TWI715610B - 防水薄片及使用其之防水施工方法 - Google Patents
防水薄片及使用其之防水施工方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI715610B TWI715610B TW105125944A TW105125944A TWI715610B TW I715610 B TWI715610 B TW I715610B TW 105125944 A TW105125944 A TW 105125944A TW 105125944 A TW105125944 A TW 105125944A TW I715610 B TWI715610 B TW I715610B
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Abstract
於為了防止雨水的滲入且不易隨著時間經過產生劣化而對對象物進行施工以達成該目的之防水薄片中,該防水薄片係具有:由以補強性纖維補強後之聚矽氧橡膠組成物所構成,並且具有高強度的物理特性之基材層、與形成於該基材層的單面之低硬度且高黏著性的聚矽氧黏著層。
本發明所提供之防水薄片,由於含有補強層,故與以往的防水薄片相比不易破損,並且於單面上具有黏著層,所以相對於被施工面的破裂或偏離亦可追隨。此外,以聚矽氧為主成分,耐候性、耐熱性、耐寒性優異,所以可涵蓋更長期間來保持作為防水薄片的機能。
Description
本發明係關於在包含混凝土構造體、灰泥構造體、金屬製構造體的至少1種之排水構造或排水設備,或是使雨水從道路或鐵路等之伸縮縫排出之構造的構造體端部,或是工廠,或是包含一般家庭住宅等之建築物等之需要防水之處,以至少被覆對象物的一部分之方式液密地貼附,藉此有效地防止水分的滲入,並且防止對象物的劣化或不易隨著時間經過產生劣化而使用之具有高強度的物理特性之防水薄片及使用其之防水施工方法。
於一般道路、高速公路、鐵路中,亦包含橋樑部、隧道等,係採用各種作法以使雨水不會滯留於路面。例如於道路中,採用:於路肩附近併設排水溝或導水部,於路肩側平緩地形成傾斜以導引雨水往路肩側流動,並往道路外部流動之構造。此外,係採用:於道路間或橋樑部與一般路面之伸縮縫等設置接縫,並經由該接縫使雨水排出之構造。該構造體雖有鋼鐵製者或混凝土製者等之各式各樣者,但由於水分的影響,與其他部位相比,有容
易發生像是鏽蝕的產生或強度降低、構造體的剝離或脫落般之劣化的疑慮。
以防水為主要目的而進行防水處理,以使水分不會滲入於上述構造體。處理方法可使用補強薄片作為防水用。根據專利文獻1,將未加硫丁基橡膠混合物塗布並密合於補強薄片上,使溶劑蒸發,於外表面形成具有充填劑比更高的皮膜之橡膠混合物,並於外表面側形成混凝土壁。夾介橡膠混合物來接著補強薄片與混凝土壁而形成一體化。如此雖可得到被覆大深度地下的混凝土壁之具有高機械強度的止水壁,但卻成為龐大繁瑣之方法。
此外,專利文獻2中,對於貯水池、河岸工程、游泳池、廢棄物掩埋處置場的地瀝青防水,係使用以纖維強化熱塑性樹脂薄片作為防水層之複合防水薄片。防水層,係以合成樹脂、丁基橡膠、地瀝青等作為基質,並含有強化纖維、熱塑性樹脂、緩衝層,強化纖維,係容積含有率為30~85%,且由單向長纖維所構成。由於層合2~10片來使用,所以施工較為複雜。
再者,專利文獻3中,雖使用FRP防水薄片,但必須進行對成為被施工面之接縫附近部的兩端緣部表面加工為某範圍的粗面之步驟。專利文獻4中,雖使用於地瀝青系薄片埋設有補強性纖維之遮水薄片,但必須以中間不存在有空氣之密合狀態下鋪設,並要求熟練於鋪設的技能。
不論何種情形,均非可簡便地防水,此外,由於是補
強後之薄片,所以薄片本身無伸縮性,且被施工面因地震等而產生龜裂、偏離,或是因冷熱所帶來的收縮膨脹而產生偏離,相對於此,由於不易追隨,所以防水薄片本身可能因長期使用而與被施工面偏離,因而造成破損。
[專利文獻1]日本特開2011-007030號公報
[專利文獻2]日本特許第3197459號公報
[專利文獻3]日本特開2000-119404號公報
[專利文獻4]日本特開2001-314831號公報
本發明係鑑於上述情形而創作出,該目的在於提供一種不易破損,並且相對於被施工面的破裂或偏離亦可追隨之防水薄片及使用其之防水施工方法。
本發明者們係為了達成上述目的而進行精心探討,結果發現針對於道路的排水構造或排水設備本體及該端部等之進行防水施工之處,藉由被覆該處並將防水薄片液密地貼附,可防止水分滲入於前述防水施工處,可防
止劣化或可大幅地延遲劣化的進行。上述防水薄片係具有藉由補強性纖維所補強之強度的物理特性,特別是具有半透明性,即使於被覆施工後,亦可辨識被施工處的色調之橡膠薄片,較佳係以聚矽氧橡膠薄片為主成分。此外,發現於前述橡膠薄片的單面形成Asker C硬度為15以下的黏著層,尤其形成以聚矽氧凝膠為主成分之低黏度且高黏著的黏著層作為黏著層,藉此以較先前製品更寬廣的範圍來追隨前述應防水之被施工面,相對於被施工面所產生之龜裂、偏離,即使產生此等後,亦可保持防水機能,因而完成本發明。
因此,本發明係提供下述防水薄片及其施工方法。
一種防水薄片,其係於基材層的單面形成有黏著層而成之防水薄片,其特徵為:基材層係由以補強性纖維層補強後之橡膠薄片所構成,拉伸強度為15MPa以上,且撕裂強度為30kN/m以上,並且黏著層的硬度以Asker C型硬度計量測時為15以下。
如[1]之防水薄片,其中形成前述基材層之橡膠薄片,係由聚矽氧橡膠組成物的硬化物所構成,並且補強性纖維選自玻璃纖維、碳纖維、芳香多醯胺纖維、碳化矽纖維之至少一種。
如[1]或[2]之防水薄片,其中補強性纖維層,係絲的支數於縱、橫上均為5~600tex、密度為10~150根/25mm、厚度為0.02~0.6mm、張力為70N/25mm以上之平織或緞織之層,且總透光率為50~99%。
如[1]~[3]中任一項之防水薄片,其中基材層,係將聚矽氧橡膠組成物分別塗布於補強性纖維之布的雙面,而在使其硬化所形成之聚矽氧橡膠薄片內埋設有補強性纖維層而成者,於25℃將該基材層往面方向拉伸時之位移量未達5mm,且厚度為0.2~3mm。
如[1]~[4]中任一項之防水薄片,其中前述黏著層係由加成反應硬化型聚矽氧組成物的硬化物所構成,硬化物的硬度以Asker C型硬度計量測時為15以下,且相對於灰泥測試片之黏著力為5N/25mm以上。
如[1]~[5]中任一項之防水薄片,其中將於前述基材層上形成有黏著層之前述防水薄片,貼附於灰泥測試片1小時後,將灰泥測試片往面方向拉伸時之位移量為10mm以上。
如[1]~[6]中任一項之防水薄片,其中基材層的厚度為0.2~3mm,黏著層的厚度為0.5~3mm,防水薄片全體的厚度為0.7~6mm,具有貼附於對象物後,可辨識被貼著面的
色調之水準的透明性,且薄片全體的總透光率為50~99%。
一種防水薄片之防水施工方法,其係將如[1]至[7]中任一項之防水薄片的黏著層,液密地被覆於包含防止水分的滲入之處的部分,同時使重疊部分的寬度成為5mm以上,液密地重疊相鄰接之防水薄片而貼著。
如[8]之防水薄片之防水施工方法,其不使用底漆地將防水薄片直接貼著於防止水分的滲入之處,並且對貼著後之防水薄片之側端緣部的至少一部分進行密封施工。
如[8]或[9]之防水施工方法,其中對防水薄片進行施工之處為護欄的伸縮縫部。
如[8]或[9]之防水施工方法,其中對防水薄片進行施工之處,為從基座上的室外槽之槽底板部與槽壁體的緣部至槽底板的表面部及基座表面之部分。
本發明所提供之防水薄片,由於含有補強層,故與以往的防水薄片相比不易破損,並且於單面上具有黏著層,所以相對於被施工面的破裂或偏離亦可追隨。此外,以聚矽氧為主成分,耐候性、耐熱性、耐寒性優
異,所以可涵蓋更長期間來保持作為防水薄片的機能。
10‧‧‧基材層
11‧‧‧橡膠組成物(薄片)
12‧‧‧補強性纖維(補強層)
20‧‧‧黏著層
100‧‧‧防水薄片
30‧‧‧護欄
41‧‧‧槽底板部
42‧‧‧槽壁體
50‧‧‧基座
60‧‧‧密封劑
第1圖係顯示本發明之防水薄片的一實施例之剖面圖。
第2圖係顯示本發明之防水薄片之防水施工方法的一實施例,(a)為具有伸縮縫而併設之護欄之立體圖,(b)為以防水薄片被覆此等護欄而配置之狀態之立體圖。
第3圖係顯示本發明之防水薄片之防水施工方法的一實施例,(A)為以防水薄片被覆室外槽而配置之狀態之概略剖面圖,(B)為概略俯視圖,(C)為顯示將防水薄片相互重疊並接合之狀態之剖面圖。
本發明之防水薄片,係於以補強性纖維(補強層)補強後之橡膠薄片基材層的單面形成有黏著層而成,在包含混凝土構造體、灰泥構造體、金屬製構造體的至少1種之排水構造或排水設備,或是使雨水從道路或鐵路等之伸縮縫排出之構造的構造體端部,或是工廠,或是一般家庭住宅等之建築物等之需要防水之處,以至少被覆對象物的一部分之方式液密地貼附黏著層,藉此有效地防止水分的滲入,並且防止對象物的劣化或不易隨著時間經
過產生劣化而使用之具有高強度的物理特性之防水薄片。
為了可大幅地縮短工期,與在作業現場進行硬化之型式者相比,較佳為已進行加硫並成形為薄片狀之型式者。從該點來看,本發明之防水薄片,係具有由包含補強層之基材層與成形於該基材層的單面之黏著層所構成之複層構造,可長期使用並具有耐候性。本發明之防水薄片,較佳係在未使用或即將使用前,藉由覆蓋薄膜來保護黏著層。
構成本發明之防水薄片之基材層,考量到薄片的製作或施工時之處理性,較佳為橡膠(彈性體)。彈性體的種類,考量到耐熱性、耐候性、耐寒性,較佳例子可列舉出聚矽氧橡膠、EPDM橡膠、丁基橡膠、氯丁二烯橡膠、天然橡膠等。再者,假定使用環境可能從寒冷至酷暑時,尤佳為聚矽氧橡膠。
上述聚矽氧橡膠薄片,可藉由使用有機過氧化物硬化型、加成反應硬化型、紫外線硬化型、或電子束硬化型的聚矽氧橡膠組成物並使其硬化而形成。此時,任意的硬化型均可,但從可藉由加熱於短時間內成形之點來看,較佳係從加成(矽氫化)反應硬化型的聚矽氧橡膠組成物或有機過氧化物硬化型的聚矽氧橡膠組成物所得到者。
有機過氧化物硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物,係使用:將硬化有效量(通常相對於下述有機聚矽氧烷100質量份為1~10質量份)的有機過氧化物作為硬化劑調配於1分子中具有2個以上的烯基之有機聚矽氧烷者。有機
過氧化物,可列舉出以過氧化對甲基苯甲醯、過氧化鄰甲基苯甲醯為代表之醯基系有機過氧化物,或是以過氧化二異丙苯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-雙(三級丁基過氧基)己烷為代表之烷基系有機過氧化物,或是過碳酸酯系有機過氧化物、過氧縮醛系有機過氧化物等。
於加成加硫時,係將1分子中具有至少2個以上之可與烯基反應的官能基之化合物,於觸媒存在下反應於1分子中具有至少2個以上的烯基之有機聚矽氧烷而進行。矽氫化反應,可列舉作為此時的較佳例子。此加成反應硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物,係使用含有以下者:1分子中具有2個以上之以乙烯基為代表的烯基之含烯基之有機聚矽氧烷;具有2個以上,較佳為3個以上的SiH基之有機氫聚矽氧烷(通常是SiH基相對於烯基之莫耳比成為0.5~4之量);與以鉑或鉑化合物為代表之鉑族金屬系加成反應觸媒(通常相對於含烯基之有機聚矽氧烷,以鉑族金屬計為1~1,000ppm)。
紫外線加硫(=紫外線硬化、UV硬化),係將200~400nm波長的紫外線照射至含有光聚合起始劑之橡膠化合物,並以數秒~數十秒使硬化之方法。所照射之波長,代表性者有254nm、365nm。光聚合起始劑可為一般所知者,可例示出Irgacure 184(BASF公司製)。
電子束加硫(=電子束硬化、EB硬化),係人工地加速電子,並將電子束所具有之能量利用作為射束而使硬化之方法。加硫,可藉由加速電壓與滲透深度來調整。電子
束加硫裝置,可例示出岩崎電器公司製。
此外,上述聚矽氧橡膠組成物可使用市售品,例如,有機過氧化物硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物可使用信越化學工業股份有限公司製KE-971-U、KE-675-U等,加成反應硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物可使用信越化學工業股份有限公司製KE-551-U、KE-1990-50、KE-1300T等。
上述橡膠薄片的橡膠物性,作為基材全體係與補強層的物性相依,故並無特別限定,只要於硬化後之狀態下顯示出橡膠特性即可。該標準,較佳係以觸感來看較佳係不會極端地黏滯者。橡膠物性,較佳係於依據JIS K6249之測定方法中,橡膠硬度計型式A硬度為10~90,拉伸強度為2MPa以上,特佳為2~15MPa,伸長度為50~800%,撕裂強度為2kN/m以上,特佳為2~40kN/m。脫離此等物性的範圍時,於防水薄片表面可能容易產生損傷或破損。
前述基材,係含有由補強性纖維所構成之補強層。構造上,可層合於前述橡膠薄片的表面,但較佳以薄片全體不易翹曲或扭曲之方式,將橡膠薄片配置在補強層的兩側。
此時,雖可藉由將用以形成基材橡膠薄片的聚矽氧橡膠組成物分別塗布於由補強性纖維所構成之補強層的雙面,並使此聚矽氧橡膠組成物硬化而形成基材,但較佳係藉由使用液狀的組成物作為聚矽氧橡膠組成物,並將此塗布於上述補強層的雙面,使液狀的組成物從補強層的雙面
分別滲入於形成補強層之補強性纖維的網目,而使兩液體組成物以成為一體之狀態來硬化,藉此得到於聚矽氧橡膠基體中埋設有補強層之狀態的基材,此就基材一體化且薄片表面不易剝離之點來看為佳。
補強性纖維,可列舉出玻璃纖維、碳纖維、芳香多醯胺纖維、碳化矽纖維等。較佳為此等中的至少一種。纖維的規格並無特別限定,所構成之絲的支數於縱、橫上均為5~600tex,密度為10~150根/25mm,厚度為0.02~0.6mm,張力為70N/25mm以上即可,較佳為平織、緞織等。較佳係具有當放置1片平面狀的纖維時,下面可看透之外觀。透明性的程度,依據JIS K7105的規定所測定之總透光率,較佳為50~99%,更佳為60~99%。低於50%時,會損及透明性。此外,即使從防水薄片的設計性之點來看,具有透明性係較佳。
以上述補強性纖維補強之橡膠薄片,該拉伸強度為15MPa以上,通常為100MPa以下,較佳為20~100MPa,尤佳為50~100MPa,撕裂強度為30kN/m以上,通常為200kN/m以下。
本發明之防水薄片,係將黏著層層合於上述基材者,例如為第1圖所示般,可列舉出相對於將上述橡膠薄片11、11分別層合於由補強性纖維所構成之補強層12的雙面而成之基材層10,將黏著層20層合於該一方的橡膠薄片11上之防水薄片100。此時,橡膠薄片11、11較佳係分別滲入於補強層12內並於補強層12內相互連
結。惟基材的構成並不限定於上述第1圖的例子。
在此,黏著層可使用以往一般所知的聚矽氧組成物,但該組合或成形條件,其範圍與以往所提出者不同,係具有下述特徵。聚矽氧組成物,較佳係含有下述(A)~(D)成分而成:
(A)1分子中含有至少2個與矽原子鍵結之烯基之有機聚矽氧烷、
(B)較佳係以R2 3SiO1/2單位(式中,R2為非取代或取代的1價烴基,惟R2含有烯基)與SiO2單位為主成分之樹脂質共聚物、(C)含有至少2個與矽原子鍵結之氫原子(SiH基)之有機氫聚矽氧烷、以及(D)加成反應觸媒,並且硬化物具有表面黏著性之加成硬化型聚矽氧組成物,黏著層,較佳係由該硬化物所形成。
上述加成硬化型聚矽氧組成物的(A)成分,係1分子中具有至少平均2個烯基之有機聚矽氧烷,此(A)成分的有機聚矽氧烷,可使用以下述平均組成式(I)R1 aSiO(4-a)/2 (I)所示者。
式中,R1可互為同一或不同種類之碳數1~10,較佳為1~8之非取代或取代的1價烴基,a為1.5~2.8,較佳為1.8~2.5,尤佳為1.95~2.05之範圍的正數。在此,以上述
R1所示之鍵結於矽原子之非取代或取代的1價烴基,可列舉出甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、異丁基、三級丁基、戊基、新戊基、己基、環己基、辛基、壬基、癸基等之烷基;苯基、甲苯基、二甲苯基、萘基等之芳基;苄基、苯乙基、苯丙基等之芳烷基;乙烯基、烯丙基、丙烯基、異丙烯基、丁烯基、己烯基、環己烯基、辛烯基等之烯基;或是此等基之氫原子的一部分或全部由氟、氯、溴等之鹵素原子、氰基等所取代者;例如氯甲基、氯丙基、溴乙基、三氟丙基、氰乙基等,較佳係全部R1的90莫耳%以上為甲基。
此時,R1中之至少2個必須為烯基(較佳為碳數2~8者,更佳為2~6者)。烯基的含量,於全部有機基(亦即上述非取代或取代的1價烴基)R1中,為0.00001~0.05mol/g,較佳為0.0001~0.01mol/g。此烯基,可鍵結於分子鏈末端的矽原子,或是鍵結於分子鏈中途的矽原子,或是鍵結於兩者,但較佳係含有至少鍵結於分子鏈兩末端的矽原子之烯基。當烯基的含量少於0.00001mol/g時,無法得到充分的橡膠物性,多於0.05mol/g時,有硬度變得過高,而黏著力降低之疑慮。
關於聚合度並無特別限制,較佳於常溫下為液狀。通常可較佳地使用:依據凝膠滲透層析法(GPC)之聚苯乙烯換算的平均聚合度為50~20,000,較佳為100~10,000,尤佳為100~2,000左右者。
此外,此有機聚矽氧烷的結構,基本上係具有:主鏈
由二有機矽氧烷單位(R1 2SiO2/2)的重複所構成,且分子鏈兩末端經三有機矽氧基(R1 3SiO1/2)或羥基二有機矽氧基((HO)R1 2SiO1/2)封鎖之直鏈狀結構,但亦可部分地為分枝狀結構、環狀結構等。
(B)成分的樹脂質共聚物(亦即三維網狀結構的共聚物),係以R2 3SiO1/2單位及SiO2單位為主成分。在此,R2為非取代或取代的1價烴基,碳數為1~10,特佳為1~8者,以R2所示之1價烴基,可列舉出甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、異丁基、三級丁基、戊基、新戊基、己基、環己基、辛基、壬基、癸基等之烷基;苯基、甲苯基、二甲苯基、萘基等之芳基;苄基、苯乙基、苯丙基等之芳烷基;乙烯基、烯丙基、丙烯基、異丙烯基、丁烯基、己烯基、環己烯基、辛烯基等之烯基;或是此等基之氫原子的一部分或全部由氟、氯、溴等之鹵素原子、氰基等所取代者;例如氯甲基、氯丙基、溴乙基、三氟丙基、氰乙基等。
(B)成分的樹脂質共聚物,可為僅由上述R2 3SiO1/2單位及SiO2單位所構成,此外,可視需要,將R2 2SiO單位或R2SiO3/2單位(R2如上所述)當作此等的合計量,相對於全體共聚物質量,以50%以下,較佳為40%以下的範圍含有,R2 3SiO1/2單位與SiO2單位之莫耳比[R2 3SiO1/2/SiO2]為0.5~1.5,特佳為0.5~1.3。當此莫耳比小於0.5或大於1.5時,均無法得到充分的橡膠硬度、強度。再者,(B)成分的樹脂質共聚物,較佳係1分子中
具有至少2個烯基,且烯基的含量為0.0001mol/g以上,較佳為0.0001~0.01mol/g的範圍。當烯基的含量少於0.0001mol/g時,無法得到充分的橡膠物性,多於0.001mol/g時,有硬度變得過高,而黏著力降低之疑慮。
上述樹脂質共聚物,可為常溫(25℃)下具有流動性之液狀(例如10mPa‧s以上,較佳為50mPa‧s以上)者,或是不具有流動性之固體狀者。為固體狀者時,可為溶解於甲苯等之有機溶劑之狀態。此樹脂質共聚物,通常可藉由以該技術中一般所知的方法使適當的氯矽烷或烷氧矽烷水解而製造。
上述(A)、(B)成分的調配量,以(A)、(B)成分的合計為100質量份時,(A)成分為20~100質量份,較佳為20~90質量份,特佳為30~90質量份的範圍,此外,(B)成分為0~80質量份,較佳為10~80質量份,特佳為10~70質量份的範圍。(A)成分過少時,亦即(B)成分過多時,橡膠物性顯著降低。從黏著性、強度之點來看,較佳係將(B)成分併用於(A)成分。
(C)成分,為1分子中具有至少2個,較佳具有3個以上之與矽原子鍵結之氫原子(SiH基)之有機氫聚矽氧烷,分子中的SiH基,藉由矽氫化加成反應與前述(A)成分及(B)成分中之鍵結於矽原子之烯基交聯,作用為用以使組成物硬化之硬化劑。此(C)成分的有機氫聚矽氧烷,係以下述平均組成式(II)
R3 bHcSiO(4-b-c)/2 (II)(式中,R3為碳數1~10之非取代或取代的1價烴基。此外,b為0.7~2.1,c為0.001~1.0,且b+c為滿足0.8~3.0之正數)
所示,可適宜使用1分子中具有至少2個(通常為2~200個),較佳為3~100個,尤佳為3~50個之與矽原子鍵結之氫原子者。在此,R3的1價烴基,可列舉出與R1中所例示者為相同者,但較佳係不具有脂肪族不飽和基。此外,b較佳為0.8~2.0,c較佳為0.01~1.0,b+c較佳為1.0~2.5,有機氫聚矽氧烷的分子結構,可為直鏈狀、環狀、分枝狀、三維網目狀中任一種結構。此時,可適宜使用1分子中之矽原子的數目(或聚合度)為2~300個者,尤其為4~150個左右之室溫(25℃)下為液狀者。鍵結於矽原子之氫原子,可位於分子鏈末端、及分子鏈的中途中的任一位置,或可位於兩者,但較佳是位於反應速度快之分子鏈末端。亦即,可列舉出兩末端經三甲基矽氧基封鎖之甲基氫聚矽氧烷、兩末端經三甲基矽氧基封鎖之二甲基矽氧烷-甲基氫矽氧烷共聚物、兩末端經二甲基氫矽氧基封鎖之二甲基聚矽氧烷、兩末端經二甲基氫矽氧基封鎖之二甲基矽氧烷-甲基氫矽氧烷共聚物、由(CH3)2HSiO1/2單位與SiO4/2單位所構成之共聚物、由(CH3)2HSiO1/2單位與SiO4/2單位與(C6H5)SiO3/2單位所構成之共聚物等。
此(C)成分之有機氫聚矽氧烷的調配量,相
對於(A)、(B)成分的合計100質量份,為0.5~20質量份,尤其為1.0~10質量份。調配量過少或過多時,無法得到充分的橡膠強度。此外,此(C)成分之有機氫聚矽氧烷,以(C)成分中之鍵結於矽原子之氫原子(SiH基)相對於(A)、(B)成分中所含有之鍵結於矽原子之烯基的量,以莫耳比計成為0.5~1.1,尤佳成為0.6~1.0之量來調配。並且當假定加成交聯反應進行100%時,有機氫的量,較佳係調配成為0.005~0.010mol/g之量。
在此,將(C)成分的SiH基相對於存在於系統內之烯基量之莫耳比表示為H/Vi,此外,所謂理論交聯量,為添加於系統內之(C)成分中之鍵結於矽原子之氫原子(SiH基)、與存在於系統內之烯基100%反應時之交聯量。亦即,當H/Vi為1以下時,SiH基的量為理論交聯量,當H/Vi為1以上時,烯基的量為理論交聯量。此等官能基量,可為根據組成物設計時的計算式之量,但尤佳為使用實測值之量。官能基量的實測,可藉經由一般所知的分析方法之氫氣產生量或不飽和基的測定,或是經由NMR之解析等來進行。系統內的官能基量,將分子內的官能基量設為Xmol/g,添加量設為Y質量份時係以X×Ymol/g表示。
(D)成分,可為以往所知者,通常係使用含有鉑或以鉑化合物為代表之鉑族金屬系加成反應觸媒(通常,相對於(A)、(B)成分合計之含烯基的有機聚矽氧烷,為1~1,000ppm)者。
上述黏著層的硬度,較基材橡膠的硬度小,Asker C硬度為15以下,較佳為5以下,更佳為1以下。超過15時,黏著性有時會降低。此外,該下限為0。
Asker C硬度為5以下者,由於測定變動會增大,所以尤佳係以Asker CSR-2型硬度計所測定者。
亦即,使用上述組成物(A)~(D)的組合所得之黏著層的硬度,較基材層的硬度小,以CSR-2型硬度計(高分子計器股份有限公司製)所測定時之硬度,較佳為50以下的正數。尤佳為10以上20以下之正數的範圍。以往,係已提供具有以Asker C型硬度(依據SRIS0101,高分子計器股份有限公司製)量測時為1以上的黏著層之防水薄片。本發明中,為更低硬度之以Asker C型硬度量測時未達1。
此CSR-2型硬度計,係適合於測定以Asker C型硬度量測時未達1之區域的硬度。此感覺,係以手指接觸黏著面,並使手指緩慢地從黏著面脫離時,黏著面會追隨手指之程度的硬度。若欲更進一步提高黏著力,則黏著層的硬度愈低愈有利。惟以CSR-2型硬度計量測時小於3時,在貼著防水薄片時,當被黏著面為瀝青、灰泥等之多孔性材質時,過於柔軟使黏著層流失,難以解決此問題。此外,貼著作業時的作業性顯著降低,故不佳。此外,大於20時,由於黏著力不大,對被黏著面之貼附變弱,故不佳。該硬度的管理,可藉由管理後述成形、硬化條件而容易實踐。
黏著性的指標,可由相對於灰泥測試片之黏著力來表示。將藉由後述成形方法所製作之薄片裁切為25mm寬,並將薄片的黏著層側黏著於灰泥測試片(Engineering Test Service股份有限公司製、依據JIS R5201所製作、寬50mm×長度150mm×厚度10mm)上,於室溫下放置30分鐘後,以剝離速度300mm/min進行180°的撕離試驗。此時的黏著力,較佳為5~30N/25mm,特佳為10~25N/25mm。
此外,將與上述相同地製作之試樣,於室溫下浸漬在自來水24小時,取出試樣並去除水滴後,即以剝離速度300mm/min進行180°的撕離試驗,此時的黏著力,較佳為5~20N/25mm。黏著力的標準,當相對於灰泥測試片未達5N/25mm時,欲以手來剝離時,容易以較輕力道剝離,當為5N/25mm以上時,則可感受到不易以手來剝離。
具有黏著性之面的形成,以往亦有藉由以電漿、火焰、酸、鹼等對單一組成的單面進行表面處理而顯現黏著性,或是藉由浸漬、塗布、網版印刷等將黏著層層合於基材層上之手法,但在本發明中,除了硬度的管理困難之外,亦無法得到期望的低硬度,故不佳。
於形成上述基材橡膠層及黏著層之組成物中,除了上述成分之外,可視需要調配燻製二氧化矽、沉降二氧化矽、石英粉、矽藻土、碳酸鈣般之充填劑,或是碳黑、導電性氧化鋅、金屬粉等之導電劑、氧化鐵、氧化
鈰般之耐熱劑等之充填劑,作為其他成分。再者,亦可任意地調配含氮化合物或乙炔化合物、磷化合物、腈化合物、羧酸酯、錫化合物、汞化合物、硫化合物等之矽氫化反應控制劑、二甲基聚矽氧油等之內部脫模劑、接著性賦予劑、流變減黏性賦予劑等。
上述防水薄片的厚度較佳為0.7~6mm,尤佳為0.7~3.5mm。當中,基材層的厚度為0.2~3mm,較佳為0.2~1.5mm。未達0.2mm時,有時無法充分活用薄片的彈性,超過3mm時,重量增大而對貼附造成影響,此外,成本上亦較不利。此外,黏著層的厚度較佳為0.5~3mm的範圍,尤佳為0.5~2mm的範圍。未達0.5mm時,黏著層無法吸收所貼附之被貼著部的表面凹凸,超過3mm時,貼附面的橡膠強度與黏著層相依,可能引起橡膠破壞。
接著說明形成防水薄片之方法。藉由浸漬、塗布、壓延成形、網版印刷等,使橡膠層與成為補強層之補強性纖維一體化,而得到基材層。此時可適宜使用壓延成形,故較佳。
將黏著層層合於上述基材層上,可採用使形成上述基材層之組成物硬化而形成基材層後再形成黏著層的方式,亦可將形成基材層之組成物壓延成形於聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)等之薄膜上並出片,然後以未加硫的狀態將形成黏著層之組成物層合於補強層。
形成黏著層之組成物,係有藉由浸漬、塗布、網版印
刷等方法層合於形成基材層之組成物上而得到層合薄片之方法,其可較佳地使用塗布成形,故較佳。此等的硬化條件,較佳為於80~250℃進行10秒~1小時的範圍。再者,以去除低分子成分等之目的,可於120~250℃進行1~100小時的後硬化。
在此,所得之防水薄片,其僅將基材層往面方向拉伸時之位移量如上述般未達5mm,但在將於基材層上形成有黏著層之防水薄片貼附於灰泥測試片24小時後,將防水薄片貼附於灰泥測試片而製作之試驗片的兩端安裝於萬能試驗機,然後以50mm/分鐘的速度將灰泥測試片往面方向拉伸時之位移量,較佳為10mm以上,尤佳為10~50mm,更佳為15~30mm。位移量小於10mm時,追隨性惡化,有時無法發揮防水性能。
此外,如上述般,較佳係基材層的厚度為0.2~3mm,黏著層的厚度為0.5~3mm,防水薄片全體的厚度為0.7~6mm,該防水薄片,在貼附於對象物後,具有可辨識被貼著面的色調之水準的透明性,且薄片全體的總透光率為50~99%,尤佳為60~99%。低於50%時,難以辨識被貼著面的色調。
在此,本發明之防水薄片,係以防止雨水等之水分的滲入為目的,可將黏著層貼著於對象物上而使用。以下說明該方法的一例。
設置在高速公路等之護欄的伸縮縫,係擔負起調整因冷熱所造成之道路的膨脹及收縮之功用。由於成為雨水等
的水分從該伸縮縫往道路外排出之路徑,所以如第2圖所示,以橫跨護欄30、30之方式鋪設防水薄片100。此時,護欄下部與道路的一部分連結,並充分地假定於所鋪設之防水薄片的上方乘載車輛的輪胎之情事。車輛為重物,且由輪胎的高速旋轉運動,使極大力道施加於防水薄片上。由補強層所補強之本發明之防水薄片,係具有高強度,相對於上述極大的力道乃不易破損。
此外,如第3圖所示,於為了防止雨水滲入室外槽40的底部側與基座部分之交界部分之防水薄片100上,係假定是為了維修定檢,或是假定是經常性地鋪設有防水薄片之部分成為通路而讓人通行。由於重複的踩踏,考量防水薄片有破損的可能性,但本發明之防水薄片具有高強度而不易破損。
更詳細說明此圖3之防水薄片之施工方法,50為基座,於該上方設置有槽底板部41。42為槽壁體,於槽40內,容納有例如石油類、瀝青、各種氣體類等之內容物。此槽40通常為圓柱狀,例如具有直徑10~80m、高10~50m的大小,但並不限定於此。於防水薄片100的施工時,例如以埋填槽底板部41與基座50之階差之目的,將密封劑60施工,防水薄片100,係從槽底板部41與槽壁體42的緣部鋪設至槽底板部41的表面部、密封劑60的表面部、基座50的表面部。此外,於上述防水薄片100之槽底板部側與基座側的端部,可各自預先進行密封劑60的施工。
防水薄片的貼著,可對貼著施工部分進行前處理以容易貼著薄片,但由於防水薄片具有黏著性,所以不一定需進行貼著施工部分的前處理。以黏著面作為貼著側來進行貼著。當假定交界部分產生階差,且於貼著面施加過度的應力時,較佳係實施用以消除階差之手段。例如為將灰泥鋪設於階差,或是使用墊材之方法。
如上述般,將防水薄片液密地被覆於包含防止水分的滲入之處的部分時,係使鄰接之防水薄片的重疊部分的寬度成為5mm以上,尤佳為5~25mm,特佳為以10~20mm液密地重合而貼著。
此外,本發明中,可在不使用底漆下直接貼著防水薄片。
於貼著防水薄片時,不一定需使用密封材,但為了更堅固地貼著,可於薄片的交界部分或薄片與薄片之貼合部分使用密封材。密封材並無特別限制,可使用一般所知的聚矽氧系、聚硫化物系、聚胺甲酸酯系等之任一種,從與本發明之防水薄片材料的親和性之點來看,可適宜使用聚矽氧密封材。此密封材亦可使用市售品,例如,聚矽氧密封材可使用信越化學工業股份有限公司製的Sealant Master 300、Sealant 70、Sealant 701等。
藉由使用具有黏著性的防水薄片作為本發明之防水薄片,可在不使用底漆下施工,所以可大幅縮短工期。
以往,較多情形是將密封材直接施工或未特別進行防
水施工,但在因氣候所造成之冷熱的差距,或是天候,尤其是雨雪等之水分較多而產生結露等時,乃存在有至施工面乾燥為止無法施工之問題點。藉由使用本發明之防水薄片,由於可在不使用底漆下施工,故即使於接著面殘留水分,亦僅以擦布等充分地擦去即可施工,所以具有在天候回復後可立即開始施工之劃時代的特徵。
本發明之防水薄片,由於以黏著力來發揮防水機能,所以僅去除薄片端部的固定用密封部分,即可簡單地剝離並觀察內部。此外,當具有透明性時,不剝離薄片亦可觀察內部,因而亦不需去除薄片端部的固定用密封部分。
此外,重貼後可再次以黏著力來發揮防水機能者,亦為一大特徵。
以下係顯示實施例及比較例來具體說明本發明,但本發明並不限於下述實施例。下述例中,份表示質量份。
於IPC規格1080玻璃布(厚度0.23mm、絲的支數400T、密度:縱19根/25mm、橫19根/25mm、張力:縱450N/25mm、橫350N/25mm、平織、總透光率51%、日東紡積股份有限公司製)上,藉由塗布裝置,將液狀聚矽氧KE-1300T/CAT-1300-L2=10/1(均為信越化學工業股份有
限公司製)的混合分散液,作為加成反應硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物塗布於玻璃布的雙面,於加硫爐中以150℃加熱硬化15分鐘,藉此得到平均厚度0.35mm的基材層A。
另一方面,將含有兩末端經二甲基乙烯基矽氧基封鎖之平均聚合度1,000的二甲基聚矽氧烷92.5份、以及室溫(25℃)下為固體之由(CH2=CH)(CH3)2SiO1/2單位、(CH3)3SiO1/2單位及SiO2單位所構成之樹脂質共聚物[((CH2=CH)(CH3)2SiO1/2單位+(CH3)3SiO1/2單位)/SiO2單位(莫耳比)=0.85、CH2=CH-基含量:0.0008mol/g]7.5份之50質量%甲苯溶液,裝入於攪拌混合器,混合30分鐘後,完全餾除甲苯(烯基量0.00865mol/g)。於此聚矽氧基質100份中,加入作為交聯劑之以(CH3)2HSiO1/2單位與SiO2單位為主成分之具有SiH基之樹脂質共聚物(SiH基量0.0013mol/g)6.0份、以及作為反應控制劑之乙炔基環己醇0.1份,持續攪拌15分鐘,而得到聚矽氧橡膠組成物A。將鉑觸媒(Pt濃度1質量%)0.2份混合於此聚矽氧橡膠組成物,而得到黏著性聚矽氧組成物A。
使用缺角輪塗布機,以成為1.0mm之方式將上述黏著性聚矽氧組成物A層合塗布於上述基材層A,於加熱爐中以140℃加熱硬化5分鐘,而得到4層的層合硬化薄片A。所得之層合硬化薄片的平均厚度為1.35mm。
藉由下述所示之各方法所評估之結果,如第1表所示。評估方法,以下各實施例及比較例亦與實施例1相同。
作為加成反應硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物,係將加硫劑C-19A/1.0份、C-19B/2.5份(均為信越化學工業股份有限公司製)添加於KE-551-U(信越化學工業股份有限公司製)並藉由雙輥磨機進行混練,而得到聚矽氧橡膠組成物B。藉由壓延成形,以於100μm之附有皺褶的PET薄膜上得到厚度0.5mm的薄片之方式出片,並在與實施例1相同之由IPC規格1080所構成之玻璃布上,藉由壓延輥層合於玻璃布單面,於加硫爐中以150℃加熱硬化15分鐘。接著藉由壓延輥,以於100μm之附有皺褶的PET薄膜上得到厚度0.5mm的薄片之方式出片,將聚矽氧橡膠組成物B層合於未層合聚矽氧橡膠層之另一方的面,於加硫爐中以150℃加熱硬化15分鐘,而得到平均厚度1.1mm的基材層B。
將單面之附有皺褶的PET薄膜剝離,並與實施例1相同地將黏著性組成物A層合塗布於該上方,進行加熱硬化而得到平均厚度2.1mm之4層的層合硬化薄片B。
使用間位系芳香多醯胺纖維Conex(Teijin Techno Product股份有限公司製)來取代IPC規格1080玻璃布,除此之外,其他與實施例1相同地實施,而得到平均厚度1.3mm之4層的層合硬化薄片C。
作為加成反應硬化型聚矽氧橡膠組成物,係將加硫劑C-19A/1.0份、C-19B/2.5份(均為信越化學工業股份有限公司製)添加於可混練型二甲基聚矽氧橡膠化合物KE-675-U(信越化學工業股份有限公司製)並藉由雙輥磨機進行混練,然後藉由壓延成形,以於100μm之附有皺褶的PET薄膜上得到厚度1.0mm的薄片之方式出片,而得到未加硫薄片狀聚矽氧橡膠組成物(基材層)。
將單面之附有皺褶的PET薄膜剝離,並與實施例1相同地將黏著性組成物A層合塗布於該上方,將基材層及黏著層加熱硬化而得到平均厚度1.8mm之2層的層合硬化薄片D。
與實施例1相同地得到基材層A。惟平均厚度設為0.5mm,將此構成為3層的層合硬化薄片E。
與實施例1相同地得到基材層A。
另一方面,將含有兩末端經二甲基乙烯基矽氧基封鎖之平均聚合度1,000的二甲基聚矽氧烷92.5份、以及室溫(25℃)下為固體之由(CH2=CH)(CH3)2SiO1/2單位、(CH3)3SiO1/2單位及SiO2單位所構成之樹脂質共聚物
[((CH2=CH)(CH3)2SiO1/2單位+(CH3)3SiO1/2單位)/SiO2單位(莫耳比)=0.85、CH2=CH-基含量:0.0008mol/g]7.5份之50質量%甲苯溶液,裝入於攪拌混合器,混合30分鐘後,完全餾除甲苯(烯基量0.00865mol/g)。於此聚矽氧基質100份中,加入作為交聯劑之以(CH3)2HSiO1/2單位與SiO2單位為主成分之具有SiH基之樹脂質共聚物(SiH基量0.0013mol/g)8.0份、以及作為反應控制劑之乙炔基環己醇0.1份,持續攪拌15分鐘,而得到聚矽氧橡膠組成物B。將鉑觸媒(Pt濃度1質量%)0.2份混合於此聚矽氧橡膠組成物,而得到黏著性組成物B。
使用缺角輪塗布機,以成為1.0mm之方式將上述黏著性組成物B層合塗布於上述基材層A,於加熱爐中以140℃加熱硬化5分鐘,而得到平均厚度1.35mm之4層的層合硬化薄片F。
使用:於具有在氟系樹脂上層合有鋁箔與保護薄膜之構造之基材層上,進一步層合合成橡膠系的黏著層而成之Guard Flon(Tokai Aluminum Foil股份有限公司製)。
於施工後,以可確認被貼著面的色調者為○,無法確認者為×。此外,依據JIS K7105的規定來測定總透光
率。
測定裝置:Suga Test Instruments股份有限公司製之直接讀取霧度電腦HGM-2
以拉伸強度為30MPa以上,且撕裂強度為50kN/m以上者為○,當中任一項未滿足者為△,均未滿足者為×。
於50mm×100mm之形狀的防水薄片樣本上,以在所排列之單面上成為均等的面積之方式將2片灰泥測試片貼附於該黏著層,於室溫下放置24小時,從零跨距拉伸至最大20mm為止時,以薄片未被剝離而能夠追隨之位移量為10mm以上者為○,5~10mm者為△,未達5mm者為×。
測定裝置:島津萬能試驗機(Autograph)、拉伸速度:50mm/min.、灰泥測試片形狀:50mm×72mm×厚10mm
於以下之3項目的評估中,以全部為○者為○,1~2項目×者為△,全部×者為×。
防水性的評估,係使用上述所得之縱20cm×長度100cm的防水薄片,並將上述防水薄片如第3圖般連續地鋪設於室外槽的基座與槽底板部之交界部分。此時,密封劑係使用Sealant Master 300,並從各防水薄片的外周至2cm為止與保護構件或基座接著。
施工後,於室外環境下,以為期1個月雨水未滲入者為○,雨水滲入者為×。
施工後,於室外環境下,以為期6個月雨水未滲入者為○,雨水滲入者為×。
將30mm×50mm之形狀的防水薄片樣本貼附於灰泥測試片上面,於室溫下放置24小時。將測試樣本放置在淺盤中,並以使灰泥部分浸漬在自來水,防水薄片樣本不直接浸漬在自來水之方式靜置,並於室溫下放置(水深5~7mm)。以即使經過24小時亦未確認到剝離者為○,於24小時以內確認到剝離者為×。
灰泥測試片形狀:50mm×150mm×厚度10mm
10‧‧‧基材層
11‧‧‧橡膠組成物(薄片)
12‧‧‧補強性纖維(補強層)
20‧‧‧黏著層
100‧‧‧防水薄片
Claims (11)
- 一種防水薄片,其係於基材層的單面形成有黏著層而成之防水薄片,其特徵為:基材層係由以補強性纖維層補強後之橡膠薄片所構成,拉伸強度為15MPa以上,且撕裂強度為30kN/m以上,並且黏著層的硬度以Asker C型硬度計量測時為未達1。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中形成前述基材層之橡膠薄片,係由聚矽氧橡膠組成物的硬化物所構成,並且補強性纖維選自玻璃纖維、碳纖維、芳香多醯胺纖維、碳化矽纖維之至少一種。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中補強性纖維層,係絲的支數於縱、橫上均為5~600tex、密度為10~150根/25mm、厚度為0.02~0.6mm、張力為70N/25mm以上之平織或緞織之層,且總透光率為50~99%。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中基材層,係將聚矽氧橡膠組成物分別塗布於補強性纖維之布的雙面,而在使其硬化所形成之聚矽氧橡膠薄片內埋設有補強性纖維層而成者,於25℃將該基材層往面方向拉伸時之位移量未達5mm,且厚度為0.2~3mm。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中前述黏著層係由加成反應硬化型聚矽氧組成物的硬化物所構成,硬化物的硬度以Asker C型硬度計量測時為未達1,且相對於灰泥測試片之黏著力為5N/25mm以上。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中將於前述基材層上形成有黏著層之前述防水薄片,貼附於灰泥測試片1小時後,將灰泥測試片往面方向拉伸時之位移量為10mm以上。
- 如請求項1之防水薄片,其中基材層的厚度為0.2~3mm,黏著層的厚度為0.5~3mm,防水薄片全體的厚度為0.7~6mm,具有貼附於對象物後,可辨識被貼著面的色調之水準的透明性,且薄片全體的總透光率為50~99%。
- 一種防水薄片之防水施工方法,其係將如請求項1至7中任一項之防水薄片的黏著層,液密地被覆於包含防止水分的滲入之處的部分,同時使重疊部分的寬度成為5mm以上,液密地重疊相鄰接之防水薄片而貼著。
- 如請求項8之防水薄片之防水施工方法,其中不使用底漆地將防水薄片直接貼著於防止水分的滲入之處,並且對貼著後之防水薄片之側端緣部的至少一部分進行密封施工。
- 如請求項8之防水施工方法,其中對防水薄片進行施工之處為護欄的伸縮縫部。
- 如請求項8或9之防水施工方法,其中對防水薄片進行施工之處,為從基座上的室外槽之槽底板部與槽壁體的緣部至槽底板的表面部及基座表面之部分。
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KR102513936B1 (ko) | 2023-03-27 |
KR20180061200A (ko) | 2018-06-07 |
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