US20040253220A1 - Stimulation of the synthesis of the activity of an isoform of lysyl oxidase-like LOXL for stimulating the formation of elastic fibres - Google Patents

Stimulation of the synthesis of the activity of an isoform of lysyl oxidase-like LOXL for stimulating the formation of elastic fibres Download PDF

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US20040253220A1
US20040253220A1 US10/852,065 US85206504A US2004253220A1 US 20040253220 A1 US20040253220 A1 US 20040253220A1 US 85206504 A US85206504 A US 85206504A US 2004253220 A1 US2004253220 A1 US 2004253220A1
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loxl
expression
gly
ala
protein
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Eric Perrier
Valerie Cenizo
Charbel Bouez
Pascal Sommer
Odile Damour
Claudine Gleyzal
Valerie Andre
Corinne Reymermier
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Coletica SA
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Assigned to CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE, COLETICA reassignment CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ANDRE, VALERIE, BOUEZ, CHARBEL, CENZIO, VALERIE, DAMOUR, ODILE, GLEYZAL, CLAUDINE, PERRIER, ERIC, REYMERMIER, CORINNE, SOMMER, PASCAL
Publication of US20040253220A1 publication Critical patent/US20040253220A1/en
Assigned to ENGELHARD LYON SA reassignment ENGELHARD LYON SA CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COLETICA SA
Assigned to BASF BEAUTY CARE SOLUTIONS FRANCE SAS reassignment BASF BEAUTY CARE SOLUTIONS FRANCE SAS CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ENGELHARD LYON
Priority to US12/824,855 priority Critical patent/US20110014175A1/en
Priority to US13/618,038 priority patent/US8906425B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/23—Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (Carrot family), e.g. dill, chervil, coriander or cumin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/31—Brassicaceae or Cruciferae (Mustard family), e.g. broccoli, cabbage or kohlrabi
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/54—Lauraceae (Laurel family), e.g. cinnamon or sassafras
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/81—Solanaceae (Potato family), e.g. tobacco, nightshade, tomato, belladonna, capsicum or jimsonweed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/899—Poaceae or Gramineae (Grass family), e.g. bamboo, corn or sugar cane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
    • A61K8/66—Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
    • A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
    • C12N9/0014—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4)
    • C12N9/0022—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4) with oxygen as acceptor (1.4.3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y104/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4)
    • C12Y104/03—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4) with oxygen as acceptor (1.4.3)
    • C12Y104/03013—Protein-lysine 6-oxidase (1.4.3.13), i.e. lysyl-oxidase
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
    • G01N2500/04—Screening involving studying the effect of compounds C directly on molecule A (e.g. C are potential ligands for a receptor A, or potential substrates for an enzyme A)

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the stimulation of the activity of an isoform of lysyl oxidase, and more particularly of the LOXL (lysyl oxidase-like) isoform.
  • Elastin is a protein which makes up the elastic fibers by combining itself with other molecules such as fibrillins and MAGPs (Microfibrillar Associated Glycoproteins).
  • the elastic fibers are formed of elastin deposited on the microfibrils.
  • Elastin is synthesized in the form of soluble tropoelastin which acquires its physico-chemical properties (insolubility, elasticity) after the intra- and inter-molecular cross-linking of it by a lysyl oxidase, and its deposit on the microfibrils.
  • the elastic fibers are responsible for the elastic property of the organs which contain them (vessels, pulmonary parenchyma, elastic cartilages, skin . . . ).
  • the elastic fibers are mainly constituted of elastin deposited on the microfibrils.
  • the name ⁇ elastin >> was reserved to the protein which forms the amorphous portion of the elastic fibers and which imparted their elasticity to them. Recently, components of these elastic fibers have been shown in the epidermis.
  • the collagen fibrils are formed by the trimeric assembly of chains of collagen. These collagen fibers are also cross-linked by a lysyl oxidase.
  • LOX lysyl oxidase
  • Functional elastic fibers (which are mainly found in the skin, the vessels, the macula of the retina and the inter-vertebral discs) are formed during prenatal development and immediately after birth. In the skin, these elastic fibers are formed by the fibroblasts of the dermis, but certain compounds, which are necessary for the elaboration of the elastic fibers, have also been found in the cells of the epidermis. The collagen fibers are synthesized in the connective tissues throughout the whole life.
  • the prior art does not enable providing criteria which enable evaluating the impact of an active principle in dermato-cosmetology on a functional neo-elastogenesis. In this context, it is also very difficult to obtain objective criteria enabling the impact of these actives to be judged.
  • the screening methods of actual active principles bear upon the evaluation of the expression of the genes involved in the formation of the elastic fibers, such as elastin or the fibrillins.
  • keratinocytes induce the synthesis of tropoelastin and the deposit of tropoelastin on the microfibrils (Duplan-Perrat et al., Keratinocytes influence the maturation and organization of the elastin network in a skin equivalent. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114: 365-70, 1999).
  • the extracellular matrix showed an ultra-structural organization similar to that of the skin, with the collagen being organized in rays and elastic fibers which are constituted of elastin deposited on the microfibrils.
  • This model has also been used for testing the effectiveness of certain molecules, such as inhibitors of lysyl oxidases.
  • This has enabled proving that the inhibition of the lysyl oxidases induced a disorganization of the collagen fibers and the elastin fibers, but also a deviation from the program of differentiation of the keratinocytes, with a reduction of the level of expression of the labels of terminal differentiation, such as filaggrin (Farjanel et al., French patent 01 10443, CNRS, Use of inhibitors of lysyl oxidases for cell culture and tissue engineering ( ⁇ Utilisation d'inhibiteurs des lysyl oxydases pour la culture cellulaire and le genie tissulaire>>). In that patent, no distinction is made between the different isoforms of LO.
  • the prior art does not enable a dynamic tracking of the zone of expression of the isoform of the lysyl oxidase LOXL, notably due to the fact that the methods provided by the prior art are imprecise.
  • the aim of the invention is mainly to solve the technical problems set forth above and notably the technical problem aiming to provide a method of identifying active principles which stimulate the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • functional elastic fibers is meant the usual meaning in the art as described above and notably in the context of the invention, elastic fibers which have elastic properties coming from a tridimensional structure.
  • the invention also relates to the use of the L isoform of lysyl oxidase or of an active principle which stimulates the enzymatic activity or the expression of the L isoform of lysyl oxidase (LOXL), notably for stimulating the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • L isoform of lysyl oxidase or of an active principle which stimulates the enzymatic activity or the expression of the L isoform of lysyl oxidase (LOXL), notably for stimulating the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • the invention enables solving the technical problem consisting of providing a method of locating the expression of LOXL and of tracking this expression.
  • LOXL or “hLOXL”
  • the inventors mean the L isoform of the human lysyl oxidase protein LOXL.
  • LOX or “hLOX”
  • the inventors mean the initial isoform of the human lysyl oxidase protein LOX.
  • the inventors mean the stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding LOXL or of its promoter, and notably the stimulation of the synthesis of the messenger RNA encoding LOXL, but also the stimulation of the synthesis of LOXL from this messenger RNA.
  • the inventors mean the stimulation of the expression of the gene encoding the elastin protein or of its promoter, and notably the stimulation of the synthesis of the messenger RNA encoding the elastin protein, but also the stimulation of the synthesis of the protein elastin or of its precursor, tropoelastin, from this messenger RNA.
  • the inventors thus aim to stimulate mainly either the expression of LOXL as described, or the enzymatic activity of LOXL.
  • This stimulation must be effective enough to enable stimulating the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • Active principles are considered as effective which enable obtaining an activation or an increase of about 1.5 times the expression and/or the activity of LOXL on a model, which comprises at least one cell type which presents an expression and/or an activity of LOXL, upon contact of these active principles, with respect to the level of expression and/or of activity of LOXL in a control model (without placing the active principles in contact).
  • the present invention relates, according to a first aspect, to the use of the ⁇ like >> isoform of lysyl oxidase having the Sequence ID No1, also called LOXL, or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof, or of a substance which promotes the activity and/or the expression of LOXL, for the manufacture of a composition for stimulating the formation of elastic fibers.
  • an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof it is meant an homologous form of the isoform of lysyl oxidase LOXL which has the same or similar activity as LOXL as defined herein.
  • the expression of LOXL is either the expression of a sequence of nucleotides encoding LOXL or the expression of a sequence of peptides constituting a fraction of the protein LOXL, said sequence of peptides being preferably selected from the Sequence ID No1.
  • said composition is a cosmetic, neutraceutical, medical or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the composition further comprises a second substance which stimulates the expression of the protein elastin, notably for stimulating the formation of elastic fibers, said second substance preferably being the substance which promotes the activity and/or the expression of LOXL.
  • said active substance comprises a region which fixes to at least one part of the sequence of nucleotides of the promoter of the human LOXL gene (Pr) (SEQ ID No3) or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof, or modulates the expression of a protein which fixes to at least one part of the sequence of nucleotides of the promoter of the human LOXL gene (Pr) (SEQ ID No3) or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof.
  • This sequence is given from the nucleotide ⁇ 2630 before the ATG codon, and the nucleotides from ⁇ 2172 to ⁇ 1 have in particular been studied.
  • the active substance is selected from the group consisting of dill, currant, cardamon, black radish, box holly, cinnamon, lactic bacteria-based fermentations, oats, potato, silk, Asa foetida gum, ethyl hexenoate and its derivatives, methyl butyrate and its derivatives, and ethyl decadienoate and its derivatives.
  • the use described above is carried out for inducing a neo-elastogenesis of the tissues, and notably for stimulating the elasticity of the tissues thus obtained, and for reducing skin wrinkles.
  • the use described above is carried out for combating against the loosening of the tissues, notably when the loosening of the tissues is observed during ageing or during solar exposures, for densifying the extracellular matrix, for firming up the subcutaneous tissues, for reducing skin wrinkles, for exerting an anti-wrinkles effect, for improving the quality of scar tissue and the appearance of scars, notably dystrophic and keloid scars, or for combating against stretch marks.
  • the invention relates to a cosmetic composition which comprises an active substance as defined above, optionally in a mixture with a cosmetically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention relates to a neutraceutical composition which comprises an active substance as defined above, optionally in a mixture with an excipient acceptable for food.
  • the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an active substance as defined above, optionally in a mixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the excipient contains for example at least one compound selected from the group consisting of preservatives, emollients, emulsifiers, surfactants, moisturizers, thickeners, conditioners, matifying agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, texture agents, brightening agents, filmogenic agents, solubilisers, pigments, dyes, perfumes and solar filters.
  • excipients are preferably selected from the group consisting of amino acids and their derivatives, polyglycerols, esters, polymers and derivatives of cellulose, lanolin derivatives, phospholipids, lactoferrins, lactoperoxidases, sucrose-based stabilisers, E vitamins and its derivatives, natural and synthetic waxes, plant oils, triglycerides, Méponifiables, phytosterols, plant esters, silicones and its derivatives, protein hydrolysates, jojoba oil and its derivatives, lipo/hydrosoluble esters, betaines, aminoxides, plant extracts, esters of sucrose, titanium dioxides, glycines, and parabens, and more preferably from the group consisting of butylene glycol, steareth-2, steareth-21, glycol-15 stearyl ether, cetearyl alcohol, phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylpara
  • compositions cited above are formulated in a form selected from the group consisting of a solution, which is aqueous or oily, an aqueous cream or gel or an oily gel, notably in a pot or in a tube, notably a shower gel, a shampoo; a milk; an emulsion, a microemulsion or a nanoemulsion, notably an oil-in-water or water-in-oil or multiple or silicone-containing microemulsion or nanoemulsion; a lotion, notably in a glass bottle, a plastic bottle or in a measure bottle or in an aerosol; an ampoule; a liquid soap; a dermatological bar; an ointment; a foam; an anhydrous product, preferably a liquid, pasty or solid anhydrous product, e.g. in the form of a stick, notably in the form of a lipstick.
  • a solution which is aqueous or oily, an aqueous cream or gel or an oily gel,
  • compositions which are sufficiently liquid can be administered, notably via the parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, oral or nasal route.
  • the pasty or dry compositions can be introduced into the body notably via the oral, sublingual, nasal or rectal route.
  • the administration route is cutaneous or transmucosal, notably by application of the composition on the skin or on a mucous membrane.
  • the invention relates to a method of cosmetic care characterized in that it comprises the use of a composition described above.
  • the cosmetic care is selected from the group consisting of combating against the loosening of the tissues, notably when the loosening of the tissues is observed during ageing or during solar exposures, densifying the extracellular matrix, firming up the subcutaneous tissues, reducing skin wrinkles, anti-wrinkles effects, improving the quality of scar tissue and the appearance of scars, notably dystrophic and keloid scars, and combating against stretch marks.
  • the invention relates to a screening method of a substance which promotes the activity of LOXL or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof, for stimulating the formation of elastic fibers, characterized in that it comprises:
  • the analysis of the expression of LOXL is carried out by qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of the expression of at least one part of a sequence of nucleotides encoding LOXL.
  • sequence of nucleotides is the cDNA which is complementary to the mRNA encoding LOXL, the LOXL cDNA being defined by the sequence ID No2.
  • the analysis of the expression of LOXL makes use of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) which comprises the use of primers which hybridize with at least one part of the sequence of nucleotides of the complementary DNA encoding LOXL (SEQ ID No2), in order to amplify at least one part of the sequence of nucleotides encoding the LOXL.
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
  • the method also comprises a step locating the expression of LOXL which is carried out on a reconstructed skin model or on a a model based on biopsies:
  • the screening method comprises the comparison of the expression of LOXL with the expression of LOXL expressed in a control which does not comprise said potentially active substance.
  • the living cells comprise fibroblasts, originating notably from normal human skin, such as, for example, originating from the foreskin or from a skin of an adult subject.
  • the living cells comprise epithelial cells, for example keratinocytes, originating notably from normal human skin, such as, for example, originating from the foreskin or from a skin of an adult subject.
  • epithelial cells for example keratinocytes
  • the living cells originate from at least one skin having a particular localization, for example from the face, from the abdomen, or from the breasts, and being able to be characterized as being ⁇ aged >> or as being ⁇ exposed>> to sun's radiation or not, or from a skin originating from a zone which has scars or stretch marks.
  • the screening method makes use of a reconstructed skin model, preferably at least one dermis model which comprises fibroblasts, or a model based on biopsies.
  • the screening method makes use of a reconstructed skin model or a model based on biopsies.
  • the reconstructed skin model used is advantageously the Mimeskin® reconstructed skin model but may also be a model of connective matrix, of epidermis or of epithelium, or of reconstructed skin or mucous membrane:
  • the three-dimensional connective matrix (dermis or chorion) culture model comprises a support which is sown with stromal cells in order to form reconstructed dermis or reconstructed chorions.
  • This support is preferably selected from:
  • an inert support selected from the group consisting of a semi-permeable synthetic membrane, in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon sponge, a semi-permeable membrane of polycarbonate or polyethylene, polypropylene, or of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a semi-permeable Anopore inorganic membrane, of cellulose acetate or cellulose ester (HATF) membrane, a semi-permeable Biopore-CM membrane, a semi-permeable polyester membrane, a membrane or a film of polyglycolic acid.
  • a semi-permeable synthetic membrane in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon sponge, a semi-permeable membrane of polycarbonate or polyethylene, polypropylene, or of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a semi
  • a gel or a membrane based on hyaluronic acid (Hyalograft® 3D-Fidia Advanced Biopolymers) and/or on collagen and/or on fibronectin and/or on fibrin; in this group, dermal model Vitrix® (Organogenesis) for example is found;
  • a porous matrix which is surfaced or non-surfaced, made from collagen being able to contain one or more glycosaminoglycans and/or eventually chitosan (EP 0 296 078 A1 of the CNRS, WO 01/911821 and WO 01/92322 of Coletica).
  • This support is preferably selected from
  • an inert support selected from the group consisting of a semi-permeable synthetic membrane, in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon sponge, a semi-permeable membrane of polycarbonate or polyethylene, polypropylene, or of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a semi-permeable Anopore inorganic membrane, of cellulose acetate or cellulose ester (HATF) membrane, a semi-permeable Biopore-CM membrane, a semi-permeable polyester membrane; in this group, the reconstructed models Epiderm and Epithelia (Skinethic®) are found, as well as the models EpiDerm®, EpiAirway®, EpiOccular® (Mattek Corporation);
  • a semi-permeable synthetic membrane in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon
  • a film or a membrane based on hyaluronic acid and/or on collagen and/or on fibronectin and/or on fibrin In this group, the models: Episkin® (L'Oreal) and Laserskin® (Fidia advanced Biopolymers), in particular, can be cited.
  • This support is preferably selected from
  • an inert support selected from the group consisting of a semi-permeable synthetic membrane, in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon sponge, a semi-permeable membrane of polycarbonate or polyethylene, polypropylene, or of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a semi-permeable Anopore inorganic membrane, of cellulose acetate or cellulose ester (HATF) membrane, a semi-permeable Biopore-CM membrane, a semi-permeable polyester membrane, said inert support containing stromal cells, in particular fibroblasts,
  • a semi-permeable synthetic membrane in particular a semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane, a semi-permeable nylon membrane, a Teflon membrane or a Teflon sponge, a semi-permeable membrane of polycarbonate or polyethylene, polypropylene, or of polyethylene terephthalate (PET
  • porous matrix which is surfaced or non-surfaced, made from collagen being able to contain one or more glycosaminoglycans and/or eventually chitosan, these porous matrices integrating stromal cells, in particular fibroblasts,
  • the screening method makes use of a reconstructed skin model, preferably at least one epidermis model which comprises keratinocytes.
  • the method comprises a step of analyzing the expression of a sequence at least of the protein elastin and/or tropoelastin, or of a sequence of nucleotides encoding the protein elastin, notably for detecting an eventual stimulation of the expression of the protein elastin when said active substance is in contact with said living cells.
  • the method comprises a step of immuno-detecting the expression of the protein LOXL, notably with the aim of performing the traceability of neo-elastogenesis, notably in the epithelial tissues and/or in the connective tissues, said tissues originating from at least one reconstructed skin model or from a model based on biopsies.
  • said active substance is selected from the group consisting of dill, currant, cardamon, black radish, box holly, cinnamon, lactic bacteria-based fermentations, oats, potato, silk, Asa foetida gum, ethyl hexenoate and its derivatives, methyl butyrate and its derivatives, and ethyl decadienoate and its derivatives.
  • the invention relates to a method of locating the expression of LOXL or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof in tissues with the aim of performing the traceability of neo-elastogenesis, notably in connective tissues, said tissues originating from at least one reconstructed skin model or from biopsies, characterized in that the method comprises a step of immuno-detecting the protein LOXL or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof or of in situ hybridizing at least one part of a sequence of nucleotides encoding LOXL or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a method of locating the expression of LOXL in tissues with the aim of performing the traceability of neo-elastogenesis, notably in epithelial tissues and/or in connective tissues, characterized in that the method comprises a step of immuno-detecting the protein LOXL or of in situ hybridizing the gene encoding LOXL.
  • the invention also relates to the use of an active principle which modifies the enzymatic activity or the expression of the protein LOXL for stimulating the formation of elastic fibers.
  • the invention also relates to a method of treatment of a deficiency associated with the enzymatic activity of the isoform of the protein lysyl oxidase LOXL which comprises administering, to a subject, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition which comprises the protein lysyl oxidase LOXL, or of an homologous or essentially homologous form thereof, or a compound which stimulates the enzymatic activity or the expression of the protein lysyl oxidase LOXL.
  • this method of treatment enables performing a treatment selected from combating against the loosening of the tissues, notably when the loosening of the tissues is observed during ageing or during solar exposures, densifying the extracellular matrix, firming up the subcutaneous tissues, reducing skin wrinkles, anti-wrinkles effects, improving the quality of scar tissue and the appearance of scars, notably of dystrophic scars, in particular dystrophic scars, and keloid scars, and combating against stretch marks.
  • the inventors have unexpectedly demonstrated that the activity of LOXL was a main missing link in elastogenesis in the adult and that it was possible to reactivate the synthesis of this isoform of lysyl oxidase so as to obtain a stimulating effect on elastogenesis.
  • this isoform of the family of lysyl oxidases is associated with elastogenesis in a reconstructed skin model producing elastic fibers.
  • the inventors noticed the simultaneous presence or absence of this isoform and of elastogenesis, and this enables indicating that the activity of this isoform of LO corresponds to a missing link the synthesis of which it is necessary to modulate in order to orchestrate a functional elastogenesis.
  • the inventors have thus developed a method which enables visualizing increased expressions of this isoform of LO (LOXL), and then have sought active principles, notably amongst plant extracts or chemical molecules, which in particular stimulate the expression of the mRNAs encoding LOXL.
  • actives selected were then incorporated in cosmetic, dermo-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical compositions in particular, for applications in the combat against loosening of the tissues during ageing, as well as in the improvement of the quality of scar tissue and the appearance of scars and stretch marks.
  • the inventors have developed specific antibodies of the mature LOXL forms (vide Examples 1 and 2), and have demonstrated in this way that the absence of this lysyl oxidase isoform is correlated to the problems of the synthesis of functional elastic fibers, notably during ageing of the skin tissues, whether they be natural or induced by solar radiation.
  • the isoforms LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4 are not or are little expressed in the dermis and are not involved in elastogenesis (vide Example 4).
  • the LOX isoform is present in the dermis and can be associated with the microfibrils, but LOX is involved in the formation of the functional collagen fibers and is not missing in adult skins. The absence of LOX is therefore not correlated with the loss of elasticity of the elastic fibers during ageing (vide Example 3).
  • LOXL is the enzyme which is responsible for the maturation of the elastin by cross-linking and thus enables the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • this method of location comprises the immuno-detection of LOXL. It is also possible by this method to demonstrate the expression of the protein elastin. It has been demonstrated by the inventors' studies that LOXL is detected in association with the dense deposits or on the microfibrils, but not with the collagen fibers. Elastin was detected in the same dense deposits and in the microfibrils. This detection is made on reconstructed skin models, and notably on reconstructed skin models 30 days after the application of the keratinocytes (vide Example 5).
  • LOXL is expressed in the dermis of the skin of the foreskin taken from young patients (a few months), which have still a large synthesis of elastin. LOXL is not however expressed in the dermis of the skin, of the neck, of the breast, of the abdomen or of the face of adult persons. This absence of detection of LOXL in the dermis of the skin of the neck, of the breast, of the abdomen, or of the face, is confirmed in the adult whatever the age. A high expression was also observed of LOXL in the epidermis of human skin, with however a late extinction of the expression of this enzyme when the human skins originate from subjects aged about 80 years old and more (vide Example 6).
  • the inventors have also demonstrated the deficit of expression of LOXL in the scar tissue zones, as well as in the dermis of human skin of varying age, thus during ageing.
  • LOXL is one of the isoforms which enables the cross-linking of the elastic fibers.
  • this isoform, LOXL is missing in the adult for the cross-linking of the elastic fibers enabling functional fibers to be obtained.
  • the inventors have, from these unexpected discoveries, carried out a screening method of an active principle which stimulates the formation of functional elastic fibers with the view to identifying active principles for making cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the present invention further relates to the activation of the promoter of the human gene encoding LOXL (vide Example 7).
  • the region corresponds to the nucleotides ⁇ 712/ ⁇ 391 (according to the numbering defined from +1 of translation of the hLOXL gene) which possesses an up-regulating activity on the reporter gene luciferase, which is expressed for example after transitional transfection in fibroblasts of the skin of the human foreskin.
  • the inventors have been able to define putative sites of regulation by nuclear factors. These factors have been correlated to cytokines or other factors known to act upon the transcription of certain genes.
  • the regions ⁇ 2172/ ⁇ 2002; ⁇ 1438/ ⁇ 968; ⁇ 712/ ⁇ 391; have been located as being activating regions; and the regions: ⁇ 2002/ ⁇ 1438; ⁇ 968/ ⁇ 712 have been identified as being inhibiting regions.
  • the ⁇ 80/ ⁇ 1 region is not active and is situated down from +1 of transcription. In this numbering, the putative transcription +1 is situated in position ⁇ 342 with respect to the site of initiation of the translation. In this way, several sites of these regions have been shown which are susceptible to regulating the hLOXL gene.
  • These sites are notably two putative sites of response to retinoic acid, two putative sites of response to TGF- ⁇ (Transforming Growth Factor ⁇ ), a putative site of response to EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), three putative sites of response to oestrogens and two putative sites of response to glucocorticoids (GRE).
  • TGF- ⁇ Transforming Growth Factor ⁇
  • EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
  • GRE glucocorticoids
  • the inventors have implemented an in situ hybridization which thus enables locating and verifying the presence of the expression of the messenger RNAs which encode LOXL in particular.
  • This in situ hybridization is notably carried out by double strand DNA probes which are labeled with digoxigenin on sections of reconstructed skin models obtained 30 days after the addition of keratinocytes, and included in paraffin.
  • This in situ hybridization was also carried out in order to verify the expression of the messenger RNAs of tropoelastin and of collagen ⁇ 1(I) (vide Example 8).
  • the expression of the LOXL mRNAs is positive in the deep dermis and throughout the whole epidermis.
  • the expression of the tropoelastin mRNA is located near to the dermal fibroblasts and in the epidermis.
  • the expression of the collagen I ⁇ 1 mRNA is located in the dermis but not in the epidermis. This enables, within the context of the present invention, locating and verifying the presence of the expression of the LOXL mRNAs, notably in a reconstructed skin model, for example after application of an active principle which stimulates the formation of functional elastic fibers.
  • the hLOXL gene was activated by the addition of keratinocytes in a reconstructed skin model, and notably in the reconstructed skin model Mimeskin®, (Coletica, Lyons, France).
  • the induction of the synthesis of the LOXL mRNAs is concomitant notably with that of tropoelastin, and notably appears about 6 days after the addition of the keratinocytes on the dermis equivalent.
  • the present invention has also enabled demonstrating the decrease in the level of expression of notably the hLOXL gene, as well as of the human elastin gene, in fibroblasts originating from aged donors.
  • FF foreskin
  • AF adult fibroblasts
  • the present invention provides a method enabling identifying the expression of LOXL, notably in fibroblasts.
  • the present invention has aimed to implement these various techniques in a way as to identify active principles stimulating the formation of elastic fibers.
  • the methods of the present invention implement seeking the expression of the protein LOXL, and notably seeking the expression of the messenger RNAs encoding LOXL (vide Example 10).
  • the invention also relates to the active principles which stimulate the formation of elastic fibers (vide Examples 11 and 12).
  • the invention also relates to the use of the enzyme LOXL, or of a derivative form, or of the active principles as described above, for making cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions (vide Examples 13 to 18).
  • the stimulation of LOXL can be carried out at gene level, of the messenger RNA, or of the protein directly. This activation enables the formation of elastic fibers, notably by virtue of the cross-linking of the elastin by the enzyme LOXL.
  • the invention has first of all covered the development of novel specific antibodies of LOX and LOXL but which are capable of detecting their mature forms.
  • the antibodies were developed against the mature regions of LOX and LOXL.
  • the antigenic regions were selected in order to present the minimum of similarity with the corresponding regions on the other isoforms of the lysyl oxidases (LOs).
  • the antibodies obtained against the regions of the peptides LOX V228-S280 were called anti-LOXmat and similarly for the antibodies obtained against the region of the peptides LOXL R231-G368 called anti-LOXLpro.
  • FIG. 1 description of the sequences of the LO defined for giving the specific antibodies: This figure represents the steps which have led to the selection of the antigenic regions in order to develop the anti-LOX and anti-LOXL antibodies.
  • FIG. 1(A) Schematic representation of hLOX (human LOX protein) and hLOXL (human LOXL protein).
  • hLOX and hLOXL are indicated with open boxes, dotted in the C-terminal regions, in order to highlight the regions of high similarity.
  • the position of the cleavage of the pre-region of LOXL, before the Q26 residue, of the N-terminal maturation site of the 56 kDa precursor (before Q135), and the position of the cleavage sites by PCP of the LOXL precursor of 56 kDa (before the D 338 residues), are indicated.
  • the corresponding LOXL proteins Q 26 -S 574 , D 135 -S 574 and D 338 -S 574 would display a deduced molecular mass of approximately 63 kDa, 54.6 kDa, and 26.7 kDa, respectively.
  • the location of the recombinant peptides used for obtaining the anti-LOX antibodies were indicated: the G128-L212 peptide for the anti-LOXpro, the V228-S280 peptide for the anti-LOXmat, and the D305-N373 peptide for the anti-LOXcat.
  • the location of the recombinant peptides used for developing the anti-LOXL antibodies were indicated: the R231-G368 peptide for the anti-LOXLpro and S355-D415 for the anti-LOXLmat.
  • FIG. 1(B) The percentage of similarity between the antigenic regions of LOX and LOXL with their equivalents on the LO isoforms was indicated in this Table.
  • hLOXL represents the human LOXL protein
  • bLOXL represents the bovine LOXL protein
  • mLOXL represents the mouse LOXL protein
  • hLOXL represent the human LOX protein
  • bLOX represents the bovine LOX protein
  • hLOXL2 represents the human LOXL2 protein
  • hLOXL3 represents the human LOXL3 protein
  • hLOXL4 represents the human LOXL4 protein.
  • the length column (aa) contains the value of the number of amino acids contained in the corresponding regions.
  • the chimeric genes were constructed by inserting the defined sequence of hLOXL or hLOX in phase with the gene of glutathion-S-transferase (GST), in the BamHI-XhoI sites of the expression plasmid pGEX-4T-3 (Amersham Biosciences).
  • the fusion gene GST-LOXL S355-D415 was constructed by introducing the cDNA sequence of HLOXL (cDNA hLOXL), produced by PCR with the sense primer 5′-TTGGATCCAGCGTAGGCAGCGTGTAC-3′ (SEQ ID No17), and antisense primer 5′-AAACTCGAGCATCGTAGTCGGTGGC-3′ (SEQ ID No18).
  • the fusion gene GST-LOX G128-L212 was constructed by introducing hLOX cDNA amplified with sense primer 5′-TCGGATCCGGCTACTCGACATCTAGAGCC-3′ (SEQ ID No18) and antisense primer 5′-GTCCTCGAGACCGTACTGGMGTAGCC-3′ (SEQ ID No19), respectively.
  • the fusion gene GST-LOX V228-S279 was constructed by introducing the hLOX sequence amplified with sense primer 5′-TTGGATCCGTGCAGMGATGTCCATGTAC-3′ (SEQ ID No20) and antisense primer 5′-TTTCTCGAGGCTGGGTMGAAATCTGATG-3′ (SEQ ID No21), respectively.
  • the fusion gene GST-LOX D306-N373 was constructed by introducing hLOX cDNA amplified with sense primer 5′-CACTATGGATCCCTTGATGCCAACACCC-3′ (SEQ ID No22) and antisense primer 5′-CACGACTTTAGGATATCGTTTCCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID No23), respectively.
  • fusion proteins GST-LOX and GST-LOXL were obtained and purified as described above for the fusion proteins originating from the expression of the fusion genes GST-LOXL S355-D415 and GST LOX G128-L212 (Decitre et al, Lab Invest, 78: 143-151, 1998; Borel et al, J. Biol. Chem, 276: 48944-49, 2001).
  • the antibodies were incubated for 3 hours at 20° C. with the fusion proteins, themselves adsorbed on a nitrocellulose membrane, Hybond-ECL membrane (Amersham Biosciences) before the immuno-detection.
  • the invention has been to use the anti-LOXLmat antibody and anti-LOXmat antibody, and this enabled demonstrating a protein of 31 kDa, which is recognized by the anti-LOXLmat but not by the anti-LOXmat, and which corresponds to the mature form of LOXL.
  • This part of the invention demonstrates a real progress over the prior art, notably with reference to the patent of Csiszar et al., which describes all the proteins originating from the genes of the LO family without defining the features of them (WO 01/83702 A2 patent application: Novel members of the lysyl oxidase family of amine oxidases related applications).
  • FIG. 2 represents photographs of electrophoreses which were carried out as indicated below. These electrophoreses demonstrate the characterization of the mature proteins of LOX and LOXL, of smooth muscle cells (SMC) by virtue of the antibodies anti-LOX and anti-LOXL, identified in Example 1.
  • the proteins of the cell strain (L) and of the cell culture medium (M) of a cell line of rat smooth muscle were extracted and detected by western blotting by using the antibodies anti-LOXLmat, anti-LOXmat, anti-LOXLpro and anti-LOXpro.
  • the cells were cultivated at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in DMEM medium (Sigma) containing 10% foetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine and 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin.
  • the cell strain proteins which are washed twice with PBS buffer, were extracted for 2 hours at 4° C. with slow agitation in the lysis buffer (16 mM phosphate buffer pH 8, 0.5% NP40, protease inhibitors (Complete Mini, Roche Diagnostics), and urea 6 M).
  • the lysates were diluted with two volumes of 16 mM phosphate buffer pH 8, with protease inhibitors (Complete Mini, Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France), and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 15,000 g.
  • the soluble proteins were precipitated by adding 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) before the electrophoresis.
  • TCA trichloroacetic acid
  • the proteins are separated by 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  • the proteins were transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Immobilon P SQ , Millipore) and were immuno-detected as described above (Borel et al, 2001).
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the developed antibodies thus enable characterizing and locating the mature and immature forms of LOX and LOXL in the biological tissues.
  • FIG. 3 representation is made of the immuno-histological detection of LOXL and LOX in the reconstructed skin (RS) and normal human skin.
  • the immuno-detection of LOXL (I) and of LOX (J) in the skin of human foreskin is carried out by using anti-LOXL R231-G368 (I) and anti-LOX V228-S279 (J).
  • the position of the dermal-epidermal junction is indicated with an open arrow, that of the dermal substrate with an arrow, and the location of the keratinocytes at day 16 is indicated with an arrow head.
  • the reconstructed skin (Mimeskin®, Coletica, Lyons, France) was prepared in Bouin's fixative (LOX, LOXL, elastin) or in a 10% formol solution (for the elastin), and then included in paraffin. 6 ⁇ m thick sections were ridded of paraffin and were whitened in glycine-HCl (100 mmol/l). The anti-LOX and anti-LOXL antibodies are described above.
  • the antibodies were used at the following dilution: 1:500 (anti-LOXL R231-G368 ), 1:100 (anti-LOX V228-S279 , anti-LOXL S355-D416 ).
  • the immune complexes were detected with a rabbit (goat) anti IgG conjugated with peroxidase (DAKO, Trappes, France), by using diaminobenzidine as substrate (DAKO).
  • LOXL is thus an excellent candidate for participating in elastogenesis in a reconstructed skin model notably such as Mimeskin®.
  • the invention also covers the development of two novel anti-LOXL2 antibodies, one of these antibodies theoretically also recognizing LOXL3 and LOXL4. This has enabled defining whether these enzymes are expressed with elastin in the dermis of a reconstructed skin model.
  • the analysis by immuno-histochemistry by using the two anti-LOXL2 antibodies does in fact show that this antigen, as well as the two antigenically linked proteins LOXL3 and LOXL4, are not or are little expressed in the dermis, and that therefore, they do not participate in the elastogenesis.
  • the immuno-detection is represented on the sections of reconstructed skin (16, 35 and 45 days) and of human foreskin skin with the antibody anti LOXL2 517-581 (left column) and the antibody anti-LOXL2 664-720 theoretically recognizing LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 (right column).
  • the anti-LOXL2 antibodies were obtained against fusion peptides GST-LOXL2, as described above (Decitre et al Lab. Invest., 78, 143-151, 1998).
  • the fusion gene GST-LOXL2 517-581 was constructed by introducing the sequence 1543 to 1747 of the human LOXL2 gene (hLOXL2) in the plasmid, as described above.
  • This segment was generated by PCR with the sense primer 5-GAGCTGGGATCCGCGCACTGCC-3′ and antisense primer 5′-GGCTGAGTCGACGAGGCAGTTCTCC-3′.
  • the fusion gene GST-LOXL2 664-720 was constructed by introducing the corresponding hLOXL2 sequence, by virtue of the sense primer 5′-CACAGGATCCGAAGGAGACATCCAGAAG-3′ and antisense primer 5′-TTTCTGAGCTCCTGCATTTCATGATG-3′.
  • the fusion proteins and the anti-rabbit antibodies generated against these proteins were prepared as described above.
  • the antibody against the 517-580 peptide was called anti-LOXL2, since this region is specific of LOXL2.
  • the antibody against the 664-734 peptide was called anti-LOXL-R (for ⁇ relative to>>) since this region of LOXL2 possesses a high similarity with LOXL3 and LOXL4 (about 74.6% and 60.5%, respectively).
  • LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4 are therefore not involved in elastogenesis.
  • LOX and LOXL associated with the microfibrils constitute the framework on which the elastin is deposited, whereas only LOX is associated with the formation of the collagen fibers (vide FIG. 5).
  • FIG. 5 The immuno-detection of LOXL, of LOX and of elastin is represented by transmission electron microscopy in the dermal part of the reconstructed skin 30 days after the application of the keratinocytes, and of the normal human skin.
  • the tissues were fixed for 3 hours at 4° C. with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS buffer containing 0.1% glutaraldehyde, and were then washed in phosphate buffer containing 0.4M of sucrose cacodylate and 0.2M lysine, dehydrated in solutions of ethanol, and included in LR White (Euromedex, France).
  • the detection was carried out with primary antibodies diluted to 1:50 in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.2, to which 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) is added.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the immune complexes are detected with an rabbit anti-IgG antibody conjugated with colloidal gold particles of 10 and 20 nm (Biocell, Tebu, France) diluted to 1:40.
  • the samples were contrasted with 3% aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and were then examined under a JEOL 1200 EX transmission electron microscope.
  • the immuno-detection was carried out on the reconstructed skin (A-D) and on the skin of human foreskin (F-I).
  • References A-D Immuno-detection of LOXL, LOX and elastin by electron microscope in the dermal part of the reconstructed skins at 45 days.
  • Reference E Positive control with anti-elastin and anti-collagen I antibodies in the dermis of reconstructed skins at 45 days, i.e. 30 days after the addition of keratinocytes.
  • References F and I Double immuno-detection of LOXL, LOX, elastin and collagen by electron microscopy in in the dermal part of human foreskin.
  • References G-H Double-labelling in the dermal part of the human foreskin with the rabbit anti-LOXL antibody (the rabbit anti-IgG is conjugated with 10 nm gold particles) and the murine anti-elastin antibody (the mouse anti-IgG is conjugated with 20 nm gold particles).
  • m microfibrils
  • c collagen fibers
  • e amorphous elastin. Bar of the scale: 500 nm.
  • LOXL (A-B) is detected in association with the dense deposits or on the microfibrils, but not with the collagen fibers which appear in white on these sections.
  • the labelling of LOX (C) is low, although a few gold particles could be found with the dense deposits, the microfibrils and the collagen.
  • the anti-elastin antibodies detected the same dense deposits and the microfibrils (D).
  • G-H immuno-detection
  • LOXL is not associated with the collagen fibers, opposite to the LOX which is very present with the collagen fibers and little present on the microfibrils.
  • the LOXL antigens were detected in association with the microfibrils and around the elastic fibers of the skin of human foreskin.
  • LOXL is not associated with the amorphous elastin which extends around the microfibrils, but is mainly observed on their periphery, and not with the collagen fibers.
  • LOXL is associated with the elastic fibers in the reconstructed skin models and in the skin of the human foreskin.
  • LOXL and LOX are expressed in the dermis of the skin of the foreskin taken from young patients (a few months) still having a high elastin synthesis. LOXL is not however expressed in the dermis of adult skin, of the neck, the breast, the abdomen or the face, whereas LOX is always expressed in the dermis (FIG. 6).
  • FIG. 6 the immuno-detection of LOX and LOXL in the human skin is represented.
  • the antibodies anti-LOX (A, C, E, G) and anti-LOXL (B, D, F, H) were used for detecting the expression of LOX and LOXL in samples of skin of the foreskin (A, B), of the neck (C, D), of the breast (E, F) and of the abdomen (G, H) originating from the tissue bank of the Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyons, France.
  • the tissues were fixed with Bouin's reagent, included in paraffin, and treated for the immuno-detection as was carried out for the immuno-detections which are described above.
  • FIG. 7 The immuno-detection of LOX and LOXL in skins of the human abdomen taken at various ages is represented.
  • the antibodies anti-LOX (A, C, E, G) and anti-LOXL (B, D, F, H) were used for detecting the expression of LOX and LOXL in samples of skin of the abdomen taken at 1.5 years old (A, B), 35 years old (C, D), 60 years old (E, F) and 91 years old (G, H) originating from the tissue bank of the Edouard Herriot Hospital.
  • the tissues were fixed with Bouin's reagent, included in paraffin, and treated for the immuno-detection such as described for the preceding immuno-detections.
  • FIG. 8 The immuno-detection of LOX and LOXL in scar tissue skins at varying periods after the healing is represented.
  • the antibodies anti-LOX (A, D, G), anti-elastin (B, E, H) and anti-LOXL (C, F, I) were used for detecting the expression of LOX, of elastin and of LOXL in samples of skin of the neck of a patient of 17 years old, around the scar ( ⁇ normal>> zone, A-C), 3 months (D-F) or 5 years old (G-H) after a healing.
  • the tissues were fixed with Bouin's reagent, included in paraffin, and treated for the immuno-detection such as was described for the preceding immuno-detections.
  • the labeling of elastin requires a demasking with the aid of 0.2% hyaluronidase (Sigma).
  • the invention demonstrates that there exists: (i) an undeniable implication of LOXL in the formation of elastic fibers in reconstructed skin models and in the dermis of the foreskins of young patients, and (ii) a veritable deficit of expression of LOXL in the dermis of the human skin at varying ages and in the scars.
  • LOXL is therefore indeed the only lysyl oxidase isoform which is capable on the one hand of enabling the cross-linking of the functional elastic fibers and, on the other, of being missing in the situation wherein a cross-linking of the elastic fibers is necessary in order to produce functional fibers.
  • LOX which could also be associated with the formation of elastic fibers, is not missing in the skins of the adult.
  • the invention has enabled demonstrating further that the human LOXL gene (hLOXL) can be activated at its promoter level (FIG. 9).
  • the Sequence ID No. 3 describes the nucleotides going from ⁇ 2730 to ⁇ 1 of the sequence of this promoter. Several zones of activity of the hLOXL promoter were demonstrated. Notably, the region corresponding to the nucleotides ⁇ 712/ ⁇ 391 (according to the numbering defined from +1 of translation of the LOXL gene) possesses an up-regulating activity on the reporter gene luciferase, expressed after transitional transfection in fibroblasts of skin of the human foreskin (FIG. 9).
  • the tools thus described can be used for the screening of active principles having an agonist or antagonist action upon the promoter of hLOXL, and more particularly upon the putative sites of recognition.
  • the promoter of the human LOXL gene was defined by virtue of the sequences from the data bases. Since the site of initiation of the transcription was unknown, the inventors numbered it with respect to the +1 of translation. However, the EST (Expressed Sequence Tags) cDNA search, which corresponds to this region, did not give any sequence further up from position ⁇ 342, which enables supposing that the initiation of the transcription of the hLOXL gene is done in this region (without TATA box). Specific primers were shown on this sequence in position ⁇ 2172 and +189 (exon 1). They enabled the amplification and the isolation of the PrhLOXL from human genomic DNA originating from skin fibroblasts.
  • the promoter known as ⁇ entire>>, going from ⁇ 2172 to ⁇ 1, was able to be sub-cloned in the pGL3-basic vector (Promega, Charbonippos, France) for the study of it in eukaryotic cells. It was placed up from the reporter gene, the luciferase gene. Thus, the production of luciferase by the transfected cells is under the control of the PrhLOXL and therefore proportional to its activity.
  • the cells are transfected at the same time with the promoter, intensely and reproducibly expressing ⁇ -galactosidase ( ⁇ -Gal), enabling the results to be normalized.
  • ⁇ -Gal ⁇ -galactosidase
  • the luciferase and ⁇ -Gal enzyme activities are measured.
  • the PrhLOXL was progressively reduced (deletion 5′) so as to determine the role of the regions taken out.
  • the aim was to study the regulation of the PrhLOXL in the fibroblasts of human skin, the transfection of these cells was developed. In contrast to the cell lines which transfect easily, normal fibroblasts transfect very poorly. Superfect® (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France) was selected, since it enables the transfection of about 40% of fibroblasts in culture.
  • FIG. 9 represents the luciferase/ ⁇ -galactosidase activity as a function of the sequence of the promoter PrhLOXL. This Figure enables facilitating the understanding of the definition of the activating and inhibiting regions of the promoter within a human fibroblast cell of the skin of the foreskin.
  • the successive reductions of the PrhLOXL in 5′ have enabled generating 7 constructions, bearing shorter and shorter sequences of the promoter up from the reporter gene luciferase: pLL-2172, pLL-2002, pLL-1438, pLL-712, -pLL-391, -pLL-81.
  • the constructions were transfected in fibroblasts of the foreskin of human skin, and the luciferase activity was measured.
  • the cells are also transfected with a plasmid bearing the ⁇ -galactosidase gene, under the control of the promoter SV40, so as to serve as a transfection effectiveness control.
  • the final values correspond to the luciferase activity (indicating the activity of the sequences of the hLOXL promoter) compared to the ⁇ -galactosidase activity (showing the effectiveness of transfection).
  • the evolution of the activities enable defining several regulation zones on the promoter, including 3 activating zones, shown by the signs +( ⁇ 2172 ⁇ 2002; ⁇ 1438 ⁇ 968; ⁇ 712 ⁇ 391) and 2 inhibiting zones, shown by the signs ⁇ ( ⁇ 2002 ⁇ 1438; ⁇ 968 ⁇ 712).
  • the ⁇ 81 ⁇ 1 promoter is not active and is situated down from the +1 of transcription.
  • the putative +1 of transcription is situated in position ⁇ 342 with respect to the site of initiation of the translation.
  • FIG. 10 represents a schematic view of the promoter of the hLOXL gene, and notably identifies the putative sites of regulation of the transcription of the hLOXL gene.
  • the zones indicated by a “+” sign correspond to a zone of activation of the expression of the gene, those represented by a “ ⁇ ” correspond to a zone of inhibition of this expression.
  • FIG. 11 which represents skin model sections (Mimeskin®) at day 35:
  • the position of the DEJ is indicated by an open arrow, the position of the porous dermal substrate is indicated with arrows, and the positive cells are indicated with arrow heads.
  • the double strand DNA probes are produced by PCR.
  • the following primers were used, respectively:
  • the DNAs are amplified with Taq Polymerase (Promega, Charbonippos, France) and Dig-11-dUTP (Roche Diagnostic, Meylan, France) as labeller nucleotide, and they are then purified after electrophoresis on agarose gel by using the QIAquick extraction kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France).
  • the in situ hybridization was carried out on sections included in paraffin.
  • the samples are ridded of paraffin and treated with proteinase K (Roche) at 2 ⁇ g/ml for 15 minutes at 20° C.
  • the endogenous peroxidases are inhibited as indicated in the TSA + amplification kit (NEN, Boston, USA).
  • a pre-hybridization is carried out for 2 hours at 37° C. in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, with 50% deionised formamide, 2 ⁇ SSC (sodium salt citrate), 5 mM EDTA, 2.5 ⁇ Denhardt's solution, 200 ⁇ g/ml denatured herring DNA, 1 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 10 mg/ml tRNA.
  • the hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 37° C.
  • the final detection of the complexes is carried out by using the TSA + amplification kit (NEN).
  • the positive signals correspond to the activity of the alkaline phosphatase linked to the amplification procedure of the TSA kit, after 2 hours of activity at ambient temperature, and defined by the precipitation of the tetrazolium salts formed (by using the Nitro Blue Tetrazolium/bromochlorylindolophosphate (NBT/BCIP) substrates).
  • the invention demonstrates that the LOXL and LOX genes can be activated by the addition of keratinocytes in a reconstructed skin model (Mimeskin®, Coletica, Lyons, France), as the tracking of the expression of the mRNAs by in situ hybridization demonstrates (FIG. 11).
  • the LOX gene is also activated after the addition of the keratinocytes, at the same time as the collagen I ⁇ 1 gene (Col1A1).
  • the inventors used five strains of fibroblasts from the foreskin (FF) (originating from young infants) and 6 strains of adult fibroblasts (AF, 3 of 20 years old on average, and 3 of 60 years old on average) originating from plastic surgery on the abdomen.
  • RNAs are purified with the ⁇ SV 96Total RNA Isolation System>> kit (Promega, Charbonippos, France).
  • the purified RNAs are eluted in 100 ⁇ l of RNase-free water (Promega, Charbonippos, France), determined and distributed into plates (96-well, 10 ⁇ l total RNA at 5 ng/ ⁇ l by PCR).
  • the primers selected for the implementation of this work are the following and are the subject of Table I: TABLE I Position on Melting Size the human temperature Gene Name (nucleotides) Human sequence gene (MT) ELN 1 Ela 20 GTA TAT ACC CAG Sense: +443 62° C.
  • RT-PCR The technique of real time RT-PCR is carried out with the ⁇ Quanti Tect SYBR Green RT-PCR>> kit (Qiagen, France) on wells containing mRNA, in an OPTICON thermocycler, which carries out amplification cycles.
  • the retrotranscription (RT) is performed for 30 minutes at 50° C., followed by 15 minutes at 95° C. in order to inhibit the reverse transcriptase, to activate the polymerase and to denature the complementary DNA (cDNA) obtained.
  • 50 chain polymerization cycles (PCR) are carried out (15 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 60° C., 30 seconds at 72° C.). At every cycle end, the fluorescence, which is proportional to the number of fragments amplified, is read.
  • the level of expression is defined by the ratio of expression of each gene with respect to actin.
  • the invention enables demonstrating the direct relationship of LOXL with the elastic fibers, the importance of LOXL for forming elastic fibers in reconstructed skin, and the absence of LOXL from tissues wherein the synthesis of functional elastic fibers does not take place (adult tissues, scars).
  • the invention relates notably to a method of screening for detecting novel molecules which are capable of concomitantly inducing the synthesis of LOXL and of elastin with the view to re-inducing the expression of functional elastic fibers in reconstructed skin, skin biopsies, and human skin.
  • the active principles were tested at 1% (v/v) on fibroblasts of normal human skin (originating from the foreskin of the infant or originating from the adult).
  • the culture was carried out, e.g. in a monolayer on 24-well culture plates, in a defined medium without serum (Fibroblast Basal Medium).
  • the cells were sown, e.g. at 40,000 per cm 2 . At the confluence, the cells are placed in contact with the actives advantageously for 24 hours.
  • a non-treated control (medium alone) and three positive controls (TGF- ⁇ at 1 ng/ml, IL-1 ⁇ at 50 pg/ml and Phytokine® (Coletica, Lyons, France) at 2%(v/v)) are advantageously carried out, e.g. on the same culture plate.
  • the TGF- ⁇ at 1 ng/ml and the IL-1 ⁇ at 50 pg/ml were tested beforehand and the stimulation of the synthesis of elastin mRNA induced by these two cytokines at these concentrations was verified by an analysis of the mRNAs, e.g. by quantitative RT-PCR ( ⁇ 10 for TGF- ⁇ and ⁇ 6 for IL-1 alpha).
  • the media are removed and the cells are preserved e.g. by dry freezing at ⁇ 80° C. after a rinsing in phosphate buffer pH 7.4.
  • the total RNAs are extracted e.g.
  • RNAs are diluted e.g. to 5 ng/ ⁇ l.
  • the qualitative RT-PCR in 1 step is carried out e.g. on 50 ng of initial RNA on a 96-well plate, on the genes of actin, elastin, of LOX and of LOXL.
  • the specific primers of each gene are used e.g.
  • sense elastin gene 1Ela 5′-GTA TAT ACC CAG GTG GCG (SEQ ID NO 24) TG-3′; antisense elastin gene: 2Ela 5′-CGA ACT TTG CTG CTG CTT (SEQ ID NO 25) TAG-3′; Sense LOXL gene: 30L1 5′-GAC TTC GGC AAC CTC AAG (SEQ ID NO 26) C-3′; Antisense LOXL gene: 31L1 5′-TGT TGC AGA AAC GTA GCG (SEQ ID NO 27) AC-3′; sense LOX gene: Ox64 5′-ACG TAC GTG CAG AAG ATG (SEQ ID NO 28) TCC-3′; antisense LOX gene: Ox65 5′-GGC TGG GTA AGA AAT CTG (SEQ ID NO 29) ATG-3′; sense Actin gene: Actin U 5′-GTGGGGCGCCCCAGGCACCA-3′; (SEQ ID NO 29) A
  • the amplification parameters were advantageously the following: 48° C., 30 min; 94° C., 2 min; (94° C., 30 seconds; 60° C., 30 seconds; 68° C., 30 seconds) 28 cycles for actin, 30 cycles for LOXL, 32 cycles for LOX, or 34 cycles for elastin; 68° C., 10 min; 14° C., infinity.
  • the products are for example mixed at the rate of 3 ⁇ l of actin amplification products+5 ⁇ l of elastin gene amplification products+5 ⁇ l of LOX gene amplification products +5 ⁇ l of LOXL gene amplification products.
  • a loading buffer is added (2 ⁇ l) and the total volume (20 ⁇ l) is deposited on a pre-poured agarose gel (Invitrogen, France) e.g. at 2%.
  • the inventors visualized the levels of expression by means known to the person skilled in the art and e.g.: the bands of the samples were visualized under UV in a black chamber after migration (15 minutes) and were photographed digitally. The photographs of the gels were analyzed by image analysis and quantification of the intensity of the bands (Phoretix1D, France).
  • the level of expression of the genes of elastin, of LOX and of LOXL were expressed in percentage variation with respect to those obtained for the negative control (without treatment).
  • the cells of the foreskin express quantities of mRNA encoding elastin at a level which is identical to that observed on average in the adult, while they are very much greater than the case of the mRNA encoding LOXL, as well as in the case of the mRNA encoding LOX. It is therefore possible to reverse this decrease of the expression of LOXL and eventually of LOX in the aged cells, and a screening of active principles in this sense was performed.
  • the plant extracts were obtained in allowing the plants to soak at 2-5% (w/w) in a water/(alcohol, glycol or polyol) mixture (such as ethanol, glycerol, butylene glycol and other glycols, xylitol etc . . . ) 100/0 to 0/100.
  • the extracts obtained were then filtered or distilled so as to recover the soluble fraction which is then filtered in sterile manner.
  • the chemical molecules originate from Sigma (Saint-Louis, USA) and are used diluted or dispersed at 1% in an alcohol or a glycol.
  • the actives selected after the first step of screening were tested at various concentrations of between 0.1% and 5%, (v/v) on fibroblasts of normal (adult) human skin.
  • the culture was carried out e.g. in monolayer in 24-well plates, in a defined medium without serum (Fibroblast Basal Medium).
  • the cells are sown e.g. at 40,000 per cm 2 .
  • the media were removed and the cells were preserved e.g. by dry freezing at ⁇ 80° C. after a rinsing with phosphate buffer at pH 7.4.
  • the content of mRNA of elastin, of LOXL and of actin is evaluated by an mRNA analysis technique, e.g. by real time RT-PCR.
  • an mRNA analysis technique e.g. by real time RT-PCR.
  • the couples of primers enabling the amplification of specific fragments of these genes are those described above (Example 10).
  • RNAs are diluted e.g. to 5 ng/ ⁇ l.
  • the RT-PCR reactions Reverse Polymerase Transcription Chain Reactions
  • the reaction mixture (50 ⁇ l) introduced into the wells was the following, for each sample:
  • Reaction mixture (Qiagen-25 ⁇ l 2 ⁇ QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR master mix containing 5 mM MgCl2+0.5 ⁇ l QuantiTect RT mix), the label SYBR Green I inserting in the DNA double strands during the elongation step.
  • PCR reactions [15 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 60° C. and 30 seconds at 72° C.], 50 cycles.
  • C (T)gene ⁇ x>> signifying the number of cycles necessary to attain the cycle threshold of 0.01-0.05 of the gene ⁇ x>>.
  • the actives selected enable activating the level of synthesis of mRNA of the genes encoding LOXL, LOX and elastin, in the fibroblasts of the abdomen of mature age adult (donor of 63 years old in this case).
  • the study made enables determining the optimal concentrations of use for each active selected.
  • Formulation 12a A water qsp 100 Butylene Glycol 2 Glycerol 3 Sodium Dihydroxycetyl 2 Phosphate, Isopropyl Hydroxycetyl Ether B Glycol Stearate SE 14 Triisononaoin 5 Octyl Cocoate 6 C Butylene Glycol, 2 Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, pH adjusted to 5.5
  • Formulation 12b A Water qsp 100 Butylene Glycol 2 Glycerol 3 Polyacrylamide, Isoparaffin, 2.8 Laureth-7 B Butylene Glycol, 2 Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben; Phenoxyethanol, 2 Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben, Ethylparaben Butylene Glycol 0.5 D Products of the invention 0.01-10%
  • Formulation 12c A Carbomer 0.50 Propylene Glycol 3 Glycerol 5 Water qsp 100 B Octyl Cocoate 5 Bisabolol 0.30 Dimethicone 0.30 C Sodium Hydroxide 1.60 D Phenoxyethanol, 0.50 Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben, Ethylparaben E Perfume 0.30 F Products of the invention 0.01-10%
  • Formulation 17a Preparation of Tablets A Excipients In g, per tablet Lactose 0.359 Sucrose 0.240 B Extract of LOXL* 0.001-0.1
  • Formulation 17b Preparation of an Ointment A Excipients Low density polyethylene 5.5 Liquid paraffin qsp 100 B Extract of LOXL* 0.001-0.1
  • Formulation 17c Preparation of an Injectable Formula A Excipient Saline isotonic solution 5 ml B Extract of LOXL* 0.001-0.1 g
  • Phase A and Phase B are packaged in separate ampoules and are mixed before use.
  • Toxicology tests were carried out on the compounds obtained according to Examples 10 and 11 incorporated at 10% in a 0.5% xanthan gum, by an ocular evaluation in the rabbit, by the study of the absence of abnormal toxicity by single oral administration in the rat and by the study of the sensitizing power in the guinea pig.
  • the LD0 and LD50 are found to be greater than 5,000 mg/Kg. The preparations tested are therefore not classed amongst the preparations which are dangerous by ingestion.
  • the preparations are classed as non-sensitizing by contact with the skin.
  • Sequence ID No1 is the peptide sequence of the human protein LOXL.
  • Sequence ID No2 is the sequence of nucleotides of the cDNA encoding the human protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1.
  • Sequence ID No3 is the sequence of nucleotides of the cDNA encoding the promoter of the human gene encoding the protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1.
  • Sequence ID No4 is the peptide sequence of the human protein tropoelastin.
  • Sequence ID No5 is the sequence of nucleotides of the cDNA encoding the human protein tropoelastin described in sequence ID No4.
  • Sequence ID No6 is the peptide sequence of the human protein LOX.
  • Sequence ID No7 is the sequence of nucleotides of the cDNA encoding the human protein LOX described in sequence ID No6.
  • Sequence ID No8 is a sense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1
  • Sequence ID No9 is an antisense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1.
  • Sequence ID No10 is a sense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein tropoelastin described in sequence ID No4.
  • Sequence ID No11 is an antisense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein tropoelastin described in sequence ID No4.
  • Sequence ID No12 is a sense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein LOX described in sequence ID No6.
  • Sequence ID No13 is an antisense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein LOX described in sequence ID No6.
  • Sequence ID No14 is a sense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein collagen I ⁇ 1L.
  • Sequence ID No15 is an antisense primer of the DNA encoding the human protein collagen I ⁇ 1L.
  • Sequence ID No16 is a sense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST S355-D415.
  • Sequence ID No17 is an antisense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST S355-D415.
  • Sequence ID No18 is a sense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST G128-L212.
  • Sequence ID No19 is an antisense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST G128-L212.
  • Sequence ID No20 is a sense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST V228-S279.
  • Sequence ID No21 is an antisense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST V228-S279.
  • Sequence ID No22 is a sense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST D306-N373.
  • Sequence ID No23 is an antisense primer of the DNA of the fusion gene GST D306-N373.
  • Sequence ID No24 is a sense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein tropoelastin described in sequence ID No4.
  • Sequence ID No25 is an antisense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein tropoelastin described in sequence ID No4.
  • Sequence ID No26 is a sense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1.
  • Sequence ID No27 is an antisense primer of the sequence of the mRNA encoding the human protein LOXL described in sequence ID No1.
  • Sequence ID No28 is a sense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein LOX described in sequence ID No6.
  • Sequence ID No29 is an antisense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein LOX described in sequence ID No6.
  • Sequence ID No30 is a sense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein actin.
  • Sequence ID No31 is an antisense primer for the RT-PCR of the mRNA encoding the human protein actin.

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US20100040710A1 (en) 2010-02-18
GB2402676B (en) 2007-11-21
US20110014175A1 (en) 2011-01-20
DE102004028302B4 (de) 2005-11-24
CA2467768A1 (fr) 2004-12-13
CA2467768C (fr) 2015-02-24
KR20040107418A (ko) 2004-12-20
KR100637934B1 (ko) 2006-11-23
US8906425B2 (en) 2014-12-09
GB0413102D0 (en) 2004-07-14
US20130011902A1 (en) 2013-01-10

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