US20030065149A1 - Stabilized hemoglobin solutions - Google Patents

Stabilized hemoglobin solutions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030065149A1
US20030065149A1 US10/124,941 US12494102A US2003065149A1 US 20030065149 A1 US20030065149 A1 US 20030065149A1 US 12494102 A US12494102 A US 12494102A US 2003065149 A1 US2003065149 A1 US 2003065149A1
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Prior art keywords
hemoglobin solution
oxygen
solution
hemoglobin
layer
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US10/124,941
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Inventor
Robert McGinnis
Gabriel Chavez
Marc Doubleday
Richard DeWoskin
Anthony Avella
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OPK Biotech LLC
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NORTHFIELD LABORATORIES
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Priority to US10/124,941 priority Critical patent/US20030065149A1/en
Publication of US20030065149A1 publication Critical patent/US20030065149A1/en
Assigned to NORTHFIELD LABORATORIES, INC. reassignment NORTHFIELD LABORATORIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AVELLA, ANTHONY, CHAVEZ, GABRIEL, DOUBLEDAY, MARC, DEWOSKIN, RICHARD, MCGINNIS, ROBERT L.
Priority to US11/231,921 priority patent/US7202341B2/en
Priority to US11/709,976 priority patent/US7435795B2/en
Assigned to NORTHFIELD LIQUIDATION TRUST reassignment NORTHFIELD LIQUIDATION TRUST ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NORTHFIELD LABORATORIES INC.
Assigned to OPK BIOTECH LLC reassignment OPK BIOTECH LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NORTHFIELD LIQUIDATION TRUST
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
    • A61J1/05—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes for collecting, storing or administering blood, plasma or medical fluids ; Infusion or perfusion containers
    • A61J1/10—Bag-type containers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/41—Porphyrin- or corrin-ring-containing peptides
    • A61K38/42—Haemoglobins; Myoglobins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid

Definitions

  • the invention relates to stabilized oxygen carrying solutions. More specifically, it relates to a hemoglobin solution packaged in an oxygen and water vapor impermeable flexible container, and to the storage and preservation of a deoxygenated hemoglobin solution.
  • Oxygen carrying solutions such as hemoglobin-derived solutions can be used in place of whole blood or red blood cells for patients having a need for augmented oxygen carrying capacity. Because they are not dependent upon donor availability, such solutions can be made readily available in an emergency situation or during a blood bank shortage. Also, due to risk of infection of blood borne pathogens as a result of a blood transfusion, a patient may prefer a hemoglobin-derived solution for transfusion in place of whole blood or red blood cells.
  • such solutions may include, but are not limited to, oxygen carriers, blood substitutes, and hemoglobin-derived compositions such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,425, 5,464,814, 5,438,041, 5,217,648, 5,194,590, 5,061,688, and 4,826,811, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • Active hemoglobin is an oxygen (O 2 ) transporting protein found in red blood cells.
  • Each hemoglobin molecule is comprised of four protein chains and four porphyrin molecules known as heme.
  • In the middle of each heme is an iron atom that is partially oxidized to the (+2) state.
  • oxygenation rather than oxidation
  • deoxygenation deoxygenation
  • Hemoglobin having an oxidized heme group is known as methemoglobin.
  • Human blood normally contains only a very small percentage of methemoglobin, but the amount can be increased by certain toxins and in some diseases. Such a condition is dangerous because methemoglobin does not transport O 2 to the body tissues.
  • a common storage container for a medical solution such as a hemoglobin solution
  • a medical solution such as a hemoglobin solution
  • I.V. bags used specifically for hemoglobin solutions stored in a deoxygenated state must also provide a sufficient barrier to the passage of moisture vapor and other gasses to preserve the deoxygenated state of the hemoglobin solution contained therein.
  • the container for a hemoglobin solution should be made from a material that complies with U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Class VI classification (physical, chemical and biocompatibility) and that is non-pyrogenic.
  • USP U.S. Pharmacopeia
  • these bags must meet a number of performance criteria, including collapsibility, optical clarity and transparency, and mechanical strength. Collapsibility is necessary in order to ensure proper and complete delivery or drainage of the bag.
  • the film from which the bag is made must be flexible.
  • the container must be optically clear so that, prior to administering a medical solution from a bag and into a patient, a visual inspection of the solution contained within the container may be performed to determine whether the solution has deteriorated or has been contaminated. Therefore, it is essential that the container meet a level of optical properties, i.e., a high degree of clarity and transmission of light.
  • hemoglobin solutions cannot be terminally heat sterilized due to the degradation of the hemoglobin molecule and therefore must be aseptically filled.
  • the containers must be, for example, gamma irradiated or washed in a hydrogen peroxide bath or exposed to an ethylene oxide environment. Therefore, another requirement of medical solution containers is that they must be able to endure the high dosages of gamma irradiation without discoloration or deterioration due to material degradation via polymer chain scissioning.
  • medical solution containers must also have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the abuse which is typically encountered in the administration and handling of the solution.
  • a plastic or rubber bladder is placed around a medical solution-containing bag and pressurized to, for example, approximately 300 mm Hg, in order to force the solution out of the pouch and into a patient.
  • Such a bladder is commonly referred to as a “pressure-cuff” and is used, for example, when a patient is bleeding profusely in order to quickly replace lost fluids and restore oxygen carrying capacity or, for example, when resistance in the intravenous fluid path is high (e.g., long lines, small catheter, etc.) such that a greater opposing pressure must be generated in the bag in order to introduce in a timely fashion the medical solution into the patient.
  • a pressure-cuff is commonly referred to as a “pressure-cuff” and is used, for example, when a patient is bleeding profusely in order to quickly replace lost fluids and restore oxygen carrying capacity or, for example, when resistance in the intravenous fluid path is high (e.g., long lines, small catheter, etc.) such that a greater opposing pressure must be generated in the bag in order to introduce in a timely fashion the medical solution into the patient.
  • the invention provides a packaged hemoglobin solution which is a substantially oxygen-free, polymerized hemoglobin solution sealed within a flexible container comprising a polymer film having an oxygen permeability of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cc/m 2 per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%.
  • the hemoglobin solution is packaged in a polymer film having an oxygen permeability of either (a) about 0.05 to about 0.17 cc/m 2 per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%, or (b) about 0.15 to about 0.5 cc/m 2 per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%.
  • the methemoglobin concentration of the solution is less than about 8.0% for at least one year at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%.
  • the solution may include an essentially tetramer-free, substantially stroma-free, cross-linked, polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin.
  • the hemoglobin solution contains one or more preservatives such as ascorbic acid or glycine.
  • the invention provides a hemoglobin solution packaged in a polymer film which has an oxygen barrier layer.
  • the oxygen barrier layer may include ethylene vinyl alcohol or PVDC.
  • Still another embodiment of the invention includes a hemoglobin solution which is a substantially oxygen-free, polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution sealed within a flexible polymeric container comprising an oxygen barrier film having at least one barrier layer for maintaining the methemoglobin concentration of the solution below about 8.0% for at least one year at about 5° C.
  • the invention further provides for a method of preparing a deoxygenated hemoglobin solution that includes sealing a polymerized hemoglobin solution within a flexible container of a polymer film having an oxygen permeability of about 0.15 to about 0.5 cc/m 2 per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%.
  • the hemoglobin solution contains at least one oxygen scavenger capable of reducing O 2 .
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views illustrating preferred embodiments of the flexible container system for an aqueous material in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a perspective view of the flexible container system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 1A;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view looking at the top of the fill and/or delivery port taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a longitudinal cross-section view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 2 of the fill and/or delivery port in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view looking upwardly at the bottom of the fill and/or delivery port in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the method of fabrication of the flexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a side view of the assembly process for manufacturing the flexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a top view of the assembly process for manufacturing the flexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a stabilized deoxygenated hemoglobin solution packaged in an oxygen impermeable container.
  • the hemoglobin solution is an acellular red blood cell substitute comprising an essentially tetramer-free, cross-linked, polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution which is substantially free of stroma and other contaminants.
  • cross-linked means the chemical emplacement of molecular “bridges” onto or into a hemoglobin molecule, or between molecules, with the purpose of altering the shape, size, function or physical characteristics of the molecule.
  • Tetramer refers to hemoglobin molecules having a molecular weight of about 64 kD; that is, the term refers to both native and intramolecularly cross-linked hemoglobin molecules.
  • the term essentially tetramer-free denotes the level of purity with respect to tetramer contamination at which certain biological responses to tetramer administered into a mammal are no longer of clinical concern.
  • the solution contains no more than about 2.0% free tetramer as measured by standard HPLC methods, based on the weight of total hemoglobin.
  • Particularly preferred products contain less than about 1.0% free tetramer.
  • the hemoglobin solution of the present invention is a polymerized, hemoglobin solution essentially free of tetrameric hemoglobin and various contaminants, is physiologically acceptable as well as therapeutically and clinically useful.
  • the product has reversible oxygen binding capacity which is necessary for oxygen transport properties. Most notably, the product demonstrates good oxygen loading and unloading characteristics in usage which correlates to having an oxygen-hemoglobin affinity (P 50 ) similar to whole blood.
  • P 50 oxygen-hemoglobin affinity
  • the product shows a high affinity for binding oxygen in the capillaries through the lungs and then adequately releases oxygen to the tissues in the body. The product also does not require compatibility studies prior to use with the recipient.
  • An example of the preparation of such a hemoglobin solution is described in WO 97/34883, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the packaged hemoglobin solution of the present invention is substantially oxygen free throughout the shelf life of the solution. While it is most preferred that the hemoglobin solution contain absolutely no oxygen, it is expected that a small amount of oxygen will be present in the solution, such as oxygen introduced into the solution as part of the manufacturing or packaging processes. Further, it is expected that, under normal storage conditions, oxygen will penetrate the flexible package containing the hemoglobin solution. Accordingly, the hemoglobin solution is substantially oxygen free when the amount of oxygen introduced into the solution does not effect the clinical usefulness of the solution.
  • One measurement of oxygenation of the packaged hemoglobin solution is the oxyhemoglobin concentration expressed as the percentage of the total hemoglobin that is bound with oxygen.
  • oxyhemoglobin concentration is less about 15% during production and packaging.
  • the clinical usefulness of the hemoglobin solution is compromised when oxygen present in solution causes the oxidation of the hemoglobin in the solution to methemoglobin such that the methemoglobin concentration exceeds about 8% expressed as the percentage of total hemoglobin that has been oxidized. It is preferred that the concentration of methemoglobin in solution is less than about 8%, more preferably less than about 5.0%.
  • the container for the hemoglobin solution may be a substantially oxygen-impermeable package such as a multi-layer polymeric film which allows for the transparency, flexibility and strength required of containers for medical solutions.
  • the solution may contain one or more preservatives which reduce or consume O 2 in the solution, thereby preventing O 2 from oxidizing the hemoglobin.
  • the solution should be packaged under an inert gas or in a manner that maintains the atmospheric oxygen in the “head space” in the container to less than about 2 cc of residual O 2 per package.
  • a polymer film is substantially oxygen impermeable when the clinical usefulness of a hemoglobin solution, packaged in a container comprising the polymer film, is not diminished due to oxygen penetrating the film over the shelf life of the product under the appropriate storage conditions.
  • the oxygen permeability of the polymer film will depend upon the type of materials used, the thickness of the materials and storage conditions (lower storage temperatures yield lower O 2 permeability). With regard to any one particular material, thicker materials are generally less flexible and less transparent than thinner materials. It has been found that the desired flexibility and transparency of the polymeric film may be achieved with a film having an oxygen permeability of 0.05 to about 0.30 cc/m per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%. This same container will have an oxygen permeability of about 0.15 to about 0.5 cc/m 2 per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating preferred embodiments of the flexible container system 10 , 50 .
  • the flexible container system includes the flexible container or bag 12 , 52 and the fill/delivery interface or port 14 , 54 .
  • the flexible container includes a multi-layer film 16 , which is suitable for forming a flexible pouch.
  • the requirements for a particular embodiment of the flexible container system are described in Table 1.
  • the values provided in Table 1 are for a container system having a shelf life of a minimum of one year and stored within a temperature range of approximately 2-8° C.
  • the flexible container should not require a secondary barrier for use as an oxygen and moisture barrier because the transmission rates through the primary multi-layer film are low enough to eliminate the need for a secondary barrier-type over wrap, a sealed transparent, protective secondary overwrap, or a hard clam shell type container, is preferred in order to minimize particulate accumulation on the container or primary packaging.
  • the overwrap can house detailed label instructions and minimize the likelihood of physical damage caused by handling or tampering.
  • the overwrap may be made from materials such as, but not limited to, polyethylene and polypropylene, or hardshell-type standard plastic materials such as high impact polystyrene, a metal oxide coated polyolefin (PE or PP), or BAREX® resins (BP Chemicals, Naperville, Ill.).
  • materials such as, but not limited to, polyethylene and polypropylene, or hardshell-type standard plastic materials such as high impact polystyrene, a metal oxide coated polyolefin (PE or PP), or BAREX® resins (BP Chemicals, Naperville, Ill.).
  • various additives may be used to prevent oxygenation and methemoglobin formation, and to maintain polymer stability. Stability of the polymer may be determined by measuring the extent of tetramer elaboration and the molecular weight distribution of hemoglobin polymers in the solution. It is expected that the solution will contain a minimum amount of tetramer following formulation. It is further expected that tetramer elaboration may occur over time during storage of the solution due to the breakdown of the polymer. The desired concentration of the 64 kD hemoglobin tetramer is determined by the volume of dosage and rate of infusion.
  • the concentration of the 64 kD hemoglobin tetramer over the shelf life of the product is preferably less than about 2.0%, more preferably less than about 1.0%.
  • the preferred distribution of hemoglobin polymers is: 256 kD 49-74%; 192 kD 16-28%, 128 kD 9-23% as measured by HPLC.
  • ascorbic acid has a significant stabilizing effect in terms minimizing hemoglobin conversion to oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin.
  • Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent that functions primarily as an electron carrier. In the hemoglobin solution, the ascorbic acid reduces O 2 present in the solution thereby preventing the O 2 from oxidizing the hemoglobin. It is expected that, throughout the shelf life of the hemoglobin solution, the ascorbic acid will be consumed as it reduces oxygen initially present in the solution and further reduces the oxygen that permeates the container.
  • the amount of ascorbic acid added to the hemoglobin solution is sufficient to maintain the ascorbic acid concentration above about 0.2 g/L (as a factor of safety) over the shelf life of the product. Therefore, while concentrations of ascorbic acid as low as about 0.1 have been found to have the desired benefit of lowering methemoglobin concentrations in the solution, it is preferred that the initial concentration of ascorbic acid in the solution is in the range of about 0.25 to 1.0 g/L, preferably about 0.8 g/L to ensure a useful concentration of ascorbic acid remains in the solution over the shelf life of the product.
  • Glycine (C 2 H 5 NO 2 ) and dextrose are other preservatives that may be added to the hemoglobin solution to ensure the clinical usefulness of the solution.
  • Glycine has been shown to have a significant stabilizing effect with regard to methemoglobin formation and glycine can effect high molecular weight polymer aggregation.
  • the concentration of glycine in the hemoglobin solution is in the range of 1-5 g/L. More preferably, the glycine concentration is about 3.5 g/L.
  • Dextrose has been shown to have a stabilizing effect in regards to methemoglobin formation.
  • the combination of glycine and dextrose has been shown to reduce tetramer elaboration.
  • the invention provides for a packaged hemoglobin solution having the described characteristics and the solution may vary from those characteristics to the extent that the clinical usefulness of the packaged hemoglobin solution in not compromised.
  • the flexible container fits in the standard equipment in an operating or emergency room such as, for example, a pressure infuser and/or warmer.
  • Either manual “pressure cuffs” or automated infusers, such as a pressure infusion system H25 supplied by Level 1 Inc. (Rockland, Mass.) may be utilized.
  • Medical solution containers need to have sufficient durability to remain leak-free during such procedures. Infusion of hemoglobin solutions may need to be performed as rapidly as possible in order to resuscitate patients in low blood flow states with dangerously low hemoglobin levels. For example, in certain medical applications infusion rates as high as approximately 350 ml/minute may be necessary in order to sustain life.
  • Actual infusion rates are limited by, for example, the restricted orifice of a standard 18 gauge infusion needle, patient considerations, and tetramer levels of the solution.
  • Average infusion rates shown in Table 2 correspond to an acellular hemoglobin solution, for example, POLYHEME® supplied in an I.V. bag for in-vivo intravenous (IV) infusion (Northfield Laboratories, Inc., Evanston, Ill.).
  • IV intravenous
  • the high infusion rates associated with this product are allowable because the 64 kD hemoglobin tetramer level of the solution is less than about 2%.
  • the clinical administration of POLYHEME® may range from gravity—drip infusion to high-pressure driven rapid infusors. TABLE 2 Volume/Unit Time Interval Rate Units (mL) (min) (mL/min) 1 500 190 2.6 6 500 35 85.7 10 500 23 217.4 18 500 72 125.0 10 500 180 27.8
  • the polymeric film for packaging the hemoglobin solution is a thermoplastic material, generally in sheet or web form, having one or more layers of polymeric materials which may be bonded together by any suitable means well known in the art.
  • olefin refers to any one of a class of monounsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbons of the general formula C n H 2n , such as ethylene, propylene, and butene.
  • the term may also include aliphatics containing more than one double bond in the molecule such as a diolefin or diene, e.g., butadiene.
  • Polyolefin refers to olefin polymers and copolymers, especially ethylene and propylene polymers and copolymers, and to polymeric materials having at least one olefinic comonomer, such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and ionomer.
  • Polyolefins can be linear, branched, cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic, substituted, or unsubstituted.
  • polyolefin include homopolymers of olefin, copolymers of olefin, copolymers of an olefin and a non-olefinic comonomer copolymerizable with the olefin, such as vinyl monomers, modified polymers of the foregoing, and the like.
  • Modified polyolefins include modified polymers prepared by copolymerizing the homopolymer of the olefin or copolymer thereof with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, e.g., maleic acid, fumaric acid or the like, or a derivative thereof such as the anhydride, ester metal salt or the like.
  • an unsaturated carboxylic acid e.g., maleic acid, fumaric acid or the like, or a derivative thereof such as the anhydride, ester metal salt or the like.
  • ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer means copolymers of ethylene with one or more comonomers selected from C 3 to C 20 alpha-olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, methyl pentene and the like, in which the polymer molecules comprise long chains with relatively few side chain branches. These polymers are obtained by low pressure polymerization processes and the side branching which is present will be short compared to non-linear polyethylenes (e.g., LDPE, a low density polyethylene homopolymer).
  • LDPE low density polyethylene homopolymer
  • Ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers generally have a density in the rage of from about 0.86 g/cc to about 0.94 g/cc.
  • the term linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) is generally understood to include that group of ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers which fall into the density range of about 0.915 to about 0.94 g/cc. Sometimes linear polyethylene in the density range from about 0.926 to about 0.94 is referred to as linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE).
  • LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
  • VLDPE very low density polyethylene
  • ULDPE ultra-low density polyethylene
  • the invention provides a hemoglobin solution packaged in a multi-layer film including an interior or product contact layer, which is inert and non-reactive with the solution contained in the flexible container.
  • the interior layer is tacky enough for the contact surfaces to self-adhere to each other in order to minimize particulate contact and facilitate handling during the container manufacturing process.
  • the inner layer protects the oxygen barrier layer from water vapor arising from the solution.
  • the preferred multi-layer film further includes an oxygen barrier layer.
  • the multi-layer film includes an exterior layer that protects the barrier layer from heat and humidity.
  • the exterior or outer layer protects the barrier layers from high welding temperatures during the bag making process as well as provides durability, printability and scuff resistance. Therefore, the barrier layer typically does not see temperatures above its melting point during the welding process in order to maintain the integrity of the film.
  • the product contact layer melts only to the point which is required to self adhere.
  • the temperature which the outer layer must withstand is dependent on the entire film structure and thicknesses and must be high enough to allow for adhesion between the interior two contact layers. The changes in temperature will vary depending on the number and types of layers in the film. Further, the melting temperatures of the contact layers are exceeded only for a short period of time to ensure the integrity of the bag weld as the contact layers have a lower melting temperature than the barrier and outside layers.
  • the multi-layer film includes the following layers, in the following order, (1) a product contact layer made from an ethylene/propylene copolymer (EPC, PP/PE blend), (2) a tie layer comprising an EVA blend, (3) a layer of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (4) another tie layer, (5) an oxygen barrier layer of EVOH, (6) another tie layer, (7) a layer of LLDPE, (8) another tie layer, and (9) an exterior or outside layer of polyester (PET).
  • EPC ethylene/propylene copolymer
  • PP/PE blend ethylene/propylene copolymer
  • LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
  • the multi-layer film comprises a linear low-density, polyethylene (product contact layer), a tie layer such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), an EVOH layer (primary barrier layer), and an EVA layer (outside layer).
  • a tie layer such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), an EVOH layer (primary barrier layer), and an EVA layer (outside layer).
  • the multi-layer film includes the following layers in the following order: (1) an EVA product contact layer, (2) an EVA tie layer (preferably a different blend of EVA from the product contact layer), (3) a barrier layer made of polyvinylidene chloride-ethylene vinyl acetate (PVDC-EVA) composite, (4) an EVA tie layer, and (5) an outside layer of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
  • the second through the fifth layers are co-extruded.
  • the first layer is laminated onto the second through fifth layers to form the multi-layer film.
  • Polymer films of this nature are available, for example, from Cryovac, Inc. (Duncan, S.C.), Stedim (Stedim, Aubange, France), and Solvay-Draka, Inc. (Commerce, Calif.).
  • the multi-layer film is co-extruded in a flat configuration or in an alternate embodiment it is co-extruded in a tubular film configuration.
  • the exterior layer may also provide restraint of the interior layers to minimize curling of the outer edge of the co-extruded film during the bag manufacturing process.
  • a nylon layer is laminated on the outer layer to provide a level of restraint.
  • the film composite does not degrade physically or optically with the gamma irradiation required to meet sterility requirements of the packaged hemoglobin solution of the present invention.
  • the container in certain embodiments, is gamma irradiated or washed in a hydrogen peroxide or ethylene oxide bath.
  • the preferred method of sterilization is typically gamma irradiation for this type of container in a range from approximately 25 kGy to 35 kGy.
  • the medical containers are placed in a cardboard box and positioned on a pallet.
  • dosimeters are used to monitor dose/sensitivity parametric release).
  • Another method of ensuring sterility includes strategically locating several vials of biological indicators on the pallet. If, when opened after sterilization and mixed with a trypcase-soy broth and no growth is recognized after incubation, the containers are certified as sterile and ready for aseptic fill of the blood substitute. This helps to ensure that the medical solution that cannot be terminally sterilized, as packaged in the medical solution containers, will be substantially free from microbial contamination.
  • the packaging is improved by gamma-irradiation-induced-crosslinking (curing or vulcanizing) of the packaging film layers.
  • Materials capable of crosslinking by gamma irradiation include polyethylene, ethylene copolymers, polyamides, polyesters and ethylene vinyl acetate.
  • the various layers of the film are cross-linked within and between the layers.
  • the film multi-layer is durable enough when manufactured into a container and filled with aqueous solution to withstand storage at low temperatures such as, for example, from about 2 to 8° C., and drops from a height of approximately 2 meters.
  • the packaged hemoglobin solutions of the present invention are not limited to containers with the layer structure described herein. Films having a fewer number of layers or a greater number of layers than that shown are included within the scope of the present invention. For example, additional layers, such as high density polyethylene, may be included in the film in order to increase the moisture barrier capabilities of the film if desired. Additional oxygen barrier layers may also be included if desired.
  • Multilayer films in accordance with the present invention are preferably cross-linked.
  • Cross-linking increases the structural strength of the film at elevated temperatures and/or increases the force at which the material can be stretched before tearing apart, and may also improve the optical properties of the film.
  • Any conventional cross-linking technique may be used.
  • electronic cross-linking may be carried out by irradiation.
  • a method of the invention relates to a preserved deoxygenated hemoglobin solution that includes a deoxygenated hemoglobin solution and an oxygen barrier film primary package.
  • the oxygen barrier film primary package includes a transparent polymer film.
  • the primary package has an oxygen permeability of less than about 0.17 cc O 2 per 1 square meter per 24 hours at atmosphere at approximately 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%, within which the deoxygenated hemoglobin solution is sealed, thereby preserving the deoxygenated hemoglobin solution in an environment that is substantially free of oxygen.
  • the polymer film is a laminate comprising a polyamide, for example, nylon, for the exterior layer.
  • the oxygen barrier film comprises suitable oxygen barrier materials such that the material has suitable oxygen barrier properties at 25° C. and ambient humidity, for example 60% relative humidity.
  • the oxygen barrier material comprises a transparent polymer film having one or more layers.
  • the film comprises a laminate of an outer polyolefin layer (such as polyethylene or polypropylene), an oxygen barrier layer and an inner polyolefin layer, wherein the inner layer is in contact with the contents of the package.
  • the polyolefin's of the present invention can comprise copolymers of two or more monomers, wherein the monomers can be, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, or polybutylenes.
  • the laminate can optionally include a support layer. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the support layer facilitates the production of bags using an automated device. In a preferred embodiment, the support layer is a biaxially oriented material such as nylon.
  • the outer polyolefin layer and the oxygen barrier layer are co-extruded.
  • the outer polyolefin layer is medium density polyethylene and the oxygen barrier is ethylene vinyl alcohol.
  • the oxygen barrier film comprises a co-extruded medium density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol layer (EVOH); a nylon layer; and a low-density polyethylene layer. Due to the brittleness of EVOH at low temperatures, the fill volume of the container system is adjusted with respect to the total volume of the container to optimize durability of the container during the standard drop test. In particular embodiments the ratio of the fill volume to the total volume of the container ranges from approximately seventy to seventy five percent (70-75%) fill volume for a one (1) liter container and eighty percent (80%) for a one-half (1 ⁇ 2) liter container.
  • EVOH medium density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol layer
  • the ends of the container are rounded to closely simulate a circular continuous weld to avoid concentration of stresses in the container.
  • the EVOH barrier can be adjusted such as, for example, by controlling the thickness of the barrier to modify the oxygen transmission rates. In one aspect of the invention the EVOH barrier is about 20 micron thick.
  • the oxygen barrier film comprises a PVDC structure which is laminated to an extruded EVA contact layer to generate a five-layer film (EVA tie layers and a low density polyethylene outside layer).
  • the inner and outer polyolefin layers may be vapor barriers protecting the humidity sensitive EVOH layer.
  • the vapor barrier properties of either layer can be increased by increasing the thickness or crystallinity of the layer.
  • Other suitable outer layers include, for example, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, EVA or polyesters.
  • the oxygen barrier layer comprises an essentially oxygen-impermeable polymer, comprising a support material having a coating.
  • the support material can be, for example polyester or polyamide (such as nylon) and the coating can be, for example, silicon oxide (SiO x ) or other material, such as a metal oxide, that can be deposited onto the support to render it oxygen impermeable.
  • the oxygen barrier thickness can be adjusted to improve barrier characteristics.
  • the exterior layer should be capable of adding durability such as, for example, puncture resistance to the container and provide the option for printing such as, for example, hot stamping a label on the container.
  • an overwrap is employed.
  • the overwrap can be manufactured from a suitable material, such as polymer films, for example, polyester, polyethylene, or nylon, or a laminate, such as a foil laminate, for example, a silver or aluminum foil laminate.
  • the overwrap may also be a rigid clam-shell type container such as those manufactured from by Alloyd Company (Dekalb, Ill.). The overwrap protects the container from damage caused by mishandling or tampering. It also provides protection against particulates and may function as a label sleeve for the primary container.
  • the primary package and the overwrap can be manufactured using a variety of configurations, including, but not limited to, vials, cylinders, and boxes.
  • the primary package is in the form of a bag.
  • a suitable bag can be formed by, for example, continuously bonding two sheets at the perimeters thereof to form a tightly closed, oxygen impermeable, construction having a fillable center.
  • the sheets can be sealed by heating under the appropriate conditions. It is well known in the art that polyethylene can be sealed against itself with heat under the appropriate conditions.
  • parameters can be varied to obtain proper bonding of polyolefin surfaces of film, these parameters include temperature, pressure and time, wherein time is the duration of time the sheets are put under pressure and temperature.
  • time is the duration of time the sheets are put under pressure and temperature.
  • linear low-density polyethylene requires less heat and progressively higher density polypropylene requires progressively more heat.
  • higher density polyolefin's typically tolerate higher pressure during the welding process. In general, if the pressure is excessive, for example, greater than 5 bar pressure, the heated material may be forced away from the area of contact, creating a weaker seal.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a perspective view 100 of the flexible container system as illustrated in FIG. 1 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the ends 102 , 104 , 106 , 108 of the container 110 are rounded to closely simulate a circular continuous weld to avoid concentration of stresses in the container.
  • the headspace 112 in the container is minimized to reduce the residual oxygen content.
  • the residual oxygen content is less than approximately two cubic centimeters (2 cc).
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view looking upwardly at the bottom of the fill and/or delivery port 190 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the flexible container system includes an interface port for filling the flexible container with aqueous material and delivering the aqueous material.
  • the interface ports are integral with the multi-film of the container system and in preferred embodiments are injection-molded.
  • the interface ports can have a multitude of configurations such as, but not limited to, boat shaped ports (boat port), hard ports that simulate ports on a bottle, and saddle or face ports.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention has a boat port.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view looking at the top of the fill and/or delivery port 150 taken along the line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 2 of the fill and/or delivery port 180 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view looking upwardly at the bottom of the fill and/or delivery port 190 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the diameter of the interface port is approximately 0.210 ⁇ 0.05 inches below an administration side membrane with, but not limited to, a range of 0.5 to 5 degrees draft or degrees of deflection. This diameter is compatible with the standard spike ports mentioned herein. A draft above the administration side membrane facilitates the gripping of the spike. The membrane thickness is approximately 0.02 inches at the spike. This dimension allows for ease in spiking. In addition, with materials such as the Ferro RxLoypolyolefin polymer resin, the membrane is compressible which facilitates the boat ports compatibility with all standard spikes.
  • the boat port deforms to apply pressure to the spike, which eliminates the risk of the spike being expelled under pressures as high as approximately 1000 mm of Hg.
  • less elastic materials than the Ferro resin may require this membrane to be thinner to allow for ease in spiking.
  • the depth of the base 184 is in range of 8 mm to 12 mm. This provides for ease in automated insertion into film as it provides for tolerance.
  • the depth from the top of the base 184 to the bottom of twist 182 is 0.65 inches. This eliminates the risk of puncturing the bag with the spike i.e., the tip of the spike terminates in the base of the boat port.
  • the width of base is approximately 0.32 inches. This width is optimized for all other dimensions including wall thickness of boat port stiffeners and administrative/fill diameters on base when using a boat port. This dimension is also important for minimizing residual oxygen in the container.
  • the dimension of the tear area may be reduced to approximately 0.005 inches ⁇ 0.001 inches to allow for the twist removal of cap.
  • the top of the administration port is preferably sealed to minimize potential for particulate and microbial contamination during storage or subsequent use in the emergency or operation room.
  • the fill tube inside diameter is approximately 0.2 inches and thus is compatible with most standard filling needles.
  • stiffeners may be included in the interface port to minimize level of sink and maximize the backing strength during a manufacturing process such as, for example, welding.
  • the inner diameter of the administration port is determined to optimize interfacing with or “gripping” of all potential spikes used in a medical environment. It utilizes the compressibility of the spike membrane for fitting all spike diameter variability.
  • the administration port twist 182 is used to protect the spike membrane from both particulates and unintended spiking and is optimized for ease of removal and disposal in an operating room.
  • the height of the administration port is designed to allow penetration of the membrane with the spike, but avoids scraping of the film i.e., the spike opening penetrates the membrane layer.
  • the fill tube 186 of the administration port 180 has a length and wall thickness optimized to fit existing filling machine needles.
  • the diameter of the administration or delivery side 188 of the interface port is compatible with commonly used spikes including, but not limited to, IVAC Administration Set—28034 E, Level 1 spike, D-50 or D-100, and standard spikes provided by Baxter, Fenwal, and Travenol spike sets.
  • the elasticity of the interface port material is that similar to of the Ferro RxLoy polyolefin polymer resin or equivalents thereof which optimizes conformity to common spikes.
  • the resin is compatible with the product contact layer of the film.
  • a particular embodiment includes only one administration port as venting is not required and only single spiking is acceptable.
  • the length of the fill tube 186 may be cut down to match an administration port height in the future for an automated fill machine.
  • the width of the interface port such as, for example, a boat port in a particular embodiment and the opening of the film are critical parameters to minimize the amount of atmosphere allowed into the container during filling.
  • residual O 2 in the container is 2 cc or less.
  • the base of the boat port depth is designed for ease in automated placement in flat or tubular film.
  • the stiffener design at the base of the boat port is optimized for mold fill and to eliminate sink i.e., maintains consistency of piece thickness for uniform cooling.
  • the flash at both ends of the base is utilized for welding surface to film.
  • the interface ports are optimized for ease in mold removal to avoid sticking to the injection-molded tool.
  • the overall dual-tube boat port assembly is designed as a one-piece injection-molded filling/administering port assembly and is easily welded into the container by heat, thus not requiring the use of adhesives.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the method of manufacturing and/or assembling the flexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the automated method 200 of manufacturing the flexible container system includes procedure 202 of feeding the film into the manufacturing apparatus.
  • the automatic film feeding is accomplished by a reeling frame.
  • the step-wise and even feed motion is realized by an electric motor drive.
  • the film is maintained in tension by utilizing compensating rollers and then stepwise feeding to the operation subsystems.
  • the next procedure 204 in the process is the printing station subsystem.
  • a hot-foil printing device is used to accomplish a full-face print.
  • print temperature, time, pressure and tolerances are adjustable parameters.
  • An automatic print foil controller ensures that the machine alarms and stops, if the foil is at the end or torn off.
  • a second hot-foil printing device can be installed if necessary.
  • a film opener and port feeding subsystem is present. By means of a machined knife the film layers are separated within the headspace in order to form an opening.
  • interface or fill/delivery ports are automatically fed through a preloaded, spring-loaded cartridge onto a linear transport system, which loads the dual-tube boat ports into the machine in a linear manner. They are put into port receptacles manually or on a feeding chain, which positions the ports in between the opened film layers. The entire area comprising the insertion of the dual-tube boat port is contained under a unidirectional flow hood to minimize the presence of particles entrained in the final container.
  • a port pre-heating subsystem is the next procedure 208 in the method 200 .
  • port pre-heating is accomplished by a contact heating system.
  • This subsystem incorporates a welding temperature controller to control the minimum and maximum temperature, which alarms and stops the machine if the temperature is not within the specific tolerance.
  • a bag out-line, port tack welding, and outline cutting subsystem is the next process accomplished.
  • the bag outline is welded, the interface port is tack-welded and the bag outline is cut.
  • the sealing operation is accomplished by movable welding dies in connection with the thermal welding device.
  • Welding time, pressure and temperature include some of the parameters that are adjustable and therefore are controlled and recorded.
  • This subsystem incorporates a minimum, and/or maximum welding temperature control, which stops the machine if the temperature gets out of the allowed range.
  • a port welding subsystem is the next process procedure 212 .
  • Port welding is accomplished by a contact heat-sealing system in a particular embodiment.
  • This subsystem also incorporates a minimum and/or maximum welding temperature control, which stops the machine if the temperature gets out of the allowed range.
  • the port welds are air-cooled.
  • Table 3 provides exemplary ranges to optimize weld, pressure and residence time settings for pouch weldings, port welding and label printing for an exemplary film.
  • the top and bottom dies are controlled separately.
  • TABLE 3 Ethylene—propylene Port material co-polymer resin min. max. Printing station Temperature printing 160° C. 155° C. 165° C. station Printing time 0.5 sec. 0.5 sec. 0.5 sec. Pneumatic pressure 2.5 bar 2.0 bar 3.0 bar Contour welding welding temperature 136° C. 131° C. 141° C. and separation Welding time 2.7 sec 2.7 sec 2.7 sec station Pneumatic pressure 3.5 bar 3.0 bar 4.0 bar Pre heating station Temperature port pre- 150° C. 145° C. 155° C.
  • the scrap material of the finished bags is automatically removed by a gripper.
  • the finished bags are placed onto a belt conveyor at the outfeed subsystem per procedure 218 .
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are side and top views, respectively illustrating the assembly process 250 for manufacturing the flexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the assembly process 250 includes different subsystems and stations of machines to accomplish the method 200 to manufacture the container system described with respect to FIG. 6.
  • the film is fed and the printing of the film occurs at printing station 254 or alternatively at station 256 .
  • the film is then transferred using station 252 to the film opener and port feeding station 258 .
  • the process then moves to the pre-heating station 260 .
  • the assembly process 250 then moves to the bag outline, welding and shearing station 262 .
  • the next station encountered in the process is the port welding station 264 followed by the port cooling station 266 .
  • the assembly process then moves to the removal of residual material station 268 .
  • the container system is obtained at the outfeed belt 270 .
  • the blood substitute is packaged under an atmosphere, which is substantially free of oxygen.
  • suitable atmospheres include nitrogen, argon and helium.
  • the film forms the flexible container system with a boat port interface.
  • the film forms the flexible container system and includes standard medical tubing connected thereto by way of medical adhesives
  • a multi-layer film was tested for oxygen permeability when used as a primary package for the hemoglobin solution of the present invention.
  • the multi-layer film includes the following layers, in the following order, (1) a product contact layer made from an ethylene/propylene copolymer (EPC, PP/PE blend), (2) a tie layer comprising an EVA blend, (3) a layer of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (4) another tie layer, (5) an oxygen barrier layer of EVOH, (6) another tie layer, (7) a layer of LLDPE, (8) another tie layer, and (9) an exterior or outside layer of polyester (PET).
  • EPC ethylene/propylene copolymer
  • PP/PE blend ethylene/propylene copolymer
  • LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
  • the hemoglobin solution was packaged in a multi-layer film having an oxygen barrier of a PVDC-EVA composite.
  • This multlayer film includes the following layers in the following order: (1) a product contact layer made of EVA, (2) an EVA a tie layer having a different blend of EVA from the product contact layer, (3) a barrier layer made of PVDC-EVA composite, (4) an EVA tie layer, and (5) an outside layer of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE).
  • the second through the fifth layers was co-extruded.
  • the first layer was laminated onto the second through fifth layers to form the multi-layer film used in this example.
  • Units packaged for highly stressed storage conditions were placed in 1 gallon jars purged with nitrogen gas and sealed with TEFLON® PTFE lined closures. Glass jars were used to eliminate the effects of oxygen permeation of the flexible container at high temperatures. Each jar also contained oxygen-absorbing packets to remove any residual atmospheric oxygen from the purge and seal procedure. At the time of filling of the jars, ascorbic acid at the desired concentrations was added. TABLE 8 Methemoglobin concentration (% MetHb) at 2-8° C. with varying starting ascorbic acid (A.A.) concentrations Sample # (A.A.
  • Example 2 Following formulation, the solution was packaged in one-liter bags fabricated from the multi-layer film according to Example 2 for those units were tested under recommended storage conditions, or in glass jars as described in Example 3 for testing at highly stressed storage conditions. Units were spiked with additives as indicated in the following Tables 12-14, mixed thoroughly. Measurements were conducted as described in Example 1.
  • Table 12 shows that glycine and dextrose have a minor stabilizing effect on % MetHb concentration after eight weeks with samples stored under recommended conditions (2-8° C.). Similar results (not shown) were obtained when samples with glycine and dextrose (separately) were subjected to stressed conditions, but no significant difference was observed when under such conditions with an increase of glycine concentration from 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L. TABLE 12 % MetHb Levels Batch NA803 (2-8°) Sample Time (wks.) % MetHb No Additives 0 4.0 1.75 g/L Glycine 8 3.4 5.00 g/L Dextrose 8 3.7 No Additives 8 4.7
  • Table 13 shows that glycine had a stabilizing effect on the aggregation of high molecular weight polymers (polymers having over 5 tetramer units; 320+Kd) under stressed conditions. Further data (not shown) indicates that the stabilizing effect increases with dose escalation from 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L. However, dextrose had an opposite effect.
  • Table 14 suggests a slight increase in tetramer elaboration associated with glycine under highly stressed storage conditions and that the elaboration increases with dose escalation from 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L.

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US7435795B2 (en) 2008-10-14
WO2002085111A1 (en) 2002-10-31
JP2004538264A (ja) 2004-12-24
US20070173435A1 (en) 2007-07-26
US7202341B2 (en) 2007-04-10
CN100338093C (zh) 2007-09-19
CA2444590C (en) 2009-12-01
MXPA03009555A (es) 2004-12-06
EP1381274A1 (en) 2004-01-21
KR20030097834A (ko) 2003-12-31
AU2002254646B2 (en) 2008-05-15
HK1064255A1 (en) 2005-01-28
CN1516550A (zh) 2004-07-28
CA2444590A1 (en) 2002-10-31

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