activity
nucleic acids
sequence
cyclase
plant
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Christel Schopfer
Ralf Flachmann
Karin Herbers
Irene Kunze
Matt Sauer
Martin Klebsattel
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SunGene GmbH
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SunGene GmbH
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Priority claimed from DE10238979A external-priority patent/DE10238979A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2002138980 external-priority patent/DE10238980A1/de
Priority claimed from DE10238978A external-priority patent/DE10238978A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2002153112 external-priority patent/DE10253112A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2002158971 external-priority patent/DE10258971A1/de
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Assigned to SUNGENE GMBH & CO. KGAA reassignment SUNGENE GMBH & CO. KGAA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FLACHMANN, RALF, HERBERS, KARIN, KLEBSATTEL, MARTIN, KUNZE, IRENE, SAUER, MATT, SCHOPFER, CHRISTEL RENATE
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the production of ketocarotenoids by culturing plants which, in comparison with the wild type, show a modified ketolase activity in petals, to the genetically modified plants, and to their use as foods and feeds and for the production of ketocarotenoid extracts.
  • Ketocarotenoids are synthesized de novo in bacteria, algae, fungi and plants.
  • Ketocarotenoids i.e. carotenoids comprising at least one keto group, such as, for example, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3′-hydroxyechinenone, adonirubin and adonixanthin are natural antioxidants and pigments which are produced by some algae and microorganisms as secondary metabolites.
  • ketocarotenoids Owing to their color-imparting properties, the ketocarotenoids, and in particular astaxanthin, are used as pigmenting auxiliaries in animal nutrition, in particular in trout, salmon and shrimp farming.
  • Natural ketocarotenoids such as, for example, natural astaxanthin
  • WO 00/32788 discloses that certain carotenoid ratios in Tagetes petals can be influenced by combining the overexpression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes and antisense methods.
  • WO 98/18910 describes the synthesis of ketocarotenoids in nectar glands of tobacco flowers by introducing a ketolase gene into tobacco.
  • WO 01/20011 describes a DNA construct for the production of ketocarotenoids, in particular astaxanthin, in the seeds of oilseed plants such as oilseed rape, sunflower, soybean and mustard, using a seed-specific promoter and a ketolase from Haematococcus.
  • the invention was therefore based on the object of providing an alternative method for the production of ketocarotenoids by culturing plants, or of providing further transgenic plants which produce ketocarotenoids, which have the optimized characteristics, such as, for example, a higher ketocarotenoid content, and which do not suffer from the above-described disadvantage of the prior art.
  • plants in particular the petals, contain carotenoids, but no ketocarotenoids. This is why, as a rule, the petals of wild type plants show no ketolase activity.
  • the starting plants used are plants which show a ketolase activity in petals even as the wild type, such as, for example, Adonis .
  • the genetic modification brings about an increase of the ketolase activity in petals.
  • Ketolase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a ketolase.
  • a ketolase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of introducing a keto group at the optionally substituted ⁇ -ionone ring of carotenoids.
  • ketolase is understood as meaning a protein with he enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into canthaxanthin.
  • ketolase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of canthaxanthin formed, by the protein ketolase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of canthaxanthin formed, by the protein ketolase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of the ketolase activity amounts to at least 5%, furthermore preferably at least 20%, furthermore preferably at least 50%, furthermore preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, even more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600%, of the ketolase activity of the wild type.
  • wild type is understood as meaning the corresponding non-genetically-modified starting plant.
  • plant can be understood as meaning the starting plant (wild type), or a genetically modified plant according to the invention or both.
  • wild type for increasing or generating the ketolase activity, for the increase of the hydroxylase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the ⁇ -cyclase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the HMG-CoA reductase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity described hereinbelow, for the increase of the farnesyl-di
  • this reference plant is by preference Adonis aestivalis, Adonis flammeus or Adonis annuus , especially preferably Adonis aestivalis.
  • this reference plant is preferably Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Tagetes lucida, Tagetes pringlei, Tagetes palmeri, Tagetes minuta or Tagetes campanulata , especially preferably Tagetes erecta.
  • ketolase activity in genetically modified plants of the invention and in wild type or reference plants is determined under the following conditions:
  • the ketolase activity in plant material is determined by a method similar to that of Frazer et al., (J. Biol. Chem. 272(10): 6128-6135, 1997).
  • the ketolase activity in plant extracts is determined using the substrates beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in the presence of lipid (soya lecithin) and detergent (sodium cholate). Substrate/product ratios from the ketolase assays are determined by HPLC.
  • the ketolase activity can be increased in various ways, for example by eliminating inhibiting regulatory mechanisms at the translation and protein level, or by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase in comparison with the wild type, for example by inducing the ketolase gene by activators or by introducing, into the plant, nucleic acids encoding a ketolase.
  • increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase is also understood as meaning the manipulation of the expression of the plants' homologous endogenous ketolases. This can be achieved for example by modifying the promoter DNA sequence for ketolase-encoding genes. Such a modification which results in a modified or, with preference increased, expression rate of at least one endogenous ketolase gene can be effected by deletion or insertion of DNA sequences.
  • an increased expression of at least one endogenous ketolase gene can be achieved by a regulator protein which does not occur in the wild-type plant, or which is modified, interacting with the promoter of these genes.
  • Such a regulator can constitute a chimeric protein which consists of a DNA binding domain and a transcription activator domain such as described, for example, in WO 96/06166.
  • increasing the ketolase activity in comparison with the wild type is effected by increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase is effected by introducing, into the plant, nucleic acids which encode ketolases.
  • the starting plants used are plants which, as the wild type, show no ketolase activity in petals, such as, for example, tomato, marigold, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes lucida, Tagetes minuta, Tagetes pringlei, Tagetes palmeri and Tagetes campanulata.
  • the genetic modification generates the ketolase activity in petals.
  • the genetically modified plant according to the invention thus has, in comparison with the genetically nonmodified wild type, a ketolase activity in petals and is thus preferably capable of transgenically expressing a ketolase in petals.
  • generating the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase takes place analogously to the above-described increase of the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase, preferably by introducing, into the starting plant, nucleic acids which encode ketolases.
  • ketolase gene that is to say any nucleic acid which encodes a ketolase, can be used in both these embodiments.
  • nucleic acids mentioned in the description can be for example an RNA, DNA or cDNA sequence.
  • nucleic acid sequences which are preferably to be used are, in the event that the host plant is not capable, or cannot be made capable, of expressing the ketolase in question, ready-processed nucleic acids such as the corresponding cDNAs.
  • nucleic acids encoding a ketolase and the corresponding ketolases, which can be used in the method according to the invention are, for example, sequences from
  • Haematoccus pluvialis in particular from Haematoccus pluvialis Flotow em. Wille (Accession NO: X86782; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 1, protein SEQ ID NO: 2),
  • Agrobacterium aurantiacum (Accession NO: D58420; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 5, protein SEQ ID NO: 6),
  • Paracoccus marcusii (Accession NO: Y15112; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 9, protein SEQ ID NO: 10).
  • Synechocystis sp. strain PC6803 (Accession NO: NP442491; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 11, protein SEQ ID NO: 12).
  • Bradyrhizobium sp. (Accession NO: AF218415; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 13, protein SEQ ID NO: 14).
  • Nostoc sp. strain PCC7120 (Accession NO: AP003592, BAB74888; nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 15, protein SEQ ID NO: 16).
  • ketolases and ketolase genes which can be used in the method according to the invention can be found readily for example from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known by carrying out alignments of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the above-described sequences, and in particular with the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or 16 and/or 90 and/or 92.
  • ketolases and ketolase genes can furthermore be found readily from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known by using hybridization techniques in the manner known per se, starting from the above-described nucleic acid sequences, in particular starting from the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or 16 and/or 90 and/or 92.
  • the hybridization can be carried out under moderate (low-stringency) or, preferably under stringent (high-stringency) conditions.
  • the conditions during the washing step can be selected from the range of conditions delimited by those with less stringency (with 2 ⁇ SSC at 50° C.) and those with high stringency (with 0.2 ⁇ SSC at 50° C., preferably at 65° C.) (20 ⁇ SSC: 0.3 M sodium citrate, 3 M sodium chloride, pH 7.0).
  • the temperature during the washing step can be increased from moderate conditions at room temperature, 22° C., to stringent conditions at 65° C.
  • Both parameters, salt concentration and temperature can be varied simultaneously, or else one of the two parameters can be kept constant, while only the other one is varied.
  • denaturing agents such as, for example, formamide or SDS can be employed during the hybridization step. In the presence of 50% formamide, the hybridization is preferably carried out at 42° C.
  • nucleic acids are introduced which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 20%, by preference at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, especially preferably at least 90% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 and which has the enzymatic characteristic of a ketolase.
  • This may take the form of a natural ketolase sequence which can be found from other organisms as described above by alignment of the sequences, or else an artificial ketolase sequence which has been modified starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 by artificial variation, for example by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids.
  • nucleic acids are introduced which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 16 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 20%, by preference at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, especially preferably at least 90% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 16 and which has the enzymatic characteristic of a ketolase.
  • This may take the form of a natural ketolase sequence which can be found from other organisms as described above by alignment of the sequences, or else an artificial ketolase sequence which has been modified starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 16 by artificial variation, for example by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids.
  • nucleic acids are introduced which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 90 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 20%, by preference at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, especially preferably at least 90% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 90 and which has the enzymatic characteristic of a ketolase.
  • This may take the form of a natural ketolase sequence which can be found from other organisms as described above by alignment of the sequences, or else an artificial ketolase sequence which has been modified starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 90 by artificial variation, for example by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids.
  • nucleic acids are introduced which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 92 or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 20%, by preference at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, especially preferably at least 90% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 92 and which has the enzymatic characteristic of a ketolase.
  • This may take the form of a natural ketolase sequence which can be found from other organisms as described above by alignment of the sequences, or else an artificial ketolase sequence which has been modified starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 92 by artificial variation, for example by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids.
  • substitution is understood as meaning the replacement of one or more amino acids by one or more amino acids. Substitutions which are preferably carried out are what are known as conservative substitutions, where the replaced amino acid has a similar property to the original amino acid, for example substitution of Glu by Asp, Gln by Asn, Val by Ile, Leu by Ile, Ser by Thr.
  • Deletion is the replacement of an amino acid by a direct bond.
  • Preferred positions for deletion are the termini of the polypeptide and the linkages between the individual protein domains.
  • Insertions are introductions of amino acids into the polypeptide chain, where a direct bond is formally replaced by one or more amino acids.
  • a protein which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with a certain sequence is, accordingly, understood as meaning a protein which, upon comparison of its sequence with the particular sequence, in particular by the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has at least 20% identity.
  • a protein which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or 16 or 90 or 92 is, accordingly, understood as meaning a protein which, upon comparison of its sequence with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or 16 or 90 or 92, in particular by the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has at least 20% identity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences are obtainable, for example, by backtranslation of the polypeptide sequence according to the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 is introduced into the plant.
  • nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 15 is introduced into the plant.
  • nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 89 is introduced into the plant.
  • nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 91 is introduced into the plant.
  • ketolase genes can furthermore be generated in the known manner by chemical synthesis, starting with the nucleotide units, such as, for example, by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid units of the double helix.
  • Oligonucleotides can be synthesized chemically in the known manner for example by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2 nd Edition, Wiley Press New York, pp. 896-897). The annealing of synthetic oligonucleotides and filling in of gaps by means of the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase and ligation reactions, and general cloning methods, are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • genetically modified plants which show the highest expression rate of a ketolase in flowers are used.
  • the above-described nucleic acids as described hereinbelow in detail are introduced into the plant in a nucleic acid construct in functional linkage with a flower-specific promoter.
  • plants are preferably understood as meaning plants which, as the wild type, have chromoplasts in petals.
  • Further preferred plants additionally have, as the wild type, carotenoids, in particular ⁇ -carotene, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin or lutein, in the petals.
  • Further preferred plants have, as the wild type, additionally a hydroxylase activity in the petals.
  • Hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a hydroxylase.
  • a hydroxylase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of introducing a hydroxyl group at the optionally substituted ⁇ -ionone ring of carotenoids.
  • a hydroxylase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into zeaxanthin or cantaxanthin into astaxanthin.
  • hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene or cantaxanthin converted, or the amount of zeaxanthin or astaxanthin formed, by the protein hydroxylase within a certain period of time.
  • Especially preferred plants are plants selected from the families Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Cannabaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Linaceae, Vitaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Malvaceae, Illiaceae or Lamiaceae.
  • Very especially preferred plants are selected from the group of the plant genera Marigold, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Acacia, Aconitum, Adonis, Arnica, Aquilegia, Aster, Astragalus, Bignonia, Calendula, Caltha, Campanula, Canna, Centaurea, Cheiranthus, Chrysanthemum, Citrus, Crepis, Crocus, Curcurbita, Cytisus, Delonia, Delphinium, Dianthus, Dimorphotheca, Doronicum, Eschscholtzia, Forsythia, Fremontia, Gazania, Gelsemium, Genista, Gentiana, Geranium, Gerbera, Geum, Grevillea, Helenium, Helianthus, Hepatica, Heracleum, Hisbiscus, Heliopsis, Hypericum, Hypochoeris, Impatiens, Iris, Jacaranda, Kerria, Laburnum, Lathyrus, Leontodon, Lilium
  • plants are cultured which additionally show an increased hydroxylase activity and/or ⁇ -cyclase activity in comparison with the wild type.
  • Hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a hydroxylase.
  • a hydroxylase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of introducing a hydroxyl group at the optionally substituted ⁇ -ionone ring of carotenoids.
  • a hydroxylase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into zeaxanthin or cantaxanthin into astaxanthin.
  • hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene or cantaxanthin converted, or the amount of zeaxanthin or astaxanthin formed, by the protein hydroxylase within a certain period of time.
  • the converted amount of ⁇ -carotene or cantaxanthin, or the amount of zeaxanthin or astaxanthin formed, by the protein hydroxylase is increased within a certain period of time in comparison with the wild type.
  • This increase of the hydroxylase activity amounts by preference to at least 5%, furthermore preferably at least 20%, furthermore preferably at least 50%, furthermore preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, even more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600% of the hydroxylase activity of the wild type.
  • endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase described hereinbelow is understood as meaning the plant's homologous, endogenous hydroxylase. The activity is determined analogously.
  • ⁇ -Cyclase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a ⁇ -cyclase.
  • a ⁇ -cyclase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting a terminal, linear residue of lycopene into a ⁇ -ionone ring.
  • a ⁇ -cyclase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into ⁇ -carotene.
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein ⁇ -cyclase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein ⁇ -cyclase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • This increase of the ⁇ -cyclase activity amounts by preference to at least 5%, furthermore preferably at least 20%, furthermore preferably at least 50%, furthermore preferably at least 100%, more preferably at least 300%, even more preferably at least 500%, in particular at least 600% of the ⁇ -cyclase activity of the wild type.
  • hydroxylase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • the hydroxylase activity is determined in vitro by the method of Bouvier et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1391 (1998), 320-328). Ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase, catalase, NADPH and beta-carotene together with mono- and digalactosylglycerides are added to a certain amount of plant extract.
  • the hydroxylase activity is especially preferably determined by the method of Bouvier, Keller, d'Harlingue and Camara (Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits ( Capsicum annuum L .; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1391 (1998), 320-328) under the following conditions:
  • the in-vitro assay is carried out in a volume of 0.250 ml.
  • the mixture comprises 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.6), 0.025 mg spinach ferredoxin, 0.5 units spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase, 0.25 mM NADPH, 0.010 mg beta-carotene (emulsified in 0.1 mg Tween 80), 0.05 mM of a mixture of mono- and digalactosylglycerides (1:1), 1 unit catalase, 200 mono- and digalactosylglycerides (1:1), 0.2 mg bovine serum albumin and plant extract in different volumes.
  • the reaction mixture is incubated for 2 hours at 30° C.
  • the reaction products are extracted with organic solvents such as acetone or chloroform/methanol (2:1) and determined by means of HPLC.
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • the ⁇ -cyclase activity is determined in vitro by the method of Fraser and Sandmann (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 185(1) (1992) 9-15). The following are added to a certain amount of plant extract: potassium phosphate to act as buffer (pH 7.6), lycopene to act as substrate, stromaprotein from Capsicum, NADP+, NADPH and ATP.
  • the hydroxylase activity is especially preferably carried out by the method of Bouvier, d'Harlingue and Camara (Molecular Analysis of carotenoid cyclase inhibition; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 346(1) (1997) 53-64) under the following conditions:
  • the in-vitro assay is carried out in a volume of 250 ⁇ l.
  • the mixture comprises 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.6), different amounts of plant extract, 20 nM lycopene, 250 ⁇ g of chromoplastidial stromaprotein from Capsicum, 0.2 mM NADP+, 0.2 mM NADPH and 1 mM ATP.
  • NADP/NADPH and ATP are dissolved in 10 ⁇ l of ethanol together with 1 mg of Tween 80 immediately prior to addition to the incubation medium. After a reaction time of 60 minutes at 30° C., the reaction is quenched by addition of chloroform/methanol (2:1). The reaction products which are extracted in chloroform are analyzed by means of HPLC.
  • Increasing the hydroxylase activity and/or ⁇ -cyclase activity can be effected in various ways, for example by eliminating inhibiting regulatory mechanisms at the expression and protein level, or by increasing the gene expression of nucleic acids encoding a hydroxylase and/or nucleic acids encoding a ⁇ -cyclase in comparison with the wild type.
  • Increasing the gene expression of the nucleic acids encoding a hydroxylase and/or increasing the gene expression of the nucleic acid encoding a ⁇ -cyclase in comparison with the wild type can likewise be effected in various ways, for example by inducing the hydroxylase gene and/or ⁇ -cyclase gene by activators, or by introducing one or more hydroxylase gene copies and/or ⁇ -cyclase gene copies, i.e. by introducing, into the plant, at least one nucleic acid encoding a hydroxylase and/or at least one nucleic acid encoding an ⁇ -cyclase.
  • Increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a hydroxylase and/or ⁇ -cyclase is also understood as meaning, in accordance with the invention, the manipulation of the expression of the plants' homologous, endogenous hydroxylase and/or ⁇ -cyclase.
  • a modified, or increased, expression of an endogenous hydroxylase and/or ⁇ -cyclase gene can be achieved by a regulator protein which does not occur in the untransformed plant interacting with the promoter of this gene.
  • Such a regulator can be a chimeric protein which consists of a DNA binding domain and a transcription activator domain, as described, for example, in WO 96/06166.
  • the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a hydroxylase and/or increasing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ⁇ -cyclase is effected by introducing, into the plant, at least one nucleic acid encoding a hydroxylase and/or by introducing, into the plant, at least one nucleic acid encoding a ⁇ -cyclase.
  • any hydroxylase gene, or any ⁇ -cyclase gene i.e. any nucleic acid which encodes a hydroxylase and any nucleic acid which encodes a ⁇ -cyclase can be used for this purpose.
  • nucleic acid sequences from eukaryotic sources, which comprise introns
  • ready-processed nucleic acid sequences such as the corresponding cDNAs
  • hydroxylase gene examples include:
  • an especially preferred hydroxylase is the hydroxylase from tomato (Accession Y14809) (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 97; protein: SEQ ID NO. 98).
  • ⁇ -cyclase gene examples include:
  • an especially preferred ⁇ -cyclase is the chromoplast-specific ⁇ -cyclase from tomato (AAG21133) (nucleic acid: SEQ ID No. 95; protein: SEQ ID No. 96)
  • At least one further hydroxylase gene and/or ⁇ -cyclase gene is present in this preferred embodiment in comparison with the wild type.
  • the genetically modified plant has, for example, at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a hydroxylase or at least two endogenous nucleic acids encoding a hydroxylase and/or at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a ⁇ -cyclase or at least two endogenous nucleic acids encoding a ⁇ -cyclase.
  • Hydroxylase genes which are preferably used in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which have at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 and which have the enzymatic property of a hydroxylase.
  • hydroxylases and hydroxylase genes can be found readily, as described above, for example from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • hydroxylases and hydroxylase genes can furthermore be found readily in the manner known per se from various organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, by hybridization and PCR techniques as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 17.
  • nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the hydroxylase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18 are introduced into organisms in order to increase the hydroxylase activity.
  • suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained by backtranslation of the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are codons which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 17 is introduced into the organism.
  • ⁇ -Cyclase genes which are preferably used in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 20 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which have at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 20 and which have the enzymatic property of a ⁇ -cyclase.
  • ⁇ -cyclases and ⁇ -cyclase genes can be found readily, as described above, for example from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • ⁇ -cyclases and ⁇ -cyclase genes can furthermore be found readily in the manner known per se from various organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, by hybridization and PCR techniques, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the ⁇ -cyclase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 20 are introduced into organisms in order to increase the ⁇ -cyclase activity.
  • nucleic acid sequences can be obtained by backtranslation of the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are codons which are frequently used in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 19 is introduced into the organism.
  • All of the abovementioned hydroxylase genes or ⁇ -cyclase genes can furthermore be generated in a known manner by chemical synthesis, starting with the nucleotide units, such as, for example, by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid units of the double helix.
  • Oligonucleotides can be synthesized chemically in a known manner for example by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2 nd Edition, Wiley Press New York, pp. 896-897). The annealing of synthetic oligonucleotides and filling in of gaps by means of the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase and ligation reactions, and general cloning methods, are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • the plants additionally show a reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity in comparison with the wild type.
  • ⁇ -Cyclase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of an ⁇ -cyclase.
  • An ⁇ -cyclase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic. activity of converting a terminal, linear lycopene residue into an ⁇ -ion one ring.
  • an ⁇ -cyclase is understood as meaning in particular a protein with enzymatic activity of converting lycopene into ⁇ -carotene.
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity is understood as meaning the amount of lycopene converted, or the amount of ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein ⁇ -cyclase in a certain period of time.
  • the amount of lycopene converted, or the amount of ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein ⁇ -cyclase is reduced within a certain period of time in comparison with the wild type.
  • a reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity is preferably understood as meaning the partially or essentially complete prevention or blocking of the functionality of an ⁇ -cyclase in a plant cell, plant or a part, tissue, organ, cell or seed derived therefrom, which is based on different cell-biological mechanisms.
  • Reducing the ⁇ -cyclase activity in plants in comparison with the wild type can be effected for example by reducing the amount of ⁇ -cyclase protein, or the amount of ⁇ -cyclase mRNA, in the plant. Accordingly, an ⁇ -cyclase activity which is reduced in comparison with the wild type can be determined directly or via the determination of the amount of ⁇ -cyclase protein or the amount of ⁇ -cyclase mRNA of the plant according to the invention in comparison with the wild type.
  • a reduction of the ⁇ -cyclase activity comprises a quantitative reduction of an ⁇ -cyclase down to an essentially complete absence of ⁇ -cyclase (i.e. lack of detectability of ⁇ -cyclase activity, or lack of immunological detectability of ⁇ -cyclase).
  • the ⁇ -cyclase activity (or the amount of ⁇ -cyclase protein or the amount of ⁇ -cyclase mRNA) in the plant, especially preferably in flowers, is reduced by at least 5%, further preferably by at least 20%, further preferably by at least 50%, further preferably by 100%, in comparison with the wild type.
  • “reduction” also means the complete absence of ⁇ -cyclase activity (or of the ⁇ -cyclase protein or the ⁇ -cyclase mRNA).
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity may be determined in vitro by the method of Fraser and Sandmann (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 185(1) (1992) 9-15),when the following are added to a certain amount of plant extract: potassium phosphate to act as buffer (pH 7.6), lycopene to act as substrate, stromaprotein from Capsicum, NADP+, NADPH and ATP.
  • ⁇ -cyclase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is especially preferably determined by the method of Bouvier, d'Harlingue and Camara (Molecular Analysis of carotenoid cyclase inhibition; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 346(1) (1997) 53-64) under the following conditions:
  • the in-vitro assay is carried out in a volume of 0.25 ml.
  • the mixture comprises 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.6), different amounts of plant extract, 20 nM of lycopene, 0.25 mg of chromoplastidial stromaprotein from Capsicum, 0.2 mM NADP+, 0.2 mM NADPH and 1 mM ATP.
  • NADP/NADPH and ATP are dissolved in 0.01 ml of ethanol together with 1 mg of Tween 80 immediately prior to addition to the incubation medium. After a reaction time of 60 minutes at 30° C., the reaction is quenched by addition of chloroform/methanol (2:1). The reaction products which are extracted in chloroform are analyzed by means of HPLC.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase activity in plants is effected by at least one of the following methods:
  • Further methods are known to the skilled worker and may comprise the prevention or repression of the processing of ⁇ -cyclase, of the transport of ⁇ -cyclase or its mRNA, inhibition of ribosome attachment, inhibition of RNA splicing, induction of an ⁇ -cyclase-RNA-degrading enzyme and/or inhibition of the elongation or termination of the translation.
  • double-stranded RNA interference double-stranded RNA interference
  • dsRNAi double-stranded RNA interference
  • Matzke M A et al. (2000) Plant Mol Biol 43:401-415; Fire A. et al (1998) Nature 391:806-811; WO 99/32619; WO 99/53050; WO 00/68374; WO 00/44914; WO 00/44895; WO 00/49035 or WO 00/63364.
  • the processes and methods described in the abovementioned references are expressly referred to herewith.
  • double-stranded ribonucleic acid sequence is understood as meaning one or more ribonucleic acid sequences which are capable theoretically, owing to complementary sequences, for example in accordance with Waston and Crick's base pair rules, and/or in real terms, for example on the basis of hybridization experiments, of forming double-stranded RNA structures in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • the ratio of double-stranded molecules to corresponding dissociated forms amounts to at least 1 to 10, preferably 1:1, especially preferably 5:1, most preferably 10:1.
  • a double-stranded ⁇ -cyclase ribonucleic acid sequence is preferably understood as meaning an RNA molecule which has a region with double-stranded structure and comprises, in this region, a nucleic acid sequence which
  • RNA in order to reduce the ⁇ -cyclase activity, an RNA into the plant, which RNA has a region with duplex structure and comprises, in this region, a nucleic acid sequence with
  • ⁇ -cyclase transcript is understood as meaning the transcribed part of an ⁇ -cyclase gene which, in addition to the ⁇ -cyclase-coding sequence, for example also comprises noncoding sequences such as, for example, UTRs.
  • RNA which “is identical to at least a part of the plant's homologous ⁇ -cyclase promoter sequence” preferably means that the RNA sequence is identical to at least a part of the theoretical transcript of the ⁇ -cyclase promoter sequence, i.e. to the corresponding RNA sequence.
  • a part of the plant's homologous ⁇ -cyclase transcript, or the plant's homologous ⁇ -cyclase promoter sequence is understood as meaning part-sequences which may reach from a few base pairs up to complete sequences of the transcript, or of the promoter sequence. The skilled worker can readily determine the optimal length of the part-sequences by routine experimentation.
  • the length of the part-sequences amounts to at least 10 bases and not more than 2 kb, preferably at least 25 bases and not more than 1.5 kb, especially preferably at least 50 bases and not more than 600 bases, very especially preferably at least 100 bases and not more than 500, most preferably at least 200 bases or at least 300 bases and not more than 400 bases.
  • the part-sequences are selected in such a way that as high a specificity as possible is achieved and that it is avoided to reduce activities of other enzymes whose reduction is not desired.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA comprises a sequence which is identical to a part of the plant's homologous ⁇ -cyclase transcript and which comprises the 5′ terminus or the 3′ terminus of the plant's homologous nucleic acid encoding an ⁇ -cyclase.
  • Untranslated regions 5′ or 3′ of the transcript are especially suitable for generating selective double-stranded structures.
  • the invention furthermore relates to double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA molecules) which, when introduced into a plant organism (or a cell, tissue, organ or propagation material derived therefrom), bring about the reduction of an ⁇ -cyclase.
  • dsRNA molecules double-stranded RNA molecules
  • a double-stranded RNA molecule for reducing the expression of an ⁇ -cyclase preferably comprises
  • nucleic acid construct which is introduced into the plant and which is transcribed in the plant into the ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA.
  • the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid construct which can be transcribed into
  • nucleic acid constructs are hereinbelow also referred to as expression cassettes or expression vectors.
  • dsRNA molecules ⁇ -cyclase nucleic acid sequence, or the corresponding transcript, is preferably understood as meaning the sequence in accordance with SEQ ID NO: 38 or a part of the same.
  • the dsRNA sequence may also comprise insertions, deletions and individual point mutations in comparison with the ⁇ -cyclase target sequence while still bringing about an efficient reduction of the expression.
  • the homology amounts to at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, very especially preferably at least 90%, most preferably 100%, between the sense strand of an inhibitory dsRNA and at least a part of the sense RNA transcript of an ⁇ -cyclase gene, or between the antisense strand, the complementary strand of an ⁇ -cyclase gene.
  • the method is tolerant to sequence deviations as can be present as a result of genetic mutations, polymorphisms or evolutionary divergences.
  • the dsRNA preferably comprises sequence regions of ⁇ -cyclase gene transcripts which correspond to conserved regions. Said conserved regions can be deduced readily from sequence comparisons.
  • an “essentially identical” dsRNA can also be defined as a nucleic acid sequence which is capable of hybridizing with a part of an ⁇ -cyclase gene transcript (for example in 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. or 70° C. for 12 to 16 h).
  • Essentially complementary means that the antisense RNA strand may also show insertions, deletions and individual point mutations in comparison with the complement of the sense RNA strand.
  • the homology amounts to at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, very especially preferably at least 95%, most preferably 100%, between the antisense RNA strand and the complement of the sense RNA strand.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA comprises
  • the corresponding nucleic acid construct which is preferably used for the transformation of the plants comprises
  • the promoter region of an ⁇ -cyclase is understood as meaning a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 47 or a part of the same.
  • the following part-sequences are especially preferably used, in particular for Tagetes erecta:
  • SEQ ID NO: 40 Sense fragment of the 5′-terminal region of the ⁇ -cyclase
  • SEQ ID NO: 41 Antisense fragment of the 5′-terminal region of the ⁇ -cyclase
  • SEQ ID NO: 42 Sense fragment of the 3′-terminal region of the ⁇ -cyclase
  • SEQ ID NO: 43 Antisense fragment of the 3′-terminal region of the ⁇ -cyclase
  • SEQ ID NO: 47 Sense fragment of the ⁇ -cyclase promoter
  • SEQ ID NO: 48 Antisense fragment of the ⁇ -cyclase promoter
  • the dsRNA can consist of one or more strands of polyribonucleotides. To achieve the same purpose, it is, naturally, also possible to introduce, into the cell or the organism, several individual dsRNA molecules, each of which comprises one of the above-defined ribonucleotide sequence segments.
  • the double-stranded dsRNA structure can be formed starting from two complementary separate RNA strands or—preferably—starting from an individual autocomplementary RNA strand.
  • sense RNA strand and antisense RNA strand are preferably covalently linked with one another in the form of an inverted repeat.
  • the dsRNA may also comprise a hairpin structure by sense and antisense strand being linked by a linking sequence (linker; for example an intron).
  • a linking sequence for example an intron
  • the autocomplementary dsRNA structures are preferred since they merely requite the expression of one RNA sequence and always comprise the complementary RNA strands in an equimolar ratio.
  • the linking sequence is preferably an intron (for example an intron of the potato ST-LS1 gene; Vancanneyt G F et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 220(2):245-250).
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding a dsRNA may comprise further elements such as, for example, transcription termination signals or polyadenylation signals.
  • the dsRNA is directed against the promoter sequence of an ⁇ -cyclase, it preferably comprises no transcription termination signals or polyadenylation signals. This makes possible a retention of the dsRNA in the nucleus of the cell and prevents spreading of the dsRNA in all of the plant.
  • the two strands of the dsRNA are to be combined in one cell or plant, this can be effected for example in the following manner:
  • RNA double-stranded can be initiated either outside the cell or within the same.
  • the dsRNA can be synthesized either in vivo or in vitro.
  • a DNA sequence encoding a dsRNA can be introduced into an expression cassette under the control of at least one genetic control element (such as, for example, a promoter). Polyadenylation is not required, nor do elements for initiating a translation have to be present.
  • the expression cassette for the ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA is preferably present on the transformation construct or the transformation vector.
  • the expression of the dsRNA takes place starting from an expression construct under the functional control of a flower-specific promoter, especially preferably under the control of the promoter described by SEQ ID NO: 28 or a functional equivalent part thereof.
  • the expression cassettes encoding the antisense and/or the sense strand of an ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA or the autocomplementary strand of the dsRNA are preferably inserted into a transformation vector and introduced into the plant cell using the methods described hereinbelow.
  • a stable insertion into the genome is advantageous for the method according to the invention.
  • the dsRNA can be introduced in an amount which makes possible at least one copy per cell. If appropriate, larger amounts (for example at least 5, 10, 100, 500 or 1000 copies per cell) may ring about a more efficient reduction.
  • the hybridization can be brought about in the traditional manner via the formation of a stable double-stranded or—in the case of genomic DNA—by binding the antisense nucleic acid molecule with the double-stranded of the genomic DNA by specific interaction in the large groove of the DNA helix.
  • An ⁇ -cyclase antisense RNA can be derived using the nucleic acid sequence encoding this ⁇ -cyclase, for example the, nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 38, following the base-pairing rules of Watson and Crick.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase antisense RNA can be complementary to all of the transcribed mRNA of the ⁇ -cyclase, it may be limited to the coding region, or else it may consist of only one oligonucleotide which is complementary to a part of the coding or noncoding sequence of the mRNA.
  • the oligonucleotide can, for example, be complementary to the region which comprises the translation start for the ⁇ -cyclase.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase antisense RNA can have a length of, for example, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides, but can also be longer and comprise at least 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 or 5000 nucleotides.
  • ⁇ -cyclase antisense RNAs are preferably expressed recombinantly in the target cell.
  • the invention furthermore relates to transgenic expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least a part of an ⁇ -cyclase, where said nucleic acid sequence is functionally linked in antisense orientation with a promoter which is functional in plant organisms.
  • the expression of the antisense RNA takes place starting from an expression construct under the functional control of a flower-specific promoter, especially preferably under the control of the promoter described by SEQ ID NO: 28 or a functional equivalent part thereof.
  • Said expression cassettes can be part of a transformation construct or transformation vector, or else be introduced in context with a cotransformation.
  • an ⁇ -cyclase can be inhibited by nucleotide sequences which are complementary to the regulatory region of an ⁇ -cyclase gene (for example an ⁇ -cyclase promoter and/or enhancer) and which form triple-helical structures with the DNA double helix therein, so that the transcription of the ⁇ -cyclase gene is reduced.
  • nucleotide sequences which are complementary to the regulatory region of an ⁇ -cyclase gene (for example an ⁇ -cyclase promoter and/or enhancer) and which form triple-helical structures with the DNA double helix therein, so that the transcription of the ⁇ -cyclase gene is reduced.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase antisense RNA can be an ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid.
  • ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid molecules form specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which—in contrast to the conventional ⁇ -nucleic acids—the two strands run parallel with one another (Gautier C et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15:6625-6641).
  • the above-described antisense strategy can advantageously be coupled with a ribozyme method.
  • Catalytic RNA molecules, or ribozymes can be adapted to suit any target RNA and cleave the phosphodiester backbone at specific positions, thus functionally deactivating the target RNA (Tanner N K (1999) FEMS Microbiol Rev 23(3):257-275).
  • the ribozyme itself is not modified thereby, but is capable of cleaving further target RNA molecules analogously, thus assuming the characteristics of an enzyme.
  • the incorporation of ribozyme sequences into antisense RNAs imparts this enzyme-like, RNA-cleaving characteristic to precisely these antisense RNAs and thus increases their efficiency in inactivation of the target RNA.
  • ribozyme antisense RNA molecules The generation and use of such ribozyme antisense RNA molecules is described (inter alia in Haselhoff et al. (1988) Nature 334: 585-591); Haselhoff und Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591; Steinecke P et al. (1992) EMBO J 11(4):1525-1530; de Feyter R et al. (1996) Mol Gen Genet. 250(3):329-338).
  • ribozymes for example hammerhead ribozymes; Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334:585-591
  • the ribozyme technology can increase the efficiency of an antisense strategy.
  • Methods for the expression of ribozymes for reducing certain proteins are described in (EP 0 291 533, EP 0 321 201, EP 0 360 257). Ribozyme expression in plant cells is likewise described (Steinecke P et al. (1992) EMBO J 11(4):1525-1530; de Feyter R et al.
  • Suitable target sequences and ribozymes can be determined as described, for example, in “Steinecke P, Ribozymes, Methods in Cell Biology 50, Galbraith et al. eds, Academic Press, Inc. (1995), pp. 449-460”, by calculating the secondary structures of ribozyme RNA and target RNA, and by their interaction (Bayley C C et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol. 18(2):353-361; Lloyd A M and Davis R W et al. (1994) Mol Gen Genet. 242(6):653-657).
  • ribozymes can also be identified from a library of various ribozymes via a selection process (Bartel D and Szostak J W (1993) Science 261:1411-1418).
  • ⁇ -cyclase ribonucleic acid sequence (or a part thereof) in sense orientation can lead to a cosuppression of the corresponding ⁇ -cyclase gene.
  • sense RNA with homology to an endogenous ⁇ -cyclase gene can reduce or eliminate the expression of the same, in a similar manner as has been described for antisense approaches (Jorgensen et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol 31(5):957-973; Goring et al. (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1770-1774; Smith et al. (1990,) Mol Gen Genet 224:447-481; Napoli et al.
  • cosuppression is realized using a sequence which is essentially identical to at least a part of the nucleic acid sequence encoding an ⁇ -cyclase, for example the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the ⁇ -cyclase sense RNA is selected in such a way that a translation of the ⁇ -cyclase, or a part thereof, is not possible.
  • a reduction of an ⁇ -cyclase expression is also possible using specific DNA-binding factors, for example factors of the zinc finger transcription factor type. These factors attach to the genomic sequence of the endogenous target gene, preferably in the regulatory regions, and bring about a reduction of the expression. Suitable methods for the generation of such factors are described (Dreier B et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276(31):29466-78; Dreier B et al. (2000) J Mol Biol 303(4):489-502; Beerli R R et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (4):1495-1500; Beerli R R et al.
  • This segment is preferably in the promoter region. To suppress a gene, however, it may also be in the region of the coding exons or introns.
  • proteins which inhibit the ⁇ -cyclase itself can be for example aptamers (Famulok M and Mayer G (1999) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 243:123-36) or antibodies, or antibody fragments, or single-chain antibodies. The preparation of these factors is described (Owen M et al. (1992) Biotechnology (NY) 10 (7):790-794; Franken E et al. (1997) Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(4):411-416; Whitelam (1996). Trend Plant Sci 1:286-272).
  • ⁇ -cyclase can also be carried out effectively by inducing the specific ⁇ -cyclase RNA degradation by the plant with the aid of a viral expression system (amplicon; Angell S M et al. (1999) Plant J 20(3):357-362).
  • amplicon Angell S M et al. (1999) Plant J 20(3):357-362).
  • VIGS viral-induced gene silencing
  • the VIGS-induced reduction is carried out using a sequence which is essentially identical to at least a part of the nucleic acid sequence encoding an ⁇ -cyclase, for example the nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the reduction of the amount, function and/or activity of the ⁇ -cyclase can also be effected by a site-specific insertion of nucleic acid sequences (for example of the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted for the purposes of the method according to the invention) into the sequence encoding an ⁇ -cyclase (for example by means of intermolecular homologous recombination).
  • a DNA construct which is preferably used for the purposes of this embodiment is a construct which comprises at least a part of the sequence of an ⁇ -cyclase gene or adjacent sequences, and is thus capable of undergoing site-specific recombination with them in the target cell, so that a deletion, addition or substitution of at least one nucleotide modifies the ⁇ -cyclase gene in such a manner that the functionality of the ⁇ -cyclase gene is reduced or completely eliminated.
  • the modification may also affect the regulatory elements (for example the promoter) of the ⁇ -cyclase gene so that the coding sequence remains unmodified, but expression (transcription and/or translation) does not take place and is reduced.
  • the sequence to be inserted is flanked at its 5′- and/or 3′-terminus by further nucleic acid sequences (A′ and B′, respectively) which have sufficient length and sufficient homology with corresponding sequences of the ⁇ -cyclase gene (A and B, respectively) for allowing homologous recombination.
  • the length is, as a rule, in the range of from several hundred bases up to several kilobases (Thomas K R and Capecchi M R (1987) Cell 51:503; Strepp et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(8):4368-4373).
  • the plant cell is transformed with the recombination construct using the methods described hereinbelow, and clones which have successfully undergone recombination are selected based on the now inactivated ⁇ -cyclase.
  • the recombination efficiency is increased by being combined with methods which promote homologous recombination.
  • methods which promote homologous recombination.
  • Such methods comprise, for example, the expression of proteins such a RecA or the treatment with PARP inhibitors.
  • intrachromosomal homologous recombination in tobacco plants can be increased by using PARP inhibitors (Puchta H et al. (1995) Plant J 7:203-210).
  • PARPuchta H et al. (1995) Plant J 7:203-210 the homologous recombination rate in the recombination constructs after induction of the sequence-specific DNA double-strand break, and thus the efficiency of the deletion of the transgene sequences, can be increased further. It is possible to use various PARP inhibitors.
  • inhibitors such as 3-aminobenzamide, 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinazolin-4-one (NU1025), 1,11b-dihydro-[2H]benzopyrano[4,3,2-de]isoquinolin-3-one (GPI 6150); 5-aminoisoquinolinone, 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone, or the substances described in WO 00/26192, WO 00/29384, WO 00/32579, WO 00/64878, WO 00/68206, WO 00/67734, WO 01/23386 and WO 01/23390.
  • RNA/DNA oligonucleotides into the plant
  • knock-out mutants with the aid of, for example, T-DNA mutagenesis
  • Point mutations can also be generated by means of DNA/RNA hybrids, which are also known as “chimeraplasty” (Cole-Strauss et al. (1999) Nucl Acids Res 27(5):1323-1330; Kmiec (1999) Gene therapy American Scientist 87(3):240-247).
  • PTGS post-transcriptional gene silencing
  • TGS transcriptional gene silencing
  • the ⁇ -cyclase activity is reduced in comparison with the wild type by:
  • the reduction of the ⁇ -cyclase activity in comparison with the wild type is effected by introducing, into plants, at least one double-stranded ⁇ -cyclase ribonucleic acid sequence or (an) expression cassette(s) which ensure(s) its expression.
  • genetically modified plants are used which have the lowest expression rate of an ⁇ -cyclase in flowers.
  • this is achieved by the transcription of the ⁇ -cyclase dsRNA sequences being under the control of a flower-specific promoter, or even more preferably under the control of a petal-specific promoter.
  • plants are cultured which, in comparison with the wild type, additionally show an increased activity selected from the group consisting of HMG-CoA reductase activity, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity, isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity, geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, phytoene synthase activity, phytoene desaturase activity, zeta-carotene desaturase activity, crtISO activity, FtsZ activity and MinD activity.
  • HMG-CoA reductase activity E-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase
  • HMG-CoA reductase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of an HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase).
  • HMG-CoA reductase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A into mevalonate.
  • HMG-CoA reductase activity is understood as meaning the amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A converted, or the amount of mevalonate formed, by the protein HMG-CoA reductase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A converted, or the amount of mevalonate formed, by the protein HMG-CoA reductase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of HMG-CoA reductase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the HMG-CoA reductase activity of the wild type.
  • HMG-CoA reductase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of an HMG-CoA reductase.
  • HMG-CoA reductase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • HMG-CoA reductase The activity of the HMG-CoA reductase can be measured as described in published descriptions (for example Schaller, Grausem, Benveniste, Chye, Tan, Song and Chua, Plant Physiol. 109 (1995), 761-770; Chappell, Wolf, Proulx, Cuellar and Saunders, Plant Physiol. 109 (1995) 1337-1343).
  • Plant tissue can be homogenized and extracted in cold buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0), 4 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM DTT). The homogenate is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 10 000 g and 4° C. Thereafter, the supernatant is recentrifuged for 45-60 minutes at 100 000 g.
  • the activity of the HMG-CoA reductase is determined in the supernatant and in the pellet of the microsomal fraction (after resuspending in 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) and 50 mM DTT). Aliquots of the solution and of the suspension (the protein content of the suspension corresponds to approximately 1-10 ⁇ g) are incubated for 15-60 minutes at 30° C. in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with 3 mM NADPH and 20 ⁇ M ( 14 C) HMG-CoA (58 ⁇ Ci/ ⁇ M), ideally in a volume of 26 ⁇ l.
  • the reaction is quenched by addition of 5 ⁇ l of mevalonate lactone (1 mg/ml) and 6 N HCl. After the addition, the mixture is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.
  • the amount of ( 14 C)-mevalonate formed during the reaction is determined by adding 125 ⁇ l of a saturated potassium phosphate solution (pH 6.0) and 300 ⁇ l of ethyl acetate to the reaction mixture. The mixture is mixed thoroughly and centrifuged. The radioactivity can be determined by means of scintillation measurement.
  • (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity also referred to as lytB or IspH, is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase.
  • An (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
  • (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity is understood as meaning the amount of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate converted, or the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate formed, by the protein (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate converted, or the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate formed, by the protein (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase within a certain period of time, is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity of the wild type.
  • the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM Mgcl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity can be determined via an immunological detection.
  • the production of specific antibodies has been described by Rohdich and coworkers (Rohdich, Hecht, Gärtner, Adam, Krieger, Amslinger, Arigoni, Bacher and Eisenreich: Studies on the nonmevalonate terpene biosynthetic pathway: metabolic role of IspH (LytB) protein, Natl. Acad. Natl. Sci. USA 99 (2002), 1158-1163).
  • Altincicek and coworkers (Altincicek, Duin, Reichenberg, Hedderich, Kollas, Hintz, Wagner, Wiesner, Beck and Jomaa: LytB protein catalyzes the terminal step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis; FEBS Letters 532 (2002), 437-440) describe an in vitro system which monitors the reduction of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
  • 1-Deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase.
  • a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting hydroxyethyl-ThPP and glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate into 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the amount of hydroxyethyl-ThPP and/or glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate converted, or the amount of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate formed, by the protein 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of hydroxyethyl-ThPP and/or glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate converted, or the amount of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate formed, by the protein 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity of the wild type.
  • the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the reaction solution (50-200 ⁇ l) for the determination of the D-1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity consists of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 3 mM MgCl 2 , 3 mM MnCl 2 , 3 mM ATP, 1 mM thiamine diphosphate, 0.1% Tween-60, 1 mM potassium fluoride, 30 ⁇ M (2- 14 C)-pyruvate (0.5 ⁇ Ci), 0.6 mM DL-glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate.
  • the plant extract is incubated in the reaction solution for 1 to 2 hours at 37° C.
  • the reaction is quenched by heating for 3 minutes at 80° C. After centrifugation at 13 000 revolutions/minute for 5 minutes, the supernatant is evaporated, the residue is resuspended in 50 ⁇ l of methanol, applied to a TLC plate for thin-layer chromatography (Silica-Gel 60, Merck, Darmstadt) and separated in N-propyl alcohol/ethyl acetate/water (6:1:3; v/v/v). During this process, radiolabeled D-1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate (or D-1-deoxyxylulose) is separated from (2- 14 C)-pyruvate. The quantitative determination is carried out by means of scintillation counter.
  • 1-Deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, also called 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase.
  • a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate into ⁇ -carotene.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity is understood as meaning the amount of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate converted, or the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate formed, by the protein 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate converted, or the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate formed, by the protein 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity of the wild type.
  • the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the activity of the D-1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is measured in a buffer consisting of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM MnCl 2 , 0.3 mM NADPH and 0.3 mM 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-4-phosphate, which can be synthesized, for example enzymatically (Kuzuyama, Takahashi, Watanabe and Seto: Tetrahedon letters 39 (1998) 4509-4512).
  • the reaction is started by adding the plant extract.
  • the reaction volume can typically be 0.2 to 0.5 ml; incubation is carried out at 37° C. over 30-60 minutes. During this time, the oxidation of NADPH is monitored photometrically at 340 nm.
  • Isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of an isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase.
  • An isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting isopentenyl diphosphate into dimethylallyl phosphate.
  • isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity is understood as meaning the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of dimethylallyl phosphate formed, by the protein isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of dimethylallyl phosphate formed, by the protein isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity of the wild type.
  • the isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1%.(v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • IPP isomerase activity determinations of the isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase (IPP isomerase) can be carried out by the method proposed by Fraser and coworkers (Fraser, Römer, Shipton, Mills, Kiano, Misawa, Drake, Schuch and Bramley: Evaluation of transgenic tomato plants expressing an additional phytoene synthase in a fruit-specific manner; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002), 1092-1097, based on Fraser, Pinto, Holloway und Bramley, Plant Journal 24 (2000), 551-558).
  • incubations are carried out with 0.5 ⁇ Ci (1- 14 C)-IPP (isopentenyl pyrophosphate) (56 mCi/mmol, Amersham plc) as substrate in 0.4 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) with 1 mM DTT, 4 mM MgCl 2 , 6 mM MnCl 2 , 3 mM ATP, 0.1% Tween 60, 1 mM potassium fluoride in a volume of approximately 150-500 ⁇ l. Extracts are mixed with buffer (for example in the ratio 1:1) and incubated for at least 5 hours at 28° C.
  • buffer for example in the ratio 1:1
  • a geranyl-diphosphate synthase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl phosphate into geranyl diphosphate.
  • geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl phosphate converted, or the amount of geranyl diphosphate formed, by the protein geranyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl phosphate converted, or the amount of geranyl diphosphate formed, by the protein geranyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity of the wild type.
  • the geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the activity of the geranyl-diphosphate synthase can be determined in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM MnCl 2 , 2 mM DTT, 1 mM ATP, 0.2% Tween-20, 5 ⁇ M ( 14 C)-IPP and 50 ⁇ M DMAPP (dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) after the addition of plant extract (by the method of Bouvier, Suire, d'Harlingue, Backhaus and Camara: Molecular cloning of geranyl diphosphate synthase and compartmentation of monoterpene synthesis in plant cells, Plant Journal 24 (2000), 241-252).
  • reaction products After incubation of, for example, 2 hours at 37° C., the reaction products are dephosphorylated (by the method of Koyama, Fuji and Ogura: Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyprenyl pyrophosphates, Methods Enzymol. 110 (1985), 153-155) and analyzed by means of thin-layer chromatography and measuring the incorporated radioactivity (Dogbo, Bardat, Quennemet and Camara: Metabolism of plastid terpenoids: In vitro inhibition of phytoene synthesis by phenethyl pyrophosphate derivates, FEBS Letters 219 (1987) 211-215).
  • Farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase.
  • a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting dimethylallyl diphosphate and sopentenyl diphosphate into farnesyl diphosphate.
  • farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the amount of dimethylallyl diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of farnesyl diphosphate formed, by the protein farnesyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of dimethylallyl diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of farnesyl diphosphate formed, by the protein farnesyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity of the wild type.
  • the farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 MM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase (FPP synthase) activity can be determined by protocol of Joly and Edwards (Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (1993), 26983-26989). According to this protocol, the enzyme activity is measured in a buffer consisting of 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.2), 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol, 20 ⁇ M geranyl pyrophosphate and 40 ⁇ M (1- 14 C)-isopentenyl pyrophosphate (4 Ci/mmol.).
  • reaction mixture is incubated at 37° C.; the reaction is quenched by addition of 2.5 N HCl (in 70% ethanol supplemented with 19 ⁇ g/ml farnesol).
  • the reaction products are thus hydrolyzed within 30 minutes by acid hydrolysis at 37° C.
  • the mixture is neutralized by addition of 10% NaOH and extracted by shaking with hexane. An aliquot of the hexane phase can be measured for determining the incorporated radioactivity by means of scintillation counter.
  • reaction products obtained after the incubation of plant extract and radiolabeled IPP can be separated by means of thin-layer chromatography (Silica-Gel SE60, Merck) in benzene/methanol (9:1). Radiolabeled products are eluted and the radioactivity is determined (by the method of Gaffe, Bru, Causse, Vidal, Stamitti-Bert, Carde and Gallusci: LEFPS1, a tomato farnesyl pyrophosphate gene highly expressed during early fruit development; Plant Physiology 123 (2000) 1351-1362).
  • Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase.
  • a geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate into geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
  • geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity is understood as meaning the amount of farnesyl diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of geranylgernayl diphosphate formed, by the protein geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of farnesyl diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of geranylgeranyl diphosphate formed, by the protein geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity of the wild type.
  • the geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mm ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • GGPP synthase activity can be carried out by the method described by Dogbo and Camara (in Biochim. Biophys. Acta 920 (1987), 140-148: Purification of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Capsicum chromoplasts by affinity chromatography).
  • plant extract is added to a buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 2 mM dithiothreitol, (1- 14 C)-IPP (0.1 ⁇ Ci, 10 ⁇ M), 15 ⁇ M DMAPP, GPP or FPP) with a total volume of approximately 200 ⁇ l.
  • a buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM MnCl 2 , 2 mM dithiothreitol, (1- 14 C)-IPP (0.1 ⁇ Ci, 10 ⁇ M), 15 ⁇ M DMAPP, GPP or FPP
  • the incubation can be carried out for 1-2 hours (or longer) at 30° C.
  • the reaction is quenched by addition of 0.5 ml of ethanol and 0.1 ml of 6N HCl.
  • reaction mixture After incubation for 10 minutes at 37° C., the reaction mixture is neutralized with 6N NaOH, mixed with 1 ml of water and extracted by shaking with 4 ml of diethyl ether. The amount of radioactivity is determined in an aliquot (for example 0.2 ml) of the ether phase by means of scintillation counting.
  • the radiolabeled prenyl alcohols can be subjected to acid hydrolysis and then extracted by shaking in ether and separated by means of HPLC (25 cm column Spherisorb ODS-1, 5 ⁇ m; elution with methanol/water (90:10; v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min) and determined quantitatively by means of radioactivity monitoring (by the method of Wiedemann, Misawa and Sandmann: Purification and enzymatic characterization of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Erwinia uredovora after expression in Escherichia coli ).
  • Phytoene synthase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a phytoene synthase.
  • a phytoene synthase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytoene.
  • phytoene synthase activity is understood as meaning the amount of geranylgeranyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of phytoene formed, by the protein phytoene synthase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of geranylgeranyl diphosphate converted, or the amount of phytoene formed, by the protein phytoene synthase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of phytoene synthase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the phytoene synthase activity of the wild type.
  • the phytoene synthase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • Phytoene synthase (PSY) activity determinations can be carried out by the method proposed by Fraser and coworkers (Fraser, Romer, Shipton, Mills, Kiano, Misawa, Drake, Schuch and Bramley: Evaluation of transgenic tomato plants expressing an additional phytoene synthase in a fruit-specific manner; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002), 1092-1097, based on Fraser, Pinto, Holloway and Bramley, Plant Journal 24 (2000) 551-558).
  • incubations are carried out with ( 3 H)geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (15 mCi/mM, American Radiolabeled Chemicals, St.
  • Phytoene can be identified in an iodine-enriched atmosphere (by heating a few iodine crystals) on the silica plates. A phytoene standard is used as reference. The amount of radiolabeled product is determined by measuring in the scintillation counter. As an alternative, phytoene can also be determined quantitatively by means of HPLC equipped with a radioactivity detector (Fraser, Albrecht and Sandmann: Development of high performance liquid chromatographic systems for the separation of radiolabeled carotenes and precursors formed in specific enzymatic reactions; J. Chromatogr. 645 (1993) 265-272).
  • Phytoene desaturase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a phytoene desaturase.
  • a phytoene desaturase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting phytoene into phytofluene and/or phytofluene into ⁇ -carotene (zetacarotene).
  • phytoene desaturase activity is understood as meaning the amount of phytoene or phytofluene converted, or the amount of phytofluene or ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein phytoene desaturase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of phytoene or phytofluene converted, or the amount of phytofluene or ⁇ -carotene formed, by the protein phytoene desaturase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of phytoene desaturase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the phytoene desaturase activity of the wild type.
  • the phytoene desaturase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl , 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • the phytoene desaturase (PDS) activity can be measured on the basis of incorporation of radiolabeled ( 14 C)-phytoene in unsaturated carotene (by the method of Römer, Fraser, Kiano, Shipton, Misawa, Schuch and Bramley: Elevation of the provitamin A content of transgenic tomato plants; Nature Biotechnology 18 (2000) 666-669).
  • Radiolabeled phytoene can be synthetized by the method of Fraser (Fraser, De la Rivas, Mackenzie, Bramley: Phycomyces blakesleanus CarB mutants: their use in assays of phytoene desaturase; Phytochemistry 30 (1991), 3971-3976).
  • Membranes of plastids of the target tissue can be incubated with 100 mM MES buffer (pH 6.0) supplemented with 10 mM MgCl 2 and 1 mM dithiothreitol in a total volume of 1 ml.
  • 14 C -Phytoene (approximately 100 000 decays/minute per incubation) dissolved in acetone is added; the acetone concentration should not exceed 5% (v/v).
  • This mixture is incubated with shaking in the dark at 28° C. for approximately 6 to 7 hours. Thereafter, pigments are extracted three times with approximately 5 ml petroleum ether (treated with 10% diethyl ether) and separated and determined quantitatively by means of HPLC.
  • the phytoene desaturase activity can be measured by the method of Fraser et al. (Fraser, Misawa, Linden, Yamano, Kobayashi and Sandmann: Expression in Escherichia coli , purification, and reactivation of the recombinant Erwinia uredovora phytoene desaturase, Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 (1992), 9891-9895).
  • Zeta-carotene desaturase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a zeta-carotene desaturase.
  • a zeta-carotene desaturase is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into neurosporin and/or neurosporin into lycopene.
  • zeta-carotene desaturase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene or neurosporin converted, or the amount of neurosporin or lycopene formed, by the protein zeta-carotene desaturase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of ⁇ -carotene or neurosporin converted, or the amount of neurosporin or lycopene formed, by the protein zeta-carotene desaturase within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of zeta-carotene desaturase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the zeta-carotene desaturase activity of the wild type.
  • zeta-carotene desaturase activity in genetically modified plants according to the invention and in wild-type, or reference, plants is preferably determined under the following conditions:
  • Frozen plant material is homogenized by thoroughly crushing in liquid nitrogen and extracted with an extraction buffer in a ratio of from 1:1 to 1:20.
  • the ratio in question depends on the enzyme activities in the plant material available, so that a determination and quantification of the enzyme activities within the linear measurement range are possible.
  • the extraction buffer can consist of 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 2 mM ⁇ -aminocaproic acid, 10% glycerol, 5 mM KHCO 3 . 2 mM DTT and 0.5 mM PMSF are added shortly before the extraction.
  • Each batch of the analysis comprises 3 mg phosphytidylcholine which is suspended in 0.4 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 5 ⁇ g of ⁇ -carotene or neurosporin, 0.02% of butylhydroxytoluene, 10 ⁇ l of decyl-plastoquinone (1 mM methanolic stock solution) and plant extract.
  • the volume of the plant extract must be adapted to the amount of ZDS-desaturase activity present in order to make possible quantitative determinations in a linear measurement range.
  • Incubations are typically carried out for approximately 17 hours with vigorous shaking (200 revolutions/minute) at approximately 28° C. in the dark.
  • Carotenoids are extracted by addition of 4 ml of acetone at 50° C.
  • crtISO activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of a crtISO protein.
  • a crtISO protein is understood as meaning a protein with the enzymatic activity of converting 7,9,7′,9′-tetra-cis-lycopene into all-trans-lycopene.
  • crtISO activity is understood as meaning the amount of 7,9,7′,9′-tetra-cis-lycopene converted, or the amount of all-trans-lycopene formed, by the protein crtISO within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of 7,9,7′,9′-tetra-cis-lycopene converted, or the amount of all-trans-lycopene formed, by the crtISO protein within a certain period of time is increased in comparison with the wild type.
  • this increase of the crtISO activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to at least 100%, more preferably to at least 300%, even more preferably to at least 500%, in particular to at least 600%, of the crtISO activity of the wild type.
  • FtsZ activity is understood as meaning physiological activity of an FtsZ protein.
  • FtsZ protein is understood as meaning a protein with an activity which promotes cell division and plastid division and which has homologies with tubulin proteins.
  • MinD activity is understood as meaning the physiological activity of a MinD protein.
  • a MinD protein is understood as meaning a protein which plays a multifunctional role in cell division. It is a membrane-associated ATPase and can show an oscillating movement from pole to pole within the cell.
  • enzymes of the non-mevalonate pathway can lead to a further increase of the desired ketocarotenoid end product.
  • examples are 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol synthase, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphoshate synthase.
  • the activity of the abovementioned enzymes can be increased.
  • the altered concentrations of the relevant proteins can be detected by standard techniques using antibodies and suitable blotting techniques.
  • Increasing the HMG-CoA reductase activity and/or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity and/or isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity and/or geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity and/or farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity and/or geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity and/or phytoene synthase activity and/or phytoene desaturase activity and/or zeta-carotene desaturase activity and/or crtISO activity and/or FtsZ activity and/or MinD activity can be effected in different ways, for example by eliminating inhibiting regulatory mechanisms at the expression and protein level, or by increasing the gene expression of nucle
  • a nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase and/or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase and/or isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase and/or geranyl-diphosphate synthase and/or farnesyl-diphosphate synthase and/or geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase and/or phytoene synthase and/or phytoene desaturase and/or zeta-carotene desaturase and/or a crtISO protein and/or FtsZ protein and/or MinD protein is also understood as meaning the manipulation of the expression of the plant's homologous, endogenous HMG
  • Such a modification, which results in an increased expression rate of the gene can be effected for example by deleting or inserting DNA sequences.
  • any HMG-COA reductase gene and/or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase gene and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase gene and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene and/or isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase gene and/or geranyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or farnesyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or phytoene synthase gene and/or phytoene desaturase gene and/or zeta-carotene desaturase gene and/or crtISO gene and/or FtsZ gene and/or MinD gene can be used in principle.
  • At least one further HMG-CoA reductase gene and/or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase gene and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase gene and/or 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene and/or isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase gene and/or geranyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or farnesyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase gene and/or phytoene synthase gene and/or phytoene desaturase gene and/or zeta-carotene desaturase gene and/or crtISO gene and/or FtsZ gene and/or MinD gene is present in the preferred transgenic plants according to the invention in comparison with the wild type.
  • the genetically modified plant shows, for example, at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding an HMG-CoA reductase or at least two endogenous nucleic acids encoding an HMG-CoA reductase and/or at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase or at least two endogenous nucleic acids encoding an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase and/or at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase or at least two endogenous nucleic acids encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase and/or at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase or at least two end
  • HMG-COA reductase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding an HMG-COA reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana , Accession NM — 106299; (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 99, protein: SEQ ID NO: 100),
  • HMG-CoA reductase genes from other organisms with the following accession numbers: P54961, P54870, P54868, P54869, O02734, P22791, P54873, P54871, P23228, P13704, P54872, Q01581, P17425, P54874, P54839, P14891, P34135, O64966, P29057, P48019, P48020, P12683, P43256, Q9XEL8, P34136, O64967, P29058, P48022, Q41437, P12684, Q00583, Q9XHL5, Q41438, Q9YAS4, O76819, O28538, Q9Y7D2, P54960, O51628, P48021, Q03163, P00347, P14773, Q12577, Q59468, P04035, O24594, P09610, Q58116, O26662, Q01237, Q01559, Q12649, O74
  • nucleic acid encoding an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana (lytB/ISPH), ACCESSION AY168881, (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 101, protein: SEQ ID NO: 102),
  • Examples of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase from Lycopersicon esculentum , ACCESSION #AF143812 (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO:103, protein: SEQ ID NO: 104), and further 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes from other organisms with the following accession numbers:
  • AF143812 1, DXS_CAPAN, CAD22530.1, AF182286 — 1, NP — 193291.1, T52289, AAC49368.1, AAP14353.1, D71420, DXS_ORYSA, AF443590 — 1, BAB02345.1, CAA09804.2, NP — 850620.1, CAD22155.2, AAM65798.1, NP — 566686.1, CAD22531.1, AAC33513.1, CAC08458.1, AAG10432.1, T08140, AAP14354.1, AF428463 — 1, ZP — 00010537.1, NP — 769291.1, AAK59424.1, NP — 107784.1, NP — 697464.1, NP — 540415.1, NP — 196699.1, NP — 384986.1, ZP — 00096461.1, ZP — 00013656.1, NP — 353769.1, B
  • Examples of 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase from Arabidopsis thaliana , ACCESSION #AF148852, (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 105, protein: SEQ ID NO: 106),
  • isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding an isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase from Adonis palaestina clone ApIPI28, (ipiAa1), ACCESSION #AF188060, published by Cunningham, F. X. Jr. and Gantt, E.: Identification of multi-gene families encoding isopentenyl, diphosphate isomerase in plants by heterologous complementation in Escherichia coli , Plant Cell Physiol. 41 (1), 119-123 (2000) (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 107, protein: SEQ ID NO: 108),
  • geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a geranyl-diphosphate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana , ACCESSION #Y17376, Bouvier, F. , Sappel, C., d'Harlingue, A., Backhaus, R. A. and Camara, B.; Molecular cloning of geranyl diphosphate synthase and compartmentation of monoterpene synthesis in plant cells, Plant J. 24 (2), 241-252 (2000) (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 109, protein: SEQ ID NO: 110), and further geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes from other organisms with the following accession numbers:
  • Examples of farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes are:
  • geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase from Sinapis alba , ACCESSION #X98795, published by Bonk, M., Hoffmann, B., Von Lintig, J., Schledz, M., Al-Babili, S., Hobeika, E., Kleinig, H. and Beyer, P.: Chloroplast import of four carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in vitro reveals differential fates prior to membrane binding and oligomeric assembly, Eur. J. Biochem. 247 (3), 942-950 (1997), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 113, protein: SEQ ID NO:114),
  • phytoene synthase genes examples include:
  • nucleic acid encoding a phytoene synthase from Erwinia uredovora , ACCESSION # D90087; published by Misawa, N., Nakagawa, M., Kobayashi, K., Yamano, S., Izawa, Y., Nakamura, K. and Harashima, K.: Elucidation of the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthetic pathway by functional analysis of gene products expressed in Escherichia coli ; J. Bacteriol. 172 (12), 6704-6712 (1990), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 115, protein: SEQ ID NO: 116),
  • phytoene, desaturase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a phytoene desaturase from Erwinia uredovora , ACCESSION # D90087; published by Misawa, N., Nakagawa, M., Kobayashi, K., Yamano, S., Izawa, Y., Nakamura, K. and Harashima, K.: Elucidation of the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthetic pathway by functional analysis of gene products expressed in Escherichia coli ; J. Bacteriol. 172 (12), 6704-6712 (1990), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 117, protein: SEQ ID NO: 118),
  • phytoene desaturase genes from other organisms with the following accession numbers: AAL15300, A39597, CAA42573, AAK51545, BAB08179, CAA48195, BAB82461, AAK92625, CAA55392, AAG10426, AAD02489, AAO24235, AAC12846, AAA99519, AAL38046, CAA60479, CAA75094, ZP_001041, ZP_001163, CAA39004, CAA44452, ZP_001142, ZP_000718, BAB82462, AAM45380, CAB56040, ZP_001091, BAC09113, AAP79175, AAL80005, AAM72642, AAM72043, ZP_000745, ZP_001141, BAC07889, CAD55814, ZP_001041, CAD27442, CAE00192, ZP_001163, ZP_000197, BAA18400, AAG10425, ZP_001119
  • zeta-carotene, desaturase genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a zeta-carotene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus , ACCESSION #AJ224683, published by Al-Babili, S., Oelschlegel, J. and Beyer, P.: A cDNA encoding for beta carotene desaturase (Accession No. AJ224683) from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. (PGR98-103), Plant Physiol. 117, 719-719 (1998), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 119, protein: SEQ ID NO: 120),
  • crtISO genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a crtISO from Lycopersicon esculentum ; ACCESSION #AF416727, published by Isaacson, T., Ronen, G., Zamir, D. and Hirschberg, J.: Cloning of tangerine from tomato reveals a carotenoid isomerase essential for the production of beta-carotene and xanthophylls in plants; Plant Cell 14 (2), 333-342 (2002), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 121, protein: SEQ ID NO: 122),
  • FtsZ genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding an FtsZ from Tagetes erecta , ACCESSION #AF251346, published by Moehs, C. P., Tian, L., Osteryoung, , K. W. and Dellapenna, D.: Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression during marigold petal development Plant Mol. Biol. 45 (3), 281-293 (2001), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 123, protein: SEQ ID NO: 124),
  • MinD genes are:
  • nucleic acid encoding a MinD from Tagetes erecta , ACCESSION #AF251019, published by Moehs, C. P., Tian, L., Osteryoung, K. W. and Dellapenna, D.: Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression during marigold petal development; Plant Mol. Biol. 45 (3), 281-293 (2001), (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO: 125, protein: SEQ ID NO: 126),
  • MinD genes with the following accession numbers:
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as HMG-COA reductase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 100, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 100 and which has the enzymatic property of an HMG-COA reductase.
  • HMG-CoA reductases and HMG-CoA reductase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 100.
  • HMG-CoA reductases and HMG-CoA reductase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 99.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the HMG-CoA reductase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 100 in order to increase the HMG-CoA reductase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 99 is introduced, into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 102, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 102 and which has the enzymatic property of an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 102 in order to increase the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 101 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 104, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 104 and which has the enzymatic property of a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthases and 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 104.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthases and 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 103.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 104 in order to increase the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 103 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 106, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 106 and which has the enzymatic property of a 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerases and 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 106.
  • 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerases and 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 105.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 106 in order to increase the 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 105 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 108, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 108 and which has the enzymatic property of an isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase.
  • isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerases and isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 108.
  • isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerases and isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 107.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 108 in order to increase the isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 107 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 110, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 110 and which has the enzymatic property of a geranyl-diphosphate synthase.
  • geranyl-diphosphate synthases and geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 110.
  • geranyl-diphosphate synthases and geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 109.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the geranyl-diphosphate synthase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 110 in order to increase the geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 109 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 112, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 112 and which has the enzymatic property of a farnesyl-diphosphate synthase.
  • farnesyl-diphosphate synthases and farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 112.
  • farnesyl-diphosphate synthases and farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 111.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the farnesyl-diphosphate synthase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 112 in order to increase the farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 111 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 114, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 76%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 and which has the enzymatic property of a geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase.
  • geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthases and geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 114.
  • geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthases and geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 113.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 114 in order to increase the geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 113 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as phytoene synthase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 116, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 116 and which has the enzymatic property of a phytoene synthase.
  • phytoene synthases and phytoene synthase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 116.
  • phytoene synthases and phytoene synthase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 115.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the phytoene synthase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 116 in order to increase the phytoene synthase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 115 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as phytoene desaturase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 118, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 118 and which has the enzymatic property of a phytoene desaturase.
  • phytoene desaturases and phytoene desaturase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 118.
  • phytoene desaturases and phytoene desaturase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the phytoene desaturase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 118 in order to increase the phytoene desaturase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 117 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as zeta-carotene desaturase genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 120, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 120 and which has the enzymatic property of a zeta-carotene desaturase.
  • zeta-carotene desaturases and zeta-carotene desaturase genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 120.
  • zeta-carotene desaturases and zeta-carotene desaturase genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 119.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the zeta-carotene desaturase of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 120 in order to increase the zeta-carotene desaturase activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 119 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as CrtISO genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 122, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 122 and which has the enzymatic property of a CrtISO.
  • CrtISO and CrtISO genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 122.
  • CrtISO and CrtISO genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 121.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 121 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as FtsZ genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 124, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 124 and which has the enzymatic property of an FtsZ.
  • FtsZ and FtsZ genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 124.
  • FtsZ and FtsZ genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 123.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the FtsZ of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 124 in order to increase the FtsZ activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 123 is introduced into the organism.
  • Nucleic acids which are preferably used as MinD genes in the above-described preferred embodiment are nucleic acids which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 126, or a sequence derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids which has at least 30%, by preference at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 and which has the enzymatic property of a MinD.
  • MinD and MinD genes can be found readily for example from different organisms whose genomic sequence is known, as described above, by homology comparisons of the amino acid sequences or of the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases with the SEQ ID NO: 126.
  • MinD and MinD genes can be found readily in the manner known per se by hybridization and PCR techniques from different organisms whose genomic sequence is not known, as described above, for example starting from the sequence SEQ ID NO: 125.
  • nucleic acids are introduced, into organisms, which encode proteins comprising the amino acid sequence of the MinD of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 126 in order to increase the MinD activity.
  • Suitable nucleic acid sequences can be obtained for example by backtranslating the polypeptide sequence in accordance with the genetic code.
  • Codons which are preferably used for this purpose are those which are used frequently in accordance with the plant-specific codon usage.
  • the codon usage can be determined readily with the aid of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organisms in question.
  • a nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 125 is introduced into the organism.
  • HMG-CoA reductase genes (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase genes, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase genes, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes, isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase genes, geranyl-diphosphate synthase genes, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase genes, phytoene synthase genes, phytoene desaturase genes, zeta-carotene desaturase genes, crtISO genes, FtsZ genes or MinD genes can furthermore be generated in the manner which is known per se by chemical synthesis, starting with the nucleotide units, such as, for example, by fragment condensation of individual overlapping complementary nucleic acid units of the double helix.
  • Oligonucleotides can be synthesized chemically for example in the known manner by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition, Wiley Press New York, pages 896-897). The annealing of synthetic oligonucleotides, and filling of gaps with the aid of the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase and ligation reactions and general cloning methods are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • the plants additionally show a reduced endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity in comparison with the wild type.
  • a reduced activity is preferably understood as meaning the partial or essentially complete prevention or blockage of the functionality of an enzyme in a plant cell, plant or a part, tissue, organ, cells or seeds thereof, as the result of different cell-biological mechanisms.
  • Reducing an activity in plants in comparison with the wild type can be effected for example by reducing the amount of protein or the amount of mRNA in the plant. Accordingly, an activity which is reduced in comparison with the wild type can be determined directly or can be carried out via the determination of the amount of protein, or the amount of mRNA, of the plant according to the invention in comparison with the wild type.
  • a reduction of an activity comprises a quantitative reduction of a protein down to an essentially complete absence of the protein (i.e. lacking detectability of the activity in question or lacking immunological detectability of the protein in question).
  • Endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the enzyme activity of the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase which is homologous to the plant.
  • An endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase is understood as meaning an endogenous hydroxylase which is homologous to the plant, as described above. If, for example, Tagetes erecta is the target plant to be genetically modified, the endogenous ⁇ -hydoxylase is understood as meaning the ⁇ -hydoxylase of Tagetes erecta.
  • an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase is understood as meaning in particular a protein which is homologous to the plant and which has enzymatic activity of converting ⁇ -carotene into zeaxanthin.
  • endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity is understood as meaning the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of zeaxanthin formed, by the protein endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase within a certain period of time.
  • the amount of ⁇ -carotene converted, or the amount of zeaxanthin formed, by the protein endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase within a certain period of time is reduced in comparison with the wild type.
  • this reduction of the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity amounts to at least 5%, further preferably to at least 20%, further preferably to at least 50%, further preferably to 100%. It is especially preferred that endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity is completely eliminated.
  • hydroxylases or functional equivalents thereof which are derived from plants which predominantly produce carotenoids of the ⁇ -carotene pathway, such as, for example, the above-described ⁇ -hydroxylase from tomato (nucleic acid: SEQ ID No. 97, protein: SEQ ID No. 98).
  • the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity is determined as described above analogously to the hydroxylase activity.
  • the reduction of endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity in plants is effected by at least one of the following methods:
  • Further methods are known to the skilled worker and may comprise the prevention or repression of the processing of endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase, of transport of endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase or its mRNA, inhibition of ribosome attachment, inhibition of RNA splicing, induction of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase-RNA-degrading enzyme and/or inhibition of the elongation or termination of the translation.
  • RNA which has a region with double-stranded structure and comprises, in this region, a nucleic acid sequence which
  • endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase transcript is understood as meaning the transcribed part of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase gene which, in addition to the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase-coding sequence, for example also comprises noncoding sequences such as, for example, UTRs.
  • RNA which “is identical to at least a part of the plant's homologous endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase promoter sequence” preferably means that the RNA sequence is identical to at least a part of the theoretical transcript of the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase promoter sequence, i.e. to the corresponding RNA sequence.
  • a part of the plant's homologous endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase transcript, or the plant's homologous endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase promoter sequence is understood as meaning part-sequences which may reach from a few base pairs up to complete sequences of the transcript; or of the promoter sequence. The skilled worker can readily determine the optimal length of the part-sequences by routine experimentation.
  • the length of the part-sequences amounts to at least 10 bases and not more than 2 kb, preferably at least 25 bases and not more than 1.5 kb, especially preferably at least 50 bases and not more than 600 bases, very especially preferably at least 100 bases and not more than 500, most preferably at least 200 bases or at least 300 bases and not more than 400 bases.
  • the part-sequences are selected in such a way that as high as possible a specificity is achieved and that it is avoided that activities of other enzymes are reduced whose reduction is not desired.
  • the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase-dsRNA comprises a sequence which is identical to a part of the plant's homologous endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase transcript and which comprises the 5′-terminus or the 3′-terminus of the plant's homologous nucleic acid encoding an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase.
  • Untranslated regions 5′ or 3′ of the transcript are especially suitable for generating selective double-stranded structures.
  • the invention furthermore relates to double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA molecules) which, when introduced into a plant organism (or a cell, tissue, organ or propagation material derived therefrom), bring about the reduction of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase.
  • dsRNA molecules double-stranded RNA molecules
  • the invention relates to a double-stranded RNA molecule for reducing the expression of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase (endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase dsRNA), which preferably comprises
  • nucleic acid construct which is introduced into the plant and which is transcribed in the plant into the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase dsRNA.
  • the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid construct which can be transcribed into
  • nucleic acid constructs are hereinbelow also referred to as expression cassettes or expression vectors.
  • endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase nucleic acid sequence is preferably understood as meaning the sequence in accordance with SEQ ID NO: 127 or a part of the same.
  • the dsRNA sequence may also comprise insertions, deletions and individual point mutations in comparison with the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase target sequence while still bringing about an efficient reduction of the expression.
  • the homology amounts to at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, very especially preferably at least 90%, most preferably 100%, between the sense strand of an inhibitory dsRNA and at least a part of the sense RNA transcript of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase gene, or between the antisense strand, the complementary strand of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase gene.
  • the method is tolerant to sequence deviations as can be present due to genetic mutations, polymorphisms or evolutionary divergences.
  • the dsRNA preferably comprises sequence regions of endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase gene transcripts which correspond to conserved regions. Said conserved regions can be deduced readily from sequence comparisons.
  • an “essentially identical” dsRNA can also be defined as a nucleic acid sequence which is capable of hybridizing with a part of an endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase gene transcript (for example in 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. or 70° C. for 12 to 16 h).
  • Essentially complementary means that the antisense RNA strand may also show insertions, deletions and individual point mutations in comparison with the complement of the sense RNA strand.
  • the homology amounts to at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, very especially preferably at least 95%, most preferably 100%, between the antisense RNA strand and the complement of the sense RNA strand.
  • the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase dsRNA comprises
  • the corresponding nucleic acid construct which is preferably used for the transformation of the plants comprises
  • the dsRNA can consist of one or more strands of polyribonucleotides. To achieve the same purpose, it is, naturally, also possible to introduce, into the cell or the organism, several individual dsRNA molecules, each of which comprises one of the above-defined ribonucleotide sequence segments.
  • the double-stranded dsRNA structure can be formed starting from two complementary separate RNA strands or—preferably—starting from an individual autocomplementary RNA strand.
  • sense RNA strand and antisense RNA strand are preferably covalently linked with one another in the form of an inverted repeat.
  • the dsRNA may also comprise a hairpin structure by sense and antisense strand being linked by a linking sequence (linker; for example an intron).
  • a linking sequence for example an intron
  • the autocomplementary dsRNA structures are preferred since they merely require the expression of one RNA sequence and always comprise the complementary RNA strands in an equimolar ratio.
  • the linking sequence is preferably an intron (for example an intron of the potato ST-LS1 gene; Vancanneyt G F et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 220(2):245-250).
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding a dsRNA may comprise further elements such as, for example, transcription termination or polyadenylation signals.
  • Plants which are especially preferably used in the method according to the invention are genetically modified plants with the following combinations of genetic modifications:
  • genetically modified plants which, in comparison with the wild type, have an increased or generated ketolase activity in petals, a reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity and at least one further increased activity selected from the group consisting of HMG-CoA reductase activity, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity, isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity, geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, phytoene synthase activity, phytoene desaturase activity, zeta-carotene desaturase activity, crtISO activity, FtsZ activity and MinD activity.
  • Especially preferred genetically modified plants have, in comparison with the wild type, an increased or generated ketolase activity in petals, an increased ⁇ -cyclase activity and an increased hydroxylase activity, where
  • the increased ketolase activity is caused by introducing nucleic acids which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 and the enzymatic property of a ketolase,
  • the increased ⁇ -cyclase activity is caused by introducing nucleic acids which encode a ⁇ -cyclase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 96 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 20,
  • nucleic acids which encode a hydroxylase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 98 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • Especially preferred genetically modified plants have, in comparison with the wild type, an increased or generated ketolase activity in petals, a reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity, an increased ⁇ -cyclase activity, an increased hydroxylase activity and a reduced endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity, where
  • the increased ketolase activity is caused by introducing nucleic acids which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 and the enzymatic property of a ketolase,
  • the increased ⁇ -cyclase activity is caused by introducing nucleic acids which encode a ⁇ -cyclase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 96 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 20,
  • the increased hydroxylase activity is caused by introducing nucleic acids which encode a hydroxylase comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 98 or a sequence which is derived from this sequence by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids and which has at least 20% identity at the amino acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 18, and the reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity and a reduced endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity in accordance with the above-described, preferred embodiments is produced.
  • These genetically modified plants can be generated as described hereinbelow, for example by introducing individual nucleic ,acid constructs (expression cassettes) or by introducing multiple constructs which comprise up to two, three or four of the activities described.
  • the cultivation step of the genetically modified plants is preferably followed by harvesting of the plants and isolating ketocarotenoids from the petals of the plants.
  • the transgenic plants are grown in a manner known per se on substrates and harvested in a suitable manner.
  • Ketocarotenoids are isolated from the harvested petals in a manner known per se, for example by drying followed by extraction and, if appropriate, further chemical or physical purification processes such as, for example, precipitation methods, crystallography, thermal separation methods such as rectification methods or physical separation methods such as, for example, chromatography.
  • ketocarotenoids are isolated from the petals with organic solvents such as acetone, hexane, ether or tert-methyl butyl ether.
  • ketocarotenoids in particular from petals, are described, for example, in Egger and Kleinig (Phytochemistry (1967) 6, 437-440) and Egger (Phytochemistry (1965) 4, 609-618).
  • ketocarotenoids are selected from the group astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3′-hydroxyechinenone, adonirubin and adonixanthin.
  • ketocarotenoid is astaxanthin.
  • the ketocarotenoids are generated, in petals, in the form of their mono- or diesters with fatty acids.
  • fatty acids which have been detected are myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid and lauric acid (Kamata and Simpson (1987) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol. 86B(3), 587-591).
  • the reduction of further activities such as, for example, the reduction of the ⁇ -cyclase activity, or of the endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase activity, respectively, can be effected analogously using anti- ⁇ -cyclase nucleic acid sequences or ⁇ -cyclase inverted repeat nucleic acid sequences, or using anti-endogenenous ⁇ -hydroxylase nucleic acid sequences or endogenous ⁇ -hydroxylase inverted repeat nucleic acid sequences, respectively, instead of nucleic acid sequences encoding a ketolase.
  • the transformation can be carried out individually or using multiple constructs.
  • the transgenic plants are preferably generated by transforming the starting plants with a nucleic acid construct which comprises the above described nucleic acids encoding a ketolase which are functionally linked to one or more regulatory signals which ensure the transcription and translation in plants.
  • nucleic acid constructs in which the coding nucleic acid sequence is functionally linked to one or more regulatory signals which ensure the transcription and translation in plants are hereinbelow also referred to as expression cassettes.
  • the invention furthermore relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one nucleic acid encoding a ketolase and additionally at least one further nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of
  • nucleic acid constructs Increasing or reducing more than four activities using one nucleic acid construct is technically very difficult, in particular in plants. This is why it is preferred to use combinations of nucleic acid constructs in order to increase or reduce the activities, in particular in order to increase or reduce more than 4 activities, in the organism.
  • the preferred genetically modified organisms are generated by introducing combinations of nucleic acid constructs.
  • Preferred nucleic acid constructs according to the invention comprise the following combinations of nucleic acids in functional linkage with one or more regulatory signals which ensure the transcription and translation in plants:
  • the regulatory signals comprise one or more promoters which ensure the transcription and translation in plants.
  • the expression cassettes comprise regulatory signals, i.e. regulatory nucleic acid sequences which regulate the expression of the coding sequence in the host cell.
  • an expression cassette comprises upstream, i.e. at the 5′ terminus of the coding sequence, a promoter and downstream, i.e. at the 3′ terminus, a polyadenylation signal and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements which are linked operably with the interjacent coding sequence for at least one of the above-described genes.
  • Operable linkage is understood as meaning the sequential arrangement of promoter, coding sequence, terminator and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements in such a way that each of the regulatory elements can fulfil its intended function when the coding sequence is expressed.
  • sequences which are preferred for the operable linkage are targeting sequences for ensuring the subcellular localization in the apoplast, in the vacuole, in plastids, in the mitochondrium, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in the nucleus, in oil bodies or other compartments, and translation enhancers such as the tobacco mosaic virus 5′-leader sequence (Gallie et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15 (1987), 8693-8711).
  • any promoter which is capable of controlling the expression of foreign genes in plants is suitable as promoter of the expression cassette.
  • Constant promoter means those promoters which ensure expression in a large number of, preferably all, tissues over a substantial period of the plant's development, preferably at all points in time of the plant's development.
  • a promoter which is used by preference is, in particular, a plant promoter or a promoter derived from a plant virus.
  • a promoter of the CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus 35S transcript (Franck et al. (1980) Cell 21:285-294; Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812; Shewmaker et al. (1985) virology 140:281-288; Gardner et al. (1986) Plant Mol Biol 6:221-228) or the 19S CaMV promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,605; WO 84/02913; Benfey et al. (1989) EMBO J 8:2195-2202).
  • a further suitable constitutive promoter is the pds promoter (Pecker et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89: 4962-4966) or the “Rubisco small subunit (SSU)” promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,028), the legumin B promoter (GenBank Acc. No. X03677), the promoter of the Agrobacterium nopaline synthase, the TR dual promoter, the OCS (octopine synthase) promoter from Agrobacterium , the ubiquitin promoter (Holtorf S et al.
  • the expression cassettes may also comprise a chemically inducible promoter (review paper: Gatz et al. (1997) Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:89-108), by means of which the expression of the ketolase gene in the plant can be controlled at a particular point in time.
  • a chemically inducible promoter such as, for example, the PRP1 promoter (Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22:361-366), salicylic-acid-inducible promoter (WO 95/19443), a benzene-sulfonamide-inducible promoter (EP 0 388 186), a tetracyclin-inducible promoter (Gatz et al.
  • promoters are those which are induced by biotic or abiotic stress such as, for example, the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene (Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22:361-366), the heat-inducible hsp70 or hsp80 promoter from tomato (U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,267), the cold-inducible alpha-amylase promoter from potato (WO 96/12814), the light-inducible PPDK promoter or the wounding-induced pinII promoter (EP375091).
  • the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22:361-366
  • the heat-inducible hsp70 or hsp80 promoter from tomato U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,267
  • the cold-inducible alpha-amylase promoter from potato
  • Pathogen-inducible promoters comprise the promoters of genes which are induced as the result of a pathogen attack such as, for example, genes of PR proteins, SAR proteins, ⁇ -1,3-glucanase, chitinase and the like (for example Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth J Plant Pathol 89:245-254; Uknes, et al. (1992) The Plant Cell 4:645-656; Van Loon (1985) Plant Mol Viral 4:111-116; Marineau et al. (1987) Plant Mol Biol 9:335-342; Matton et al. (1987) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2:325-342; Somssich et al.
  • genes of PR proteins, SAR proteins, ⁇ -1,3-glucanase, chitinase and the like for example Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth J Plant Pathol 89:245-254; Uknes
  • wounding-inducible promoters such as that of the promoter of the pinII gene (Ryan (1990) Ann Rev Phytopath 28:425-449; Duan et al. (1996) Nat Biotech 14:494-498), of the wun1 and wun2 gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,148), of the win1 and win2 gene (Stanford et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet 215:200-208), of the systemin (McGurl et al. (1992) Science 225:1570-1573), of the WIP1 gene (Rohmeier et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22:783-792; Ekelkamp et al. (1993) FEBS Letters 323:73-76), of the MPI gene (Corderok et al. (1994) The Plant J 6(2):141-150) and the like.
  • wounding-inducible promoters such as that of the promoter of the pinII
  • suitable promoters are, for example, fruit-maturation-specific promoters such as, for example, the fruit-maturation-specific promoter from tomato (WO 94/21794, EP 409 625).
  • Some of the promoters which the development-promoters comprise are the tissue-specific promoters since, naturally, the individual tissues are formed as a function of the development.
  • promoters which ensure the expression in tissues or plant parts in which, for example, the biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids or their precursors takes place.
  • promoters with specificities for the anthers, ovaries, petals, sepals, flowers, leaves, stems and roots and combinations hereof.
  • Tuber-specific, storage-root-specific or root-specific promoters are, for example, the patatin promoter class I (B33) or the promoter of the cathepsin D inhibitor from potato.
  • leaf-specific promoters are, for example, the promoter of the cytosolic FBPase from potato (WO 97/05900), the SSU promoter (small subunit) of Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) or the ST-LSI promoter from potato (Stockhaus et al. (1989) EMBO J 8:2445-2451).
  • flower-specific promoters are the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635), the promoter of the P-rr gene (WO 98/22593), the EPSPS promoter (database entry M37029), the DFR-A promoter (database entry X79723), the B gene promoter (WO 0008920) and the CHRC promoter (WO 98/24300; Vishnevetsky et al. (1996) Plant J. 10, 1111-1118), and the promoters of the Arabidopsis gene loci At5g33370 (hereinbelow M1 promoter), At5g22430 (hereinbelow M2 promoter) and At1g26630 (hereinbelow M3 promoter).
  • Examples of anther-specific promoters are the 5126 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,049, U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,051), the glob-1 promoter or the g-zein promoter.
  • constitutive flower-specific and, in particular, petal-specific promoters are particularly preferred.
  • the present invention therefore relates in particular to a nucleic acid construct comprising, in functional linkage, a flower-specific or, in particular, a petal-specific promoter and a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • An expression cassette is preferably prepared by fusing a suitable promoter with an above-described nucleic acid encoding a ketolase and preferably a nucleic acid which is inserted between promoter and nucleic acid sequence and which encodes a plastid-specific transit peptide, and with a polyadenylation signal, using customary recombination and cloning techniques as are described, for example, in T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and in T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman und L. W.
  • nucleic acids which encode a plastidic transit peptide and which are preferably inserted ensure the localization in plastids and in particular in chromoplasts.
  • expression cassettes whose nucleic acid sequence encodes a ketolase fusion protein, where part of the fusion protein is a transit peptide which governs the translocation of the polypeptide.
  • Preferred are chromoplast-specific transit peptides which are cleaved enzymatically from the ketolase moiety after translocation of the ketolase into the chromoplasts.
  • the transit peptide which is derived from the plastidic Nicotiana tabacum transketolase or from another transit peptide (for example the transit peptide of the Rubisco small subunit (rbcs) or the transit peptide of the ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase and of the isopentenyl-pyrophosphate isomerase-2) or its functional equivalent.
  • nucleic acid sequences of three cassettes of the plastid transit peptide of the tobacco plastidic transketolase in three reading frames as KpnI/BamHI fragments with an ATG codon in the NcoI cleavage site pTP09 KpnI_GGTACCATGGCGTCTTCTTCTTCTCTCACTCTCTCTCAAGCTAT CCTCTCTCGTTCTGTCCCTCGCCATGGCTCTGCCTCTCTCTCAACTT TCCCCTTCTTCTCTCACTTTTTCCGGCCTTAAATCAATCCCAATATCAC CACCTCCCGCCGCCGTACTCCTTCCTCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGTCGTA AGGTCACCGGCGATTCGTGCCTCAGCTGCAACCGAAACCATAGAGAAAA CTGAGACTGCGGGATCC_BamHI pTP10 KpnI_GGTACCATGGCGTCTTCTTCTTCTCTCACTCTCTCTCAAGCTAT CCTCTCTCGTTCTGTCCCTCGCCATGGCTCTCTCTAT CC
  • a plastidic transit peptide examples include the transit peptide of the plastidic isopentenyl-pyrophosphate isomerase-2 (IPP-2) from Arabidopsis thaliana and the transit peptide of the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS) from pea (Guerineau, F, Woolston, S, Brooks, L, Mullineaux, P (1988) An expression cassette for targeting foreign proteins into the chloroplasts. Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • IPP-2 plastidic isopentenyl-pyrophosphate isomerase-2
  • rbcS ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit
  • nucleic acids according to the invention can be generated synthetically or obtained naturally or comprise a mixture of synthetic and natural nucleic acid constituents, and consist of various heterologous gene segments from a variety of organisms.
  • various DNA fragments can be manipulated in order to obtain a nucleotide sequence which expediently reads in the correct direction and is equipped with a correct reading frame.
  • adaptors or linkers may be added to the fragments.
  • the promoter and the terminator regions can be provided, in the direction of transcription, with a linker or polylinker comprising one or more restriction sites for the insertion of this sequence.
  • the linker has 1 to 10, in most cases 1 to 8, preferably 2 to 6, restriction sites.
  • the linker has a size of less than 100 bp, frequently less than 60 bp, but at least 5 bp, within the regulatory regions.
  • the promoter can either be native, or homologous, or else foreign, or heterologous, to the host plant.
  • the expression cassette comprises, in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, the promoter, a coding nucleic acid sequence or a nucleic acid construct and a region for transcriptional termination. Various termination regions can be exchanged for one another as desired.
  • Examples of a terminator are the 35S terminator (Guerineau et al. (1988) Nucl Acids Res. 16: 11380), the nos terminator (Depicker A, Stachel S, Dhaese P, Zambryski P, Goodman H M. Nopaline synthase: transcript mapping and DNA sequence. J Mol Appl Genet.
  • Preferred polyadenylation signals are plant polyadenylation signals, preferably those which correspond essentially to T-DNA polyadenylation signals from Agrobacterium tumefaciens , in particular the gene 3 of the T-DNA (octopine synthase) of the Ti plasmid pTiACH5 (Gielen et al., EMBO J. 3 (1984), 835 et seq.), or functional equivalents.
  • transformation The transfer of foreign genes in the genome of a plant is referred to as transformation.
  • Suitable methods for the transformation of plants are the transformation of protoplasts by means of polyethylene-glycol-induced DNA uptake, the biolistic method using the gene gun—what is known as the particle bombardment method, electroporation, incubation of dry embryos in DNA-comprising solution, microinjection, and the above-described Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer.
  • the above methods are described, for example, in B. Jenes et al., Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993), 128-143 and in Potrykus, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42 (1991), 205-225).
  • the construct to be expressed is cloned into a vector which is suitable for the transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens , for example pBin19 (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984), 8711) or particularly preferably pSUN2, pSUN3, pSUN4 or pSUN5 (WO 02/00900).
  • Agrobacteria which have been transformed with an expression plasmid can be used in the known manner for the transformation of plants, for example by bathing scarified leaves or leaf segments in an agrobacterial solution and subsequently growing them in suitable media.
  • the fused expression cassette which expresses a ketolase is cloned into a vector, for example pBin19 or, in particular, pSUN2, which is suitable for being transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens .
  • Agrobacteria which have been transformed with such a vector can then be used in the known manner for the transformation of plants, in particular crop plants, for example by bathing scarified leaves or leaf segments in an agrobacterial solution and subsequently growing them in suitable media.
  • Transgenic plants can be regenerated in the known manner from the transformed cells of the scarified leaves or leaf segments, and such plants comprise a gene for the expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase integrated into the expression cassette.
  • an expression cassette is incorporated, as insertion, into a recombinant vector whose vector DNA comprises additional functional regulatory signals, for example sequences for replication or integration.
  • additional functional regulatory signals for example sequences for replication or integration.
  • Suitable vectors are described, inter alia, in “Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology” (CRC Press), chapter 6/7, pp. 71-119 (1993).
  • the expression cassettes can be cloned into suitable vectors which make possible their multiplication, for example in E. coli .
  • suitable cloning vectors are, inter alia, pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16:11380), pBR332, pUC series, M13mp series and pACYC184.
  • binary vectors which are capable of replication both in E. coli and in agrobacteria.
  • expression can take place constitutively or, preferably, specifically in the petals, depending on the choice of the promoter.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a method for the production of genetically modified plants, wherein a nucleic acid construct comprising, in functional linkage, a flower-specific promoter and nucleic acids encoding a ketolase is introduced into the genome of the starting plant.
  • the invention furthermore relates to the genetically modified plants, where the genetic modification
  • increasing or producing the ketolase activity in comparison with the wild type is preferably effected by increasing or producing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • increasing or producing the gene expression of a nucleic acid encoding a ketolase is effected, as described hereinabove, by introducing, into the plants, nucleic acids encoding a ketolase and thus preferably by overexpressing or transgenically expressing nucleic acids encoding a ketolase.
  • Preferred transgenic plants which as the wild type show no ketolase activity in the petals comprise, as mentioned hereinabove, at least one transgenic nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • Especially preferred genetically modified plants additionally show, as mentioned hereinabove, an increased hydroxylase activity and/or ⁇ -cyclase activity in comparison with a wild-type plant. Further preferred embodiments are described hereinabove in the method according to the invention.
  • Further preferred genetically modified plants additionally show, as mentioned hereinabove, a reduced ⁇ -cyclase activity in comparison with a wild-type plant. Further preferred embodiments are described hereinabove in the method according to the invention.
  • Further especially preferred genetically modified plants additionally show, as mentioned hereinabove, at least one further increased activity selected from the group consisting of HMG-CoA reductase activity, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate reductase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate synthase activity, 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase activity, isopentenyl-diphosphate ⁇ -isomerase activity, geranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase activity, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase activity, phytoene synthase activity, phytoene desaturase activity, zeta-carotene desaturase activity, crtISO activity, FtsZ activity and MinD activity, in comparison with the wild-type. Further preferred embodiments are described hereinabove in the method according to the invention.
  • plants are preferably understood as meaning plants which, as the wild type, have chromoplasts in petals.
  • Further preferred plants have, as the wild type, additionally carotenoids, in particular ⁇ -carotene, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin or lutein in the petals.
  • Further preferred plants additionally have, as the wild type, a ⁇ -cyclase activity in the petals.
  • Further preferred plants additionally have, as the wild type, a hydroxylase activity in the petals.
  • Especially preferred plants are plants selected from the families Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Cannabaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Linaceae, Vitaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Malvaceae, Illiaceae or Lamiaceae.
  • the invention therefore relates in particular to genetically modified plants selected from the families Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Cannabaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Linaceae, Vitaceae, Brassiceae, Cucurbitaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Malvaceae, Illiaceaae or Lamiaceae comprising at least one transgenic nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • Very especially preferred genetically modified plants are selected from the plant genera Marigold, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Adonis, Lycopersicon, Rosa, Calendula, Physalis, Medicago, Helianthus, Chrysanthemum, Aster, Tulipa, Narcissus, Petunia, Geranium or Tropaeolum , where the genetically modified plant comprises at least one transgenic nucleic acid encoding a ketolase.
  • the ketolase is expressed in petals; especially preferably, the expression of the ketolase is highest in petals.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to the transgenic plants, their propagation material and their plant cells, tissues or parts, in particular their petals.
  • the genetically modified plants can be used for the production of ketocarotenoids, in particular astaxanthin.
  • Genetically modified plants according to the invention which can be consumed by humans and animals and which have an increased ketocarotenoid content can also be used for example directly or after processing known per se as foodstuff or feedstuff, or else as food or feed supplement. Furthermore, the genetically modified plants can be used for the production of ketocarotenoid-comprising extracts of the plants and/or for the production of feed and food supplements.
  • the genetically modified plants can also be used in the field of horticulture as ornamentals.
  • the genetically modified plants have an increased ketocarotenoid content in comparison with the wild type.
  • An increased ketocarotenoid content is, as a rule, understood as meaning an increased total ketocarotenoid content.
  • an increased ketocarotenoid content is also understood as meaning, in particular, a modified content of the preferred ketocarotenoids without the total carotenoid content necessarily having to be increased.
  • the genetically modified plants according to the invention have an increased astaxanthin content in comparison with the wild type.
  • an increased content is also understood as meaning a generated content of ketocarotenoids or astaxanthin.
  • Recombinant DNA molecules were sequenced using a laser fluorescence DNA sequencer from Licor (available from MWG Biotech, Ebersbach) following the method of Sanger (Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977), 5463-5467).
  • the cDNA which encodes the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis was amplified from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80 of the “Sammlung von Algenkulturen der Vietnamese Göttingen” [Collection of algal cultures of the university of Göttingen]) suspension culture by means of PCR.
  • RNA from a suspension culture of Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) which had grown for 2 weeks with indirect daylight at room temperature in Haematococcus medium (1.2 g/l sodium acetate, 2 g/l yeast extract, 0.2 g/l MgCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, 0.02 CaCl 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O; pH 6.8; after autoclaving addition of 400 mg/l L-asparagine, 10 mg/l FeSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O), the cells were harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground to a powder in a mortar.
  • Haematococcus medium 1.2 g/l sodium acetate, 2 g/l yeast extract, 0.2 g/l MgCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, 0.02 CaCl 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O; pH 6.8; after autoclaving addition of 400 mg/l L-asparagine, 10 mg/l FeSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O
  • RNA For the cDNA synthesis, 2.5 ug of total RNA were denatured for 10 min at 60° C., cooled on ice for 2 minutes and transcribed into cDNA by means of a cDNA kit (Ready-to-go-you-prime-beads, Pharmacia Biotech) following the manufacturer's instructions and using an antisense-specific primer (PR1 SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • a cDNA kit Ready-to-go-you-prime-beads, Pharmacia Biotech
  • PR1 SEQ ID NO: 29 an antisense-specific primer
  • the nucleic acid encoding a ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Haematococcus pluvialis using a sense-specific primer (PR2 SEQ ID NO: 30) and an antisense-specific primer (PR1 SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the cDNA which encodes a ketolase protein consisting of the entire primary sequence was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 2 minutes 72° C. 3 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 30 results in a 1155 bp fragment which encodes a protein consisting of the entire primary sequence (SEQ ID NO: 22).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pGEM-Teasy (Promega), giving rise to the clone pGKETO2.
  • This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380). Cloning was effected by isolating the 1027 bp SpHI fragment from pGEM-Teasy and ligation into the SpHI-cut vector pJIT117.
  • the clone which comprises the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase in the correct orientation as N-terminal translational fusion with the rbcs transit peptide is named pJKETO2.
  • the cDNA which encodes the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) which is truncated at the N terminus by 14 amino acids was amplified by means of PCR from Haematococcus pluvialis suspension culture (strain 192.80 of the “Sammlung von Algenkulturen der Vietnamese Göttingen”).
  • RNA from a suspension culture of Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) was carried out as described in Example 1.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) which is truncated at the N-terminus by 14 amino acids was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Haematococcus pluvialis using a sense-specific primer (PR3 SEQ ID NO: 31) and an antisense-specific primer (PR1 SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 2 minutes 72° C. 3 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 31 resulted in a 1111 bp fragment which encodes a ketolase protein in which N-terminal amino acids (positions 2-16) are replaced by a single amino acid (leucin).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pGEM-Teasy (Promega) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primers T7 and SP6 confirmed a sequence which is identical to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 22, the 5′ region (positions 1-53) of SEQ ID NO: 22 in the amplificate SEQ ID NO: 24 having been replaced by a nonamer sequence whose sequence deviates. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • Cloning was carried out by isolating the 985 bp SpHI fragment from pGEM-Teasy and ligation with the SpHI-cut vector pJIT117.
  • the clone which comprises the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase which is truncated at the N terminus by 14 amino acids in the correct orientation as N-terminal translational fusion with the rbcs transit peptide is named pJKETO3.
  • the cDNA which encodes the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) consisting of the entire primary sequence and fused C-terminal myc tag was prepared by means of PCR using the plasmid pGKETO2 (described in Example 1) and the primers PR15 (SEQ ID NO: 32).
  • the primer PR15 is composed of an antisense-specific 3′ region (nucleotides 40 to 59) and a myc-tag encoding 5′ region (nucleotides 1 to 39).
  • reaction mixture comprising:
  • the nucleic acid encoding a ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) consisting of the entire primary sequence and fused C-terminal myc tag was amplified from Haematococcus pluvialis by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a sense-specific primer (PR2 SEQ ID NO: 30) and an antisense-specific primer (PR15 SEQ ID NO: 32).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the cDNA which encodes a ketolase protein with fused C-terminal myc tag was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO: 30 results in a 1032 bp fragment which encodes a protein consisting of the entire primary sequence of the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis as double translational fusion with the rbcS transit peptide at the N terminus und the myc tag at the C terminus.
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pGEM-Teasy (Promega) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primers T7 and SP6 confirmed a sequence which was identical to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 22, the 3′ region (positions 993 to 1155) of SEQ ID NO: 22 in the amplificate SEQ ID NO: 26 having been replaced by a 39 bp sequence which deviated. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 1038 bp EcoRI/SpHI fragment from pGEM-Teasy and ligation with the EcoRI-SpHI-cut vector pJIT117. The ligation gives rise to a translational fusion between the C terminus of the rbcS transit peptide sequence and the N terminus of the ketolase sequence.
  • the clone which comprises the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase with fused C-terminal myc tag in correct orientation as translational N-terminal fusion with the rbcs transit peptide is named pJKETO4.
  • ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis in L. esculentum and in Tagetes erecta was under the control of the constitutive promoter d35S from CaMV (Franck et al. 1980, Cell 21: 285-294). The expression was carried out with the transit peptide rbcS from pea (Anderson et al. 1986, Biochem J. 240:709-715).
  • the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis was expressed in L. esculentum and Tagetes erecta using the transit peptide rbcS from pea (Anderson et al. 1986, Biochem J. 240:709-715). The expression was under the control of a modified version AP3P of the flower-specific promoter AP3 of Arabidopsis thaliana (AL132971: nucleotide region 9298 to 10200; Hill et al. (1998) Development 125: 1711-1721).
  • the DNA fragment which comprises the AP3 promoter region ⁇ 902 to +15 from Arabidopsis thaliana was prepared by means of PCR using genomic DNA (isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by standard methods) and the primers PR7 (SEQ ID NO: 33) and PR10 (SEQ ID NO: 36).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the DNA which comprises the AP3 promoter fragment was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the 922 bp amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the plasmid pTAP3.
  • Sequencing the clone pTAP3 confirms a sequence which differs from the published AP3 sequence (AL132971, nucleotide region 9298 to 10200) only by one insertion (one G in position 9765 of the sequence AL132971) and one base substitution (one G instead of one A in position 9726 of the sequence AL132971). These nucleotide differences were reproduced in an independent amplification experiment and thus represent the actual nucleotide sequence in the Arabidopsis thaliana plants used.
  • the modified version AP3P was prepared by means of recombinant PCR using the plasmid pTAP3.
  • the region 10200 to 9771 was amplified using the primers PR7 (SEQ ID NO: 33) and PR9 (SEQ ID NO: 35) (amplificate A7/9), and the region 9526 to 9285 was amplified using PR8 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and PR10 (SEQ ID NO: 36) (amplificate A8/10).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • PCR reactions for the amplification of the DNA fragments which comprise the region 10200-9771 and the region 9526 to 9285 of the AP3 promoter were carried out in 50- ⁇ l batches of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the recombinant PCR comprises annealing of the amplificates A7/9 and A8/10, which overlap over a sequence of 25 nucleotides, complementation to give a double strand, and subsequent amplification.
  • Denaturation (5 minutes at 95° C.) and annealing (slow cooling at room temperature to 40° C.) of the two amplificates A7/9 and A8/10 were carried out in 17.6 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the nucleic acid encoding the modified promoter version AP3P was amplified by means of PCR using a sense-specific primer (PR7 SEQ ID NO: 33) and an antisense-specific primer (PR10 SEQ ID NO: 36).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the AP3P fragment was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 33 and SEQ ID NO: 36 resulted in a 778 bp fragment which encodes the modified promoter version AP3P.
  • the amplificate was cloned into the cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequencing reactions with the primers T7 and M13 confirmed a sequence with identity to the sequence AL132971, region 10200 to 9298, with the internal region 9285 to 9526 having been deleted. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • Cloning was carried out by isolating the 771 bp SacI/HindIII fragment from pTAP3P and ligation into the SacI/HindIII-cut vector pJIT117.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter AP3P instead of the original promoter d35S is named pJAP3P.
  • the 1027 bp SpHI fragment KETO2 (described in Example 1) was cloned into the SpHI-cut vector pJAP3P.
  • the clone which comprises the fragment KETO2 in the correct orientation as N-terminal fusion with the rbcs transit peptide is named pJAP3PKETO2.
  • An expression vector for the agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the AP3P-controlled ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis in Tagetes erecta was prepared using the binary vector pSUN5 (WO02/00900).
  • fragment AP3P comprises the modified AP3P promoter (771 bp), fragment rbcS the rbcS transit peptide from pea (204 bp), fragment KETO2 (1027 bp) the entire primary sequence encoding the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase, fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • the cDNA which comprises the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) following a heterologous “5′-untranslated region” (5′-UTR) was generated by means of PCR.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis (strain 192.80) with a “5′-untranslated region” (5′-UTR) was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the plasmid pGKET02 using a sense-specific primer (PR142 SEQ ID NO: 78) and an antisense-specific primer.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR conditions were the following:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 2 minutes 72° C. 3 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with PR1 and PR142 resulted in a 1.1 kb fragment which comprises a heterologous 5′-UTR region followed by the coding region for a ketolase (SEQ ID NO: 79).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions the resulting clone pTA-KETO5 with the primers T7 and M13 confirmed a sequence (SEQ ID NO: 79) which [apart from the 5′ terminus, which is identical to pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380)], is identical to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 22. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJAP3PKETO2 (Example 5A).
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 0.3 kb HindIII fragment from pTA-KETO5 and ligation into the HindIII-cut vector pJAP3PKETO2.
  • the clone which comprises the AP3P promoter followed by the 5′-UTR from pJIT117 and the complete coding sequence for the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase is named pJAP3PKETO5.
  • ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis in L. esculentum was under the control of the promoter AP 3P (see Example 5A) and the 5′-UTR from pJIT117.
  • An expression cassette for the agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the ketolase from Haematococcus pluvialis in L. esculentum was prepared using the binary vector pSUN3 (WO 02/00900).
  • fragment AP3P comprises the AP3P promoter (747 bp), fragment 5′-UTR the 5′-UTR sequence from pJIT117 (30 bp), fragment KETO5 (1.0 kb) the entire primary sequence encoding the Haematococcus pluvialis ketolase, fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • Tomato plants were transformed and regenerated by the published method of Ling and coworkers (Plant Cell Reports (1998), 17:843-847). A higher kanamycine concentration (100 mg/l) was used for the selection for the variety Microtom.
  • the starting explants for the transformation were cotyledons and hypocotyls of seven- to ten-day old seedlings of the line Microtom.
  • the cotyledons were divided horizontally and the hypocotyls were cut into segments 5 to 10 mm in length and placed on the medium MSBN (MS, pH 6.1, 3% sucrose, +1 mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l NAA) which had been charged on the day before with tomato cells grown in suspension culture.
  • MSBN MS, pH 6.1, 3% sucrose, +1 mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l NAA
  • the tomato cells were covered with sterile paper filters in such a way that there were no air bubbles.
  • the explants were precultured on the above-described medium for three to five days.
  • the explants were transferred to MSZ2 medium (MS pH 6.1+3% sucrose, 2 mg/l zeatin, 100 mg/l kanamycin, 160 mg/l Timentin) and stored under low light conditions (20 to 100 ⁇ E, photoperiod 16 h/8 h) at 21° C. for the selective regeneration.
  • MSZ2 medium MS pH 6.1+3% sucrose, 2 mg/l zeatin, 100 mg/l kanamycin, 160 mg/l Timentin
  • low light conditions (20 to 100 ⁇ E, photoperiod 16 h/8 h
  • the explants are transferred every two to three weeks until shoots form. Small shoots were separated from the explants and rooted on MS (pH 6.1+3% sucrose), 160 mg/l Timentin, 30 mg/l kanamycine, 0.1 mg/l IAA. Rooted plants were transferred to the greenhouse.
  • Table 1a shows the phenotype of the petals of the tomato plants which have been genetically modified in accordance with the invention. The analysis of the ketocarotenoids was carried out as described below. TABLE 1a Plant Petal color Astaxanthin Adonixanthin Control yellow no no Control yellow no no CS13-8 orange yes yes CS13-24 orange yes yes CS13-30 orange yes yes CS13-40 orange yes yes CS14-2 orange yes yes CS14-3 orange yes yes yes CS14-9 orange yes yes yes CS14-19 orange yes yes yes CS16-15 orange yes yes yes CS16-34 orange yes yes yes CS16-35 orange yes yes CS16-40 orange yes yes yes yes
  • the carotenoids were quantified by extracting the pigments in acetone, subjecting the carotenoid esters to enzymatic hydrolysis and separating the liberated carotenoids by means of HPLC. Experimental details and running conditions of the HPLC separations are described in detail in Example 9.
  • Table 1b shows the carotenoid profile in petals of transgenic tomato plants produced in accordance with the above-described examples, including the controls. Carotenoid concentrations are means of different lines and are shown as a percentage of the total carotenoid content.
  • TABLE 1b Beta/ Antha- Crypto- zeta- Asta- Adoni- Tomato Violaxanthin xanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin xanthin carotene xanthin xanthin Adonirubin 3′-Hydroxyechinenone control 70.6 14 13.2 1 0.2 0.95 CS16 0.5 1 3.2 0.3 15.3 61 4.1 15.2 plant Cs 13 9.7 0.4 0.05 9 68 1.3 12.3 0.2 plant
  • Tagetes seeds are sterilized and placed on germination medium (MS medium; Murashige and Skoog, Physiol. Plant. 15(1962), 473-497) pH 5.8, 2% sucrose). Germination takes place in a temperature/light/time interval of 18 to 28° C./20-200 ⁇ E/3 to 16 weeks, but preferably at 21° C., 20 to 70 ⁇ E, for 4 to 8 weeks.
  • Any Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain but preferably a supervirulent strain such as, for example, EHA105 with a suitable binary plasmid, which can carry a selection marker gene (preferably bar or pat) and one or more trait or reporter genes (for example pS5KETO2 and pS5AP3PKETO2) is grown overnight and used for the cocultivation with the leaf material.
  • the bacterial strain can be grown as follows: a single colony of the strain in question is inoculated into YEB (0.1% yeast extract, 0.5% beef extract, 0.5% peptone, 0.5% sucrose, 0.5% magnesium sulfate ⁇ 7 H 2 O) supplemented with 25 mg/l kanamycine and grown at 28° C.
  • the bacterial suspension is harvested by centrifugation at 6000 g for 10 minutes and resuspended in liquid MS medium in such a way that an OD 600 of approx. 0.1 to 0.8 developed. This suspension is used for the cocultivation with the leaf material.
  • the MS medium in which the leaves have been stored is replaced by the bacterial suspension.
  • the leaflets were incubated in the agrobacterial suspension for 30 minutes with gentle shaking at room temperature.
  • the infected explants are placed on an MS medium which comprises growth regulators, such as, for example 3 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg/l indolylacetic acid (IAA) and which has been solidified with agar (for example 0.8% Plant Agar (Duchefa, NL).
  • growth regulators such as, for example 3 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg/l indolylacetic acid (IAA) and which has been solidified with agar (for example 0.8% Plant Agar (Duchefa, NL).
  • BAP benzylaminopurine
  • IAA indolylacetic acid
  • the explants are cultured for 1 to 8 days, but preferably for 6 days; during this process, the following conditions can be applied: light intensity: 30 to 80 ⁇ Mol/m 2 ⁇ sec, temperature: 22 to 24° C., photoperiod 16/8 hours. Thereafter, the cocultured explants are transferred to fresh MS medium, preferably one which comprises the same growth regulators, this second medium additionally comprising an antibiotic for suppressing the growth of the bacteria.
  • Timentin in a concentration of from 200 to 500 mg/l is highly suitable for this purpose.
  • the second selective component employed is one which selects for successful transformation. Phosphinothricin in a concentration of from 1 to 5 mg/l selects highly efficiently, but other selective components in accordance with the method to be used are also feasible.
  • the explants are transferred to fresh medium, until shoot primoidia and small shoots develop which are subsequently transferred to the same basal medium including Timentin and PPT or alternative components with growth ,regulators, viz. e.g. 0.5 mg/l indolylbutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid GA 3 for rooting. Rooted shoots can be transferred into the greenhouse.
  • growth ,regulators viz. e.g. 0.5 mg/l indolylbutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid GA 3 for rooting. Rooted shoots can be transferred into the greenhouse.
  • IBA indolylbutyric acid
  • GA 3 gibberellic acid
  • the petals of the transgenic plants are crushed in liquid nitrogen and the petal powder (approximately 40 mg) is extracted with 100% acetone (three portions of 500 ⁇ l each). The solvent is evaporated and the carotenoids are resuspended in 100 to 200 ⁇ l of petroleum ether/acetone (5:1, v/v).
  • the carotenoids are separated in concentrated form by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on Silica60 F254 plates (Merck) in an organic solvent (petroleum ether/acetone; 5:1) on the basis of their phobicity. Yellow (xanthophyll esters), red (ketocarotenoid esters) and orange bands (mixture of xanthophyll esters and ketocarotenoid esters) on the TLC are scraped off.
  • TLC thin-layer chromatography
  • silica-bound carotenoids are eluted three times with 500 ⁇ l of acetone, the solvent is evaporated, and the carotenoids are separated and identified by means of HPLC.
  • Petal material of the transgenic tomato plants CS13-8, cs13-24, cs13-30, cs13-40, cs14-2, cs14-3, cs14-9, cs14-19 was crushed and extracted with acetone. Extracted carotenoids were separated by means of TLC. Mono- and diesters of ketocarotenoids were detected in both lines; the monoesters were present in markedly lower concentrations than the diesters.
  • HPLC analyses revealed that diesters of xanthophylls (yellow band) and of the ketocarotenoids (red band) were present; the diester of the ketocarotenoids were present in approximately 10 times higher concentrations than the monoesters ( FIG. 10 ).
  • FIG. 9A shows a thin-layer chromatogram.
  • the carotenoids from tomato petals were extracted with acetone and separated by means of thin-layer chromatography. Additional carotenoid bands [(1), (2) and (3)] were detected in the petals of transgenic tomato plants in comparison with control extracts.
  • FIG. 10 shows an HPLC diagram.
  • the additional carotenoid bands in the petals of transgenic tomato fruits (see (1-3) in FIG. 9A ) were extracted, eluted with acetone and analyzed with the aid of HPLC. (1) was identified as the monoester, (2) and (3) as diesters.
  • Crushed petal material (50 to 100 mg fresh weight) is extracted with 100% acetone (three times 500 ⁇ l; shaking in each case for approximately 15 minutes). The solvent is evaporated. Carotenoids are subsequently taken up in 400 ⁇ l of acetone (absorption at 475 nm between 0.75 and 1.25) and treated for 5 minutes in an ultrasonic bath. The carotenoid extract is mixed with 300 ⁇ l of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) and incubated for 5 to 10 minutes at 37° C. Thereafter, 100 to 200 ⁇ l of cholesterol esterase (stock solution: 6.8 units/ml of a Pseudomonas spec. cholesterol esterase) are added.
  • stock solution 6.8 units/ml of a Pseudomonas spec. cholesterol esterase
  • Isolated ketocarotenoid esters of lines CS13, CS14 and CS16 were hydrolyzed with cholesterol esterase and the liberated carotenoids were separated by means of HPLC. The carotenoids were identified on the basis of retention time and spectrum in comparison with carotenoid standards. Mono- and diesters comprise astaxanthin in high concentrations (90%) and adonixanthin in low concentrations (10%).
  • FIG. 11 shows an HPLC diagram.
  • the eluted esters from example 9 ( FIG. 10 ) were hydrolyzed enzymatically and the hydrolysates were analyzed by means of HPLC.
  • Both mono- and diesters comprise astaxanthin as main carotenoid and adonixanthin in low concentrations.
  • inverted-repeat transcripts consisting of epsilon-cyclase fragments in Tagetes erecta was carried out under the control of a modified version AP3P of the flower-specific promoter AP3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AL132971: nucleotide region 9298 to 10200; Hill et al. (1998) Development 125: 1711 to 1721).
  • the inverted-repeat transcript comprises a fragment in correct orientation (sense fragment) and a sequence-identical fragment in the opposite orientation (antisense fragment) which are linked with one another by a functional intron, the PIV2 intron of the potato ST-LH1 gene (Vancanneyt G. et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 220: 245-50).
  • the cDNA which encodes the Arabidopsis thaliana AP3 promoter was generated by means of PCR using genomic DNA (isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by standard methods) and the primers PR7 (SEQ ID NO: 49) and PR10 (SEQ ID NO: 52).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the 922 bp amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the plasmid pTAP3.
  • Sequencing the clone pTAP3 confirms a sequence which differs from the published AP3 sequence (AL132971, nucleotide region 9298 to 10200) only by one insertion (one G in position 9765 of the sequence AL132971) and one base substitution (one G instead of one A in position 9726 of the sequence AL132971). These nucleotide differences were reproduced in an independent amplification experiment and thus represent the actual nucleotide sequence in the Arabidopsis thaliana plants used.
  • the modified version AP3P was prepared by means of recombinant PCR using the plasmid pTAP3.
  • the region 10200 to 9771 was amplified using the primers PR7 (SEQ ID NO: 49) and PR9 (SEQ ID NO: 51) (amplificate A7/9), and the region 9526 to 9285 was amplified using PR8 (SEQ ID NO: 50) and PR10 (SEQ ID NO: 52) (amplificate A8/10).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • PCR reactions for the amplification of the DNA fragments which encode the region 10200 to 9771 and the region 9526 to 9285 of the AP3 promoter were carried out in 50- ⁇ l batches of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 2 minutes 72° C. 3 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the recombinant PCR comprises annealing of the amplificates, A7/9 and A8/10, which overlap over a sequence of 25 nucleotides, complementation to give a double strand, and subsequent amplification.
  • Denaturation (5 minutes at 95° C.) and annealing (slow cooling at room temperature to 40° C.) of the two amplificates A7/9 and A8/10 were carried out in 17.6 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the nucleic acid encoding the modified promoter version AP3P was amplified by means of PCR using a sense-specific primer (PR7 SEQ ID NO: 49) and an antisense-specific primer (PR10 SEQ ID NO: 52).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the AP3P fragment is carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with PR7, SEQ ID NO: 49 and PR10, SEQ ID NO: 52 resulted in a 778 bp fragment which encodes the modified promoter version AP3P.
  • the amplificate was cloned into the cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequencing reactions with the primers T7 and M13 confirmed a sequence with identity to the sequence AL132971, region 10200 to 9298, with the internal region 9285 to 9526 having been deleted. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • Cloning was carried out by isolating the 771 bp SacI/HindIII fragment from pTAP3P and ligation into the SacI/HindIII-cut vector pJIT117.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter AP3P instead of the original promoter d35S is named pJAP3P.
  • a DNA fragment which comprises the PIV2 intron of the gene ST-LS1 was generated by means of PCR using plasmid DNA p35SGUS INT (Vancanneyt G. et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 220: 245-50) and the primers PR40 (Seq ID NO: 54) and PR41 (Seq ID NO: 55).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the sequence of the intron PIV2 of the gene ST-LS1 was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with PR40 and PR41 resulted in a 206 bp fragment.
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pBluntII (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the clone pBluntII-40-41. Sequencing reactions of this clone with the primer SP6 confirmed a sequence which is identical to the corresponding sequence from the vector p35SGUS INT.
  • This clone was therefore used for cloning into the vector pJAP3P (described above).
  • Cloning was carried out by isolating the 206 bp SalI/BamHI fragment from pBluntII-40-41 and ligation with the SalI/BamHI-cut vector pJAP3P.
  • the clone which comprises the intron PIV2 of the gene ST-LS1 in the correct orientation following the 3′ terminus of the rbcs transit peptide is named pJAI1 and is suitable for the preparation of the expression cassettes for the flower-specific expression of inverted-repeat transcripts.
  • fragment AP3P comprises the modified AP3P promoter (771 bp)
  • fragment rbcs comprises the rbcS transit peptide from pea (204 bp)
  • fragment intron the intron PIV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1 and fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • the nucleic acid which comprises the 5′-terminal 435 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Tagetes erecta cDNA using a sense-specific primer (PR42 SEQ ID NO: 56) and an antisense-specific primer (PR43 SEQ ID NO: 57).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the 5′-terminal 435 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA from Tagetes erecta is composed of 138 bp 5′-untranslated sequence (5′-UTR) and 297 bp of the coding region which corresponds to the N terminus.
  • RNA from Tagetes flowers 100 mg of the frozen pulverized flowers were transferred to a reaction vessel and taken up in 0.8 ml of Trizol buffer (LifeTechnologies). The suspension was extracted with 0.2 ml of chloroform. After centrifugation for 15 minutes at 12 000 g, the aqueous supernatant was removed and transferred to a fresh reaction vessel and extracted with one volume of ethanol. The RNA was precipitated with one volume of isopropanol, washed with 75% of ethanol, and the pellet was dissolved in DEPC water (overnight incubation of water with 1/1000 volume of diethyl pyrocarbonate at room temperature, followed by autoclaving). The RNA concentration was determined photometrically.
  • RNA For the cDNA synthesis, 2.5 ⁇ g of total RNA were denatured for 10 minutes at 60° C., cooled on ice for 2 minutes, and transcribed into cDNA using a cDNA kit (Ready-to-go-you-prime-beads, Pharmacia Biotech) following the manufacturer's instructions and using an antisense-specific primer (PR17 SEQ ID NO: 53).
  • a cDNA kit Ready-to-go-you-prime-beads, Pharmacia Biotech
  • PR17 SEQ ID NO: 53 an antisense-specific primer
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR42-PR43 DNA fragment which comprises the 5′-terminal 435 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR44-PR45 DNA fragment which comprises the 5′-terminal 435 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR reactions were carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 58° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with the primers PR42 and PR43 resulted in a 443 bp fragment
  • the PCR amplification with the primers PR44 and PR45 resulted in a 444 bp fragment.
  • the two amplificates viz. the PR42-PR43 (HindIII/SalI sense) fragment and the PR44-PR45 (EcoRI/BamHI antisense) fragment, were cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen), using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primer SP6 confirmed in each case a sequence with identity to the published sequence AF251016 (SEQ ID NO: 38), apart from the restriction sites which had been introduced. These clones were therefore used for preparing an inverted-repeat construct in the cloning vector pJAI1 (see Example 10).
  • the first cloning step was carried out by isolating the 444 bp PR44-PR45 BamHI/EcoRI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the BamHI/EcoRI-cut vector pJAI1.
  • the clone which comprises the 5′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase in antisense orientation, is named pJAI2.
  • the ligation gives rise to a transcriptional fusion between the antisense fragment of the 5′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase and the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • the second cloning step was carried out by isolating the 443 bp PR42-PR43 HindIII/SalI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the HindIII/SalI-cut vector pJAI2.
  • the clone which comprises the 435 bp 5′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA in sense orientation, is named pJAI3.
  • the ligation gives rise to a transcriptional fusion between the AP3P and the sense fragment of the 5′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase.
  • a CHRC promoter fragment was amplified using genomic DNA from petunia (prepared by standard methods) and the primers PRCHRC5 (SEQ ID NO: 76) and PRCHRC3 (SEQ ID NO: 77).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequencing reactions of the resulting clone pCR2.1-CHRC with the primers M13 and T7 confirmed a sequence with identity to the sequence AF099501. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJAI3.
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 1537 bp SacI/HindIII fragment from pCR2.1-CHRC and ligation into the SacI/HindIII-cut vector pJAI3.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter CHRC instead of the original promoter AP3P is named pJCI3.
  • the expression vectors for the agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the AP3P-, or CHRC-, controlled inverted-repeat transcript into Tagetes erecta were prepared using the binary vector pSUN5 (WO02/00900).
  • fragment AP3P comprises the modified AP3P promoter (771 bp), fragment 5sense the 5′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron PIV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1, fragment 5anti the 5′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in antisense orientation, and fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • fragment CHRC comprises the promoter (1537 bp), fragment 5sense the 5′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron PIV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1, fragment 5anti the 5′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in antisense orientation, and fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • the nucleic acid which comprises the 3′-terminal region (384 bp) of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Tagetes erecta cDNA using a sense-specific primer (PR46 SEQ ID NO: 60) and an antisense-specific primer (PR47 SEQ ID NO: 61).
  • the 3′-terminal region (384 bp),of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA from Tagetes erecta is composed of 140 bp 3′-untranslated sequence (3′-UTR) and 244 bp of the coding region which corresponds to the C terminus.
  • cDNA was synthesized as described in Example 11, using the antisense-specific primer PR17 (SEQ ID NO: 53).
  • the PCR reaction conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR47-PR47 DNA fragment which comprises the 3′-terminal 384 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR48-PR49 DNA fragment which comprises the 5′-terminal 384 bp region of the epsilon-cyclase was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR reactions were carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 58° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 60 and SEQ ID NO: 61 resulted in a 392 bp fragment
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID NO: 62 and SEQ ID NO: 63 resulted in a 396 bp fragment.
  • the two amplificates viz. the PR46-PR47 fragment and the PR48-PR49 fragment, were cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primer SP6 confirmed in each case a sequence with identity to the published sequence AF251016 (SEQ ID NO: 38), except for the restriction sites which had been introduced. These clones were therefore used for preparing an inverted-repeat construct in the cloning vector pJAI1 (see Example 10).
  • the first cloning step was carried out by isolating the 396 bp PR48-PR49 BamHI/EcoRI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the BamHI/EcoRI-cut vector PJAI1.
  • the clone which comprises the 3′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase in antisense orientation, is named pJAI4.
  • the ligation gives rise to a transcriptional fusion between the antisense fragment of the 3′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase and the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • the second cloning step was carried out by isolating the 392 bp PR46-PR47 HindIII/SalI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the HindIII/SalI-cut vector pJAI4.
  • the clone which comprises the 392 bp 3′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA in sense orientation, is named pJAI5.
  • the ligation gives rise to a transcriptional fusion between the AP3P and the sense fragment of the 3′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase.
  • An expression vector for the agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the AP3P-controlled inverted repeat transcript into Tagetes erecta was prepared using the binary vector pSUN5 (WO02/00900).
  • pS5AI5 To prepare the expression vector pS5AI5, the 2523 bp SacI/XhoI fragment from pJAI5 was ligated with the SacI/XhoI-cut vector pSUN5 ( FIG. 15 , construct map).
  • fragment AP3P comprises the modified AP3P promoter (771 bp), fragment 3sense the 3′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron IV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1, fragment 3anti the 3′-region of the epsilon-cyclase from Tagetes erecta (435 bp) in antisense orientation, and fragment term (761 bp) the CaMV polyadenylation signal.
  • a 199 bp fragment or the 312 bp fragment of the epsilon-cyclase promoter was isolated by two independent cloning strategies, inverted PCR (adapted from the method of Long et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 90: 10370) and TAIL-PCR (Liu Y-G. et al. (1995) Plant J. 8: 457-463) using genomic DNA (isolated from Tagetes erecta , line Orangenblu, by standard method).
  • genomic DNA were digested with EcoRV and RsaI in 25 ⁇ l of reaction mixture, subsequently diluted to 300 ⁇ l and religated with 3U of ligase at 16° C. overnight.
  • PCR amplification generated a fragment which, in each case in sense orientation, comprises 354 bp of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA (Genbank Accession AF251016), ligated with 300 bp of the epsilon-cyclase promoter, and 70 bp of the 5′-terminal region of the epsilon-cyclase cDNA (see FIG. 16 ).
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR50-PR51 DNA fragment which comprises inter alia, the 312 bp promoter fragment of the epsilon-cyclase was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • PCR reactions were carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with the primers PR50 and PR51 resulted in a 734 bp fragment which comprises, inter alia, the 312 bp promoter fragment of the epsilon-cyclase ( FIG. 16 ).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primers M13 and T7 gave the sequence SEQ ID NO: 45. This sequence was reproduced in an independent amplification experiment and thus represents the nucleotide sequence in the Tagetes erecta line used, Orangenblu.
  • the TAIL1-PCR was carried out in 20 ⁇ l of reaction, mixture comprising:
  • the PCR reaction TAIL1 was carried out under the following cycling conditions:
  • the TAIL2-PCR was carried out in 21 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR reaction TAIL2 was carried out under the following cycling conditions:
  • the TAIL3-PCR was carried out in 100 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR reaction TAIL3 was carried out under the following cycling conditions:
  • the PCR amplification with the primers PR63 and AD1 resulted in a 280 bp fragment which comprises, inter alia, the 199 bp promoter fragment of epsilon-cyclase ( FIG. 17 ).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primers M13 and T7 gave the sequence SEQ ID NO: 46. This sequence is identical to the sequence SEQ ID NO: 45, which had been isolated using the IPCR strategy, and thus represents the nucleotide sequence in the Tagetes erecta line used, Orangenblu.
  • the pCR2.1 clone which comprises the 312 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO: 45) of the epsilon-cyclase promoter, which fragment had been isolated by IPCR strategy, is named pTA-ecycP and was used for the preparation of the IR construct.
  • inverted-repeat transcripts consisting of epsilon-cyclase promoter fragments in Tagetes erecta was effected under the control of a modified version AP3P of the flower-specific promoter AP3 from Arabidopsis (see Example 10) or the flower-specific promoter CHRC (Genbank accession NO: AF099501).
  • the inverted-repeat transcript comprises in each case one epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in correct orientation (sense fragment) and one sequence-identical epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in opposite orientation (antisense fragment) which are linked with one another by a functional intron (see Example 10).
  • the promoter fragments were generated by means of PCR using plasmid DNA (clone pTA-ecycP, see Example 13) and the primers PR124 (SEQ ID NO: 70) and PR126 (SEQ ID NO: 72) and, respectively, the primers PR125 (SEQ ID NO: 71) and PR127 (SEQ ID NO: 73).
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR124-PR126 DNA fragment which comprises the epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the PR125-PR127 DNA fragment which comprises the epsilon-cyclase 312 bp promoter fragment was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • PCR reactions were carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 53° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • PCR amplification with the primers PR124 and PR126 resulted in a 358 bp fragment
  • PCR amplification with the primers PR125 and PR127 resulted in a 361 bp fragment.
  • the two amplificates viz. the PR124-PR126 (HindIII/SalI sense) fragment and the PR125-PR127 (EcoRI/BamHI antisense) fragment, were cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) using standard methods. Sequencing reactions with the primer SP6 confirmed in each case a sequence which is identical to SEQ ID NO: 45, except for the restriction sites which have been introduced. These clones were therefore used for generating an inverted-repeat construct in the cloning vector pJAI1 (see Example 10).
  • the first cloning step was carried out by isolating the 358 bp PR124-PR126 HindIII/SalI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the BamHI/EcoRI-cut vector pJAI1.
  • the clone comprising the epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in sense orientation is named cs43.
  • the sense fragment of the epsilon-cyclase promoter is inserted between the AP3P promoter and the intron by means of ligation.
  • the second cloning step was carried out by isolating the 361 bp PR125-PR127 BamHI/EcoRI fragment from the cloning vector pCR-BluntII (Invitrogen) and ligation with the BamHI/EcoRI-cut vector cs43.
  • the clone comprising the epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in antisense orientation is named cs44.
  • Ligation gives a transcriptional fusion between the intron and the antisense fragment of the epsilon-cyclase promoter.
  • a CHRC promoter fragment was amplified using genomic DNA from petunia (prepared by standard methods) and the primers PRCHRC3′ (SEQ ID NO: 77) and PRCHRC5′ (SEQ ID NO: 76).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequencing reactions of the resulting clone pCR2.1-CHRC with the primers M13 and T7 confirmed a sequence which was identical to the sequence AF099501. This clone was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector cs44.
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 1537 bp SacI/HindIII fragment from pCR2.1-CHRC and ligation into the SacI/HindIII-cut vector cs44.
  • the clone comprising the promoter CHRC instead of the original promoter AP3P is named cs45.
  • the AP3P promoter was cloned into cs45 in antisense orientation onto the 3′ terminus of the epsilon-cyclase antisense fragment.
  • the AP3P promoter fragment from pJAI1 was amplified using the primers PR128 and PR129.
  • the amplificate was cloned into the cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen).
  • the sequencing reactions with the primers M13 and T7 confirmed a sequence which was identical to sequence SEQ ID NO: 28 (AL132971).
  • This clone pCR2.1-AP3PSX was used for the preparation of an inverted-repeat expression cassette under the control of two promoters.
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 771 bp SalI/XhoI fragment from pCR2.1-AP3PSX and ligation into the XhoI-cut vector cs45.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter AP3P in antisense orientation 3′ of the inverted repeat is named cs46.
  • the expression vectors for the Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the AP3P-controlled inverted-repeat transcript in Tagetes erecta was prepared using the binary vector pSUN5 (WO02/00900).
  • fragment AP3P comprises the modified AP3P promoter (771 bp), fragment P-sense the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron IV2 of the potato gene (ST-LS1), and fragment P-anti the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in antisense orientation.
  • the 2445 bp SacI/XhoI fragment from cs45 was ligated with the SacI/XhoI-cut vector pSUN5 ( FIG. 19 , construct map).
  • fragment CHRC comprises the CHRC promoter (1537 bp), fragment P-sense the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron IV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1, and fragment P-anti the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in antisense orientation.
  • fragment CHRC comprises the CHRC promoter (1537 bp), fragment P-sense the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in sense orientation, fragment intron the intron IV2 of the potato gene ST-LS1, fragment P-anti the 312 bp epsilon-cyclase promoter fragment in antisense orientation and fragment AP3P the 771 bp AP3P promoter fragment in antisense orientation.
  • Tagetes seeds are sterilized and placed on germination medium (MS medium; Murashige and Skoog, Physiol. Plant. 15(1962), 473-497, pH 5.8, 2% sucrose). Germination takes place under the conditions of a temperature/light/time interval of 18 to 28° C./20 to 200 ⁇ E/3 to 16 weeks, but preferably at 21° C., 20 to 70 ⁇ E, for 4 to 8 weeks.
  • MS medium Murashige and Skoog, Physiol. Plant. 15(1962), 473-497, pH 5.8, 2% sucrose.
  • the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 was transformed with the binary plasmid pS5AI3.
  • the transformed A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 was grown overnight under the following conditions: a single colony was inoculated into YEB (0.1% yeast extract, 0.5% beef extract, 0.5% peptone, 0.5% sucrose, 0.5% magnesium sulfate ⁇ 7 H 2 0) supplemented with 25 mg/l kanamycine and grown at 28° C. for 16 to 20 hours. Thereafter, the bacterial suspension was harvested by centrifugation at 6000 g for 10 minutes and resuspended in liquid MS medium in such a way that an OD 600 of approx. 0.1 to 0.8 developed. This suspension was used for the cocultivation with the leaf material.
  • the MS medium in which the leaves have been stored is replaced by the bacterial suspension.
  • the leaflets were incubated in the agrobacterial suspension for 30 minutes with gentle shaking at room temperature.
  • the infected explants are placed on an MS medium which comprises growth regulators, such as, for example 3 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg/l indolylacetic acid (IAA) and which has been solidified with agar (for example 0.8% Plant Agar (Duchefa, NL).
  • growth regulators such as, for example 3 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1 mg/l indolylacetic acid (IAA) and which has been solidified with agar (for example 0.8% Plant Agar (Duchefa, NL).
  • BAP benzylaminopurine
  • IAA indolylacetic acid
  • the explants are cultured for 1 to 8 days, but preferably for 6 days; during this process, the following conditions can be applied: light intensity: 30 to 80 ⁇ Mol/m 2 ⁇ sec, temperature: 22 to 24° C., photoperiod of 16/8 hours.
  • the cocultured explants are transferred to fresh MS medium, preferably one which comprises the same growth regulators, this second medium additionally comprising an antibiotic for suppressing the growth of the bacteria.
  • Timentin in a concentration of from 200 to 500 mg/l is highly suitable for this purpose.
  • the second selective component employed is one which selects for successful transformation.
  • Phosphinothricin in a concentration of from 1 to 5 mg/l selects highly efficiently, but other selective components in accordance with the method to be used are also feasible.
  • the explants are transferred to fresh medium, until shoot primordia and small shoots develop which are subsequently transferred to the same basal medium including Timentin and PPT or alternative components with growth regulators, viz. e.g. 0.5 mg/l indolylbutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid GA 3 for rooting. Rooted shoots can be transferred into the greenhouse.
  • growth regulators viz. e.g. 0.5 mg/l indolylbutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid GA 3 for rooting. Rooted shoots can be transferred into the greenhouse.
  • the petal material of the transgenic Tagetes erecta plants of Example 15 were crushed in liquid nitrogen, and the powder (approximately 250 to 500 mg) was extracted with 100% acetone (three 500 ⁇ l portions). The solvent was evaporated and the carotenoids were resuspended in 100 ⁇ l of acetone.
  • Table 2 shows the carotenoid profile in Tagetes petals of the transgenic Tagetes plants prepared in accordance with the above-described examples and of the control Tagetes plants. All carotenoid quantities are shown in [ ⁇ g/g] fresh weight; changes in percent on the basis of the control plant are shown in brackets.
  • the genetically modified plants with reduced epsilon-cyclase activity show a markedly increased content of carotenoids of the “ ⁇ -carotene pathway”, such as, for example, ⁇ -carotene and zeaxanthin, and a markedly reduced content of carotenoids of the “ ⁇ -carotene pathway”, such as, for example, lutein.
  • the petal material of the transgenic Tagetes erecta plants (of Example 7 with plasmid pS5AP3PKETO2) is crushed in liquid nitrogen, and the powder (approximately 30-100 mg) is extracted with 100% acetone (three 500 ⁇ l portions). The solvent is evaporated, and the carotenoids are resuspended in 30 ⁇ l of petroleum ether:acetone (ratio 5:1) and separated on a silica thin-layer plate. Tagetes plants with additional red carotenoid bands which do not occur in control plants were selected for preparative-analytical analyses. For analytical details, see Example 9.
  • Table 3 shows the carotenoid profile in Tagetes petals of the transgenic Tagetes plants prepared in accordance with the above-described examples and of control Tagetes plants.
  • Carotenoid concentrations are shown as percentages based on the total carotenoid content.
  • Tagetes plants which, as the result of, the use of the AP3P promoter and the Haematococcus ketolase, synthesize astaxanthin in petals (see experimental details re pS5AP3PKETO2 in Example 5A) and Tagetes plants which, as the result of the use of the RNAi construct pS5AI3 (see Example 11, FIG. 13 ), accumulate smaller amounts of lutein by means of the AP3P promoter were crossed. Seeds were germinated, and the progeny was subjected to molecular-biological and biochemical analysis.
  • the integrity of the DNA preparation is checked by amplifying an endogenous gene segment from the Tagetes ⁇ -cyclase which is not present in any of the expression cassettes by means of forward primer PR29 (PR29: 5′-cccattctcataggtcgtgc-3′) and reverse primer PR78 (PR78: 5′-gcaagcctgcatggaattgtg-3′).
  • forward primer PR29 PR29: 5′-cccattctcataggtcgtgc-3′
  • reverse primer PR78 PR78: 5′-gcaagcctgcatggaattgtg-3′
  • the ketolase expression cassette can be detected by genomic PCR by means of forward primer PR7 (PR7: 5′-gagctcactcactgatttccattgcttg-3′) and reverse primer PR185 (PR185: 5′-cattaagctgcctgtttctca-3′). In the presence, but not in the absence, of the ketolase expression cassettes, this PCR reaction leads to the production of a 0.4 kb fragment.
  • Die ⁇ -cyclase downregulation cassette can be detected by genomic PCR by means of forward primer PR7 and reverse primer PR41 (PR41: 5′-ggatccggtgatacctgcacatcaac-3′). In the presence, but not in the absence, of the ⁇ -cyclase downregulation cassette, this PCR reaction leads to the production of a 1.4 kb fragment.
  • reaction mixture comprising:
  • PCR reactions are carried out under the following cyclic conditions and subsequently analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 58° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the flower material of the Tagetes erecta plants is crushed in liquid nitrogen, and the powder (approximately 30 to 100 mg) is extracted with 100% acetone (three 500 ⁇ l portions). The solvent is evaporated, and the carotenoids are resuspended in 30 ⁇ l of petroleum ether:acetone (ratio 5:1) and separated on a silica thin-layer plate.
  • Tagetes plants which show red carotenoid bands, which allow the conclusion that astaxanthin has been synthesized, and simultaneously less intensive lutein ester bands (one of the most mobile bands near the front of the mobile phase) were selected for preparative-analytical analyses.
  • the individual carotenoids are quantified by hydrolyzing the esters by lipase treatment and separating the carotenoid mixture by means of HPLC. For analytical details, see Example 9.
  • Table 4 shows the carotenoid profile in Tagetes petals of the transgenic Tagetes plants produced by crossing in accordance with the above-described examples.
  • Carotenoid concentrations are percentages based on the total carotenoid content.
  • the genetically modified plants with reduced epsilon-cyclase activity and simultaneous synthesis of astaxanthin show i) a markedly increased content of carotenoids of the “ ⁇ -carotene pathway”, such as, for example, ⁇ -carotene and zeaxanthin, ii) a markedly reduced content of carotenoids of the “ ⁇ -carotene pathway”, such as, for example, lutein, and iii) accumulation of astaxanthin.
  • the DNA which encodes the NP196-ketolase from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 was amplified from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 (strain of the “American Type Culture Collection”) by means of PCR.
  • the bacterial cells were pelleted from a 10 ml liquid culture by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 8000 rpm. Thereafter, the bacterial cells were comminuted and ground in liquid nitrogen using a pestle and mortar. The cell material was resuspended in 1 ml of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and transferred to an Eppendorf reaction vessel (volume 2 ml). After addition of 100 ⁇ l of Proteinase K (concentration: 20 mg/ml), the cell suspension was incubated for 3 hours at 37° C. Thereafter, the suspension was extracted with 500 ⁇ l of phenol.
  • the aqueous top phase was transferred to a fresh 2 ml Eppendorf reaction vessel.
  • the phenol extraction was repeated 3 times.
  • the DNA was precipitated-by addition of 1/10 volume 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 0.6 volume isopropanol and subsequently washed with 70% ethanol.
  • the DNA pellet was dried at room temperature, taken up in 25 ⁇ l of water and dissolved with heating at 65° C.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a ketolase from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 was amplified from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a sense-specific primer (NP196-1, SEQ ID No. 129) and an antisense-specific primer (NP196-2 SEQ ID No. 130).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the DNA which encodes a ketolase protein consisting of the entire primary sequence was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cyclic conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 55° C. 1 minute 72° C. 3 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the PCR amplification with SEQ ID No. 129 and SEQ ID No. 130 resulted in a 792 bp fragment which encodes a protein consisting of the entire primary sequence (NP196, SEQ ID No. 131).
  • the amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the clone pNP196.
  • This clone pNP196 was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJIT117 (Guerineau et al. 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 11380).
  • pJIT117 was modified by replacing the 35S terminator by the OCS terminator (octopine synthase) of the Ti plasmid pTi15955 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (database entry X00493, position 12.541-12.350, Gielen et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3 835-846).
  • the DNA fragment which comprises the OCS terminator region was prepared by means of PCR using the plasmid pHELLSGATE (database entry AJ311874, Wesley et al. (2001) Plant J. 27 581-590, isolated from E. coli by standard methods) and the primers OCS-1 (SEQ ID No. 133) and OCS-2 (SEQ ID No. 134).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the DNA which comprises the octopine synthase (OCS) terminator region was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the 210 bp amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard conditions, giving rise to the plasmid pOCS.
  • Sequencing of the clone pOCS verified a sequence which agrees with a sequence segment on the Ti plasmid pTi15955 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (database entry X00493) from position 12.541 to 12.350.
  • Cloning was carried out by isolating the 210 bp SalI/XhoI fragment from pOCS and ligation into the SalI/XhoI-cut vector pJIT117.
  • This clone is named pJO and was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJONP196.
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 782 bp SphI fragment from pNP196 and ligation into the SphI-cut vector pJO.
  • the clone which comprises the NP196 ketolase of Nostoc punctiforme in the correct orientation as N-terminal translational fusion with the rbcS transit peptide is named pJONP196.
  • the NP196-ketolase from Nostoc punctiforme was expressed in L. esculentum and in Tagetes erecta under the control of the constitutive promoter FNR (ferredoxin-NADPH oxidoreductase, database entry AB011474, position 70127 to 69493; WO03/006660), from Arabidopsis thaliana .
  • the FNR gene starts at base pair 69492 and is annotated as “ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase”.
  • the expression was effected with the transit peptide rbcS from pea (Anderson et al. 1986, Biochem J. 240:709-715).
  • the DNA fragment which comprises the FNR promotor region from Arabidopsis thaliana was prepared by means of PCR using genomic DNA (isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana by standard methods) and the primers FNR-1 (SEQ ID No. 136) and FNR-2 (SEQ ID No. 137).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR for the amplification of the DNA which comprises the FNR promoter-fragment FNR was carried out in 50 ⁇ l of reaction mixture comprising:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 1 minute 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the 652 bp amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the plasmid pFNR.
  • Sequencing of the clone pFNR verified a sequence which agrees with a sequence segment on chromosome 5 of Arabidopsis thaliana (database entry AB011474) from position 70127 to 69493.
  • This clone is named pFNR and was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJONP196 (described in Example 19).
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 644 bp SmaI/HindIII fragment from pFNR and ligation into the Ecl136II/HindIII-cut vector pJONP196.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter FNR instead of the original promoter d35S and the fragment NP196 in the correct orientation as N-terminal fusion with the rbcS transit peptide is named pJOFNR:NP196.
  • fragment FNR promoter comprises the FNR promoter (635 bp), fragment rbcS TP FRAGMENT the rbcS transit peptide from pea (194 bp), fragment NP196 KETO CDS (761 bp), encoding the Nostoc punctiforme NP196-ketolase, fragment OCS terminator (192 bp) the polyadenylation signal of octopine synthase.
  • fragment FNR promoter comprises the FNR promoter (635 bp), fragment rbcs TP FRAGMENT the rbcs transit peptide from pea (194 bp), fragment NP196 KETO CDS (761 bp), encoding the Nostoc punctiforme NP196-ketolase, fragment OCS terminator (192 bp) the polyadenylation signal of octopine synthase.
  • the NP196-ketolase from Nostoc punctiforme was expressed in L. esculentum and Tagetes erecta using the transit peptide rbcS from pea (Anderson et al. 1986, Biochem J. 240: 709-715). The expression was effected under the control of the flower-specific promoter EPSPS from Petunia hybrida (database entry M37029:nucleotide region 7-1787; Benfey et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 849-856).
  • the DNA fragment which comprises the EPSPS promoter region (SEQ ID No. 141) from Petunia hybrida was prepared by means of PCR using genomic DNA (isolated from Petunia hybrida by standard methods) and the primers EPSPS-1 (SEQ ID No. 139) and EPSPS-2 (SEQ ID No. 140).
  • the PCR conditions were as follows:
  • the PCR was carried out under the following cycling conditions: 1X 94° C. 2 minutes 35X 94° C. 1 minute 50° C. 1 minute 72° C. 2 minutes 1X 72° C. 10 minutes
  • the 1773 bp amplificate was cloned into the PCR cloning vector pCR 2.1 (Invitrogen) using standard methods, giving rise to the plasmid pEPSPS.
  • Sequencing of the clone pEPSPS verified a sequence which differs from the published EPSPS sequence (database entry M37029: nucleotide region 7-1787) only by two deletions (bases ctaagtttcagga in position 46-58 of the sequence M37029; bases aaaaatat in position 1422-1429 of the sequence M37029) and the base substitutions (T instead of G in position 1447 of the sequence M37029; A instead of C in position 1525 of the sequence M37029; A instead of G in position 1627 of the sequence M37029).
  • the two deletions and the two base substitutions at positions 1447 and 1627 of the sequence M37029 were reproduced in an independent amplification experiment and thus represent the actual nucleotide sequence in the Petunia hybrida plants used.
  • the clone pEPSPS was therefore used for cloning into the expression vector pJONP196 (described in Example 19).
  • Cloning was effected by isolating the 1763 bp SacI/HindIII fragment from pEPSPS and ligation into the SacI/HindIII-cut vector pJONP196.
  • the clone which comprises the promoter EPSPS instead of the original promoter d35S is named pJOESP:NP196.
  • This expression cassette comprises the fragment NP196 in the correct orientation as N-terminal fusion with the rbcS transit peptide.
  • An expression vector for the Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of the EPSPS-controlled NP196-ketolase from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 into L. esculentum was prepared using the binary vector pSUN3 (WO02/00900).
  • fragment EPSPS comprises the EPSPS promoter (1761 bp), fragment rbcS TP FRAGMENT the rbcS transit peptide from pea (194 bp), fragment NP196 KETO CDS (761 bp), encoding the Nostoc punctiforme NP196-ketolase, fragment OCS Terminator (192 bp) the polyadenylation signal of octopine synthase.

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US10/524,972 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants Abandoned US20060031963A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10238979.9 2002-08-20
DE10238979A DE10238979A1 (de) 2002-08-20 2002-08-20 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Zeaxanthin und/oder dessen biosynthetischen Zwischen- und/oder Folgeprodukten
DE10238980.2 2002-08-20
DE2002138980 DE10238980A1 (de) 2002-08-20 2002-08-20 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ketocarotinoiden in Blütenblättern von Pflanzen
DE10238978.0 2002-08-20
DE10238978A DE10238978A1 (de) 2002-08-20 2002-08-20 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ketocarotinoiden in Früchten von Pflanzen
DE10253112.9 2002-11-13
DE2002153112 DE10253112A1 (de) 2002-11-13 2002-11-13 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ketocarotinoiden in genetisch veränderten Organismen
DE2002158971 DE10258971A1 (de) 2002-12-16 2002-12-16 Verwendung von astaxanthinhaltigen Pflanzen oder Pflanzenteilen der Gattung Tagetes als Futtermittel
DE10258971.2 2002-12-16
PCT/EP2003/009102 WO2004018693A2 (fr) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Procede de production de cetocarotenoides dans les petales de plantes

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US10/524,972 Abandoned US20060031963A1 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for the production of ketocarotinoids in flower petals on plants
US10/524,827 Expired - Fee Related US7385123B2 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Process for preparing ketocarotenoids in genetically modified organisms
US10/524,647 Expired - Fee Related US7381541B2 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Methods for producing animal feed preparations with astaxanthin-containing plants or parts of plants of the genus Tagetes
US10/524,652 Abandoned US20060253927A1 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for the production of zeaxanthin and/or biosynthetic intermediates and/or subsequent products thereof
US10/524,829 Abandoned US20070094749A1 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for producing ketocarotinoids in plant fruit

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US10/524,827 Expired - Fee Related US7385123B2 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Process for preparing ketocarotenoids in genetically modified organisms
US10/524,647 Expired - Fee Related US7381541B2 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Methods for producing animal feed preparations with astaxanthin-containing plants or parts of plants of the genus Tagetes
US10/524,652 Abandoned US20060253927A1 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for the production of zeaxanthin and/or biosynthetic intermediates and/or subsequent products thereof
US10/524,829 Abandoned US20070094749A1 (en) 2002-08-20 2003-08-18 Method for producing ketocarotinoids in plant fruit

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US (5) US20060031963A1 (fr)
EP (5) EP1542945A2 (fr)
CN (1) CN1675367A (fr)
AT (1) ATE484198T1 (fr)
AU (5) AU2003253416A1 (fr)
CA (5) CA2496207A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50313184D1 (fr)
IL (4) IL166507A0 (fr)
MX (5) MXPA05001899A (fr)
NO (5) NO20050598L (fr)
WO (5) WO2004018694A2 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200602230B (fr)

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US20090093015A1 (en) * 2007-10-09 2009-04-09 Kemin Foods, L.C. Beta-cryptoxanthin production using a novel lycopene beta-monocyclase gene
US20090246349A1 (en) * 2005-07-11 2009-10-01 Joanna Louise Mimica Wheat pigment
ES2558953A1 (es) * 2015-11-23 2016-02-09 Universitat De Lleida Maíz enriquecido en antioxidantes para mejorar la calidad nutricional del huevo
EP3498836A4 (fr) * 2016-08-10 2020-04-29 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Procédé de production d'acide l-aminé

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AU2003250193A1 (en) * 2002-08-20 2004-04-08 Sungene Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Transgenic expression cassettes for the expression of nucleic acids in plant blooms
EP1554388A1 (fr) * 2002-10-11 2005-07-20 Sungene GmbH & Co. KGaA Cassettes d'expression transgenique pour l'expression d'acides nucleiques dans une fleur vegetale
DE10300649A1 (de) * 2003-01-09 2004-07-22 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ketocarotinoiden durch Kultivierung von genetisch veränderten Organismen
JP4803739B2 (ja) * 2004-06-04 2011-10-26 キリンホールディングス株式会社 カロテノイドケトラーゼ及びカロテノイドヒドロキシラーゼ遺伝子を利用したアスタキサンチンまたはその代謝物の製造法
UA94038C2 (ru) 2005-03-18 2011-04-11 Майкробиа, Инк. Продуцирование каротиноидов в маслянистых дрожжах и грибах
WO2008042338A2 (fr) 2006-09-28 2008-04-10 Microbia, Inc. Production de caroténoïdes dans des levures et des champignons oléagineux
AU2007351787A1 (en) * 2006-10-20 2008-10-30 Arizona Board Of Regents For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University Modified cyanobacteria
EP2199399A1 (fr) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-23 BASF Plant Science GmbH Production de cétocaroténoïdes dans les plantes
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EP2742131B1 (fr) * 2011-08-08 2018-11-28 Evolva SA Procédés et matières pour la production recombinante de composés du safran
CN104093414A (zh) 2011-11-29 2014-10-08 神经噬菌体制药股份有限公司 噬菌体的p3作为淀粉样蛋白结合剂的用途
US10004253B1 (en) * 2017-09-05 2018-06-26 Jose-Odon Torres-Quiroga Method for increasing the health condition of crustaceans in aquaculture, survival rate and pigmentation
CN112458103B (zh) * 2021-01-28 2022-09-30 青岛农业大学 一种调控辣椒红素积累的基因CaBBX20及其应用

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US20090246349A1 (en) * 2005-07-11 2009-10-01 Joanna Louise Mimica Wheat pigment
US20090035864A1 (en) * 2007-07-19 2009-02-05 Biosigma S.A. Plasmids for transforming bacteria of the acidithiobacillus spp. genus, and transformation method
US8163558B2 (en) * 2007-07-19 2012-04-24 Biosigma S.A. Plasmids for transforming bacteria of the acidithiobacillus spp. genus, and transformation method
US20090093015A1 (en) * 2007-10-09 2009-04-09 Kemin Foods, L.C. Beta-cryptoxanthin production using a novel lycopene beta-monocyclase gene
ES2558953A1 (es) * 2015-11-23 2016-02-09 Universitat De Lleida Maíz enriquecido en antioxidantes para mejorar la calidad nutricional del huevo
EP3498836A4 (fr) * 2016-08-10 2020-04-29 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Procédé de production d'acide l-aminé
US11198894B2 (en) 2016-08-10 2021-12-14 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Method of producing an l-amino acid involving a carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme

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IL166507A0 (en) 2006-01-15
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US7385123B2 (en) 2008-06-10
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WO2004018693A2 (fr) 2004-03-04
DE50313184D1 (de) 2010-11-25
AU2003258623A1 (en) 2004-03-11
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CA2495878A1 (fr) 2004-03-04
NO20050704L (no) 2005-05-13
MXPA05001948A (es) 2005-09-08
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US7381541B2 (en) 2008-06-03
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IL166771A0 (en) 2006-01-15
WO2004018693A3 (fr) 2004-12-09
IL166770A0 (en) 2006-01-15
CA2496133A1 (fr) 2004-03-04
CN1675367A (zh) 2005-09-28
WO2004018694A2 (fr) 2004-03-04
US20060112451A1 (en) 2006-05-25
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US20060253927A1 (en) 2006-11-09
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WO2004018695A2 (fr) 2004-03-04
IL166767A0 (en) 2006-01-15
EP1532265A2 (fr) 2005-05-25
EP1531683B1 (fr) 2010-10-13
WO2004018694A3 (fr) 2004-09-10
EP1542945A2 (fr) 2005-06-22
AU2003264062B2 (en) 2008-01-03
WO2004017749A3 (fr) 2004-10-14
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US20070094749A1 (en) 2007-04-26
ATE484198T1 (de) 2010-10-15
AU2003264062A1 (en) 2004-03-11
NO20050755L (no) 2005-05-19
CA2496207A1 (fr) 2004-03-04
AU2003253416A1 (en) 2004-03-11
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