TWI543986B - A diffusing agent composition and a method for forming an impurity diffusion layer - Google Patents

A diffusing agent composition and a method for forming an impurity diffusion layer Download PDF

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TWI543986B
TWI543986B TW100139944A TW100139944A TWI543986B TW I543986 B TWI543986 B TW I543986B TW 100139944 A TW100139944 A TW 100139944A TW 100139944 A TW100139944 A TW 100139944A TW I543986 B TWI543986 B TW I543986B
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diffusing agent
agent composition
group
impurity diffusion
semiconductor substrate
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TW201233681A (en
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Toshiro Morita
Takashi Kamizono
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Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co Ltd
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Description

擴散劑組成物及雜質擴散層的形成方法
本發明係有關擴散劑組成物及雜質擴散層之形成方法者。
以往,製造太陽電池時,通常係在半導體基板中要形成例如N型之雜質擴散層時,自半導體基板表面被塗佈之擴散劑將N型之雜質擴散成份擴散於含N型之雜質擴散成份的擴散劑,使其形成為N型雜質擴散層。具體而言,通常係在半導體基板表面形成熱氧化膜,繼而藉由光石印術法使具有所定圖型之電阻層在熱氧化膜上,以該電阻層做為遮罩,以未藉由酸或鹼被電阻層做成遮罩之熱氧化膜部份予以蝕刻、剝離電阻層以形成熱氧化膜的遮罩。然後,塗佈含有N型不純物擴散成份的擴散劑,在遮罩之開口部份形成為擴散膜。藉由高溫擴散此部份以形成N型雜質擴散層者。
又,近年來亦有提案使用噴墨方式使擴散劑圖型化於半導體基板表面的方法(例如參照專利文獻1~3)。噴墨方法中係通常不使用遮罩,自油墨嘴噴出擴散劑予以雜質擴散層形成領域,使其選擇性地分配使其圖型化,所以與以往之照相平版法等相比不需要繁雜之步驟,可以一邊削減使用之液量,即能很容易地形成圖型。
[先行技術文獻] 〔專利文獻〕
[專利文獻1]:日本特開2003-168810號公報
[專利文獻2]:日本特開2003-332606號公報
[專利文獻3]:日本特開2006-156646號公報
以往之擴散劑係通常使用可成為N型雜質擴散成份之磷供給來源的五氧化磷。依自旋塗層法之擴散劑的塗佈係因可以較低設定固體成份(SiO2、P2O5)濃度,故經久變化亦通常在可容許之範圍內。另一方面,為了要省液或降低工程上成本,若使用噴墨方式的擴散劑以圖型化半導體基板表面時,塗佈液中之固體成份濃度無法達到某一程度之高時,通常無法得到十足之塗佈膜的厚度。不過如果提高塗佈液中之固體成份濃度時,由於擴散劑中會含有Si化合物系之脫水縮合物:此縮合反應會加速進行,而會產生顯著地使保存安定性之惡化等問題。
本發明係鑑於此種課題所完成者,其目的係在於提供一邊企圖可以對使用於對半導體基板的N型雜質擴散成份之印刷上,如何可提高擴散劑組成物之保持安定性,並可以提高雜質擴散成份對半導體基板之擴散性等之技術者。
本發明之其一態樣係擴散劑組成物。此種擴散劑組成物係一種可使用於對半導體基板的雜質擴散成份印刷之擴散劑組成物,且含有以下式(1)所示烷氧基矽烷為起始原料之縮合生成物(A),與雜質擴散成份(B)者,
(1)式中R1、R2係有機基,複數個R1、R2可以為相同亦可為不同,m係0、1或2者。雜質擴散成份(B)為以下式(2)所示磷酸酯(C)為特徵者。
(2)式中R3係烷基、n係1或2者。
依此態樣之擴散劑組成物時,既使為得具充分厚度之塗佈膜,而提高不純物擴散成份(B)的濃度,因可以抑制保存安定性被降低,反而可以提高雜質擴散成份對於半導體基板之擴散性。
本發明之另一態樣係一種雜質擴散層之形成方法。此該雜質擴散層之形成方法係以包括在於半導體基板上,塗佈如上述所示之擴散劑組成物,以形成圖型之圖型形成步驟,與使擴散劑組成物之雜質擴散成份(B)擴散於半導體基板所成的擴散步驟所成為特徵者。
〔為實施發明的形態〕
本發明將依以下記述對其具體內容說明。惟此等僅為說明本發明用而例舉而已,不能做為侷限本發明之範圍者。
實施形態有關之擴散劑組成物係被使用於雜質擴散成份擴散至半導體基板者。上述半導體基板係可做為太陽電池用之基板被使用者。該擴散劑組成物係含有縮合生成物(A)與雜質擴散成份(B)者。
(A)縮合生成物
縮合生成物(A)係以如下式(1)所示烷氧基矽烷為起始原料者,水解以下式(1)所示烷氧基矽烷所得之反應生成物。
(1)式中,R1、R2係有機基,複數個之R1、R2可為相同亦可為不同,m係0、1或2。
縮合生成物(A)中,R1、R2可為以烷基、苯基、環氧基、或以-R5-R4所示基。R4係芳基或含有乙烯性不飽和雙鍵的基,R5係碳數1~9之伸烷基,有時會有不同之R5在內。
R1、R2中之烷基係可為碳數1~10之烷基者,例如可為甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、 壬基、癸基等直鏈狀烷基;1-甲基乙基、1-甲基丙基、2-甲基丙基、1-甲基丁基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、1-乙基丁基、2-乙基丁基、1-甲基戊基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、4-甲基戊基等支鏈狀之烷基;環戊基、環己基、金剛烷基、原冰片基、異冰片基、三環癸基等環狀烷基。較佳係碳數1~5之烷基,更佳係碳數1~3之烷基,最佳係甲基。
R1、R2中之芳基則可為例如苯基、聯苯基(biphenyl)、茀基(fluorenyl)、萘基、蒽基(anthryl)、菲基等。較佳係苯基。又,R1、R2之芳基亦可具有烷基等之取代基。
R1、R2中之環氧基可為碳數3~10之環氧基,更佳係碳數3~7之環氧基。
縮合生成物(A)中,做為R5中之碳數1~9的伸烷基可為直鏈狀或支鏈狀之伸烷基。較佳係碳數1~7,更佳係碳數1~5之直鏈狀的伸烷基,更佳係亞甲基、伸乙基、正亞丙基。
縮合生成物(A)中,R4中所含有乙烯性不飽和雙鍵的基係以末端具有乙烯性不飽和雙鍵者為宜,尤其以如下式所示者為宜。
縮合生成物(A)中,做為R4中之芳基可為與上述R1、R2中之芳基相同者。
上述式(1)中,m為0時的矽烷化合物(i)係為如下式(3)所示者。
Si(OR51)a(OR52)b(OR53)c(OR54)d‧‧‧(3)
(3)式中R51、R52、R53及R54係分別獨立表示與上述R2相同之有機基。a、b、c及d係為0≦a≦4、0≦b≦4、0≦c≦4,0≦d≦4,且為可以滿足a+b+c+d=4之條件的整數。
一般式(1)中m為1時之矽烷化合物(ii)係可為以下式(4)所示者。
R65Si(OR66)e(OR67)f(OR68)g‧‧‧(4)
(4)式中,R65係示有與上述R1一樣之有機基。R66、R67及R68係分別獨立表示與上述R2一樣之有機基。e、f及g係為0≦e≦3、0≦f≦3、0≦g≦3,且為可以滿足e+f+g=3之條件的整數。
一般式(1)中m為2時之矽烷化合物(iii)係以下述式(5)所示者。
R70R71Si(OR72)h(OR73)i‧‧‧(5)
(5)式中R70及R71係分別獨立表示與上述R1一樣之有機基。R72及R73係分別獨立表示與上述R2一樣之有機基。h及i係為0≦h≦2、0≦i≦2,且為可以滿足h+i=2之條件的整數。
可以在酸觸媒、水、有機溶劑之存在下,將上述一種或二種以上以水解的方法予以調製。
縮合生成物(A)可以例如自上述烷氧基矽烷(i)~(iii)中選出,酸觸媒係可以使用有機酸、無機酸之任一者。無機酸可用硫酸、磷酸、硝酸、鹽酸等,其以磷酸、硝酸為最適宜。有機酸可使用甲酸、乙二酸、富馬酸、馬來酸、冰醋酸、無水乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸等羧酸、及具有含硫之酸殘基的有機酸。具有含硫之酸殘基的有機酸可為有機磺酸等,此等酯化合物可為有機硫酸酯、有機亞硫酸酯等。此等中特別以有機磺酸,例如以下式(6)所示之化合物為宜。
R13-X (6)
(上述式(6)中,R13係為可具有取代基之碳化氫基、X係磺酸基)。
上述式(6)中,做為R13之碳化氫基係以碳數1~20之碳化氫基為宜。此碳化氫基係飽和者亦可為不飽和者,直鏈狀、支鏈狀、環狀之任一均可。R13之碳化氫基為環狀時,係以例如苯基、萘基、蒽基等芳香族碳化氫基為宜,其中以苯基為宜。此芳香族碳化氫基中的芳香環,亦 可以有一個或複數個碳數1~20的碳化氫基做為取代基結合。做為該芳香環上之取代基的碳化氫可為飽和者亦可為不飽和者,亦可為直鏈狀、支鏈狀、環狀的任一。又,R13之碳化氫基係可為具有一個或複數個的取代基,此取代基可以為例如氟原子等之鹵素原子、磺酸基、羧基、羥基、氨基、氰基等。
上述酸觸媒係在水存在下水解烷氧基矽烷時做為觸媒作用者,使用之酸觸媒的量係最好調製為水解反應之反應系中濃度可成為1~1000ppm,尤其可成為5~800ppm範圍為宜。水之添加量係可藉由此等而改變矽氧烷聚合物之水解率者,所以最好配合欲得之水解率做決定。
水解反應之反應系中的有機溶劑可為例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、異丙醇(IPA)、正丁醇之類的一價醇、甲基-3-甲氧基丙酸酯醇、乙基-3-乙氧基丙酸酯之類的烷基羧酸酯、乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇、丙三醇、三甲醇丙烷、己三醇等多元醇、乙二醇-甲基醚、乙二醇-乙基醚、乙二醇-丙基醚、乙二醇-丁基醚、二乙二醇-甲基醚、二乙二醇-乙基醚、二乙二醇-丙基醚、二乙二醇-丁基醚、丙二醇-甲基醚、丙二醇-乙基醚、丙二醇-丙基醚、丙二醇-丁基醚等多元醇的單價醚類或此等之單乙酸鹽類、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯之類的酯類、丙酮、甲基乙酮、甲基異戊酮之類的酮類、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二乙醚、乙二醇二丙醚、乙二醇二丁醚、丙二醇二甲醚、丙二醇二乙醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二乙醚、二乙二醇甲基 乙基醚之類的多元醇的羥基全部被烷基醚化的多價烷基醚類等。此等有機溶劑可單獨使用、亦可組合二種以上使用。
以如上述之反應系水解反應烷氧基矽烷,即可得縮合生成物(A),即矽氧基聚合物。該水解反應係通常在5~100小時左右即可完成。欲縮短反應時間時,最好係在不超過80℃之溫度範圍予以加熱較佳。
反應完後,可得包含有被合成之縮合生成物(A),與反應時使用之有機溶劑的反應溶液。矽氧烷聚合物可以用以往公知之方法,使其與有機溶劑分離、乾燥成為固體狀態、或視其需要以溶劑取代成為溶液狀態,依上述之方法即可得。
(B)雜質擴散成份
雜質擴散成份(B)係以下一般式(2)所示之磷酸酯(C)。
(2)式中,R3係烷基,n係1(二酯)或2(單酯)。
更具體而言可為磷酸酯(C)之磷酸二丁酯、磷酸單丁酯、磷酸單乙酯、磷酸二乙酯、磷酸單丙酯、磷酸二丙 酯等。
擴散劑組成物中的磷酸酯(C)的含量係以組合物全體做為基準時為50質量%以下為宜。磷酸酯(C)之含量若對於組成物之全體而言超過50質量%時,會有招致降低擴散劑組成物之保存安定性之情形。
以組成物全體做為基準之水含量係1質量%以下較為適宜。更佳係以0.5質量%以下為宜,以盡量不含水份為最佳。依此可以更提高擴散劑組成物之保存安定性。
此實施形態的擴散劑組成物係做為其他成份還可以更含有界面活性劑、溶劑成份或添加劑。可藉由含有界面活性劑而可以提昇塗佈性、平坦化性、展開性、而可以減少塗佈後所形成之擴散劑組成物層會有塗佈不佳之情形。這種界面活性劑的成份可以使用以往公知者,惟以聚矽氧烷系之界面活性劑為宜。又,界面活性劑成份係對全體之擴散劑組成物而言以含100~10000質量ppm、較佳為300~5000質量ppm、更佳係以500~3000質量ppm範圍包含為最佳。又,若為2000質量ppm以下時,擴散處理後之擴散劑組成物層的剝離性可為優異,所以更佳。界面活性劑成份可單獨使用,亦可以組合後使用。
溶劑成份並不特別被限定,可以例如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丁醇等醇類、丙酮、戊酮、丁酮等酮類、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯等酯類、丙二醇、丙三醇、二丙二醇等多元醇、二丙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二乙醚、丙二醇二甲醚、丙二醇二乙醚等醚類、乙二醇單 甲醚、乙二醇單乙醚、丙二醇單甲醚、丙二醇單乙醚、二丙二醇單甲醚等單醚系乙二醇類、四氫呋喃、二噁烷等環狀醚類、丙二醇單甲醚乙酸鹽、丙二醇單乙醚乙酸鹽等醚系酯類。
添加劑係配合必須調整擴散劑組成物之黏度等特性而予以添加者。添加劑可為聚丙二醇等。
依以上說明之擴散劑組成物時,即使為得到充分之塗佈膜厚度而提高雜質擴散成份(B)之濃度,這時亦可以抑制保存安定性降低,甚至更可以提高對於雜質擴散成份之半導體基板之擴散性。
(雜質擴散層之形成方法,及太陽電池之製造方法)
參照圖1針對含有藉由噴墨方式分配含有N型雜質擴散成份(B)的上述擴散劑組成物在N型之半導體基板上成形圖型之步驟,以及將擴散劑組成物中雜質擴散成份(B)擴散於半導體基板的步驟所成雜質擴散層之形成方法,以及針對具備有形成雜質擴散層之半導體基板的太陽電池之製造方法予以說明。圖1(A)~圖1(C)係為說明包含實施形態有關雜質擴散層之形成方法在內的太陽電池製造方法所示工程剖面圖者。
首先如圖1(A)所示,在矽基板等N型半導體基板1上,選擇性地塗佈含有N型之雜質擴散成份(B)的上述擴散劑組成物2,及含有P型之雜質擴散成份的擴散劑組成物3。含有P型之雜質擴散成份的擴散劑組成物3係依習知之 方法被調製者,例如依旋轉塗佈法等習知之方法,將擴散劑組成物3塗佈於半導體基板1之全體表面,然後使用烘爐等習知之手段,使塗佈之擴散劑組成物3乾燥。然後依照相平版法及蝕刻法,使擴散劑組成物3成圖形狀。亦可以藉由噴墨方式,在半導體基板1之表面選擇性地塗佈藉以形成圖型。
擴散劑組成物2係可以依噴墨方式選擇性地塗佈於半導體基板1之表面,以形成為圖型狀。即,可以自習知之噴墨分配機的油墨噴嘴,將擴散劑組成物2分配在半導體基板1之N型雜質擴散層形成領域予以圖型化。形成為圖型之後係使用烘烤等習知之方式使塗佈之擴散劑組成物2硬化乾燥。做為噴墨分配機係使用加予電壓即可變形之壓電元件的壓電方式之分配機。又,可以使用利用藉由加熱產生氣泡的熱方式分配機等。
其次,如圖1(B)所示,針對被圖型化擴散劑組成物2及擴散劑組成物3的半導體基板1,例如將其放置於電爐等擴散爐內燒成,使擴散劑組成物2中之N型雜質擴散成份(B),及擴散劑組成物3中之P型雜質擴散成份,自半導體基板1之表面擴散至半導體基板1內。另外,還可以代替擴散爐,藉由習用之激光照射加熱予半導體基板1。如此即可以使N型之雜質擴散成份(B)會擴散於半導體基板1內,被形成為N型雜質擴散層4,又,P型之雜質擴散成份會擴散於半導體基板1內,而會被形成為P型雜質擴散層5。
其次,如圖1(C)所示,依習知之蝕刻法,將半導體基板表面所形成之氧化膜除去。藉由以上步驟,即可以形成雜質擴散層。
本發明係不被限定於上述實施形態者,可以依據斯業者所具有之知識加入各種設計上之變更予以變形,這種加入變型之實施形態亦可以包含於本發明之範圍者。
[實施例]
以下將說明本發明之實施例,惟此等實施例係僅為配合說明本發明予以例示者而已,對本發明並無任何限定。
將實施例1~7及比較例1、2之擴散劑組成物的各成份及含量示於表1。
表1記載之A-1成份係Si(OC2H5)4之水解生成物。又,表1所記載之A-2成份、A-3成份係分別為以下式所示之縮合生成物。又,表1記載之DPGM係二丙二醇單甲醚之略語。
(評估黏性)
在此分別使用佳能-芬斯科黏度計(Cannon-Fenske viscometer)測定磷酸酯系之實施例1、4~6及非磷酸酯系之比較例1的擴散劑組成物之初期黏度。另外,將實施例1、4~6以及比較例1之擴散劑組成物保管在5℃,經2天後,6天後之黏度分別使用佳能-芬斯科黏度計測定。將實 施例1、4~6以及比較例1之擴散劑組成物的黏性評估結果示於表2。又,表2中以初期黏度為基準時,經過2天後,經過6天後之黏度的比率則示於括弧內。
實施例1及比較例1之擴散劑組成物中的磷當量(磷之莫耳數)係同等者。惟如表2所示,比較例1之擴散劑組成物的黏度係2天後及6天後,對初期黏度會急速地增加,與之相比,實施例1、4~6的擴散劑組成物的黏度係既使經過6天後亦對於初期黏度而言最大亦止於105.7%之程度,所以可以確認實施例1之擴散劑組成物係具有優異之保存安定性。尤其實施例5至6的擴散劑組成物係既使經過6天之後其黏度亦確認與初期黏度並無不同。
(薄片電阻值之測定)
使用實施例1~3、比較例1、2之擴散劑組成物,分別依自旋轉塗佈法將其塗佈於P型Si基板(面方位<100>、電阻率5~15Ω‧cm)上。Si基板上被塗佈之擴散劑組成物 的厚度係約7000Å。於100℃、200℃分別實施1分鐘之脫模燒結後,使用加熱爐(光洋thermosistem製VF-1000)、在充氮氣氛下於950℃加熱30分鐘。然後將Si基板浸漬於5%HF水溶液中經10分鐘,除去基板表面之氧化膜。另外,針對實施例1~3、比較例1、2,分別製作各2件試料。針對各試料依4探針法(國際電氣製VR-70)測定5處之薄片電阻值。實施例1~3、比較例1、2係分別得到計10點薄片電阻值後,算出計10點之平均值,將此等所得之薄片電阻值之平均值示於表3。
如表3所示,實施例1係180Ω/sq、實施例2及實施例3係降低至100Ω/sq以下,使用實施例1~3之擴散劑組成物時與比較例2比較確認可以大幅度地改善薄片電阻。換言之,確認了即使磷酸酯中的磷當量(磷之莫耳數)為同等,亦可以因使用磷酸單酯或二酯化合物,而可以比用磷酸三酯更提高擴散效率。又,比較例1之擴散劑組成物之薄片電阻雖比比較例2低,但如上述,非磷酸酯系之比較例1的擴散劑組成物係因經久變化(增黏)大的問題仍無法解決其課題。
其次,在表4示實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物的各成份及含有量。實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物係縮合生成物(A)及雜質擴散成份(B)之各成份及含量為可互換者,為對組成物全體改變水份含量(wt%)之磷酸酯系之擴散劑組成物。
表4所記載之A-1成份、A-3成份、DPGM係分別與表1所示一樣者。
使用佳能-芬斯科黏度計分別測定實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物之初期黏度。又,保管實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物於5℃,分別使用佳能-芬斯科黏度計測定其經3天後, 經8天後之黏度。將實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物的黏性評估結果示於表5。另外,表5中另外示以初期黏度為基準時,經過3天後、經過8天後之黏度的比率示於括弧內。
如表5所示,實施例7~9中,水份量最多之實施例9的擴散劑組成物經8天後的黏度係對初期黏度而言係108.3%。針對此,如表2所示一樣,比較例1之擴散劑組成物係6天後之階段,黏度為對初期黏度而言昇至116.8%、實施例7~9之擴散劑組成物係其分別均與比較例1之擴散劑組成物相比,其保存安定性均被確認較優。尤其實施例7、8之擴散劑組成物係對初期黏度經過8天後之黏度為比實施例9之擴散劑組成物更顯著降低,發現可以使水份之含量為1wt%以下,可以大幅度地改善保存安定性。
1‧‧‧半導體基板
2‧‧‧擴散劑組成物
3‧‧‧擴散劑組成物
4‧‧‧N型雜質擴散層
5‧‧‧P型雜質擴散層
[圖1]圖1(A)~圖1(C)係有關說明包含實施形態有關之雜質擴散層之形成方法的太陽電池之製造方法的工程剖面圖者。
1‧‧‧半導體基板
2‧‧‧擴散劑組成物
3‧‧‧擴散劑組成物
4‧‧‧N型雜質擴散層
5‧‧‧P型雜質擴散層

Claims (6)

  1. 一種擴散劑組成物,其為被使用做為對半導體基板之雜質擴散成份之印刷的擴散劑組成物,其特徵為包含以下式(1)所示烷氧基矽烷做為起始原料的縮合生成物(A),以及雜質擴散成份(B),其中雜質擴散成份(B)為以下式(2)所示之磷酸酯(C), (1)式中,R1、R2係為烷基、苯基、環氧基、或-R5-R4所示基;R4為芳基或含有乙烯性不飽和雙鍵之基,R5為碳數1~9的伸烷基,亦可具有相異的R5;複數個R1、R2可為相同亦可不同,m係0、1或2, (2)式中,R3係烷基,n係1或2。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之擴散劑組成物,其中該磷酸酯(C)之含量以全體組成物為基準時為50質量%以下。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之擴散劑組成物,其中以全體組成物為基準之水份含有量為1質量%以下者。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2項之擴散劑組成物,其中以全體組成物為基準之水份含量為1質量%以下。
  5. 一種雜質擴散層的形成方法,其特徵為包含:在半導體基板塗佈如申請專利範圍第1項至第4項中任一項記載之擴散劑組成物,以形成圖型之圖型形成步驟,使上述擴散劑組成物之雜質擴散成份(B)擴散於上述半導體基板的擴散步驟而成。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第5項之雜質擴散層的形成方法,其中該半導體基板係被使用於太陽電池。
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