US10927136B2 - Phosphorus prodrugs of pyrazolo-substituted pyrimidine sGC stimulators - Google Patents

Phosphorus prodrugs of pyrazolo-substituted pyrimidine sGC stimulators Download PDF

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US10927136B2
US10927136B2 US16/315,210 US201716315210A US10927136B2 US 10927136 B2 US10927136 B2 US 10927136B2 US 201716315210 A US201716315210 A US 201716315210A US 10927136 B2 US10927136 B2 US 10927136B2
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compound
pharmaceutically acceptable
formula
disease
acceptable salt
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US20190300555A1 (en
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James Edward SHEPPECK
Paul Allan Renhowe
Ara Mermerian
Timothy Claude Barden
Glen Robert RENNIE
Rajesh R. Iyengar
Takashi Nakai
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Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc
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Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to phosphorus containing prodrugs of stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), pharmaceutical formulations comprising them and their uses thereof, alone or in combination with one or more additional agents, for treating various diseases, wherein the diseases or disorders are ones that would benefit from sGC stimulation or from an increase in the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and/or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
  • sGC soluble guanylate cyclase
  • sGC is the primary receptor for NO in vivo.
  • sGC can be activated via both NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms.
  • sGC converts guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) into the secondary messenger cGMP.
  • GTP guanosine-5′-triphosphate
  • the increased level of cGMP in turn, modulates the activity of downstream effectors including protein kinases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and ion channels.
  • NO is synthesized from arginine and oxygen by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and by sequential reduction of inorganic nitrate.
  • NOS nitric oxide synthase
  • Three distinct isoforms of NOS have been identified: inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS II) found in activated macrophage cells; constitutive neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS I), involved in neurotransmission and long-term potentiation; and constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS III) which regulates smooth muscle relaxation and blood pressure.
  • iNOS or NOS II inducible NOS
  • nNOS or NOS I constitutive neuronal NOS
  • eNOS or NOS III constitutive endothelial NOS
  • NO-independent, heme-dependent, sGC stimulators have displayed several important differentiating characteristics when compared with NO-independent, heme-independent sGC activators. These include crucial dependency on the presence of the reduced prosthetic heme moiety for their activity, strong synergistic enzyme activation when combined with NO and stimulation of the synthesis of cGMP by direct stimulation of sGC, independent of NO.
  • the benzylindazole compound YC-1 was the first sGC stimulator to be identified. Additional sGC stimulators with improved potency and specificity for sGC have since been developed.
  • the invention relates to compounds of Formula I:
  • X is selected from —P(O)(OH) 2 , —P(O)(OH)O ⁇ M + , —P(O)(O ⁇ ) 2 (M + ) 2 or —P(O)(O ⁇ ) 2 D 2+ ; wherein M+ is a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent cation and D 2+ is a pharmaceutically acceptable divalent cation; each J B is independently selected from halogen; m is selected from 0 or 1; n is selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R 1 is selected from C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, —C(O)NH 2 or hydrogen; and R 2 is selected from C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl or hydrogen; or, alternatively, R 1 and R 2 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloaliphatic ring or an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered hetero
  • the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
  • the invention relates to a pharmaceutical dosage form comprising said pharmaceutical composition.
  • the invention in another embodiment, relates to a method of treating a disease, health condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering, alone or in combination therapy, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof to the subject; wherein the disease or disorder is one that would benefit from sGC stimulation or from an increase in the concentration of NO and/or cGMP.
  • stable refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in some embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
  • a stable compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 25° C. or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • a chemically feasible compound is a compound that can be prepared by a person skilled in the art based on the disclosures herein supplemented, if necessary, by relevant knowledge of the art.
  • a compound such as the compounds of Formula I or other compounds herein disclosed, may be present in its free form (e.g., an amorphous form, or a crystalline form or a polymorph). Under certain conditions, compounds may also form co-forms. As used herein, the term co-form is synonymous with the term multi-component crystalline form. When one of the components in the co-form has clearly transferred or lost a proton, the resulting co-form is referred to as a “salt”. The formation of a salt is determined by how large the difference is in the pKas between the partners that form the mixture. For purposes of this disclosure, compounds include their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, even if the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is not explicitly noted.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereoisomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, atropoisomeric and cis-trans isomeric) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Ra and Sa configurations for each asymmetric axis, (Z) and (E) double bond configurations, and cis and trans conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as racemates, and mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, and cis-trans isomers (double bond or conformational) of the present compounds are within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • stereoisomeric e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, atropoisomeric and cis-trans isomeric
  • the present disclosure also embraces isotopically-labeled compounds which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. All isotopes of any particular atom or element as specified are contemplated within the scope of the compounds of the invention, and their uses.
  • Exemplary isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, 33 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 123 I, and 125 I respectively.
  • Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention e.g., those labeled with 3 H and 14 C are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are useful for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Positron emitting isotopes such as 15 O, 13 N, 11 C, and 18 F are useful for positron emission tomography (PET) studies to examine substrate receptor occupancy.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples herein below, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • each instance of that substituent is chosen independently in each instance. For example, if a phenyl can be substituted with two instances of R 100 , and R 100 is selected from halogen and methyl, then that means that each instance of R 100 is separately selected from halogen or methyl; for instance, one R 100 may be fluoro and one may be methyl, or both may be chloro, etc.
  • a group may be substituted with “up to” Z instances of a substituent, wherein “n” is an integer. For instance, if “Z” is 3, then the group can be substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents. Unless otherwise specified, each of those “Z” instances are always independently selected.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical.
  • a C x alkyl is an alkyl chain containing x carbon atoms, wherein x is an integer different from 0.
  • a C 1-6 alkyl is an alkyl as defined above containing any number between 1 and 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 alkyl), ethyl (C 2 alkyl), n-propyl (C 3 alkyl), isopropyl C 3 alkyl), n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl and the like.
  • cycloaliphatic refers to a ring system formed only by carbon and hydrogen atoms and that is fully saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation but which is not aromatic
  • cycloaliphatic refers to a monocyclic hydrocarbon ring containing 3 to 7 carbons (i.e., a C 3-7 cycloaliphatic).
  • Suitable cycloaliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl.
  • cycloaliphatic groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a cycloaliphatic ring system which is completely saturated.
  • the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic 3- to 7-membered saturated cycloaliphatic ring (i.e., a C 3-7 cycloalkyl).
  • Suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
  • Heteroatom refers to one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon, including any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon, the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen, or a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).
  • ring atom refers to an atom such as C, N, O or S that is part of the ring of a phenyl or a heteroaryl ring.
  • a “substitutable ring atom” is a ring carbon or nitrogen atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. The hydrogen can be optionally replaced with a suitable substituent group. “Substitutable ring atom” does not include ring carbon or nitrogen atoms when the structure depicts that they are already attached to one or more moiety other than hydrogen and no hydrogens are available for substitution. When a certain ring, group or chain is optionally substituted, it will be understood that it may be substituted in any or some or all of its substitutable ring atoms.
  • heterocycle refers to a ring system in which one or more ring atoms are an independently selected heteroatom. Heterocycles are completely saturated or contain one or more units of unsaturation but are not aromatic. In some embodiments, a heterocycle may be a monocyclic ring having 3 to 7 ring atoms (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms).
  • heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, the following monocycles: 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 2-morpholino, 3-morpholino, 4-morpholino, 2-thiomorpholino, 3-thiomorpholino, 4-thiomorpholino, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 2-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 3-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 1-pyrazolinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, 4-pyrazolinyl, 5-pyrazolinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl, 2-thiazolidinyl, 3-thiazolidinyl
  • haloalkyl means alkyl substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
  • a C 1-3 haloalkyl could be —CFHCH 2 CHF 2 .
  • fluoroalkyl means alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. This term includes perfluorinated alkyl groups, such as —CF 3 and —CF 2 CF 3 .
  • amino refers to —NH 2 .
  • hydroxyl or “hydroxy” refers to —OH.
  • a “carbonyl”, used alone or in connection with another group refers to —(O)— (a carbon atom bound to oxygen through a double bond) or —C(O)H (if said carbonyl group is situated in the terminal position of a chain).
  • the compounds of the invention are defined herein by their chemical structures and/or chemical names. Where a compound is referred to by both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the compound's identity.
  • the invention is directed to compounds of Formula I:
  • X is selected from —P(O)(OH) 2 , —P(O)(OH)O ⁇ M + , —P(O)(O ⁇ ) 2 (M + ) 2 or —P(O)(O ⁇ ) 2 D 2+ ; wherein M+ is a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent cation and D 2+ is a pharmaceutically acceptable divalent cation; each J B is independently selected from halogen; m is selected from 0 or 1; n is selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R 1 is selected from C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, —C(O)NH 2 or hydrogen; and R 2 is selected from C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl or hydrogen; or, alternatively, R 1 and R 2 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an unsubstituted C 3-7 cycloaliphatic ring or an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocycl
  • the compounds of Formula I are phosphate ester prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of compounds of Formula IA, which are useful as sGC stimulators.
  • the definitions of J B , n, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are the same as those presented above for Formula I.
  • prodrug refers to compounds which are drug precursors which, following administration and absorption, release the drug in vivo via some metabolic, enzymatic, hydrolytic or rapid chemical conversion process.
  • a prodrug possesses less biological activity than the parent compound against the target by itself, before cleavage to the parent drug.
  • a prodrug may improve the physical properties of the parent drug and/or improve overall drug efficacy, for example through the reduction of toxicity and unwanted side effects of a drug by controlling its absorption, blood levels, metabolic distribution and cellular uptake.
  • Prodrugs may also reduce pharmacokinetic inter-subject variability in vivo.
  • a prodrug may also display more desirable pharmaceutical properties and, as such, a prodrug may also improve the formulability of a drug or facilitate the formulability of the drug for certain modes of administration.
  • parent drug refers to the biologically active entity that is released via a metabolic, enzymatic, hydrolytic or rapid chemical conversion process, following administration of the prodrug.
  • the parent compound may also be the starting material used for the preparation of the prodrug.
  • the monovalent cations described by M + comprise Na + , K + or the monovalent cation of an organic amine.
  • the divalent cations described by D 2+ comprise Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cs 2+ , Mg 2+ or the divalent cation of an organic amine.
  • the compounds are those of Formulae IB or IC.
  • n is selected from 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n is 1. In still other embodiments, n is 2. In other embodiments, n is 0.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 3 and some instances of J B are chloro and the remaining instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, n is 3 and all instances of J B are fluoro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously hydrogen.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously methyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl or C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In still other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing up to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O or S.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing one ring heteroatom selected from O or S.
  • said ring heteroatom is O.
  • n is 1. In other embodiments, m is 0.
  • both instances of R 4 are simultaneously hydrogen. In other embodiments, both instances of R 4 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some embodiments, R 3 is selected from either hydrogen or halogen. In still other embodiments, R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • m is 0 and the compound is one of Formula II, Formula IIB or Formula IIC, respectively, or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • n is selected from 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n is 1. In still other embodiments, n is 2. In other embodiments, n is 0.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 3 and some instances of J B are chloro and the remaining instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, n is 3 and all instances of J B are fluoro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously hydrogen.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously methyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously Ca fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl or C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In still other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing up to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O or S.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing one ring heteroatom selected from O or S.
  • said ring heteroatom is O.
  • both instances of R 4 are simultaneously hydrogen. In other embodiments, both instances of R 4 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some of these embodiments, R 3 is selected form either hydrogen or halogen.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • m is 1 and the compound is one of Formula III, Formula IIIB or Formula IIIC, respectively, or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • n is selected from 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n is 1. In still other embodiments, n is 2. In other embodiments, n is 0.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 3 and some instances of J B are chloro and the remaining instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, n is 3 and all instances of J B are fluoro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously hydrogen.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 fluoroalkyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl or C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In still other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing up to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O or S.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing one ring heteroatom selected from O or S.
  • said ring heteroatom is O.
  • both instances of R 4 are simultaneously hydrogen. In other embodiments, both instances of R 4 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some of these embodiments, R 3 is selected form either hydrogen or halogen. In still other embodiments, R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • the compound is one of Formula IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • n is selected from 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is 1 or 2. In still other embodiments, n is 2. In other embodiments, n is 1. In other embodiments n is 0.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • n is 1. In other embodiments, m is 0.
  • both instances of R 4 are simultaneously hydrogen. In other embodiments, both instances of R 4 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some of these embodiments, R 3 is either hydrogen or halogen. In still other embodiments, R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • the compound is one of Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • n is selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is selected from 1 or 2. In other embodiments, n is 1. In still other embodiments, n is 2.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • n is 1. In other embodiments, m is 0.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some of these embodiments, R 3 is either hydrogen or halogen. In still other embodiments, R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • the compound is one of Formula VI, or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously hydrogen.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 fluoroalkyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is methyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • both R 1 and R 2 are simultaneously C 1-4 fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, they are simultaneously C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, they are simultaneously trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is C 1-2 alkyl or C 1-2 fluoroalkyl. In other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In still other embodiments, R 1 is —CONH 2 and R 2 is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing up to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O or S.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an unsubstituted 3 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring, containing one ring heteroatom selected from O or S.
  • said ring heteroatom is O.
  • the compound is one of Formula VIA or Formula VIB.
  • n is selected from 1, 2 or 3. In other embodiments, n is 2. In still other embodiments, n is 1. In still other embodiments n is 3. In yet other embodiments, n is 0.
  • all instances of J B are fluoro. In other embodiments, all instances of J B are chloro. In still other embodiments, some instances of J B are fluoro and some instances of J B are chloro. In some embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is independently selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, n is 2 and one instance of J B is chloro and the other instance of J B is fluoro. In still other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 2 and each J B is fluoro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is chloro. In yet other embodiments, n is 1 and J B is fluoro.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN or —NH 2 . In some of these embodiments, R 3 is either hydrogen or halogen. In still other embodiments, R 3 is selected from hydrogen, chloro or fluoro. In other embodiments, it is selected from hydrogen or fluoro. In yet other embodiments, it is selected from fluoro or chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In other embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In other embodiments, R 3 is hydrogen.
  • the compound is one selected from the Table I, below:
  • the compound is I-1. In another embodiment of the invention, the compound is I-2. In another embodiment, the compound is I-3. In still another embodiment, the compound is I-4. In another embodiment, the compound is I-5.
  • the prodrugs of the present invention are characterized by high aqueous solubility.
  • the aqueous solubility of the prodrugs is much higher than that of the corresponding parent compounds.
  • the solubility of Compound I-1 is 66-1000 ⁇ g/mL at pH 7 and the solubility of Compound I-4 is 71 ⁇ g/mL at pH 7; whereas the solubility of the parent compound Intermediate 3 is 2-3 ⁇ g/mL at pH 7.
  • the prodrugs of the present invention may be suitable for development of formulations for parenteral delivery, for instance for intravenous delivery, or subcutaneous intramuscular injection, intra-ocular, intrathecal, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular or intra-arterial delivery.
  • the prodrugs of the present invention are also characterized by rapid cleavage into the parent drug after administration. For instance, they rapidly cleave in an ex-vivo rat intestinal fluid assay. They are also rapidly cleaved in vivo in preclinical animals such as rats and dogs. More specifically, the prodrugs of the present invention are characterized by unexpected short cleavage or release times when administered either in an ex-vivo model system or in vivo in preclinical animals.
  • the term “compound” also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, whether or not the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is actually used.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of a compound of Formula I or Table I.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of Formula I or Table I are used in medicine. Salts that are not pharmaceutically acceptable may, however, be useful in the preparation of a compound of Formula I or Table I or of other pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt involves the inclusion of another atom or molecule acting as the counter ion.
  • the counter ion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. In some instances, the counter ions may be the same. In other instances, they may be different for each charged atom. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ions.
  • salts of the compounds described herein include those derived from the reaction of the compounds of Formula I or Table I with inorganic or organic bases.
  • the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds.
  • the salts can be prepared from the free form of the compound of Formula I or Table I in a separate synthetic step.
  • suitable “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
  • Salts derived from inorganic bases include salts of aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like.
  • Particular embodiments include calcium, magnesium, zinc, cesium, potassium and sodium salts as well as salts of organic amines.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic amines include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N, N 1 -dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
  • a typical formulation is prepared by mixing a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • Suitable carriers, diluents and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as carbohydrates, waxes, water soluble and/or swellable polymers, hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials, gelatin, oils, solvents, water, and the like.
  • the particular carrier, diluent or excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is being formulated.
  • Solvents are generally selected based on solvents recognized by persons skilled in the art as safe (GRAS-Generally Regarded as Safe) to be administered to a mammal.
  • safe solvents are non-toxic aqueous solvents such as water and other non-toxic solvents that are soluble or miscible in water.
  • Suitable aqueous solvents include water, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG400, PEG300), etc. and mixtures thereof.
  • the formulations may also include other types of excipients such as one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, antiadherents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, binders, suspending agents, disintegrants, fillers, sorbents, coatings (e.g., enteric or slow release) preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of Formula I or Table I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
  • excipients such as one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, antiadherents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, binders, suspending agents, disintegrants, fillers, sorbents, coatings (
  • the formulations may be prepared using conventional dissolution and mixing procedures.
  • the bulk drug substance i.e., a compound of Formula I or Table I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a stabilized form of the compound, such as a complex with a cyclodextrin derivative or other known complexation agent
  • a suitable solvent in the presence of one or more of the excipients described above.
  • a compound having the desired degree of purity is optionally mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients or stabilizers, in the form of a lyophilized formulation, milled powder, or an aqueous solution.
  • Formulation may be conducted by mixing at ambient temperature at the appropriate pH, and at the desired degree of purity, with physiologically acceptable carriers.
  • the pH of the formulation depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of compound, but may range from about 3 to about 8.
  • additives may be added directly to the spray-drying solution when forming the mixture such as the additive is dissolved or suspended in the solution as a slurry which can then be spray dried.
  • the additives may be added following spray-drying process to aid in the forming of the final formulated product.
  • the compound of Formula I or Table I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is typically formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easily controllable dosage of the drug and to enable patient compliance with the prescribed regimen.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be prepared for various routes and types of administration. Various dosage forms may exist for the same compound, since different medical conditions may warrant different routes of administration.
  • a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight).
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily measurable amounts for administration.
  • an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion may contain from about 3 to 500 ⁇ g of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mIhr can occur.
  • the initial pharmaceutically effective amount of the inhibitor administered will be in the range of about 0.01-100 mg/kg per dose, namely about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical initial range of compound used being 0.3 to 15 mg/kg/day.
  • therapeutically effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
  • the therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound to be administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to ameliorate, cure or treat the disease or disorder or one or more of its symptoms.
  • compositions of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion, i.e., amounts, concentrations, schedules, course, vehicles, and route of administration, consistent with good medical practice.
  • Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners, such as the age, weight, and response of the individual patient.
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective in preventing or substantially lessening the chances of acquiring a disease or disorder or in reducing the severity of the disease or disorder before it is acquired or reducing the severity of one or more of its symptoms before the symptoms develop. Roughly, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) and secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process).
  • Acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients, and stabilizers are those that are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); proteins such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine
  • the active pharmaceutical ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, e.g., hydroxymethylcelluloseose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules, respectively; in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.
  • colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
  • Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Eds., 2005 (hereafter “Remington's”).
  • administer in reference to a compound, composition or formulation of the invention means introducing the compound into the system of the animal in need of treatment.
  • administration and its variants are each understood to include concurrent and/or sequential introduction of the compound and the other active agents.
  • compositions described herein may be administered systemically or locally, e.g., orally (e.g., using capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, tablets, sublingual tablets and the like), by inhalation (e.g., with an aerosol, gas, inhaler, nebulizer or the like), to the ear (e.g., using ear drops), topically (e.g., using creams, gels, liniments, lotions, ointments, pastes, transdermal patches, etc.), ophthalmically (e.g., with eye drops, ophthalmic gels, ophthalmic ointments), rectally (e.g., using enemas or suppositories), nasally, buccally, vaginally (e.g., using douches, intrauterine devices, vaginal suppositories, vaginal rings or tablets, etc.), via an implanted reservoir or the like, or parenterally depending on the severity and type of the disease
  • parenteral includes, but is not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the compositions are administered orally, subcutaneously or intravenously.
  • compositions described herein may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol mono
  • Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to mask an unpleasant taste or to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • a water soluble taste masking material such as hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl-cellulose may be employed.
  • Formulations of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that are suitable for oral administration may be prepared as discrete units such as tablets, pills, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules, syrups or elixirs.
  • Formulations of a compound intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water soluble carrier such as polyethylene glycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • water soluble carrier such as polyethylene glycol or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • the active compounds can also be in microencapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • aqueous suspensions When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring agents may be added. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
  • Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring and coloring agents and antioxidant.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol or PEG400.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
  • surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of injectable formulations.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
  • These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol or alpha-tocopherol.
  • Aqueous suspensions of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose, povidone, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e
  • the aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • the injectable solutions or microemulsions may be introduced into a patient's bloodstream by local bolus injection. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to administer the solution or microemulsion in such a way as to maintain a constant circulating concentration of the instant compound.
  • a continuous intravenous delivery device may be utilized.
  • An example of such a device is the Deltec CADD-PLUSM model 5400 intravenous pump.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, beeswax, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, beeswax, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, beeswax, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Other formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pess
  • compositions described herein may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the ear, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
  • Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound described herein include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
  • the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.
  • Ophthalmic formulation, eardrops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body.
  • Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin.
  • the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation.
  • Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2 octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
  • the formulations may be applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w.
  • the active ingredients may be employed with either an oil-based, paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG 400) and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl sulfoxide and related analogs.
  • the oily phase of emulsions prepared using a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. A hydrophilic emulsifier may be included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the emulsifier includes both an oil and a fat.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include TweenTM-60, SpanTTM-80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • compositions may also be administered by nasal aerosol or by inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0.1 to 500 micros (including particles in a range between 0.1 and 500 microns in increments microns such as 0.5, 1, 30, 35 microns, etc.) which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the alveolar sacs.
  • the pharmaceutical composition (or formulation) for use may be packaged in a variety of ways depending upon the method used for administering the drug.
  • an article for distribution includes a container having deposited therein the pharmaceutical formulation in an appropriate form.
  • Suitable containers are well-known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass), sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like.
  • the container may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to prevent indiscreet access to the contents of the package.
  • the container has deposited thereon a label that describes the contents of the container. The label may also include appropriate warnings.
  • the formulations may be packaged in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water, for injection immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • a compound of Formula I or Table I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated in a veterinary composition comprising a veterinary carrier.
  • Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or accepted in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered parenterally, orally or by any other desired route.
  • Increased production of NO or increased concentration of cGMP in a tissue leads to vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion, anti-hypertensive effects, anti-remodeling effects, anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic effects, anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal signal transmission effects, among other effects.
  • the invention relates to the treatment of certain disorders by using certain prodrugs of certain sGC stimulators, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, either alone or in combination, in a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to certain prodrugs of stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutical formulations thereof and their use, alone or in combination with one or more additional agents, for treating and/or preventing various diseases, wherein an increase in the concentration of NO or an increase in the concentration of cGMP might be desirable.
  • sGC soluble guanylate cyclase
  • the compounds here disclosed are prodrugs of sGC stimulators that may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases and disorders characterized by undesirable reduced bioavailability of and/or sensitivity to NO in a biological system (e.g., in the human body), such as those associated with conditions of oxidative stress or nitrosative stress.
  • cardiovascular disease refers to a disease based on the abnormal symptoms of circulatory organs such as the heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) or both.
  • the term also includes any disease that affects the cardiovascular system in general, including cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain, vascular diseases of the kidney, liver and associated organs, or lung, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.
  • a “sGC-related cardiovascular disease” is one for which the NO/sGC/cGMP system is known or suspected to be involved and is a cardiovascular disease that can be treated or prevented by sGC activation/stimulation, by activation of a NO synthase, or by addition of NO or an NO-donor or an NO precursor such as L-Arginine or L-citruline, or by inhibition of a PDE (phosphodiesterase) enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cGMP, or a combination of the any of the above methods.
  • sGC activation/stimulation by activation of a NO synthase, or by addition of NO or an NO-donor or an NO precursor such as L-Arginine or L-citruline, or by inhibition of a PDE (phosphodiesterase) enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cGMP, or a combination of the any of the above methods.
  • PDE phosphodiesterase
  • vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. In essence, the process is the opposite of “vasoconstriction”, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
  • vasoconstriction which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
  • the response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the surrounding tissue) or extrinsic (due to hormones or the nervous system).
  • the response may be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation).
  • vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of a blood vessel due to muscle contraction. Vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure (MAP). Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow.
  • MAP mean arterial pressure
  • bronchoconstriction is used to define the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
  • the condition has a number of causes, the most common being asthma. Exercise and allergies can bring on the symptoms in an otherwise asymptomatic individual. Other conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can also present with bronchoconstriction.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • hypertension refers to an extremely common and highly preventable chronic condition in which blood pressure (BP) in the arteries is higher than normal or desired. If not properly controlled, it represents a significant risk factor for several serious cardiovascular and renal conditions.
  • Hypertension may be a primary disease, called “essential hypertension” or “idiopathic hypertension”, or it may be caused by or related to other diseases, in which case it is classified as “secondary hypertension”. Essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of all cases.
  • resistant hypertension refers to hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure (usually less than 140/90 mmHg, although a lower goal of less than 130/80 mmHg is recommended for patients with comorbid diabetes or kidney disease), in spite of concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents belonging to different antihypertensive drug classes. People who require four or more drugs to control their blood pressure are also considered to have resistant hypertension.
  • Hypertension is an extremely common comorbid condition in diabetes, affecting ⁇ 20-60% of patients with diabetes, depending on obesity, ethnicity, and age. This type of hypertension is herein referred to as “diabetic hypertension”. In type 2 diabetes, hypertension is often present as part of the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance also including central obesity and dyslipidemia. In type 1 diabetes, hypertension may reflect the onset of diabetic nephropathy.
  • PH Pulmonary hypertension
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • PH PH with left heart disease
  • PH associated with lung diseases and/or hypoxaemia PH due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease and miscellaneous PH.
  • PAH chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • coronary artery disease refers to a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked (ischemia of the heart muscle or myocardium). This reduced blood supply to the myocardium may result in a number of “acute myocardial syndromes”: chest pain (“angina”, also called “angina pectoris”, stable or unstable) and different types of heart attacks (“myocardial infarction” or MI).
  • Angina also called “angina pectoris”, stable or unstable
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • Atherosclerosis refers to hardening of the arteries, due to fatty deposits in the artery walls which then may progress through formation of atherosclerotic plaques, to narrowing and eventually blockage of blood flow to the in the artery.
  • Atherosclerosis may affect other arteries as well, not just those of the heart.
  • a blood clot is the most common cause of the blockage of the artery, as usually the artery is already partially blocked due to atherosclerotic plaque (atheroma); the atheroma may rupture or tear, leading to the formation of a clot.
  • atherosclerotic plaque the atherosclerotic plaque
  • coronary artery disease is caused by spasm of a coronary artery, which can occur spontaneously or as a result of the use of certain drugs (e.g., cocaine, nicotine).
  • the cause of coronary artery disease is a birth defect, a viral infection (e.g., Kawasaki disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), inflammation of the arteries (arteritis), a blood clot that travelled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries or physical damage (e.g., from injury or radiation therapy).
  • a viral infection e.g., Kawasaki disease
  • systemic lupus erythematosus e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus
  • inflammation of the arteries e.g., arthritis
  • a blood clot that travelled from a heart chamber into one of the coronary arteries or physical damage (e.g., from injury or radiation therapy).
  • Unstable angina refers to a change in the pattern of angina symptoms including prolonged or worsening angina and new onset of severe symptoms.
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • Non-ST-segment elevation MI
  • ST-segment elevation MI
  • the complications of acute coronary syndromes depend on how much, how long, and where the coronary artery is blocked. If the blockage affects a large amount of heart muscle, the heart will not pump effectively. If the blockage shuts off blood flow to the electrical system of the heart, the heart rhythm may be affected. When a heart attack occurs, part of the myocardium dies. Dead tissue and the scar tissue that replaces it, does not contract. The scar tissue sometimes even expands or bulges when the rest of the heart tries to contract. Consequently, there is less muscle to pump blood.
  • the heart's pumping ability may be so reduced that the heart cannot meet the body's demands for oxygen and blood. Heart failure, low blood pressure or both then develop. If more than half of the myocardium is damaged or dies, the heart generally cannot function and severe disability or death is likely.
  • Heart Failure is a progressive disorder of left ventricular (LV) myocardial remodeling that culminates in a complex clinical syndrome in which impaired cardiac function and circulatory congestion are the defining features, and results in insufficient delivery of blood and nutrients to body tissues.
  • the condition occurs when the heart is damaged or overworked and unable to pump out all the blood that returns to it from the systemic circulation. As less blood is pumped out, blood returning to the heart backs up and fluid builds up in other parts of the body. Heart failure also impairs the kidneys' ability to dispose of sodium and water, complicating fluid retention further.
  • Heart failure is characterized by autonomic dysfunction, neuro-hormonal activation and overproduction of cytokines, which contribute to progressive circulatory failure.
  • Symptoms of heart failure include: dyspnea (shortness of breath) while exercising or resting and waking at night due to sudden breathlessness, both indicative of pulmonary edema; general fatigue or weakness; edema of the feet, ankles and legs; rapid weight gain; or chronic cough, including that producing mucus or blood.
  • heart failure is classified as de novo, transient, acute, post-acute or chronic.
  • Acute heart failure i.e., the rapid or gradual onset of symptoms requiring urgent therapy, may develop de novo or as a result of chronic heart failure becoming decompensated.
  • the term “Heart failure” is often used to mean “chronic heart failure”.
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • CCF congestive cardiac failure
  • Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. These cause heart failure, by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart.
  • heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)
  • HREF reduced ejection fraction
  • HPEF left ventricular systolic dysfunction
  • HNEF normal ejection fraction
  • Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood in the heart pumped out of the heart during a single contraction. It is a percentage with normal being between 50 and 75%.
  • Chronic heart failure is a long term situation, usually with stable treated symptomatology.
  • acute decompensated heart failure is worsening or decompensated heart failure, referring to episodes in which a person can be characterized as having a change in heart failure signs and symptoms resulting in a need for urgent therapy or hospitalization.
  • Heart failure may also occur in situations of high output (then it is termed “high output cardiac failure”) where the ventricular systolic function is normal but the heart cannot deal with an important augmentation of blood volume.
  • Ejection Fraction is defined as the fraction of blood in the left and right ventricles that is pumped out with each heartbeat or cardiac cycle. In finite mathematics allowed by medical imaging, EF is applied to both the right ventricle, which ejects blood via the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary circulation, or the left ventricle, which ejects blood via the aortic valve into the cerebral and systemic circulation.
  • heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is commonly understood to refer to a manifestation of signs and symptoms of heart failure with an ejection fraction greater than 55%. It is characterized by a decrease in left ventricular compliance, leading to increased pressure in the left ventricle. Increased left atrial size is often seen with HFPEF as a result of the poor left ventricular function.
  • HFPEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
  • Risk factors are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and obstructive sleep apnea. In this type of heart failure, the heart muscle contracts well but the ventricle does not fill with blood well in the relaxation phase.
  • heart failure with reduced ejection fraction refers to heart failure in which the ejection fraction is less than 40%.
  • Diabetes is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure and is associated with poorer outcomes as well as potentially compromising the efficacy of treatments.
  • Other important comorbidities include systemic hypertension, chronic airflow obstruction, sleep apnea, cognitive dysfunction, anemia, chronic kidney disease and arthritis.
  • Chronic left heart failure is frequently associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension.
  • the frequency of certain comorbidities varies by gender: among women, hypertension and thyroid disease are more common, while men more commonly suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease and renal insufficiency.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Depression is a frequent comorbidity of heart failure and the two conditions can and often do complicate one another.
  • Cardiac cachexia has long been recognized as a serious and frequent complication of heart failure, affecting up to 15% of all heart failure patients and being associated with poor prognosis.
  • Cardiac cachexia is defined as the nonedematous, non-voluntary loss of at least 6% of body weight over a period of six months.
  • arrhythmias refers to abnormal heart rhythms that occur in more than 90% of people who have had a heart attack. Sometimes the problem is with the part of the heart that triggers the heartbeat and the heart rate may be too slow, other times the problems may cause the heart to beat too rapidly or irregularly. Sometimes the signal to beat is not conducted from one part of the heart to the other and the heartbeat may slow or stop. In addition, areas of the myocardium that have not died but have poor blood flow may be irritable. This causes heart rhythm problems such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. This may lead to cardiac arrest if the heart stops pumping entirely.
  • the “pericardium” is the sack or membrane that surrounds the heart. “Pericarditis” or inflammation of this membrane may develop as a result of a heart attack and may result in fever, pericardial effusion, inflammation of the membranes covering the lungs (pleura), pleural effusion, and joint pain. Other complications after a heart attack may include malfunction of the mitral valve, rupture of the heart muscle, a bulge in the wall of the ventricle (ventricular aneurysm), blood clots, and low blood pressure.
  • cardiomyopathy refers to the progressive impairment of the structure and function of the muscular walls of the heart chambers.
  • the main types of cardiomyopathies are dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive. Cardiomyopathies often cause symptoms of heart failure, and they may also cause chest pain, fainting and sudden death.
  • mitral valve regurgitation refers to a situation in which the mitral valve of the heart doesn't close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart. As a result, blood can't move through the heart or to the rest of the body as efficiently, resulting in fatigue or shortness of breath.
  • sleep apnea refers to the most common of the sleep-disordered breathing disorders. It is a condition characterized by intermittent, cyclical reductions or total cessations of airflow, which may or may not involve obstruction of the upper airway. There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea, the most common form, central sleep apnea and mixed sleep apnea.
  • CSA Central sleep apnea
  • metabolic syndrome refers to a group or clustering of metabolic conditions (abdominal obesity, elevated fasting glucose, “dyslipidemia” (i.e., elevated lipid levels) and elevated blood pressure (HBP)) which occur together more often than by chance alone and that together promote the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  • Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a specific lipid profile of increased triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and in some cases moderately elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) levels, as well as accelerated progression of “atherosclerotic disease” due to the pressure of the component risk factors.
  • HDL-cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • LDL-cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • dyslipidemias refers to elevated levels of cholesterol. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a specific form of hypercholesterolemia due to a defect on chromosome 19 (19p13.1-13.3).
  • “Hyperglyceridemia” refers to elevated levels of glycerides (e.g., “hypertriglyceridemia” involves elevated levels of triglycerides). “Hyperlipoproteinemia” refers to elevated levels of lipoproteins (usually LDL unless otherwise specified).
  • steatosis refers to the abnormal retention of lipids within a cell. It usually reflects an impairment of the normal processes of synthesis and elimination of triglycerides. Excess fat accumulates in vesicles that displace the cytoplasm of the cell. In severe cases the cell may burst. Usually steatosis is observed in the liver as it is the organ mostly associated with fat metabolism. It can also be observed in the heart, kidneys and muscle tissue.
  • PVD peripheral vascular disease
  • PAD peripheral arterial disease
  • PAOD peripheral artery occlusive disease
  • PVD also includes a subset of diseases classified as microvascular diseases resulting from episodic narrowing of the arteries (e.g., “Raynaud's phenomenon”), or widening thereof (erythromelalgia), i.e., vascular spasms.
  • Peripheral arterial diseases include occlusive thrombotic vasculitis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Raynaud's disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. Common symptoms are cold leg or feet, intermittent claudication, lower limb pain and critical limb ischemia (lower limb ulcers and necrosis). Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for peripheral arterial disease can be found in Eur. J. Vasco Endovasc. Surg, 2007, 33(1), Sl.
  • stenosis refers to an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a “stricture” (as in urethral stricture).
  • coarctation is a synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.
  • restenosis refers to the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
  • thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (“thrombus”) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
  • thrombus blood clot
  • the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss.
  • platelets thrombocytes
  • fibrin fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss.
  • blood clots may form in the body if the proper conditions present themselves. If the clotting is too severe and the clot breaks free, the traveling clot is now known as an “embolus”.
  • thromboembolism refers to the combination of thrombosis and its main complication, “embolism”.
  • a thrombus occupies more than 75% of surface area of the lumen of an artery, blood flow to the tissue supplied is reduced enough to cause symptoms because of decreased oxygen (hypoxia) and accumulation of metabolic products like lactic acid (“gout”). More than 90% obstruction can result in anoxia, the complete deprivation of oxygen and “infarction”, a mode of cell death.
  • embolism is the event of lodging of an embolus (a detached intravascular mass capable of clogging arterial capillary beds at a site far from its origin) into a narrow capillary vessel of an arterial bed which causes a blockage (vascular occlusion) in a distant part of the body. This is not to be confused with a thrombus which blocks at the site of origin.
  • the material that forms the embolism can have a number of different origins: if the material is blood the “embolus” is termed a “thrombus”; the solid material could also comprise fat, bacterial remains, infected tissue, etc.
  • Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue. It also means local anemia in a given part of a body sometimes resulting from congestion (such as vasoconstriction, thrombosis or embolism). If the “ischemia” takes place in the heart muscle (or “myocardium”) the ischemia is termed myocardial ischemia. Other types of ischemia are for instance cerebral ischemia, critical limb ischemia and the like.
  • Reperfusion occurs when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia. Upon restoration of circulation to the tissue, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes may develop. One example of this chain of events is ischemia-reperfusion associated with organ transplants.
  • Reperfusion injury is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia and inflammation and oxidative damage ensue rather than restoration of normal function.
  • Reperfusion of ischemic issues is often associated with microvascular injury, particularly due to the increased permeability of capillaries and arterioles that lead to an increase in diffusion and fluid filtration across the tissues.
  • the activated endothelial cells produce more reactive oxygen species but less NO following reperfusion, and the imbalance results in an inflammatory response.
  • White blood cells carried to the area by the newly returned blood flow, release a host of inflammatory factors and free radicals in response to tissue damage.
  • the restored blood flow brings with it oxygen that damages cellular proteins, DNA and plasma membranes.
  • This process of ischemia-reperfusion is also thought to be responsible for formation and failure to heal of chronic wounds, (e.g., pressure sores or diabetic ulcers).
  • angiopathy as used herein is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The most common and most prevalent angiopathy is “diabetic angiopathy”, a common complication of chronic diabetes. Another common type of angiopathy is “cerebral amyloid angiopathy” (CAA), also known as congophilic angiopathy, wherein amyloid deposits form in the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system.
  • CAA Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
  • congophilic is used because the presence of the abnormal aggregations of amyloid can be demonstrated by microscopic examination of brain tissue after application of a special stain called Congo red. The amyloid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amyloidosis.
  • a “stroke”, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to “ischemia” (lack of blood flow with resultant insufficient oxygen and glucose supply to the tissue) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism, fat accumulation or a spasm), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood). As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or an inability to see one side of the visual field.
  • Risk factors for stroke include old age, hypertension, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and atrial fibrillation. High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke.
  • An “ischemic stroke” is occasionally treated in a hospital with thrombolysis (also known as a “clot buster”), and some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from neurosurgery.
  • thrombolysis also known as a “clot buster”
  • Prevention of recurrence may involve the administration of antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and dipyridamole, control and reduction of hypertension, and the use of statins. Selected patients may benefit from carotid endarterectomy and the use of anticoagulants.
  • Vascular dementia is the 2nd most common cause of dementia among the elderly. It is more common among men and usually begins after age 70. It occurs more often in people who have vascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking) and in those who have had several strokes. Many people have both vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. Vascular dementia typically occurs when multiple small cerebral infarcts (or sometimes hemorrhages) cause enough neuronal or axonal loss to impair brain function.
  • Vascular dementias include the following types: multiple lacunar infarction (wherein small blood vessels are affected and infarcts occur deep within hemispheric white and gray matter); multi-infarct dementia (wherein medium-sized blood vessels are affected); strategic single-infarct dementia (wherein a single infarct occurs in a crucial area of the brain such as the angular gyrus or the thalamus; Binswanger dementia or subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (wherein small-vessel dementia is associated with severe, poorly controlled hypertension and systemic vascular disease and which causes diffuse and irregular loss of axons and myelin with widespread gliosis, tissue death due to an infarction, or loss of blood supply to the white matter of the brain).
  • glioma refers to a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain. Gliomas make up about 30% of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80% of all malignant brain tumors.
  • sexual dysfunction encompasses a series of conditions “characterized by disturbances in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes associated with the sexual response cycle”; while problems of this type are common, sexual dysfunction is only considered to exist when the problems cause distress for the patient.
  • sexual dysfunction can be either physical or psychological in origin. It can exist as a primary condition, generally hormonal in nature, although most often it is secondary to other medical conditions or to drug therapy for said conditions. All types of sexual dysfunction can be further classified as life-long, acquired, situational or generalized (or combinations thereof).
  • the DSM-IV-TR specifies five major categories of “female sexual dysfunction”: sexual desire/interest disorders; “sexual arousal disorders (including genital, subjective and combined)”; orgasmic disorder; dyspareunia and vaginismus; and persistent sexual arousal disorder.
  • FSAD Male sexual arousal disorder
  • FSAD encompasses both the lack of subjective feelings of excitement (i.e., subjective sexual arousal disorder) and the lack of somatic responses such as lubrication and swelling (i.e., genital/physical sexual arousal disorder).
  • FSAD may be strictly psychological in origin, although it generally is caused or complicated by medical or physiological factors.
  • Hypoestrogenism is the most common physiologic condition associated with FSAD, which leads to urogenital atrophy and a decrease in vaginal lubrication.
  • erectile dysfunction is a male sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual performance.
  • a penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis. The process is often initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are transmitted from the brain to nerves in the penis. Erectile dysfunction is indicated when an erection is difficult to produce.
  • cardiovascular disease and diabetes neurological problems (for example, trauma from prostatectomy surgery), hormonal insufficiencies (hypogonadism) and drug side effects.
  • compounds of Formula I or Table I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore useful in the prevention and/or treatment of the following types of cardiac, pulmonary, peripheral, hepatic, kidney, or cerebral vascular/endothelial disorders, conditions and diseases related to circulation:
  • Inflammation refers to the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
  • harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
  • the classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
  • Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process.
  • Inflammation is not a synonym for infection, even though the two are often correlated (the former often being a result of the latter). Inflammation can also occur in the absence of infection, although such types of inflammation are usually maladaptive (such as in atherosclerosis).
  • Inflammation is a stereotyped response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen.
  • inflammation is normally closely regulated by the body. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. “Acute inflammation” is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as “chronic inflammation”, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.
  • compounds of Formula I or Table I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore useful in the prevention and/or treatment of the following types of cardiac, pulmonary, peripheral, hepatic, kidney, digestive or Central Nervous System disorders, conditions and diseases which may involve inflammation or an inflammatory process:
  • wound healing refers to the intricate process where the skin (or another organ or tissue) repairs itself after injury.
  • the epidermis (outermost layer) and dermis (inner or deeper layer) exist in a steady-state equilibrium, forming a protective barrier against the external environment. Once the protective barrier is broken, the normal (physiologic) process of wound healing is immediately set in motion.
  • the classic model of wound healing is divided into three or four sequential, yet overlapping, phases: (1) hemostasis (not considered a phase by some authors), (2) inflammation, (3) proliferation and (4) remodeling.
  • a set of complex biochemical events takes place in a closely orchestrated cascade to repair the damage.
  • platelets adhere to the site of injury, become activated, and aggregate (join together), followed by activation of the coagulation cascade which forms a clot of aggregated platelets in a mesh of cross-linked fibrin protein. This clot stops active bleeding (“hemostasis”).
  • bacteria and cell debris are phagocytosed and removed from the wound by white blood cells.
  • Platelet-derived growth factors (stored in the alpha granules of the platelets) are released into the wound that cause the migration and division of cells during the proliferative phase.
  • the proliferation phase is characterized by angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction.
  • vascular endothelial cells form new blood vessels.
  • fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation, fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) by excreting collagen and fibronectin.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • re-epithelialization of the epidermis occurs, in which epithelial cells proliferate and‘crawl’ atop the wound bed, providing cover for the new tissue.
  • myofibroblasts decrease the size of the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting using a mechanism that resembles that in smooth muscle cells. When the cells' roles are close to complete, unneeded cells undergo apoptosis.
  • non-healing chronic wounds one example includes diabetic wounds or ulcers, and, in particular, diabetic foot ulcers.
  • Factors that contribute to non-healing chronic wounds are diabetes, venous or arterial disease, infection, and metabolic deficiencies of old age.
  • bone healing refers to a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture.
  • fracture healing several phases of recovery facilitate the proliferation and protection of the areas surrounding fractures and dislocations.
  • the length of the process depends on the extent of the injury, and usual margins of two to three weeks are given for the reparation of most upper bodily fractures; anywhere above four weeks given for lower bodily injury.
  • the healing process is mainly determined by the “periosteum” (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone).
  • the periosteum is one source of precursor cells which develop into “chondroblasts” and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone.
  • the bone marrow when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts are other sources of precursor cells.
  • compounds of Formula I or Table I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are stimulators of sGC and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are therefore useful in the treatment of the following types of diseases, disorders or conditions in which stimulation of the processes of wound or bone healing would be desirable:
  • connective tissue refers to a kind of animal tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body. It is one of the four general classes of animal tissues, the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues. Connective tissue is found everywhere, including in the central nervous system. It is located in between other tissues. All CT has three main components—ground substances, fibers and cells—and all these components are immersed in the body fluids.
  • connective tissue disorder or condition refers to any condition that involves abnormalities in connective tissue in one or more parts of the body. Certain disorders are characterized by over-activity of the immune system with resulting inflammation and systemic damage to the tissues, usually with replacement of normal tissue (e.g., normal tissue of a certain organ) with connective tissue. Other disorders involve biochemical abnormalities or structural defects of the connective tissue itself. Some of these disorders are inherited, and some are of unknown etiology.
  • connective tissue diseases When connective tissue diseases are of autoimmune origin they are classified as “rheumatic disorders”, “autoimmune rheumatic disorders” or “autoimmune collagen-vascular disorders”.
  • autoimmune disorders In an “autoimmune disorder”, antibodies or other cells produced by the body attack the body's own tissues. Many autoimmune disorders affect connective tissue in a variety of organs. In autoimmune disorders, inflammation and the immune response may result in connective tissue damage, around the joints and also in other tissues, including vital organs, such as the kidneys or organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the sac that surrounds the heart (pericardium), the membrane that covers the lungs (pleura), the mediastinum (an undelineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue, containing the heart, the great vessels of the heart, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic nerve, the cardiac nerve, the thoracic duct, the thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest) and even the brain may be affected.
  • fibrosis refers to the accumulation of connective tissue or fibrous tissue (scar tissue, collagen) in a certain organ or part of the body. If fibrosis arises from a single cell line it is called a“fibroma”. Fibrosis occurs as the body attempts to repair and replace damaged cells, and thus can be a reactive, benign or a pathological state. Physiological fibrosis is similar to the process of scarring. A pathological state develops when the tissue in question is repeatedly and continuously damaged. A single episode of injury, even if severe, does not usually cause fibrosis. If injury is repeated or continuous (for instance as it occurs in chronic hepatitis) the body attempts to repair the damage, but the attempts result instead in excessive accumulation of scar tissue.
  • Scar tissue starts to replace regular tissue of the organ which performs certain functions that the scar tissue is not able to perform; it can also interfere with blood flow and limit blood supply to other cells. As a result, these other functional cells start to die and more scar tissue is formed.
  • blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver increases, giving rise to the condition known as “portal hypertension”.
  • clerosis refers to the hardening or stiffening of tissue or a structure or organ that would normally be flexible, usually by replacement of normal organ specific tissue with connective tissue.
  • fibroses or fibrotic diseases including but not limited to pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis), fibrosis of the liver (or “cirrhosis”), endomyocardial fibrosis, old myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis (affecting the bone marrow), retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis (affects the lungs), nephrogenic fibrosis (affecting the skin), Crohn's disease, arthrofibrosis, Peyronie's disease (affecting the penis), Dupuytren's contracture (affecting the hands and fingers), some forms of adhesive capsulitis (affecting the shoulders).
  • pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis
  • fibrosis of the liver or “cirrhosis”
  • endomyocardial fibrosis old myocardial in
  • scleroses or “sclerotic diseases” including but not limited to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); atherosclerosis; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome; hippocampal sclerosis (affecting the brain); lichen sclerosus (a disease that hardens connective tissue of the vagina and penis); liver sclerosis (cirrhosis); multiple sclerosis or focal sclerosis (diseases that affects coordination); osteosclerosis (a disease in which bone density is significantly reduced); otosclerosis (disease affecting the ears); tuberous sclerosis (rare genetic disease affecting multiple systems); primary sclerosing cholanginitis (hardening of the bile duct); primary lateral sclerosis (progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles); and keloids.
  • ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • atherosclerosis a disease that hardens connective tissue of the vagina and penis
  • liver sclerosis cirrhosis
  • systemic sclerosis or “progressive systemic scleroderma” refers to a condition which involves scarring of the joints, skin and internal organs as well as blood vessel abnormalities.
  • Systemic sclerosis can sometimes occur in limited forms, for examples sometimes affecting just the skin or mainly only certain parts of the skin or as CREST syndrome (wherein peripheral areas of the skin but not the trunk are involved).
  • the usual initial symptom of systemic sclerosis is swelling, then thickening and tightening of the skin at the end of the fingers. “Raynaud's phenomenon”, in which fingers suddenly and temporarily become very pale and tingle or become numb, painful or both, is common.
  • polymyositis refers to muscle inflammation.
  • skin inflammation refers to muscle inflammation that is accompanied by skin inflammation.
  • polychondritis refers to cartilage inflammation.
  • oesinophilic fasciitis refers to a rare disorder in which oesinophilic immune cells are released and results in inflammation and hardening of the “fasciae” which is the layer of tough fibrous tissue beneath the skin, on top and between the muscles.
  • the fasciae becomes painfully inflamed and swollen and gradually hardens in the arms and legs. As the skin of the arms and legs progressively hardens, they become difficult to move. Eventually they become stuck in unusual positions. Sometimes, if the arms are involved the person may develop carpal tunnel syndrome.
  • specific diseases of disorders which may be treated and/or prevented by administering an sGC stimulator of Formula I or Table I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include but are not limited to the following type of diseases involving inflammation, autoimmunity or fibrosis (i.e., fibrotic diseases):
  • specific diseases of disorders which may be treated and/or prevented by administering an sGC stimulator of Formula I or Table I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, that are stimulators of sGC, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include but are not limited to: certain types of cancers; Sickle Cell Disease; Sickle Cell Anemia; cancer metastasis; osteoporosis; gastroparesis; functional dyspepsia; diabetic complications; alopecia or hair loss; diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction; neurologic disorders associated with decreased nitric oxide production; arginosuccinic aciduria; neuromuscular diseases: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), limb girdle muscular dystrophies, distal myopathies, type I and type II myotonic dystrophies, facio-scapulo-peroneal muscular dystrophy, autosomal and X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, oculopharyngeal
  • compounds of the invention can be delivered in the form of implanted devices, such as stents.
  • a stent is a mesh ‘tube’ inserted into a natural passage/conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction.
  • the term may also refer to a tube used to temporarily hold such a natural conduit open to allow access for surgery.
  • a drug-eluting stent is a peripheral or coronary stent (a scaffold) placed into narrowed, diseased peripheral or coronary arteries that slowly releases a drug to block cell proliferation, usually smooth muscle cell proliferation. This prevents fibrosis that, together with clots (thrombus), could otherwise block the stented artery, a process called restenosis.
  • the stent is usually placed within the peripheral or coronary artery by an Interventional Cardiologist or Interventional Radiologist during an angioplasty procedure.
  • Drugs commonly used in DES in order to block cell proliferation include paclitaxel or rapamycin analogues.
  • a sGC stimulator of the invention can be delivered by means of a drug-eluting stent coated with said sGC stimulator.
  • a drug-eluting stent coated with a sGC stimulator of the invention may be useful in the prevention of stent restenosis and thrombosis during percutaneous coronary interventions.
  • a drug-eluting stent coated with a sGC stimulator of the invention may be able to prevent smooth cell proliferation as well as to assist re-vascularization and re-generation of the endothelial tissue of the artery in which the stent is inserted.
  • CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
  • a sGC stimulator of the invention can be used for the prevention of saphenous graft failure during CABG.
  • Compounds of the invention may assist the process of endothelialization and help prevent thrombosis.
  • the sGC stimulator is delivered locally in the form of a gel.
  • the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably.
  • the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an animal (e.g., a bird such as a chicken, quail or turkey, or a mammal), specifically a “mammal” including a non-primate (e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human), and more specifically a human.
  • a non-primate e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse
  • a primate e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human
  • the subject is a non-human animal such as a farm animal (e.g., a horse, cow, pig or sheep), or a pet (e.g., a dog, cat, guinea pig or rabbit). In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • a farm animal e.g., a horse, cow, pig or sheep
  • a pet e.g., a dog, cat, guinea pig or rabbit.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating one of the above diseases, conditions and disorders in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the subject in need of the treatment.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the treatment of one of these diseases, conditions and disorders in a subject in need of the treatment.
  • the invention further provides a method of making or manufacturing a medicament useful for treating one of these diseases, conditions and disorders comprising using a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • biological sample refers to an in vitro or ex vivo sample, and includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; blood, saliva, urine, faeces, semen, tears, lymphatic fluid, ocular fluid, vitreous humour, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.
  • Treat”, “treating” or “treatment” with regard to a disorder or disease refers to alleviating or abrogating the cause and/or the effects of the disorder or disease.
  • the terms “treat”, “treatment” and “treating” refer to the reduction or amelioration of the progression, severity and/or duration of an sGC, cGMP and/or NO mediated condition, or the amelioration of one or more symptoms (preferably, one or more discernible symptoms) of said condition (i.e., “managing” without “curing” the condition), resulting from the administration of one or more therapies (e.g., one or more therapeutic agents such as a compound or composition of the invention).
  • the terms “treat”; “treatment” and “treating” refer to the amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter of an sGC, cGMP and/or NO mediated condition. In other embodiments the terms “treat”, “treatment” and “treating” refer to the inhibition of the progression of an sGC, cGMP and/or NO mediated condition, either physically by, e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom or physiologically by, e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter, or both.
  • preventing refers to administering a medicament beforehand to avert or forestall the appearance of one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder.
  • prevent is not an absolute term. In the medical art it is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or seriousness of a condition, or symptom of the condition and this is the sense intended in this disclosure.
  • the Physician's Desk Reference a standard text in the field, uses the term “prevent” hundreds of times.
  • the terms “prevent”, “preventing” and “prevention” with regard to a disorder or disease refer to averting the cause, effects, symptoms or progression of a disease or disorder prior to the disease or disorder fully manifesting itself.
  • the methods of the invention are a preventative or “pre-emptive” measure to a patient, specifically a human, having a predisposition (e.g., a genetic predisposition) to developing an sGC, cGMP and/or NO related disease, disorder or symptom.
  • a predisposition e.g., a genetic predisposition
  • the methods of the invention are a preventative or “pre-emptive” measure to a patient, specifically a human, suffering from a disease, disorder or condition that makes him at risk of developing an sGC, cGMP or NO related disease, disorder or symptom.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be used alone or in combination therapy for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder mediated, regulated or influenced by sGC, cGMP and/or NO.
  • Compounds and compositions here disclosed are also useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including, without limitation, dogs, cats, mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, pigs and cattle.
  • the invention provides a method of stimulating sGC activity in a biological sample, comprising contacting said biological sample with a compound or composition of the invention.
  • a sGC stimulator in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, without limitation, biological assays and biological specimen storage.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be used in combination therapy with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • the active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction.
  • the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of the other agent.
  • an “effective amount” of the second agent will depend on the type of drug used. Suitable dosages are known for approved agents and can be adjusted by the skilled artisan according to the condition of the subject, the type of condition(s) being treated and the amount of a compound described herein being used. In cases where no amount is expressly noted, an effective amount should be assumed.
  • compounds described herein can be administered to a subject in a dosage range from between about 0.01 to about 10,000 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 5000 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 3000 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 500 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 300 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg body weight/day.
  • an effective amount can be achieved using a first amount of a compound of Formula I or Table I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second amount of an additional suitable therapeutic agent.
  • a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are each administered in an effective amount (i.e., each in an amount which would be therapeutically effective if administered alone).
  • the compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are each administered in an amount which alone does not provide a therapeutic effect (a sub-therapeutic dose).
  • the compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered in an effective amount, while the additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sub-therapeutic dose.
  • the compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered in a sub-therapeutic dose, while the additional therapeutic agent, for example, a suitable cancer-therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.
  • the terms “in combination” or “co-administration” can be used interchangeably to refer to the use of more than one therapy (e.g., one or more prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents).
  • the use of the terms does not restrict the order in which therapies (e.g., prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents) are administered to a subject.
  • Co-administration encompasses administration of the first and second amounts of the compounds in an essentially simultaneous manner, such as in a single pharmaceutical composition, for example, capsule or tablet having a fixed ratio of first and second amounts, or in multiple, separate capsules or tablets for each.
  • co administration also encompasses use of each compound in a sequential manner in either order.
  • co-administration involves the separate administration of the first amount of a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second amount of an additional therapeutic agent, the compounds are administered sufficiently close in time to have the desired therapeutic effect.
  • the period of time between each administration which can result in the desired therapeutic effect can range from minutes to hours and can be determined taking into account the properties of each compound such as potency, solubility, bioavailability, plasma half-life and kinetic profile.
  • a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second therapeutic agent can be administered in any order within about 24 hours of each other, within about 16 hours of each other, within about 8 hours of each other, within about 4 hours of each other, within about 1 hour of each other or within about 30 minutes of each other.
  • a first therapy e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as a compound described herein
  • a first therapy can be administered prior to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy (e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as an anti-cancer agent) to a subject.
  • a second therapy e.g., a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as an anti-cancer agent
  • Examples of other therapeutic agents that may be combined with a compound of Formula I or Table I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to:
  • ERF Endothelium-derived releasing factor
  • NO donors such as a nitrosothiol, a nitrite, a sydnonimine, a NONOate, a N-nitrosoamine, a N-hydroxyl nitrosamine, a nitrosimine, nitrotyrosine, a diazetine dioxide, an oxatriazole 5-imine, an oxime, a hydroxylamine, a N-hydroxyguanidine, a hydroxyurea or a furoxan.
  • NO donors such as a nitrosothiol, a nitrite, a sydnonimine, a NONOate, a N-nitrosoamine, a N-hydroxyl nitrosamine, a nitrosimine, nitrotyrosine, a diazetine dioxide, an oxatriazole 5-imine, an oxime, a hydroxylamine, a N-hydroxyguanidine, a hydroxyurea or a furox
  • glyceryl trinitrate also known as GTN, nitroglycerin, nitroglycerine, and trinitroglycerin
  • GTN sodiumnitroprusside
  • SNP sodiumnitroprusside
  • SIN-1 3-morpholinosydnonimine
  • SNAP S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine
  • DETA/NO diethylenetriamine/NO
  • NCX 4016 an m-nitroxymethyl phenyl ester of acetyl salicylic acid.
  • nitrovasodilators such as organic nitrate and nitrite esters, including nitroglycerin, amyl nitrite, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide 5-mononitrate, and nicorandil
  • Isosorbide (Dilatrate®-SR, Imdur®, Ismo®, Isordil®, Isordil®, Titradose®, Monoket®), FK 409 (NOR-3); FR 144420 (NOR-4); 3-morpholinosydnonimine; Linsidomine chlorohydrate (“SIN-1”); S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (“SNAP”); AZD3582 (CINOD lead compound), NCX 4016, NCX 701, NCX 1022, HCT 1026, NCX 1015, NCX 950, NCX 1000, NCX 1020, AZD 4717, NCX 1510/NCX 1512
  • Nitric oxide donors are also as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,155,137, 5,366,997, 5,405,919, 5,650,442, 5,700,830, 5,632,981, 6,290,981, 5,691,423 5,721,365, 5,714,511, 6,511,911, and 5,814,666, Chrysselis et al. (2002) J Med Chem.
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase substrates for example, n-hydroxyguanidine based analogs, such as N[G]-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), 1-(3, 4-dimethoxy-2-chlorobenzylideneamino)-3-hydroxyguanidine, and PR5 (1-(3, 4-dimethoxy-2-chlorobenzylideneamino)-3-hydroxyguanidine); L-arginine derivatives (such as homo-Arg, homo-NOHA, N-tert-butyloxy- and N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy-L
  • eNOS transcriptional enhancers including those described in US20050101599 (e.g., 2,2-difluorobenzo[1,3]dioxol-5-carboxylic acid indan-2-ylamide, and 4-fluoro-N-(indan-2-yl)-benzamide), and Sanofi-Aventis compounds AVE3085 and AVE9488 (CA Registry NO. 916514-70-0; Schlfer et al., Journal of Thrombosis and Homeostasis 2005; Volume 3, Supplement 1: abstract number P1487); (6) NO independent heme-independent sGC activators, including, but not limited to: BAY 58-2667 (see patent publication DE19943635)
  • HMR-1766 (ataciguat sodium, see patent publication WO2000002851)
  • Heme-dependent sGC stimulators including, but not limited to:
  • Neliciguat (BAY 60-4552, described in WO 2003095451)
  • PDE5 inhibitors such as, for example, Sildenafil (Viagra®) and other related agents such as Avanafil, Lodenafil, Mirodenafil, Sildenafil citrate (Revatio®), Tadalafil (Cialis® or Adcirca®), Vardenafil (Levitra®) and Udenafil; Alprostadil; and Dipyridamole; PF-00489791 PDE9 inhibitors, such as, for example, PF-04447943; (9) Calcium channel blockers such as: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine (Norvasc), Aranidipine (Sapresta), Azelnidipine (Calblock), Barnidipine (HypoCa), Benidipine (Coniel), Cilnidipine (Atelec, Cinalong, Siscard), Clevidipine (Cleviprex), Dilti
  • PDE5 inhibitors such as, for example, Sildenafil (
  • Gallopamil Procorum, D600
  • Benzothiazepines Diltiazem (Cardizem);
  • Nonselective calcium channel inhibitors such as: mibefradil, bepridil and fluspirilene, fendiline; (10) Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs): for instance the dual (ET A and ET B ) endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan (marketed as Tracleer®); Sitaxentan, marketed under the name Thelin®; Ambrisentan is marketed as Letairis® in U.S; dual/nonselective endothelin antagonist Actelion-1, that entered clinical trials in 2008; (11) Prostacyclin derivatives or analogues: for instance prostacyclin (prostaglandin I 2 ), Epoprostenol (synthetic prostacyclin, marketed as Flolan®); Treprostinil (Remodulin®), Iloprost (Ilomedin®), Iloprost (marketed as Ventavis®); oral and inhaled forms of Remodulin® that are under development; Beraprost, an oral prostanoi
  • Antidepressants tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil®), desipramine (Norpramin®), imipramine (Tofranil®), amoxapine (Asendin®), nortriptyline; the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) such as paroxetine (Paxil®), fluoxetine (Prozac®), sertraline (Zoloft®), and citralopram (Celexa®); and others such as doxepin (Sinequan®) and trazodone (Desyrel®); SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine and reboxetine); dopaminergic antidepressants (e.g., bupropion and amineptine).
  • SSRI's selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Paxil® paroxetine
  • fluoxetine Prozac®
  • Zoloft® sertraline
  • Neuroprotective agents e.g., memantine, L-dopa, bromocriptine, pergolide, talipexol, pramipexol, cabergoline, neuroprotective agents currently under investigation including anti-apoptotic drugs (CEP 1347 and CTCT346), lazaroids, bioenergetics, antiglutamatergic agents and dopamine receptors.
  • Other clinically evaluated neuroprotective agents are, e.g., the monoamine oxidase B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline, dopamine agonists, and the complex I mitochondrial fortifier coenzyme Q10.
  • Antipsychotic medications e.g., ziprasidone (GeodonTM), risperidone (RisperdalTM), and olanzapine (ZyprexaTM).
  • NEP inhibitors such as Sacubitril, Omapatrilat.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical formulations described herein may be contained in a kit.
  • the kit may include single or multiple doses of two or more agents, each packaged or formulated individually, or single or multiple doses of two or more agents packaged or formulated in combination.
  • one or more agents can be present in first container, and the kit can optionally include one or more agents in a second container.
  • the container or containers are placed within a package, and the package can optionally include administration or dosage instructions.
  • a kit can include additional components such as syringes or other means for administering the agents as well as diluents or other means for formulation.
  • kits can comprise: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent; and b) a container or packaging.
  • the kits may optionally comprise instructions describing a method of using the pharmaceutical compositions in one or more of the methods described herein (e.g., preventing or treating one or more of the diseases and disorders described herein).
  • the kit may optionally comprise a second pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more additional agents described herein for co therapy use, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound described herein and the second pharmaceutical composition contained in the kit may be optionally combined in the same pharmaceutical composition.
  • a kit includes a container or packaging for containing the pharmaceutical compositions and may also include divided containers such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet.
  • the container can be, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plastic bottle or jar, a re-sealable bag (for example, to hold a “refill” of tablets for placement into a different container), or a blister pack with individual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeutic schedule. It is feasible that more than one container can be used together in a single package to market a single dosage form. For example, tablets may be contained in a bottle which is in turn contained within a box.
  • Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process, recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of individual tablets or capsules to be packed or may have the size and shape to accommodate multiple tablets and/or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses accordingly and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
  • the tablets or capsules are individually sealed or collectively sealed, as desired, in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
  • the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
  • a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several tablets or capsules to be taken on a given day.
  • a daily dose of one or more compositions of the kit can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of another or more compositions of the kit can consist of several tablets or capsules.
  • a kit can take the form of a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intended use. The dispenser can be equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen.
  • a memory-aid is a mechanical counter which indicates the number of daily doses that have been dispensed.
  • a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken.
  • UPLC ESMS were obtained using a Waters Acuity UPLC system equipped with a Waters BEH C18 column (1.7 um, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm), a Waters TUV detector (220 nm) and a Waters SQ mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. Spectra were scanned in positive and negative ion mode from 200-1000 amu over 0.1 seconds. Gradient elution was used with Buffer A as water with 0.1% formic acid, and Buffer B as acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid at 0.6 ml/min. Samples were eluted from 10% to 100% B over 2 minutes and held at 100% B for 1 min., then the column brought back to initial conditions. Total run time was 3.0 min.
  • the compound was synthesized in two steps.
  • This compound was synthesized in three steps.
  • reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted in water (10 mL), then 1N hydrochloric acid solution (2 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 30 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to afford the desired Intermediate 2(373 mg, 91% yield), as a white solid.
  • reaction mixture was then concentrated to a residue and purified by silica gel chromatography utilizing a gradient of 1 to 8% methanol in dichloromethane over 60 minutes to afford a mixture of two compounds (288 mg crude mass), of which dibenzyl (4-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl) phosphate (Intermediate 9) was the major component. This material was used without further purification in the next step.
  • the title compound was synthesized in 2 steps.
  • Example 2A Biological Activity Measurement by the sGC-HEK-cGMP Assay, with LC/MS Detection
  • HEK293 Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), endogenously expressing soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), were used to evaluate the activity of test compounds. Compounds stimulating the sGC enzyme should cause an increase in the intracellular concentration of cGMP.
  • HEK 293 cells were seeded in Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10% final) and penicillin (100 U/mL)/streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/mL) in a 50 ⁇ L volume at a density of 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in a poly-D-lysine coated 384 well flat bottom plate. Cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. in a humidified chamber with 5% CO 2 .
  • cGMP concentrations were determined from each sample using the LCMS conditions below (Table 2) and calculated standard curve.
  • the standard curve was prepared in 10% acetic acid with 150 ng/mL+3cGMP (isotopically labelled cGMP with a weight 3 units higher than wild type) with the following final concentrations of cGMP in ng/mL: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000.
  • Data were normalized to a high control using the following equation: 100*(Sample ⁇ Low Control)/(High Control ⁇ Low Control), where the low control is the average of 16 samples treated with 1% DMSO, and the high control is the average of 16 samples treated with 30 ⁇ M of Compound Y depicted below.
  • the Absolute EC 50 was interpolated from the curve fit and is defined as the concentration at which a given compound elicits 50% of the high control response. Compounds failing to elicit a minimum response of 50% are reported as >30 ⁇ M. For compounds run in duplicate or n higher than 2, the result herein given is the geometric mean of the several results obtained.
  • Table 2A summarizes results obtained for selected compounds of the invention in this assay.
  • prodrugs for example Compound I-1 and Compound 14
  • Example 2B Biological Activity Measurement by the cGMP GloSensor Cell-Based Assay, 384-Well Format
  • HEK293 Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) cells expressing GloSensorTM 40F cGMP (Part No: CS182801, Promega) were used to evaluate the activity of test compounds.
  • the luminescent biosensors engineered luciferase that were incorporated into these cells detect cGMP formed by the compounds stimulating the sGC enzyme and emit luminescence.
  • cGMP GloSensor cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10% final) and hygromycine (200 ug/ml). The day before assay, cells were plated in DMEM with 10% FBS in a 50 ⁇ L volume at a density of 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in a poly-D-lysine coated 384-well flat white-bottom plate (Corning Cat. No. 35661). Cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. in a humidified chamber with 5% CO 2 .
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • hygromycine 200 ug/ml
  • Test compounds and Diethylenetriamine NONOate was diluted to 3 mM (20 ⁇ ) in serum-free CO 2 independent medium and serially diluted at 4 ⁇ dilutions to create 5 ⁇ dose curve from which 10 ul was added to the wells (x ⁇ M concentration for test compound solution and 10 ⁇ M concentration for DETA-NONOate solution; wherein x is one of the following final concentrations).
  • prodrugs did not exhibit a high degree of sGC agonism as compared to their parent drug.
  • test compound Approximately 1 mg of test compound was weighed into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and 1.5 mL of aqueous buffer of a given pH was added. The samples were vortexed and placed on a shaker at 150 RPM for 2-5 days. The samples were harvested and then centrifuged at 12 K RPM for 20 minutes. The supernatant was diluted twice with Acetonitrile (ACN) and analyzed by UPLC. To dilute the samples, 200 uL of supernatant was taken and discarded. Then, 400 uL of supernatant (with 200 uL intervals) was taken and added to 400 uL of acetonitrile (with 200 uL intervals).
  • ACN Acetonitrile
  • Phosphate prodrugs disclosed herein were designed to be cleaved by alkaline phosphatase(s) that are present on the apical brush-border membranes of the intestine, after which the more hydrophobic parent compound is readily absorbed. Phosphatases are also present in the liver and in the systemic circulation.
  • a 96-well, 1 ml plate 48 uL of rat intestinal fluid was aliquoted in triplicate for each time point.
  • the t 0 (“0 min”) time point was prepared separately by adding 450 ul of IS crash solution to 48 ul of intestinal fluid, then adding 2 uL of test compound.
  • 2 ul of the 250 uM substock was added to initiate the reaction at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min.
  • the plate prepared in the above steps was covered with a plastic or foil seal and was set in the 37° C. incubator, lightly shaking.
  • 450 ul of IS crash solution was added to quench the reaction.
  • the plates were centrifuged at 4000 RPM for 10 minutes at 4° C. 50 ul of supernatant was transferred into 50 ul of H 2 O and analyzed using LC/MS.
  • phosphate prodrugs were used as benchmarks in this assay: fosphenytoin and fostamatinib (known to cleave to the parent drug quickly in vivo) and fosfluconazole (a phosphate ester prodrug of a tertiary alcohol, known to cleave slowly to the parent drug in vivo).
  • phosphate prodrug Compound I-3 of Intermediate 2 (a tertiary alcohol) was cleaved rapidly. After 30 minutes of incubation, about 25% of the prodrug had been consumed. After 60 minutes of incubation, less than 10% of the prodrug remained in solution.
  • PK in rats was determined following intravenous and oral dosing.
  • IV and PO intravenous and oral experiments
  • the PO group was dosed with 3.0 mg/kg of Compound I-1 formulated as a solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the IV group was dosed with 1.0 mg/kg of Compound I-1 formulated as a solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • IV doses were administered through an indwelling catheter in the jugular vein. Following dose administration, the catheter was flushed with ca. 0.25 mL of saline.
  • PO doses were delivered to the stomach using a syringe and gavage tube. Following oral dosage administration, the gavage tube was flushed with approximately 0.5 mL of water to ensure complete delivery of the full dose.
  • Plasma samples were collected as follows: for the IV and PO experiments, samples were collected at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours and 24 hours, post-dosing. Blood samples (0.25 mL) were collected from the jugular vein. These samples were kept on ice until processed for plasma. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3200 rpm for 5 minutes at approximately 5° C. within 1 hour of collection. Plasma was directly transferred to a 96-well plate tube (0.125 mL). Plug caps were placed on the tubes and the tubes frozen at approximately ⁇ 70° C. and stored until analysis.
  • Compound I-1 DMSO Stock Solution (1 mg/mL): dissolved with DMSO to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL.
  • Intermediate 3 (50 ug/mL) working solution prepared 1 mL of a 50 ug/mL working solution from the 1 mg/mL stock standard solution by adding 50 ul to 950 ul of ACN.
  • Compound I-1 (50 ug/mL) working solution prepared 1 mL of a 50 ug/mL working solution from the 1 mg/mL stock standard solution by adding 50 ul to 950 ul of ACN.
  • the Compound I-1 prodrug cleanly converted to its parent Intermediate 3 with a half-life of about 9 minutes when administered IV.
  • Compound I-1 dosed IV in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) gave comparable PK parameters to Intermediate 3(its parent) dosed in PEG.
  • PK in dogs was determined following IV and oral dosing.
  • Plasma and urine samples were collected as follows: for the PO experiments, samples were collected at 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 32 hours and 48 hours post-dosing; for the IV experiments, samples were collected at 2 min, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 32 hours and 48 hours post-dosing.
  • Blood samples (2 mL) were collected from the jugular, cephalic or saphenous veins. These samples were kept on ice until processed for plasma. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3200 rpm for 10 minutes at approximately 5° C. within 1 hour of collection. Plasma was split into two approximately equal aliquots, and directly transferred to a 96-well plate tube (1.1 mL). Plug caps were placed on the tubes and the tubes frozen at approximately ⁇ 70° C. and stored until analysis.
  • Urine was collected from each animal by diversion from a urine collection pan placed beneath the cage of each animal into an appropriate collection container, surrounded by wet ice or ice packs throughout the collection. The total volume of urine collected at each interval was measured and recorded and a single 10 mL aliquot was collected and stored frozen at approximately ⁇ 70° C. until analysis.
  • Compound I-1 DMSO Stock Solution (1 mg/mL): dissolved with DMSO to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL.
  • Intermediate 3 (50 ug/mL) working solution prepared 1 mL of a 50 ug/mL working solution from the 1 mg/mL stock standard solution by adding 50 ul to 950 ul of ACN.
  • Compound I-1 (50 ug/mL) working solution prepared 1 mL of a 50 ug/mL working solution from the 1 mg/mL stock standard solution by adding 50 ul to 950 ul of ACN.
  • the Compound I-1 prodrug cleanly converted to its parent Intermediate 3 with a half-life of about 15 minutes when administered IV. Conversion to the parent was rapid with an average conversion of 95%. Compound I-1 dosed IV in PBS gave comparable AUC to Intermediate 3 (its parent) dosed in PEG.
  • a method or device that “comprises”, “has”, “includes” or “contains” one or more steps or elements possesses those one or more steps or elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps or elements.
  • a step of a method or an element of a device that “comprises”, “has”, “includes” or “contains” one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.
  • a device or structure that is configured in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.
  • each range is intended to be a shorthand format for presenting information, where the range is understood to encompass each discrete point within the range as if the same were fully set forth herein.

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