US20050084471A1 - Concentrated antimicrobial compositions and methods - Google Patents

Concentrated antimicrobial compositions and methods Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050084471A1
US20050084471A1 US10/936,989 US93698904A US2005084471A1 US 20050084471 A1 US20050084471 A1 US 20050084471A1 US 93698904 A US93698904 A US 93698904A US 2005084471 A1 US2005084471 A1 US 2005084471A1
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composition
antimicrobial
enhancer
formulation
fatty acid
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Jeffrey Andrews
DanLi Wang
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Assigned to 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY reassignment 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WANG, DANLI, ANDREWS, JEFFREY F.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/18—Liquid substances or solutions comprising solids or dissolved gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group, wherein Cn means a carbon skeleton not containing a ring; Thio analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B4/00—General methods for preserving meat, sausages, fish or fish products
    • A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
    • A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23B4/20—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
    • A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
    • A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23B7/154—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A23L3/3481—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A23L3/3508—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing carboxyl groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A23L3/3481—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A23L3/3508—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing carboxyl groups
    • A23L3/3517—Carboxylic acid esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
    • A23L33/175—Amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/26—Textiles, e.g. towels, beds, cloths

Definitions

  • the present invention is generally related to a composition and method to reduce the microbial contamination on organic matter, such as processed meat, fruits and vegetables, plant parts; and other inanimate surfaces such as textiles and stainless steel.
  • Food borne diseases cause significant illness and death each year, with direct and indirect medical costs estimated by some sources to be over 1 billion a year.
  • Common food pathogens include Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus , and Norwalk-like viruses.
  • Outbreaks of food borne diseases typically have been associated with contaminated meat products, raw milk, or poultry products but fruits and vegetables can also serve as sources of food borne illness. Surfaces, containers and other substrates can be a source of contamination in food. Recalls of food products, such as ground beef, hot dogs, and alfalfa sprouts, and orange juice, show a need for a broad spectrum antimicrobial solution that is safe for humans, environmentally friendly and cost effective.
  • compositions used to reduce the microbial contamination in and on food as well as other surfaces have typically involved use of materials such as organic acids and chlorine compounds, such as sodium hypochlorite, that at higher concentrations may affect the properties of the surface treated.
  • Compositions using fatty acid monoesters have been used in recent years to reduce microbial load on food such as poultry as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,460,833 and 5,490,992, fruit and vegetables as described in publication WO 200143549A, and dried compositions used on textiles, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/572,549, filed May 17, 2000, and in contact lenses as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,029.
  • the fatty acid monoesters in these compositions have limited stability in the presence of other components.
  • the antimicrobial activity of the compositions is reduced over time through reactions such as transesterification or hydrolysis. Increased costs are also associated with shipment of these compositions due to the presence of high concentrations of a vehicle or carrier.
  • the present invention provides antimicrobial compositions and methods of using and making the compositions having effective antimicrobial activity for reducing levels of microorganisms on both organic matter such as food and mammalian skin, and inanimate materials.
  • Such compositions are typically useful when applied to a wide variety of surfaces. They can provide effective reduction, prevention, or elimination of microbes, particularly bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
  • the microbes are of a relatively wide variety such that the compositions of the present invention have a broad spectrum of activity.
  • compositions of the present invention include an antimicrobial lipid component.
  • Compositions of the present invention include an antimicrobial lipid selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof (of either the ester or ether). These compositions further include an enhancer. Other components that can be included are surfactants, and other additives. The compositions may be used in concentrated form or further combined in either an aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle before use.
  • the present invention provides an antimicrobial composition that includes: a major amount of an antimicrobial lipid component that includes a compound selected from the group consisting of a (C7-C14)saturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C7-C14)saturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, an alkoxylated derivative thereof, and combinations thereof, wherein the alkoxylated derivative has less than 5 moles of alkoxide per mole of polyhydric alcohol; an enhancer that includes a compound selected from the group consisting of an alpha-hydroxy acid, a beta-hydroxy acid, a chelating agent, a (C1-C4)alkyl carboxylic acid, a (C6-C12)aralkyl carboxylic acid, a (
  • the invention includes antimicrobial formulations safe for use in food containing a major amount of C8-C14 propylene glycol fatty acid esters that contain at least 60% of the fatty acid monoester, an enhancer, and optionally one or more surfactants.
  • the enhancer can be a chelating agent such as EDTA or salts thereof; an acid such as an organic acid (e.g., lactic, mandelic, succinic, tartaric, ascorbic, salicylic, glycolic, benzoic, acetic, malic, or adipic acid); a phenolic compound such as butylated hydroxyl anisole, butylated hydroxyl toluene, and alkyl parabens; or an alcohol such as ethanol or isopropanol.
  • the composition may also include a C8-C14 glycerol fatty acid ester such as glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monocaprylate, and glycerol monocaprate.
  • compositions may optionally also contain a surfactant.
  • the surfactants can be chosen based on the anticipated use of the composition. Suitable surfactants include acyl lactylate salts, dioctyl sulfosuccinate salts, lauryl sulfate salts, dodecylbenzene sulfonate salts, salts of C8-C18 fatty acids, glycerol esters, sorbitan esters, and block copolymers of polyalkylene oxide.
  • certain embodiments containing food-grade components exhibits effective antimicrobial activity without detrimentally affecting the taste, texture, color, odor or appearance of food and food products.
  • This may be evaluated by using a blind taste test.
  • the treated food is considered to have no effect on taste, texture, color, odor, or appearance of food and food products, if there is no statistical difference between the treated product and a control untreated product.
  • GRAS food grade
  • Many of the compositions can also be readily handled at a processing plant and are compatible with processing equipment.
  • At least a one-log average reduction of total aerobic bacteria count can be achieved on substrates (e.g., food products) using the formulations and methods disclosed herein.
  • This can be determined according to the method described in Example 6 using a sample of ground beef having an initial native bacteria concentration of 10000-100,000 bacteria/gram ground beef when sufficient composition is applied such that 1% antimicrobial lipid (based on meat weight %) is applied to ground beef.
  • the compositions of this invention achieve at least 2 log average reduction, and even more preferably at least 3 log average reduction.
  • compositions of the present invention achieve complete eradication of the native bacteria (such that the bacterial level is non-detectable).
  • the present invention also includes a process of disinfecting foods or other surfaces that includes the step of contacting the food or surface with the concentrated composition.
  • the compositions of the present invention can also be used for providing residual antimicrobial efficacy on a surface that results from leaving a residue or imparting a condition to the surface that remains effective and provides significant antimicrobial activity.
  • a method is provided with the step of diluting the composition before application to a substrate.
  • a method is provided that comprises the steps of applying a composition comprising an antimicrobial lipid, and separately applying an enhancer.
  • compositions of the present invention are not inactivated by organic matter. That is, compositions of the present invention are active in the presence of blood, serum, fats, and other organic matter typically found on food, and known to inactivate other antimicrobials such as iodine and quats.
  • the invention features a ready-to-use antimicrobial formulation that includes a major amount of a propylene glycol fatty acid ester that contains at least 60% fatty acid monoester, and an enhancer, and optionally a surfactant, wherein the concentration of the fatty acid propylene glycol ester is greater than 30 wt % of the ready-to-use formulation and the enhancer includes from about 0.1 wt % to about 30 wt % of the ready-to-use formulation.
  • the invention features a kit that includes a first container having a composition with a major amount of a C8-C14 propylene glycol fatty acid ester, and a second container having an enhancer.
  • the kit includes a first container having a composition with a major amount of a C8-C14 propylene glycol fatty acid ester and an enhancer, and a second container having a second enhancer.
  • the invention features a kit that includes a first container having a composition with a major amount of an antimicrobial lipid component that includes a compound selected from the group consisting of a (C8-C14)saturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C8-C14)saturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, an alkoxylated derivative thereof, and combinations thereof, wherein the alkoxylated derivative has less than 5 moles of alkoxide per mole of polyhydric alcohol; and a second container having an enhancer that includes a compound selected from the group consisting of an alpha-hydroxy acid, a beta-hydroxy acid, a chelating agent, a (C1-C4)alkyl carboxylic acid, a (C6-C12)
  • kits in the kit may also optionally contain a surfactant.
  • the kit further can include a label or package insert indicating that contents of the first container and the second container are mixed to produce an antimicrobial formulation that is effective for reducing microbial contamination.
  • the label or package insert further can indicate that the antimicrobial formulation can be diluted before application to food, food products, and inanimate surfaces.
  • the present invention comprises concentrated antimicrobial compositions, and methods of use of these compositions, wherein the concentrated antimicrobial compositions include a major amount of an antimicrobial lipid selected from the group consisting of a fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, a fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof (of either the monoester or monoether), and an enhancer.
  • the composition may further include other additives, including surfactants and flavorants.
  • the formulations can be used to treat a wide variety of substrates that are or may be contaminated by microorganisms.
  • the compositions can be used to treat steel, glass, aluminum, wood, paper, polymeric materials, Formica, rubber, paper, and textiles such as cotton, nylon, polypropylene nonwovens, and linen.
  • the compositions can be used on mammalian tissues (particularly, skin, mucosal tissue, chronic wounds, acute wounds, bums, and the like) and hard surfaces such as medical (e.g., surgical) devices, floor tiles, countertops, tubs, dishes, as well as on gloves (e.g., surgical gloves).
  • compositions comprising a major amount of the antimicrobial lipid that is liquid at room temperature, the antimicrobial lipid serves as both the active antimicrobial agent and a vehicle for the other components of the antimicrobial composition.
  • Other uses for the compositions, such as medical applications, are described in co-pending patent application Ser. Nos. 10/659,571, filed on Sep. 9, 2003, and U.S. application Ser. No. ______, (attorney docket no. 58707US003), filed same date herewith, which are incorporated by reference herein.
  • the propylene glycol fatty acid esters serve as both the active antimicrobial agent and a vehicle for the other components of the antimicrobial composition.
  • the safety of the fatty acid esters make them useful candidates for treating food, and surfaces exposed to food, to reduce the number of human pathogens and spoilage in food.
  • the C8-C12 fatty acid esters which may be used in the present composition include known glycerol monoesters of lauric, caprylic and capric acid and/or propylene glycol monoesters of lauric, caprylic or capric acid.
  • the fatty acid monoesters are active against Gram positive bacteria, fungi, yeasts and lipid coated viruses but alone are not generally active against Gram negative bacteria.
  • the composition is active against Gram negative bacteria.
  • formulations of the invention can reduce the number of food borne human pathogens in meat.
  • they can be used as sprays and dips to treat meat carcasses such as beef, pork, poultry, fish, and lamb carcasses. They can also be used as sprays and dips to treat further processed meat such as ground beef, ground pork, ground chicken, ground turkey, hot dogs, sausages and lunch meats.
  • Human food: borne pathogens killed by the formulations disclosed include, for example, E. coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , and Salmonella serovars.
  • the formulations can also be used to help protect other foods, such as plants and plant parts, from human pathogens and pathogens that produce spoilage and adversely effect the quality and shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
  • the antimicrobial compositions of the present invention demonstrate effective kill rates against molds such as Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum which cause spoilage of citrus fruit such as oranges and grapefruit.
  • the components in the composition provide an antimicrobial (including antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal) activity having a spectrum of sufficient breadth to kill, or reduce the number to an acceptable level, of essentially most pathogenic or undesired bacteria, fungi, yeasts and lipid coated viruses.
  • concentrations or amounts of the components when considered separately, may not kill to an acceptable level, or may not kill as broad a spectrum of undesired microorganisms, or may not kill as fast; however, when used together such components provide an enhanced (preferably synergistic) antimicrobial activity (as compared to the same components used alone under the same conditions).
  • Effective amount means the amount of the antimicrobial lipid component and/or the enhancer component when in a composition, as a whole, provides an antimicrobial (including, for example, antiviral, antibacterial, or antifungal) activity that reduces, prevents, or eliminates one or more species of microbes such that an acceptable level of the microbe results. It should be understood that in the compositions of the present invention, the concentrations or amounts of the components, when considered separately, may not kill to an acceptable level, or may not kill as broad a spectrum of undesired microorganisms, or may not kill as fast; however, when used together such components provide an enhanced (preferably synergistic) antimicrobial activity (as compared to the same components used alone under the same conditions).
  • Major amount means a component present in a concentration higher than any other individual component.
  • Enhancer means a component that enhances the effectiveness of the antimicrobial lipid such that when either the composition without the antimicrobial lipid or the composition without the enhancer component are used separately, they do not provide the same level of antimicrobial activity as the composition as a whole.
  • an enhancer in the absence of the antimicrobial lipid may not provide any appreciable antimicrobial activity.
  • the enhancing effect can be with respect to the level of kill, the speed of kill, and/or the spectrum of microorganisms killed, and may not be seen for all microorganisms. In fact, an enhanced level of kill is most often seen in Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli .
  • An enhancer may be a synergist that when combined with the remainder of the composition causes the composition as a whole to display an activity greater than the sum of the activity of the composition without the enhancer component and the composition without the antimicrobial lipid.
  • Microorganism or “microbe” refers to bacteria, yeast, mold, fungi, mycoplasma, as well as viruses.
  • “Fatty” as used herein refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl or alkylene moiety having 6 to 14 (odd or even number) carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified.
  • compositions of the present invention provides enhanced or synergistic antimicrobial activity using assay and bacterial screening methods well known in the art.
  • One readily performed assay involves exposing selected known or readily available viable bacterial strains, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., or Salmonella spp., to a test composition at a predetermined bacterial burden level in a culture media at an appropriate temperature. After a sufficient contact time, an aliquot of a sample containing the exposed bacteria is collected, diluted, neutralized, and plated out on a culture medium such as agar.
  • viable bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., or Salmonella spp.
  • Bacterial reduction is generally reported as log 10 reduction determined by the difference between the log 10 of the initial inoculum count and the log 10 of the inoculum count after exposure.
  • compositions of the invention demonstrate at least a one-log average reduction of total aerobic bacteria count when used on a substrate.
  • a checkerboard assay can be performed.
  • “Shelf-Life” means a period of time it takes for a processed food to spoil. For example, beef can be considered to be spoiled if the bacterial count for an area of skin (one square centimeter) is equal to or greater than 10 7 (colony forming units per square centimeter).
  • Vehicle means a carrier for the components of a composition. In antimicrobial compositions, the vehicle is typically the component present in a major amount.
  • Antimicrobial activity includes activity against microbes, including but not limited to, gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, fungal spores, yeast, mycoplasma organisms, and lipid-coated viruses.
  • “Stable activity” means that the antimicrobial activity of the composition remains essentially constant or above a specified level.
  • the propylene glycol fatty acid esters, and optionally glycerol fatty acid esters may react with other components present, but the overall composition will maintain stable activity.
  • compositions of the present invention are physically stable.
  • “physically stable” compositions are those that do not significantly change due to substantial precipitation, crystallization, phase separation, and the like, from their original condition during storage at 23° C. for at least 3 months, and preferably for at least 6 months. In most embodiments, the compositions will be physically stable with little or no phase separation above 4 deg C.
  • compositions are physically stable if a 10-milliliter (10-ml) sample of the composition when placed in a 15-ml conical-shaped graduated plastic centrifuge tube (Coming) and centrifuged at 3,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes using a Labofuge B, model 2650 manufactured by Heraeus Sepatech GmbH, Osterode, West Germany has no visible phase separation in the bottom or top of the tube.
  • Coming conical-shaped graduated plastic centrifuge tube
  • rpm revolutions per minute
  • Preferred compositions of the present invention exhibit good chemical stability. This can be especially a concern with the antimicrobial fatty acid esters, which can often undergo transesterification, for example.
  • the propylene glycol fatty acid esters are chemically stable and undergo little or no hydrolysis.
  • Preferred compositions retain at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 92%, and even more preferably at least 95%, of the antimicrobial lipid component after aging for 4 weeks at 50° C. (an average of three samples).
  • the most preferred compositions retain an average of at least 97% of the antimicrobial lipid after aging for 4 weeks at 50° C. in a sealed container.
  • the percent retention is understood to mean the amount of antimicrobial lipid component retained comparing the amount remaining in a sample aged in a sealed container that does not cause degradation to an identically prepared sample (preferably from the same batch) to the actual measured level in a sample prepared and allow to sit at room temperature for one to five days.
  • the part comprising the antimicrobial fatty acid ester preferably exhibits the above stability.
  • the level of antimicrobial lipid component is preferably determined using gas chromatography as described in the test method included in Example 2.
  • Antimicrobial formulations of the invention include one or more fatty acid esters, fatty ethers, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof, one or more enhancers, and optionally one or more surfactants.
  • the compositions can be used for reducing levels of microorganisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, viruses, fungi and fungi spores on plants and plant parts, meat and other foods as well as on inanimate surfaces.
  • “reducing levels of microorganisms” includes inhibiting microbial growth, promoting microbial death, and removing microorganisms from the surfaces of plants or plant parts, meat and other foods as well as from inanimate surfaces.
  • compositions of the present invention are formulated as low viscosity liquid solutions.
  • some of the compositions may be formulated in one of the following forms:
  • a hydrophobic ointment The compositions are formulated with a hydrophobic base (e.g., thickened or gelled water insoluble oil) and optionally having a minor amount of a water-soluble phase.
  • a hydrophobic base e.g., thickened or gelled water insoluble oil
  • compositions may be formulations in which the antimicrobial lipid component is emulsified into an emulsion comprising a discrete phase of a hydrophobic component and a continuous aqueous phase that includes water and optionally one or more polar hydrophilic carrier(s) as well as salts, surfactants, emulsifiers, and other components.
  • emulsions may include water-soluble or water-swellable polymers as well as one or more emulsifier(s) that help to stabilize the emulsion.
  • These emulsions generally have higher conductivity values, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/966,511, filed on Sep. 28, 2001.
  • a water-in-oil emulsion The compositions may be formulations in which the antimicrobial lipid component is incorporated into an emulsion that includes a continuous phase of a hydrophobic component and an aqueous phase that includes water and optionally one or more polar hydrophilic carrier(s) as well as salts or other components.
  • These emulsions may include oil-soluble or oil-swellable polymers as well as one or more emulsifier(s) that help to stabilize the emulsion.
  • Thickened Aqueous gels include an aqueous phase which has been thickened to achieve a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise (cps), more preferably at least 1,000 cps, even more preferably at least 10,000 cps, even more preferably at least 20,000 cps, even more preferably at least 50,000 cps, even more preferably at least 75,000 cps, even more preferably at least 100,000 cps, and even more preferably at least 250,000 cps (and even as high as 500,000 cps, 1,000,000 cps, or more).
  • cps centipoise
  • the thickened aqueous gels can be thickened using suitable polyethoxylated alkyl chain surfactants that effectively thicken the composition as well as other nonionic, cationic, or anionic emulsifier systems.
  • suitable polyethoxylated alkyl chain surfactants that effectively thicken the composition as well as other nonionic, cationic, or anionic emulsifier systems.
  • cationic or anionic emulsifier systems are chosen since some polyethoxylated emulsifiers can inactivate the antimicrobial lipids especially at higher concentrations.
  • anionic emulsifier systems are used.
  • Hydrophilic vehicle These are systems in which the continuous phase includes at least one water soluble hydrophilic component other than water.
  • the formulations may optionally also contain water up to 20% by weight. Higher levels may be suitable in some compositions.
  • Suitable hydrophilic components include one or more glycols such as glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycols, etc., polyethylene glycols (PEG), random or block copolymers of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and/or butylene oxide, polyalkoxylated surfactants having one or more hydrophobic moieties per molecule, silicone copolyols, as well as combinations thereof, and the like.
  • the level of ethoxylation should be sufficient to render the hydrophilic component water soluble or water dispersible at 23° C.
  • the water content is less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, and more preferably less than 5% by weight of the composition.
  • the antimicrobial lipid compositions of the present invention also may be delivered to a substrate in a neat form or in a volatile solvent that rapidly evaporates to leave behind a neat composition.
  • Such compositions may be solid, semi-solid or liquid.
  • the antimicrobial lipid component, and/or the enhancer and/or the surfactant may optionally be microencapsulated to either sustain the delivery or facilitate manufacturing a powder which is easily delivered.
  • the composition can be micronized into a fine powder without the addition of other components or it may optionally contain fillers and other ingredients that facilitate powder manufacture.
  • Suitable powders include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • formulations can be considered which gel or thicken when warmed.
  • aqueous compositions based on Pluronic F127 e.g., greater than about 17% by weight
  • Poloxamers of similar structure are relatively low viscosity at 4° C. but when warmed above 35° C. can become very viscous.
  • the viscosity and/or melt temperature can be enhanced by either incorporating a crystalline or semicrystalline emulsifier and/or hydrophobic carrier such as addition of an insoluble filler/thixotrope, or by addition of a polymeric thickener (e.g., a polyethylene wax in a petrolatum vehicle).
  • a polymeric thickener e.g., a polyethylene wax in a petrolatum vehicle.
  • Polymeric thickeners may be linear, branched, or slightly crosslinked.
  • the antimicrobial lipid is that component of the composition that provides at least part of the antimicrobial activity. That is, the antimicrobial lipid has at least some antimicrobial activity for at least one microorganism. It is generally considered the main active component of the compositions of the present invention.
  • the antimicrobial lipid includes one or more fatty acid esters of a polyhydric alcohol, fatty ethers of a polyhydric alcohol, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof (of either or both of the ester and ether), and combinations thereof.
  • the antimicrobial lipid component includes a compound selected from the group consisting of a (C7-C14)saturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol (preferably, (C8-C14)saturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol), a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol (preferably, a (C12-C22)unsaturated fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol), a (C7-C14)saturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol (preferably, a (C8-C14)saturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol), a (C8-C22)unsaturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol (preferably, a (C12-C22)unsaturated fatty ether of a polyhydric alcohol), an alkoxylated derivative thereof, and combinations thereof, wherein the alkoxylated derivative has less than 5
  • the R group includes at least one free hydroxyl group (preferably, residues of glycerin, propylene glycol, or sucrose).
  • Preferred fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols are esters derived from from C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, and C12 saturated fatty acids.
  • Fatty acid monoesters such as glycerol monoesters of lauric, caprylic capric, and and/or propylene glycol monoesters of lauric, caprylic, capric and heptanoic acid, are active against Gram positive bacteria, fungi, yeasts and lipid coated viruses but alone are not generally active against Gram negative bacteria.
  • Exemplary fatty acid monoesters include, but are not limited to, glycerol monoesters of lauric (monolaurin), caprylic (monocaprylin), and capric (monocaprin) acid, and propylene glycol monoesters of lauric, caprylic, and capric acid, as well as lauric, caprylic, and capric acid monoesters of sucrose.
  • Exemplary fatty acid diesters include, but are not limited to, lauric, caprylic, and capric diesters of sucrose.
  • Other fatty acid monoesters include glycerin and propylene glycol monoesters of oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), and arachidonic (20:4) unsaturated (including polyunsaturated) fatty acids.
  • 18:1 for example, means the compound has 18 carbon atoms and 1 carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the fatty acid monoesters that are suitable for use in the present composition include known monoesters of lauric, caprylic, and capric acid, such as GML or the trade designation LAURICIDIN (the glycerol monoester of lauric acid commonly referred to as monolaurin or glycerol monolaurate), glycerol monocaprate, glycerol monocaprylate, propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol monocaprate, propylene glycol monocaprylate, and combinations thereof.
  • known monoesters of lauric, caprylic, and capric acid such as GML or the trade designation LAURICIDIN (the glycerol monoester of lauric acid commonly referred to as monolaurin or glycerol monolaurate), glycerol monocaprate, glycerol monocaprylate, propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol monocaprate, propylene glycol monocaprylate, and combinations thereof.
  • Preferred fatty ethers are monoethers of (C7-C12)alkyl groups (preferably, (C8-C12)alkyl groups).
  • Exemplary fatty monoethers include, but are not limited to, laurylglyceryl ether, caprylglycerylether, caprylylglyceryl ether, laurylpropylene glycol ether, caprylpropyleneglycol ether, and caprylylpropyleneglycol ether.
  • Other fatty monoethers include glycerin and propylene glycol monoethers of oleyl (18:1), linoleyl (18:2), linolenyl (18:3), and arachonyl (20:4) unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty alcohols.
  • Fatty monoethers that are suitable for use in the present composition include laurylglyceryl ether, caprylglycerylether, caprylyl glyceryl ether, laurylpropylene glycol ether, caprylpropyleneglycol ether, caprylylpropyleneglycol ether, and combinations thereof.
  • alkoxylated derivatives of the aforementioned fatty acid esters and fatty ethers also have antimicrobial activity as long as the total alkoxylate is kept relatively low.
  • Preferred alkoxylation levels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,257 (Kabara).
  • the total moles of ethylene oxide is preferably less than 5, and more preferably less than 3.
  • the fatty acid esters or fatty ethers of polyhydric alcohols can be alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated and/or propoxylated, by conventional techniques.
  • Alkoxylating compounds are preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and mixtures thereof, and similar oxirane compounds.
  • compositions of the present invention include one or more fatty acid esters, fatty ethers, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, or alkoxylated fatty ethers at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • the antimicrobial compositions typically include a total amount of such material of at least 0.01 percent by weight (wt-%), preferably at least 0.10%, and more preferably at least 1 wt-%, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • compositions of the present invention that include one or more fatty acid monoesters, fatty monoethers, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof can also include some amount of a di- or tri-fatty acid ester (i.e., a fatty acid di- or tri-ester), a di- or tri-fatty ether (i.e., a fatty di- or tri-ether), or alkoxylated derivative thereof.
  • a di- or tri-fatty acid ester i.e., a fatty acid di- or tri-ester
  • a di- or tri-fatty ether i.e., a fatty di- or tri-ether
  • alkoxylated derivative thereof i.e., a fatty di- or tri-ether
  • monoethers, or alkoxylated derivatives of propylene glycol preferably there is no more than 40% of the di-functional material.
  • monoethers, or alkoxylated derivatives of glycerin preferably there is only a small amount of
  • fatty acid monoesters and fatty monoethers of glycerin preferably there is no more than 15 wt-%, more preferably no more than 10 wt-%, even more preferably no more than 7 wt-%, even more preferably no more than 6 wt-%, and even more preferably no more than 5 wt-% of a diester, diether, triester, triether, or alkoxylated derivatives thereof present, based on the total weight of the antimicrobial lipid present in the composition.
  • esters in the composition serve a dual purpose as both the antimicrobial active and the vehicle without the need of another aqueous or non-aqueous solvent as a separate vehicle.
  • Other antimicrobial lipids that are liquid at or above 4 deg C can also serve as both the vehicle and the antimicrobial active.
  • the antimicrobial composition should be liquid at or above 4 deg C. In other less preferred embodiments, the composition may be a solid regardless whether the antimicrobial lipid is liquid or solid.
  • compositions of the present invention disclose highly concentrated antimicrobial solutions as both vehicle and active antimicrobial agent in order to deliver higher concentrations of the antimicrobial lipid to the food or other treated surface. These compositions both increase efficacy and at the same time give stable compositions and reduce costs of use.
  • compositions of the present invention include an enhancer (preferably a synergist) to enhance the antimicrobial activity especially against Gram negative bacteria, such as E. coli .
  • the enhancer may be an alpha-hydroxy acid, a beta-hydroxy acid, other carboxylic acids, a chelating agent other than a carboxylic acid, a phenolic compound (such as certain antioxidants and parabens), or a (C1-C10)monohydroxy alcohol.
  • Other suitable enhancers include bacteriocins, antimicrobial enzymes, iron-binding proteins and derivatives thereof, siderophores, sugars, sugar alcohols, and combinations thereof, as described in Applicants' copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, (attorney docket no. 58929US004), filed on same date herewith.
  • Various combinations of enhancers can be used if desired.
  • the alpha-hydroxy acid, beta-hydroxy acid, and other carboxylic acid enhancers are preferably present in their protonated, free acid form. It is not necessary for all of the acidic enhancers to be present in the free acid form, however, the preferred concentrations listed below refer to the amount present in the free acid form.
  • the chelator enhancers that include carboxylic acid groups are preferably present with at least one, and more preferably at least two, carboxylic acid groups in their free acid form. The concentrations given below assume this to be the case.
  • One or more enhancers may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result. In a preferred embodiment, they are present in a total amount of at least 0.01 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition. In a preferred embodiment, they are present in a total amount of no greater than 20 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • concentrations typically apply to alpha-hydroxy acids, beta-hydroxy acids, other carboxylic acids, chelating agents, phenolics, (C5-C10) monohydroxy alcohols. Generally, higher concentrations are needed for (C1-C4) monohydroxy alcohols, as described in greater detail below.
  • alpha-hydroxy acids include, but are not limited to, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, mandelic acid, gluconic acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid, alpha-hydroxyethanoic acid, ascorbic acid, alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid, hydroxycaprylic acid, as well as derivatives thereof (e.g., compounds substituted with hydroxyls, phenyl groups, hydroxyphenyl groups, alkyl groups, halogens, as well as combinations thereof)).
  • Preferred alpha-hydroxy acids include lactic acid, malic acid, and mandelic acid.
  • these acids may be in D, L, or DL form and may be present as free acid, lactone, or partial salts thereof. Preferrably the acids are present in the free acid form.
  • the alpha-hydroxy acids useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, mandelic acid, and malic acid, and mixtures thereof. Other suitable alpha-hydroxy acids are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,776 (Yu).
  • One or more alpha-hydroxy acids may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.25 wt-%, more preferably, at least 0.5 wt-%, and even more preferably, at least 1 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably, no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably, no greater than 3 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • beta-hydroxy acids include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid, beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, tropic acid, and trethocanic acid.
  • the beta-hydroxy acids useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of salicylic acid, beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • Other suitable beta-hydroxy acids are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,776 (Yu).
  • One or more beta-hydroxy acids may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.1 wt-%, more preferably at least 0.25 wt-%, and even more preferably at least 0.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably no greater than 3 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • transesterification may be the principle route of loss of the Fatty Acid MonoEster (FAME), Fatty AlkylMonoETHer (FAMEth), and alkoxylated derivatives of these active ingredients.
  • FAME Fatty Acid MonoEster
  • FAMEth Fatty AlkylMonoETHer
  • alkoxylated derivatives of these active ingredients Fatty Acid MonoEster
  • BHA beta-hydroxy acids
  • certain beta-hydroxy acids (BHA) are particularly preferred since these are believed to be less likely to transesterify the ester antimicrobial lipid or other ester by reaction of the hydroxyl group of the AHA or BHA.
  • salicylic acid may be particularly preferred in certain formulations since the phenolic hydroxyl group is a much more acidic alcohol and thus much less likely to react.
  • Carboxylic acids other than alpha- and beta-carboxylic acids are suitable for use as an enhancer. These include alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl carboxylic acids typically having equal to or less than 18 carbon atoms.
  • Exemplary acids include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, benzylic acid, nonylbenzoic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred is benzoic acid.
  • One or more carboxylic acids may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.1 wt-%, more preferably at least 0.25 wt-%, even more preferably at least 0.5 wt-%, and most preferably at least 1 wt-%, based on the ready to use concentration composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably no greater than 3 wt-%, based on the ready to use composition.
  • a chelating agent is typically an organic compound capable of multiple coordination sites with a metal ion in solution. Typically these chelating agents are polyanionic compounds and coordinate best with polyvalent metal ions. Exemplary chelating agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts thereof (e.g., EDTA(Na) 2 , EDTA(Na) 4 , EDTA(Ca), EDTA(K) 2 ), sodium acid pyrophosphate, acidic sodium hexametaphosphate, adipic acid, succinic acid, polyphosphoric acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, acidified sodium hexametaphosphate, nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 1-hydroxyethylene, 1,1-diphosphonic acid, and diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosphonic acid
  • chelators are compounds highly specific for binding ferrous and/or ferric ion such as siderophores, and iron binding proteins.
  • Iron binding protein include, for example, lactoferrin, and transferrin.
  • Siderophores include, for example, enterochlin, enterobactin, vibriobactin, anguibactin, pyochelin, pyoverdin, and aerobactin.
  • the chelating agents useful in the compositions of the present invention include those selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and salts thereof, succinic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and salts thereof Preferably, either the free acid or the mono- or di-salt form of EDTA is used.
  • One or more chelating agents may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.01 wt-%, more preferably at least 0.05 wt-%, even more preferably at least 0.1 wt-%, and even more preferably at least 1 wt-%, based on the weight of the ready to use composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably no greater than 1 wt-%, based on the weight of the ready to use composition.
  • a phenolic compound enhancer is typically a compound having the following general structure: wherein: m is 0 to 3 (especially 1 to 3), n is 1 to 3 (especially 1 to 2), each R 12 independently is alkyl or alkenyl of up to 12 carbon atoms (especially up to 8 carbon atoms) optionally substituted with 0 in or on the chain (e.g., as a carbonyl group) or OH on the chain, and each R 13 independently is H and alkyl or alkenyl of up to 8 carbon atoms (especially up to 6 carbon atoms) optionally substituted with 0 in or on the chain (e.g., as a carbonyl group) or OH on the chain, but where R 13 is H, n preferably is 1 or 2.
  • phenolic enhancers include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy anisole, e.g., 3(2)-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-4-hexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-4-octylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-4-decylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-4-butylphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 4,6-di-tert-butyl-resorcinol, methyl paraben (4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester), ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl
  • Some of the preferred phenolic synergists are BHA, BHT, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, and butyl paraben as well as combinations of these.
  • One or more phenolic compounds may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • concentrations of the phenolic compounds in medical-grade compositions may vary widely, but as little as 0.001 wt-%, based on the total weight of the composition, can be effective when the above-described esters are present within the above-noted ranges.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.01 wt-%, more preferably at least 0.10 wt-%, and even more preferably at least 0.25 wt-%, based on the ready to use composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 8 wt-%, more preferably no greater than 4 wt-%, and even more preferably no greater than 2 wt-%, based on the ready to use composition.
  • concentrations of the phenolics are normally observed unless concentrated formulations for subsequent dilution are intended.
  • concentrations of the phenolics and the antimicrobial lipid components to provide an antimicrobial effect will vary with the particular application.
  • An additional enhancer is a monohydroxy alcohol having 1-10 carbon atoms. This includes the lower (i.e., C1-C4) monohydroxy alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and butanol) as well as longer chain (i.e., C5-C10) monohydroxy alcohols (e.g., iosbutanol, t-butanol, octanol, and decanol).
  • the alcohols useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
  • One or more alcohols may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • the short chain (i.e., C1-C4) alcohols are present in a total amount of at least 15 wt-%, more preferably at least 20 wt-%, and even more preferably, at least 25 wt-%, based on the ready to use composition.
  • longer chain (i.e., C5-C10) alcohols are present in a total amount of at least 0.1 wt-%, more preferably at least 0.25 wt-%, and even more preferably at least 0.5 wt-%, and most preferably at least 1.0%, based on the ready to use composition.
  • the (C5-C 10 ) alcohols are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably no greater than 2 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • the minimum concentration that maintains synergistic antimicrobial activity is about 15 wt % (e.g. 20-30 wt % for ethanol and 15-20 wt % for isopropanol).
  • the minimum concentration that maintains synergistic activity is about 1 wt % (e.g. 1-2 wt %), while for 1-octanol, the minimal concentration is about 0.5 wt % (e.g. 0.5-1.0 wt %).
  • compositions of the present invention can include a surfactant to emulsify the composition and to help wet the surface to aid in contacting the microorganisms.
  • a surfactant means an amphiphile which is defined as a molecule possessing both polar and nonpolar regions which are convalently bound. The term is meant to include soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, surface active agents and the like.
  • the surfactant can be cationic, anionic, nonionic, or zwitterionic. This includes a wide variety of conventional surfactants; however, certain ethoxylated surfactants may reduce or eliminate the antimicrobial efficacy of the antimicrobial lipid.
  • the surfactants useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphonates, phosphates, poloxamer (polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide block copolymers), cationic surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
  • the surfactants useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, and mixtures thereof.
  • One or more surfactants may be used in the compositions of the present invention at a suitable level to produce the desired result.
  • they are present in a total amount of at least 0.1 wt-%, more preferably, at least 0.5 wt-%, and even more preferably, at least 1.0 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • they are present in a total amount of no greater than 10 wt-%, more preferably, no greater than 5 wt-%, and even more preferably, no greater than 2 wt-%, based on the total weight of the ready to use composition.
  • the ratio of the total concentration of surfactant to the total concentration of the antimicrobial lipid component is preferably within a range of 5:1 to 1:100, more preferably 3:1 to 1:10, and most preferably 2:1 to 1:3, on a weight basis.
  • Cationic Surfactants include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary or tertiary fatty amines and their polyoxyalkylenated derivatives thereof; quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraalkylammonium, alkylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium, trialkylbenzylammonium, trialkylhydroxyalkylammonium or alkylpyridinium halides (preferably chlorides or bromides); imidazoline derivatives; amine oxides of a cationic nature (e.g., at an acidic pH).
  • the cationic surfactants useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of tetralkyl ammonium, trialkylbenzylammonium, and alkylpyridinium halides, and mixtures thereof.
  • amine oxide surfactants including alkyl and alkylamidoalkyldialkylamine oxides of the following formula: (R 16 ) 3 —N ⁇ O wherein R 14 is a (C1-C22)alkyl group (preferably a (C1-C14)alkyl group) or a (C6-C18)aralklyl or (C6-C18)alkaryl group, wherein any of these groups can be optionally substituted in or on the chain by N, O, S including groups such as amide, ester, hydroxyl, and the like.
  • Each R 14 may be the same or different provided at least one R 14 group includes at least eight carbons.
  • the R 14 groups can be joined to form a heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen to form surfactants such as amine oxides of alkyl morpholine, alkyl piperazine, and the like.
  • surfactants such as amine oxides of alkyl morpholine, alkyl piperazine, and the like.
  • two R 14 groups are methyl and one R 14 group is a (C12-C16)alkyl or alkylamidopropyl group.
  • anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, sarcosinates, glutamates, alkyl sulfates, araalkyl sulfates, sodium alkyleth sulfates, ammonium alkyleth sulfates, ammonium laureth-n-sulfates, laureth-n-sulfates, isethionates, glycerylether sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, alkylglyceryl ether sulfonates, alkyl phosphates, aralkyl phosphates, alkylphosphonates, and aralkylphosphonates.
  • anionic surfactants may have a metal or organic ammonium counterion.
  • the anionic surfactants useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 14 includes an alkylamide group such as R 16 —C(O)N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 — as well as ester groups such as —OC(O)—CH 2 — wherein R 16 is a (C8-C22)alkyl group (branched, straight, or cyclic group).
  • Suitable anionic surfactants also include phosphates such as alkyl phosphates, alkylether phosphates, aralkylphosphates, and aralkylether phosphates.
  • Surfactants of the amphoteric type include surfactants having tertiary amine groups, which may be protonated, as well as quaternary amine containing zwitterionic surfactants. Those that have been particularly useful include:
  • R 17 is a (C1-C18)alkyl group
  • R 19 is a (C1-C2)alkyl group preferably substituted with a methyl or benzyl group and most preferably with a methyl group.
  • R 19 is H it is understood that the surfactant at higher pH values could exist as a tertiary amine with a cationic counterion such as Na, K, Li, or a quaternary amine group.
  • Ammonium Sulfonate Amphoterics This class of amphoteric surfactants are often referred to as “sultaines” or “sulfobetaines” and can be represented by the following formula R 17 —(C(O)—NH) a —R 18 —N + (R 19 ) 2 —R 20 —SO 3 ⁇ wherein R 17 -R 20 and “a” are define above.
  • the sulfoamphoterics may be preferred over the carboxylate amphoterics since the sulfonate group will remain ionized at much lower pH values.
  • Nonionic Surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyl glucosides, alkyl polyglucosides, polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, sucrose esters, esters of fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated aliphatic acids, ethoxylated fatty alcohols (e.g., octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol available under the trade name TRITON X-100 and nonyl phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol available under the trade name NONIDET P-40, both from Sigma, St.
  • alkyl glucosides alkyl polyglucosides
  • polyhydroxy fatty acid amides sucrose esters, esters of fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols
  • fatty acid alkanolamides ethoxylated fatty acids
  • ethoxylated aliphatic acids ethoxylated fatty alcohols
  • ethoxylated and/or propoxylated aliphatic alcohols e.g., that available under the trade name PLUROINC F127 from Sigma
  • ethoxylated glycerides ethoxylated block copolymers with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
  • EDTA ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid
  • ethoxylated cyclic ether adducts ethoxylated amide and imidazoline adducts
  • ethoxylated amine adducts ethoxylated mercaptan adducts
  • ethoxylated condensates with alkyl phenols ethoxylated nitrogen-based hydrophobes
  • ethoxylated polyoxypropylenes polymeric silicones
  • fluorinated surfactants e.g., those available under the trade names FLUORAD-FS 300 from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St.
  • nonionic surfactants useful in the compositions of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of Poloxamers such as Pluronic from BASF, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof.
  • the formulations of the invention are particularly useful for reducing levels of food borne human pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella serotypes, including S. typhimurium, Listeria (e.g., L. monocytogenes ), Campylobacter (e.g., C. jejuni ), Shigella species, and Bacillus cereus.
  • Escherichia coli O157:H7 Salmonella serotypes, including S. typhimurium, Listeria (e.g., L. monocytogenes ), Campylobacter (e.g., C. jejuni ), Shigella species, and Bacillus cereus.
  • Fatty acid monoesters suitable for use in the antimicrobial formulations generally are considered food grade, GRAS, and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared food additives.
  • FDA Food and Drug Administration
  • one or more fatty acid monoesters derived from C7 to C12 fatty acids such as glycerol monoesters of caprylic, capric, heptanoic or lauric acid and/or propylene glycol monoesters of caprylic, capric, heptanoic or lauric acid are useful in formulations of the invention.
  • Combinations of fatty acid monoesters can be tailored to the target microorganism. For example, laurate monoesters can be combined with caprylate monoesters and/or caprate monoesters when it is desired to reduce levels of fungi on the surface of a plant or plant part.
  • Monoglycerides useful in the invention typically are available in the form of mixtures of unreacted glycerol, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides. Thus, it is preferred to use materials that contain a high concentration, e.g., greater than about 60 wt. % of monoglyceride. In some compositions, the desired materials will contain concentrations greater than 85 wt. % or 90 wt. % of monoglyceride.
  • GML glycerol monolaurate
  • LAURICIDINTM glycerol monocaprylate
  • PG-C8 propylene glycol monocaprate
  • PG-C12 propylene glycol monolaurate
  • the enhancers are food grade, GRAS listed, and/or FDA-cleared food additives.
  • Suitable organic acids can include, for example, lactic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, glycolic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid.
  • Suitable chelating agents can include, for example, sodium acid pyrophosphate, acidic sodium hexametaphosphate (such as SPORIX acidic sodium hexametaphosphate), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts thereof.
  • Suitable alcohols can be, for example, ethanol, isopropanol, or long chain alcohols such as octanol or decyl alcohol.
  • Phenolic compounds such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tertiary butyl hydroquinone, for example, act synergistically with the fatty acid monoesters as do benzoic acid derivatives such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens.
  • the amounts of acid or chelating agent in the present invention which are used to provide a concentrated composition are typically up to 20.0 wt. % and preferably about 1.0-10.0 wt. %.
  • the concentrate can be diluted with a vehicle to provide an acid or chelating agent concentration of between about 0.01-1.0 wt. % and preferably about 0.01-0.5 wt. %.
  • Lower concentrations of enhancer may be necessary, in part, in order to avoid undesired changes or alterations to the taste, texture, color, odor or appearance of the food.
  • it can either be formulated directly into the concentrate vehicle if soluble and stable in the esters or it can be packaged separately in a suitable solvent.
  • Antimicrobial formulations also can include one or more surfactants, which can facilitate dissolving or dispersing of the monoesters in water when concentrates are diluted and/or help to loosen or remove attached microorganisms from surfaces of the food and other substrates so that the microorganisms can be more readily contacted and destroyed by the formulations.
  • Anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants can be used to make suitable emulsions of the antimicrobial fatty acid esters.
  • an antimicrobial formulation can include anionic surfactants such as acyl lactylate salts, dioctyl sulfosuccinate salts, lauryl sulfate salts, dodecylbenzene sulfonate salts, and salts of C8-C18 fatty acids.
  • Suitable salts include sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts.
  • Acyl lactylates include, for example, calcium or sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, sodium isostearoyl-2-lactylate, sodium lauroyl-2-lactylate, sodium caproyl lactylate, sodium cocoyl lactylate, and sodium behenoyl lactylate.
  • Nonionic surfactants include glycerol esters such as decaglyceryl tetraoleate; sorbitan esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, commercially available as SPANTM 20 from Uniquema International, Chicago, Ill.; and block copolymers of polyalkylene oxide, e.g., polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide available as PluronicsTM and TetronicsTM from BASF (Parsippany, N.J.).
  • Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is commercially available as GEMTEXTM SC40 surfactant (40% dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in isopropanol) from Finetex Inc., Spencer, N.C.
  • Sodium caproyl lactylate is commercially available as PATIONICTM 122A from RITA (Woodstock, Ill.).
  • Sodium lauryl sulfate is commercially available from Stepan Chemical Co., Northfield
  • food grade and/or GRAS surfactants are used in amounts which provide a concentrated composition of between about 1.0-30.0 wt. % and preferably about 4.0-12. 0 wt. %.
  • the concentrate can be diluted in a vehicle to provide a surfactant concentration of between about 0.001-1.0 wt. % and preferably 0.01-0.5 wt. %.
  • the concentration of the aforementioned components required for effectively inhibiting microbial growth depends on the type of microorganism targeted and the formulation used (e.g., the type of antimicrobial lipid, enhancer and surfactants that are present).
  • the concentrations or amounts of each of the components when considered separately, do not kill as great a spectrum of pathogenic or undesired microorganisms, kill them as rapidly, or reduce the number of such microorganisms to an acceptable level, as the composition as a whole.
  • the components of the formulation when used together, provide a synergistic antimicrobial activity to the meat, plants or plant parts, or other treated surfaces when compared to the same components used alone and under the same conditions. Acceptable levels of antimicrobial activity typically exceed 1-log reduction in or on a food, or other surface.
  • the propylene glycol esters are present in the concentrated antimicrobial compositions in a range from 30 to 90 wt. %. In many embodiments, the propylene glycol esters comprise between 60 and 90 wt. % of the composition.
  • the amount of fatty acid monoesters in the propylene glycol fatty acid esters of the present invention is at least 60 wt %.
  • compositions comprising a major amount of propylene glycol esters can contain fatty acid monoesters, surfactants, enhancers and other ingredients that are soluble/miscible in the propylene glycol esters.
  • the weight percentage of propylene glycol ester is at least 30% in a final concentrated solution.
  • the final concentrate formulations preferably stay transparent, e.g., remain in a single phase state, for at least one day at room temperature. Some concentrations may have phase separation at room temperature but return to single phase at higher temperature, such as 40° C. or 50° C.
  • the concentrated formulations of the invention can be prepared and used directly or can be diluted to prepare a non-aqueous or aqueous solution, emulsion or suspension before use.
  • Suitable vehicles for preparing the solutions or suspensions are typically safe and acceptable to regulatory agencies such as the FDA and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • Particularly acceptable vehicles include water, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, ethanol, isopropanol, and combinations thereof.
  • one or more antimicrobial lipids may function as the vehicle.
  • the fatty acid monoglyceride is about 0.001 to 30 weight % (wt %)
  • the enhancer is about 0.001 to 30 wt %
  • one or more surfactants are 0.001 to 30 wt % of the antimicrobial formulation.
  • a ready-to-use formulation can include 0.01 to 5.0 wt % of a fatty acid monoester, about 0.5 to 30 wt % of an enhancer, and about 0.5 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a surfactant.
  • a ready-to-use formulation can include about 0.2 wt % to about 2.0 wt % of the fatty acid monoester, about 0.1 wt % to about 25.0 wt % of the enhancer, and about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt % of one or more surfactants.
  • Additional components of the antimicrobial formulations can include, for example, food-grade coating agents such as food-grade waxes, i.e., bees wax, paraffin, carnauba, candelilla, polyethylene waxes; other coating materials such as resins, shellac, wood rosin, and corn zein; components that protect the formulations from UV inactivation or degradation, colorants, odor-enhancing agents, viscosity control agents such as gum tragacanth, gum accacia, carageenans, Carbopols (B.F.
  • food-grade coating agents such as food-grade waxes, i.e., bees wax, paraffin, carnauba, candelilla, polyethylene waxes
  • other coating materials such as resins, shellac, wood rosin, and corn zein
  • components that protect the formulations from UV inactivation or degradation, colorants, odor-enhancing agents, viscosity control agents such as gum tragacanth, gum accaci
  • anti-foaming agents such as silicone anti-foams, e.g., polydimethylsiloxanes (Dow Corning, Midland, Mich.), sticking agents, or flavorants such as natural oils or artificial sweeteners.
  • the concentrated compositions of the present invention exhibit little or no phase separation of the composition between 4 and 80° C. Some compositions will phase separate at 4° C. but will return to single phase when heated.
  • Antimicrobial formulations used in food applications typically exhibit increased antimicrobial efficacy with increased temperatures at application.
  • composition of the present invention may be prepared by combining the above described components using processes and procedures well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a concentrated composition is prepared by heating a propylene glycol fatty acid ester to 70° C., adding a surfactant, and then adding an enhancer soluble in the fatty acid ester to form a solution.
  • the antimicrobial lipid can be applied in a separate step from applying the enhancer.
  • compositions of the present invention may be used in a food processing plant in a variety of suitable ways during various stages of the process.
  • the present composition may be applied to meat products, such as beef carcasses, beef trim, beef primals, or ground meat as a spray, a rinse, or a wash solution.
  • the meat products may also be dipped in the composition.
  • the present invention has a wide useful temperature range which allows the composition to be used at different stages in a process plant.
  • the composition may be used at elevated temperatures to disinfect beef carcasses and at cold (4-5° C.) temperatures to disinfect ground beef and beef trim.
  • compositions of the present invention can be particularly effective.
  • the compositions of the present invention may also be useful in the products and processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,460,833 and 5,490,992, incorporated herein by reference.
  • levels of plant pathogens can be reduced on the surfaces of plants and plant parts, which can extend shelf life of the plants and plant parts.
  • plant pathogens include Erwinia carotovora, Fusarium species, Botrytis species, Phytopthera species, Phoma species, Verticilium species, Penicillium species, and Colletotrichum species.
  • the formulations of the invention also are effective at reducing viability of spores on surfaces of plants and plant parts, such as spores from penicillium fungi.
  • Formulations of the invention can be applied to plants and plant parts by, for example, spraying, dipping, wiping, brushing, sponging, or padding.
  • the formulation can be applied to a portion of or over the entire exterior surface of a plant or plant part. In most applications, the entire surface of the plant or plant part is fully wetted with the formulation.
  • the antimicrobial lipid can be applied in a separate step from applying the enhancer.
  • Formulations can be applied at temperatures ranging from 2° C. to 90° C. and are in contact with the surface of the plant or plant part for a time sufficient to reduce microbial levels (e.g. 10 seconds to 60 minutes). Typically, application time is reduced as temperature is increased. Heating the formulation to between 40° C. and 65° C. (e.g., 44-60° C., 46-58° C., 48-56° C., or 50-54° C.) and applying to the surface while still warm is particularly effective for reducing microbial levels on plants or plant parts. If present, the liquid vehicle can be removed from the surface of plant or plant part by, for example, air drying. Also, if the plant or plant part is cooked, compositions of the present invention can be particularly effective.
  • Suitable plants and plant parts include raw agricultural commodities (i.e., non-processed products) and processed products.
  • raw agricultural commodities include alfalfa seeds, sprouts, cucumbers, melons, onions, lettuce, cabbage, carrots, potatoes, eggplants, citrus fruits such as grapefruits, lemons, limes, and oranges, bananas, pineapples, kiwis, and apples.
  • Processed products include torn, sliced, chopped, shredded, or minced fruits or vegetables, as well as juice obtained from fruits or vegetables.
  • a fruit such as an orange can be treated with an antimicrobial formulation of the invention, air-dried, then coated with a food-grade wax.
  • an antimicrobial formulation of the invention air-dried, then coated with a food-grade wax.
  • the antimicrobial formulation and a food-grade coating can be intermixed prior to application.
  • the food-grade wax may be applied to fruit, such as an orange, and then the fruit can be treated with the antimicrobial composition over the wax.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be useful in the products and processes disclosed in publication WO 200143549A, incorporated herein by reference.
  • antiseptics disinfectants, or antibiotics
  • oxidizing agents such as ozone
  • chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite, chloride dioxide
  • salts such as trisodium phosphate and acidic calcium sulfate
  • addition of metals such as silver, copper, zinc
  • iodine and iodophors chlorhexidine and its various salts such as chlorhexidine digluconate
  • polyhexamethylenebiguanide, parachlorometaxylenol, triclosan antimicrobial quaternary amines including polymeric quaternary amines
  • azole antifungal agents including clortrimazole, miconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, and salts thereof; and the like.
  • Antibiotics such as neomycin sulfate, bacitracin, mupirocin, polymyxin, rifampin,
  • antiseptics examples include, for example, peroxides, (C 6 -C14)alkyl carboxylic acids and alkyl ester carboxylic acids, antimicrobial natural oils, as described in Applicants' Assignee's Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 59889US002), filed on Sep. 7, 2004; halogenated phenols, diphenyl ethers, bisphenols (including but not limited to p-chloro m-xylenol (PCMX) and triclosan), and halogenated carbanilides described in Applicants' Assignee's Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
  • ______ (Attorney Docket No. 59887US002, filed on Sep. 7, 2004; digluconate, diacetate, dimethosulfate, and dilactate salts; polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds such as polyhexamethylenebiguanide; silver and various silver complexes; small molecule quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkoium chloride and alkyl substituted derivatives; quaternary ammonium compounds with at least one alkyl (C8-C18)chain; cetylpyridinium halides and their derivatives; benzethonium chloride and its alkyl substituted derivatives; and octenidine described in Applicants' Assignee's Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 57888US002), filed on Sep. 7, 2004; and compatible combinations thereof.
  • preservatives include industry standard compounds such as parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, etc), 2 bromo-2 nitro-1,3 diol; 5 bromo-5-nitro-1,3 dioxane, chlorbutanol, diazolidinyl urea; iodopropylnyl butylcarbamate, phenoxyethanol, halogenated cresols, methylchloroisothiazolinone and the like, as well as combinations of these compounds.
  • parabens methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, etc
  • 2 bromo-2 nitro-1,3 diol 5 bromo-5-nitro-1,3 dioxane, chlorbutanol, diazolidinyl urea
  • iodopropylnyl butylcarbamate phenoxyethanol, halogenated cresols, methyl
  • the formulations are typically selected from one of the following five types: (1) formulations with a hydrophobic vehicle which may be anhydrous, nearly anhydrous or further comprise a aqueous phase; (2) formulations based on water in oil emulsions in which the water insoluble continuous “oil” phase is comprised of one or more hydrophobic components; (3) formulations with a hydrophilic vehicle which may be anhydrous, nearly anhydrous or further comprise a aqueous phase; (4) highly viscous water-based formulations which may be solutions or oil in water emulsions; and (5) neat compositions which are essentially free of a hydrophobic or hydrophilic vehicle component comprising antimicrobial lipid, optionally an enhancer, and further optionally a surfactant.
  • the compositions may optionally be dissolved in a volatile carrier solvent for delivery to the intended substrate or may be delivered to the site as a dry powder, liquid, or semi-solid composition.
  • a volatile carrier solvent for delivery to the intended substrate or may be delivered to the site as
  • compositions include an antimicrobial lipid component in a hydrophobic vehicle optionally in combination with surfactant(s), an enhancer component, and a small amount of a hydrophilic component.
  • the enhancers are not soluble in the hydrophobic component at room temperature although they may be at elevated temperatures.
  • the hydrophilic component is generally present in a sufficient amount to stabilize (and perhaps to solubilize) the enhancer(s) in the composition.
  • these formulations produce an emulsion in which the enhancer and/or surfactant is dissolved, emulsified, or dispersed in the hydrophilic component which is emulsified into the hydrophobic component(s). These compositions are stable upon cooling and centrifuging.
  • the water content of these formulations is preferably less than 20 wt-%, more preferably less than 10 wt-%, and even more preferably less than 5 wt-%, and most preferably less than 2 wt-%, in order to minimize chemical degradation of antimicrobial lipids present as well as to reduce concerns with microbial contamination in the composition during storage.
  • Antimicrobial lipid components of this invention can be formulated into water-in-oil emulsions in combination with enhancer(s) and surfactant(s).
  • Particularly preferred compositions comprise at least 35%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 45% and most preferably at least 50% by weight oil phase.
  • the oil phase is comprised of all components which are either not soluble in water or preferentially soluble in the oil(s) present at 23° C.
  • Antimicrobial lipid components of this invention can be formulated into a hydrophilic component such as that based on the hydrophilic compounds discussed above optionally in combination with the enhancer(s) and surfactant(s). Particularly preferred are polyethylene glycols (PEGs), glycols, and combinations thereof, including blends of different molecular weight PEGs optionally containing one or more glycols.
  • PEGs polyethylene glycols
  • glycols glycols
  • combinations thereof including blends of different molecular weight PEGs optionally containing one or more glycols.
  • Aqueous compositions of the present invention are those in which water is present in the greatest amount, thereby forming the “vehicle.” In most applications, the water-based formulation will be formed prior to use with the antimicrobial compositions of the present invention. In some applications the water-based formulations can be thickened with thickener systems. Suitable thickener systems include organic polymers or inorganic thixotropes such as silica gel, clays (such as betonite, laponite, hectorite, montmorrillonite and the like), as well as organically modified inorganic particulates materials, and the like.
  • the thickener system can be prepared from one or more nonionic, cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, or associative polymers as long as they are compatible with the antimicrobial lipid and enhancer components of the composition.
  • the compositions that include an acidic enhancer component are thickened using cationic or nonionic thickeners since these perform well at low pH.
  • many of the nonionic and cationic polymers can tolerate higher levels of salts and other additives and still maintain high viscosity.
  • nonionic polymeric thickeners include modified celluloses, guar, xanthan gum, and other natural polymers such as polysaccharides and proteins.
  • the antimicrobial lipid compositions of the present invention also may be delivered in a neat form or in a volatile solvent that rapidly evaporates to leave behind a neat composition.
  • Such compositions may be solid, semi-solid or liquid.
  • the antimicrobial lipid and/or the enhancer and/or the surfactant may optionally be microencapsulated to either sustain the delivery or facilitate manufacturing a powder which is easily delivered.
  • the composition can be micronized into a fine powder without the addition of other components or it may optionally contain fillers and other ingredients that facilitate powder manufacture.
  • Suitable powders include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • the antimicrobial compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients.
  • suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • Formulations of the invention can be packaged into kits.
  • Some antimicrobial lipids can be inherently reactive, especially in the presence of enhancers such as hydroxy-substituted organic acids or chelating agents.
  • the fatty acid monoesters can hydrolyze in an aqueous medium to the corresponding fatty acid, transesterify with a hydroxy-containing enhancer (e.g., lactic acid), or transesterify with a hydroxy-containing solvent.
  • the antimicrobial activity of the liquid composition may be reduced and shelf life may be shortened to less than one year.
  • the formulations can be packaged conveniently in a two-part system (kit) to increase stability.
  • all components of the formulation, except the enhancer are present in one container, while the enhancer is present in a separate container.
  • the first container will contain all the components of the composition, including an enhancer soluble in the propylene glycol fatty acid ester, while the second container houses a second enhancer. Contents from each container are mixed together and may be diluted before treating the applicable food or surface.
  • the antimicrobial formulation is packaged in a single container having separate compartments for storing various components, e.g., the enhancer is in one compartment and the antimicrobial lipid, and optionally one or more surfactants, and a second enhancer are in a second compartment of the same container.
  • Such two-compartment containers typically employ a breakable or displaceable partition between the two compartments. The partition then can be either broken or displaced to allow mixing.
  • the container is configured such that a portion of the contents from each compartment can be removed, without mixing the entire contents of each compartment. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,862,949, 6,045,254 and 6,089,389 for descriptions of two-compartment containers.
  • a composition can be provided in two parts and the antimicrobial lipid component can be made in situ.
  • a monoglyceride could be formed in-situ from a di- or tri-glyceride in the presence of a lipase such as a mammalian or bacterially derived lipase. This may occur on the substrate or prior to application to the substrate.
  • the antimicrobial lipid compositions may be provided as a formulation suitable for delivery to a substrate.
  • suitable formulations can include, but are not limited to, creams, gels, foams, ointments, lotions, balms, waxes, salves, solutions, suspensions, dispersions, water in oil or oil in water emulsions, microemulsions, pastes, powders, oils, lozenges, boluses, and sprays, and the like.
  • Concentrate solutions of fatty acid esters were made by one of two procedures.
  • the first procedure consisted of weighing all components needed for a formulation as listed in Table 1 into a glass container, heating the components in an oven at 70-80° C. from a few minutes to a few hours, while periodically shaking the solution by hand, until the solution was a homogenous transparent liquid.
  • the second procedure consisted of adding each component to a glass container while being heated on a heating plate. During heating, the solution was constantly stirred either by a magnet or a propeller stirring system. The solution was mixed until a homogenous transparent single phase liquid resulted.
  • Table 1 lists compositions of concentrated formulations made by one of the two procedures described above. The two procedures gave equivalent solutions for further testing. All formulations had no phase separation for at least one day at room temperature. Most of the compositions were physically stable in one phase at 4° C. for several months.
  • GC gas chromatography
  • Propylene glycol mono- and di-caprylate (PGMC8, PGDC 8 ), propylene glycol mono- and di-caprate (PGMC 10 , PGDC 10 ) and, propylene glycol mono- and di-laurate (PGMC 12 , PGDC 12 ) samples for standards were obtained by distillation of the corresponding technical grade monoesters supplied from Uniqema. All were 99+% pure by GC analysis. These samples were used to generate calibration curves. Glycerol monomyristate (MMG), used as an internal standard, was 99+% pure (available from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.).
  • IPM Isopropyl myristate
  • Triplicate samples of each were prepared. An amount within 5 mg of that specified above was added to a tarred 10 ml volumetric flask. The exact weight was recorded and the flask was brought to volume with internal standard and mixed. The first 4 formulations were assayed directly by GC. Samples of formulation 29 had to be extracted prior to GC analysis in order to remove the large amount of water present. For this, 300 mg of sample solution to be analyzed was transferred to clean 7 ml vials and 0.4 wt % KCl in HPLC grade water was added. The vials were sealed and vortexed for 1 min followed by centrifugation for 5 min to form 2 phases.
  • the formulations after dilution to 1% solution in water were compared to the efficacy of a 2% lactic acid solution.
  • the 2% lactic acid solution is commonly used as carcass disinfectant in the meat industry today.
  • TTB Tryptic Soy Broth
  • a 0.3 ml of organism culture suspension was spread on the surface of Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plate that was incubated at 35° C. for 16-24 hours.
  • Bacterial cells were harvested from the agar plate with an L-rod by adding 1-3 ml of TSB and transferred to a test tube.
  • Three bacterial strains were used: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC# 6538), E. coli (ATCC# 11229), and non-toxic E. coli 0157: H7 (ATCC# 700728).
  • Diluted formulations 16, 17 and 18 in Table 1 were evaluated by aseptically transferring 20.0 ml of diluted solution into each of three Erlenmeyer test flasks containing magnetic stirring bars. Flasks were placed in a controlled 5° C. water bath equipped with stirring capacity. Magnetic stirrers were adjusted so the flasks are stirred rapidly without splashing. A portion (0.1 ml) of the culture suspension was added to each of the flasks. The exposure time consisted of 2 min, 5 min, 10 min and 1 hr. At the end of each exposure time, 1.0 ml of inoculated sample was transferred from each of the flasks into tubes containing 9.0 ml of Letheen broth and then vortexed.
  • Bacteria were grown in the same procedure described in Example 3. Bacteria strains used were four Salmonella isolates ( S. enteritidis phage type IV, S. typhimurium (ATCC 13311), NATO 32091 (obtained from Cargill Inc., Wayzata, Minn.), FRB 93922 (obtained from Cargill Inc., Wayzata, Minn.); and E. coli (ATCC 11229). To prepare the cocktail, 2 mls of E. coli , and 0.5 ml of each of the four Salmonella cultures were combined and shaken well. An inoculum count on the bacterial cocktail was run.
  • Formulations 1 and 7 from Table 1 were diluted to 1% in water before use. Lactic acid was also added to the diluted solution, as enhancer, to a 1% or 2% final w/w concentration. Solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed. The emulsion solutions were used immediately after being made.
  • PETRIFILMTM E. coli /Coliform count plate available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn.
  • Salmonella XLD agar available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn.
  • PETRIFILMTM Aerobic Count available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn.
  • Bacteria were grown in the same procedure described in Example 3.
  • the bacteria strain was non-toxic E. coli 0157: H7 (ATCC# 700728).
  • a 11.4 cm 2 coring device was used to cut surface tissue excisions no thicker than 3 mm from the inoculated samples.
  • the stainless steel coring device was disinfected prior to each run to prevent cross-contamination among the samples.
  • Each circular tissue excision was placed in a filter stomacher bag with 15 ml of letheen diluent and stomached for 1 minuted prior to plating.
  • Plating was done on PETRIFILMTM Enterobacteriaceae plates (PETRIFILM (EB), (available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn.) using the undiluted sample from the stomacher bag.
  • PETRIFILMTM Enterobacteriaceae plates PETRIFILMTM Enterobacteriaceae plates
  • a series of ten-fold sequential dilutions were made and plated on PETRIFILM EB. The plates were incubated and counted as recommended on the package insert.
  • a 11.4 cm 2 coring device was used to cut surface tissue excisions no thicker than 3 mm from the inoculated samples.
  • the stainless steel coring device was disinfected prior to each run to prevent cross-contamination among the meat samples.
  • Formulations 16 and 17 from Table 1 were diluted to 1% w/w in water. Lactic acid was also added to the diluted solution, as enhancer, to a final 2% w/w concentration. The solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed. The emulsion solutions were used immediately after being made.
  • the inoculated circles were treated with the diluted solution or with 2% lactic acid only solution (control sample) by immersing them in the solution for 5 min. at 5° C., 23° C., and 50° C. The circles were removed immediately and the excess solution was allowed to drip from the circle for 5 sec.
  • stomacher bags Two of them were placed into the refrigerator and the third was tested by adding 15 ml of Letheen diluent to the third stomacher bag. This bag was stomached for 1 minute prior to plating. Duplicate samples were plated from the undiluted sample in the stomacher bag. Serial ten-fold dilutions were made and plated on a PETRIFILM EB plate from each dilution. After incubation the plates were counted as recommended on the package insert. After 1 h refrigeration, one of the refrigerated stomacher bags was removed and the above steps repeated for the 1 h test circle. After 24 h refrigeration, the last of the stomacher bags was removed and the above steps repeated for the 24 h test circle.
  • the diluted formulations demonstrated better antimicrobial efficacy as compared to 2% lactic acid alone on beef fat surfaces. These data also show that solution efficacy increases with time showing a residual effect of the formulations on meat. The positive effects of increasing temperature are also demonstrated by the data.
  • a Salmonella bacteria cocktail was grown using the same procedure described in Example 3 using four Salmonella isolates: S. enteritidis phage type IV, S. typhimurium (ATCC 13311), NATO 32091 (obtained from Cargill Inc., Wayzata, Minn.), FRB 93922 (obtained from Cargill Inc., Wayzata, Minn.).
  • the cocktail was prepared by adding 0.5 ml of each of the four Salmonella cultures and mixing well by shaking.
  • the ground beef was inoculated by adding a measured weight of ground beef and Salmonella cocktail inoculum into a KitchenAidTM mixer equipped with a paddle mixer. The sample was mixed 1 min. After mixing the inoculated ground beef was placed in a cooler at 5° C. for 10 min to allow attachment of the organisms.
  • Formulation 22 was diluted in water; lactic acid was also added to the water.
  • the diluted solution contains 35% formulation 22, 40% lactic acid, The solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed; the solution was used immediately after being made.
  • Table 10 contains the results for Log reduction of bacteria in ground beef treated with diluted formulation 22, using the application procedure described above. TABLE 10 Log reduction in Inoculated Ground Beef Salmonella Cocktail Total Aerobic Count Storage at (Initial inoculum count (Initial inoculum count 5° C. 5.10 Logs) 6.32 Logs) 10 Min 1.77 2.67 1 Hour 3.19 2.90 24 Hour 5.10 6.22
  • Table 11 contains the results for log reduction of native bacteria in uninoculated ground beef.
  • the application is the same as described above, except that the diluted formulation 22 was pipetted, not sprayed, into the ground beef, and the ground beef was not inoculated.
  • TABLE 11 Log reduction of native bacteria in uninoculated ground beef Total Aerobic Count Enterobacteriaceae Count Log Log average of average of Log average treated Log average treated Storage at of untreated ground LOG of untreated ground LOG 5° C. ground beef beef reduction ground beef beef reduction 10 Min 4.54 3.24 1.30 0.77 0.00 0.77 1 Hour 4.50 2.89 1.61 0.43 0.00 0.43 24 Hour 5.10 0.60 4.50 1.00 0.00 1.00 48 Hour 4.97 0.00 4.97 1.80 0.00 1.80
  • Results in tables 10 and 11 show the antimicrobial efficacy of diluted formulations. At 5° C., after 48 hrs, the inoculated meat and un-inoculated meat had undetectable bacteria left in ground beef, using the testing method described above. The 24 hours and 48 hours kill data are surprisingly high, which demonstrate again the residual killing effect of the formulations.
  • the testing procedure was used similar to that described in Example 6 except that ground beef was inoculated in a bag mixed by hand for about 2 min., and formulation 26 was directly added to the meat to give a 1% solution w/w of meat, followed by 2% lactic acid. Then the ground beef sample was mixed by hand for about 2 min.
  • Table 13 contains the Log reduction results for treating ground beef concentrated formulations. TABLE 13 Log reduction with Formulation 26 Salmonella Cocktail Total Aerobic Count (Initial inoculum (Initial inoculum count count Storage at 5° C. 3.84 logs) 3.63 logs) 10 Min 0.76 1.37 1 Hour 0.96 1.69 24 Hour 1.27 2.42
  • Formulation 26 inactivated almost 2.5 logs of Salmonella cocktail at 5° C. in 24 hours, proving the antimicrobial effectiveness of a concentrated solution.
  • the USDA recommends that ground beef be cooked to 165° F. (66° C.) to kill any pathogenic bacteria present in the meat.
  • the formulations of the present invention demonstrate increased efficacy with increased temperatures. Adding the formulations of the present invention to ground beef can reduce the risk of residual human pathogens if the hamburger is heated to some temperature less than 66° C. which results in the ground beef being undercooked as demonstrated by the following example.
  • E. coli 0157: H7 (ATCC# 700728) cultures were prepared as in Example 3.
  • the inoculum had a working population of 10 8 organisms/mL as determined by optical density using a spectrophotomer set at 600 nm.
  • the ground beef was inoculated by adding 497 grams of ground beef and 10 mL of the E. coli 0157: H7 inoculum into a KichenAidTM mixer equipped with a paddle mixer. The sample was mixed 1 min. After mixing the inoculated ground beef was placed in a cooler at 5° C. for approximately 10 min to allow attachment of the organisms.
  • Formulation 30 was prepared as in example 1.
  • Formulation 30 contained 10% GML, 50% PGMC8, 20% Pationic 122A, 10% SPAN 20, and 10% PGMC12 by weight.
  • the enhancer was made by diluting lactic acid to 25% in deionized water.
  • the inoculated ground beef (507 g) was removed from the cooler, and formulation 30 and the enhancer were added separately using a pressurized sprayer (Sprayer Systems Co., Wheaton, Ill.) with a fan nozzle while the mixer blended the combination with the paddle attachment for 3 minutes total at a low mixing setting.
  • Enhancer was delivered first at a spray rate of 30 mL/min during the first 1.5 minutes of mixing and then Formulation 30 was delivered at a spray rate of 7.5 ml/min while the mixing continued for an additional 1.5 minutes.
  • Sufficient enhancer and FAME formulation were added to give an additional 5% weight to the mixed mass with 1% coming from formulation 30, 1% from the enhancer, and 3% water.
  • the three patties were removed from the skillet when the temperature reached 60 C (140 degrees F., approximately 4.2 minutes).
  • the patties were placed on a sterile foil paper, cut into 4 quarters and an 11 g sample was removed from the center of each quarter for a total of 4 samples per patty.
  • the 11 g samples were placed in 3M Stomacher bags with 99 mL of sterile letheen broth, stomached for 1 minute, and then diluted as described in Example 6.
  • Plating was done on PETRIFILMTM E. coli /Coliform count plate (available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn.), PETRIFILMTM Aerobic Count (available from 3M. St. Paul, Minn.) plates with the analysis as in Example 6 to calculate the log population counts.
  • Formulation 15 was evaluated on oranges inoculated with E. coli cocktail. Formulation 15 was diluted to 1% w/w in water. Lactic acid was also added to the diluted solution, as enhancer, to a final 2% w/w concentration. The solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed. The emulsion solutions were used immediately after being made.
  • E. coli cocktail was prepared using four E. coli strains (ATCC # 25922, ATCC #11229, ATCC# 35218, and CREC isolate 97-1) and placed into the nutrient broth. The broth was incubated 20-24 hours at 35° C. This gave an inoculum of about 109 organisms/ml. Oranges were obtained from the local grocery, the diameter was measured and the surface area calculated assuming a sphere. The average orange surface area was 66.70 cm 2 . Wax was removed by washing with mild detergent (Ivory), rinsing with DI water and allowing the orange to air dry overnight.
  • mild detergent Ivory
  • Method B 10 spots were inoculated on the orange with 20 ml of the organism (cocktail) and the inoculum was allowed to air-dry for 1 hour. After the inoculated oranges had dried, 5 oranges were placed in a ziplock bag along with 500 ml of chilled 0.1% peptone water (made from dehydrated media available from VWR Scientific, Chicago, Ill.), and placed on ice in a reciprocal shaker for one hour. These oranges served as the control to determine the maximum recovery of organisms per cm 2 of inoculated orange surface. This procedure was repeated with two more batches of five oranges each to give results in triplicate.
  • Diluted formulation 15 was heated and maintained at 40° C. Five oranges were added to the solution and soaked for 30 seconds, 1 minute, and 2 minutes. The oranges were stirred occasionally with a clean spoon. The oranges were removed to a sterile beaker containing sterile distilled water for 10-15 seconds to remove excess treatment. Without drying the oranges were then placed in a ziplock bag with 500 ml of 0.1% peptone water and placed on ice in a reciprocal shaker for 1 hour. Samples were run in triplicate. After 1 hour on the shaker, the pH of the sample was checked and then solution was pipetted onto PETRIFILM E. coli /Coliform plates or into dilution bottles for further serial ten-fold dilutions. Samples were plated in duplicate.
  • the average surface area of the oranges in cm 2 was calculated using the average diameter measured.
  • a conversion factor was determined by dividing the number of ml of buffer used (500 ml) by the total orange average surface area. This conversion factor was used to covert the actual colony counts to colonies per square centimeter (cm 2 ) of orange. Multiplying the actual CFU/ml from each plate by this conversion factor was used to obtain a count of CFU per square cm.
  • Table 15 contains the results for log reduction of E. coli cocktail on an orange surface after treatment with diluted Formulation 15 at 40° C.
  • the initial inoculum of E. coli cocktail was 5.13 logs TABLE 15 Log reduction of E. coli cocktail on orange surface E. coli cocktail, Salmonella cocktail Initial inoculum 5.13 Log Initial inoculum 5.51 Log Time 30 sec 1 min 2 min 30 sec 1 min 2 min Formulation 4.30 5.13 4.49 3.08 2.12 4.17 15 Water 1.04 1.20 1.16 0.98 0.74 1.49
  • Test method and sample preparation were the same as that described in Example 8 except that two fungi were inoculated separately to the oranges surface: Penicillium italicum (ATCC# 32079) and Penicillium digitatum (ATCC# 34644). Both Formulations 15 and 27 was diluted to 1%. Lactic acid was added to formulation 15 only to 1%. No addition of lactic acid was made to formulation 27.
  • Table 16 contains the results for log reductions of two fungi on orange surface after treatment with diluted formulations at 50° C. TABLE 16 Log reductions of two fungi on orange surface Penicillum italicum Penicillum digitatum (Initial Inoculum 4.08 logs) (Initial inoculum 3.17 logs) Treatment Formulation Formulation Formulation Formulation Time 15 27 Water 15 27 Water 30 seconds 1.27 1.67 0.58 2.46 2.20 1.23 1 minute 0.84 0.90 ⁇ 0.07 0.95 2.59 1.43 2 minute 1.28 2.04 0.14 1.81 2.38 1.12
  • formulation difference between formulation 15 and 27 was the enhancer.
  • Formulation 15 used 1% lactic acid as enhancer and Formulation 27 used ester soluble salicylic acid as enhancer at 0.1% level after the dilution.
  • Example 10 tests the formulations for use as antimicrobial coatings, which make textiles resistant to bacteria attack.
  • the test method is based on AATCC Test Method 100-1993, Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment, with some modifications:
  • One and a half-inch squares of nonwoven polyproylene were inoculated and stored in petri dishes instead of glass jars.
  • the number of swatches used was dependent on the material type; materials were not sterilized; and dilutions of test organisms were made in tryptic soy broth (TSB) instead of nutrient broth. Incubation periods were one and twenty-four hours.
  • the material swatches were kept in petri dishes. Samples were dispensed onto tryptic soy agar (TSA) instead of nutrient agar.
  • the challenge bacteria used were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC# 6538) and K. pneumonia (ATCC #23357).
  • test procedure A brief description of the test procedure used is as follows. Formulations 14, 15, 19 and 20 were diluted to 1% w/w in water. Lactic acid was also added to the diluted solution, as enhancer, to a final 1% w/w concentration. The solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed. These emulsion solutions were used immediately.
  • Samples were placed into the diluted formulation for 10 seconds. They were then removed and dried for 18-24 hours.
  • the treated textile samples were inoculated with 1 ml of bacteria being dispensed in the center of the textile. Multiple treated squares of textile samples were provided per inoculation to absorb the total 1 ml inoculum.
  • the inoculated textile samples were placed into a petri dish. At time 0, 1 hour and 24 hours, textile samples were removed and put into letheen broth, shaken well and serial ten-fold dilution was done. The dilution solution was plated in duplicate in TSA and the bacteria counts were enumerated. The initial inoculum counts were compared to those after treatment with the bacteria reduction is reported in percentage reduction in Table 17.
  • Results in tables 17 a and b demonstrated that the formulations of this invention were effective at reducing levels of bacteria on textile samples.
  • Formulation 1 was evaluated to disinfect hard, inanimate surfaces such as stainless steel.
  • Formulation 1 was diluted to 2% w/w in water. Lactic acid was also added to the diluted solution, as enhancer, to a final 2% w/w concentration. The solution was shaken well until a milky emulsion formed. The emulsion solutions were used immediately after being made.
  • hollow stainless steel or glass cylinders are coated with the challenge bacteria.
  • the bacteria are allowed to dry on the penicylinders for a set period of time.
  • the penicylinders with the dried bacteria inoculum are dipped into the diluted formulation for 10 minutes, removed and placed into neutralizer solution (letheen broth) for 30 seconds and then put into TSB for 24 hours.
  • neutralizer solution letheen broth
  • Treated inoculated surfaces showed no growth for 10 out of 10 test pieces for the each of the 3 different bacteria tested ( Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC# 6538); Salmonella Choleraesuis (ATCC# 10708); E. coli (ATCC# 11229)).
  • Staphylococcus aureus ATCC# 6538
  • Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC# 10708
  • E. coli ATCC# 11229)
  • the results indicate that the diluted high ester concentrate Fame formulations are highly efficient hard surface disinfectants.
  • Formulation 15 and 27 was diluted to 10% and 1% in water. Lactic acid was added to formulation 15 only to 2%. No lactic acid was added to diluted formulation 27.
  • the kill rate assay procedure was very similar to that described in Example 3, with the following changes: Penicillium italicum ATCC# 32079 and Penicillium digitatum ATCC# 34644 spores were prepared as the challenge organisms. Potato Dextrose was used as media instead of TSA. FAME formulation treatment was performed at 50° C., not 8° C.
  • Table 18 contains the results from In Vitro testing showing log reductions for two fungal Spores after treatment with the formulations at 50° C. TABLE 18 In Vitro treatment of fungal spores at 50° C. Penicillum italicum ATCC# 32079 Penicillum digitatum ATCC# 34644 Initial Inoculum 6.57 logs Initial Inoculum 5.65 logs Formulation 15 Formulation 27 Formulation 15 Formulation 27 2% lactic Acid Salicylic acid 2% lactic Acid Salicylic acid as enhancer as enhancer as enhancer as enhancer Treatment 10% in 1% in 10% in 1% in Water 10% in 1% in 10% in 1% in Water Time water water water water water only water water water water only 2 minute 4.33 4.57 4.12 3.65 0.86 3.04 3.65 3.65 3.65 0.22 5 minute 4.57 4.57 4.46 3.65 0.86 3.65 3.65 3.65 0.65 10 minute 4.57 4.57 4.51 3.65 0.86 3.65 3.47 3.65 3.65 1.88
  • Solutions of bacteria were prepared from Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 cocktail (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43894, ATCC 43895). All strains were grown in individual tubes containing 10 mL of tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37° C. for approximately 24 hours.
  • the E. coli 11229 inoculum solution was prepared by transferring two 10 mL inoculated TSB samples into a plastic spray bottle. The inoculum was then diluted by the addition of two 90 mL portions of sterile Letheen broth to obtain a solution with a working population of 108 colony forming units (CFU)/milliliter (mL).
  • the E. coli O157:H7 cocktail solution was prepared by adding two 10 mL inoculum samples made from equal parts (3.3 mL) of the individual organisms (ATCC 35150, ATCC 43894, ATCC 43895) into a plastic spray bottle and, diluting this inoculum cocktail by the addition of two 90 mL portions of sterile Letheen broth to obtain a working population of 108 CFU/mL.
  • beef trim meat (boneless beef arm roast) obtained from grocery store, with an approximate fat content of 10%-15%, was cut lengthwise into 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide strips. A 1 lb (454 gram) portion of these beef strips were placed on a plastic tray covered with sterile aluminum foil. This sample was then inoculated by spraying with the E. coli 11229 solution inoculum onto beef strips with the spray bottle. The tray was held at a slight angle and sprayed with the inoculum to cover the surface of the strips. For an average beef strip piece, about 5 squirts were required from the hand pumped spray bottle to cover the beef strip. Three squirts equal about 1 mL of solution.
  • Concentrate 30 of antimicrobial lipid was made by adding each components list in the Table 19 below into a glass container. The container was heated on a hot plate (50-80° C.), during heating, the solution was constantly stirred. The solution was mixed until a homogenous transparent single-phase liquid resulted. This concentrate was used to treat the beef samples. In the same manner concentrate 31 was made for testing on beef strips. TABLE 19 Concentrate Formulations Formulation 30 Formulation 31 PGMC8 49.0 96.0 Pationic 122A 25.0 DOSS 6.0 4.0 Pluronic L44 5.0 Benzoic Acid 15.0
  • Each inoculated beef trim strip was dipped into a formulation solution for 30 seconds and then suspended to let excess solution drip for another 30 seconds from the beef strips.
  • Each formulation 32-35 was tested for its effect in the same manner.
  • Treated beef strips were stored for 1 hour after solution treatment in a cooler (5° C.).
  • the beef strips were then coarse ground using a Grinder (Berkel, La Porte, Ind.) with a 1 ⁇ 2′′ plate (US Edge 12 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2) and then fine ground using 1 ⁇ 4′′ plate (DC12 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 4).
  • the final ground beef meat samples were then stored in the cooler (5° C.) until they were tested.

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WO2005023023A1 (en) 2005-03-17
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AU2004270266B2 (en) 2011-02-10
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EP2308326A3 (en) 2011-04-20
AU2004270266A1 (en) 2005-03-17
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