TWI467027B - High strength galvanized steel sheet - Google Patents
High strength galvanized steel sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI467027B TWI467027B TW101135896A TW101135896A TWI467027B TW I467027 B TWI467027 B TW I467027B TW 101135896 A TW101135896 A TW 101135896A TW 101135896 A TW101135896 A TW 101135896A TW I467027 B TWI467027 B TW I467027B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- less
- steel sheet
- hot
- temperature
- rolling
- Prior art date
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- 229910001335 Galvanized steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 37
- 239000008397 galvanized steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 116
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 91
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 35
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000029052 metamorphosis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010960 cold rolled steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101100481408 Danio rerio tie2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100481410 Mus musculus Tek gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000905 alloy phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron zinc Chemical compound [Fe].[Zn] KFZAUHNPPZCSCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002603 lanthanum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneiron Chemical compound [C].[Fe] QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001568 polygonal ferrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003303 ruthenium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
- C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
- C21D8/0421—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0426—Hot rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
- C21D8/0421—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0436—Cold rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
- C21D8/0447—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the heat treatment
- C21D8/0473—Final recrystallisation annealing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
- C21D8/0478—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing involving a particular surface treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
- C21D9/48—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals deep-drawing sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
- C22C18/04—Alloys based on zinc with aluminium as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
- C23C2/022—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by heating
- C23C2/0224—Two or more thermal pretreatments
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
- C23C2/024—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by cleaning or etching
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/26—After-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12785—Group IIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12792—Zn-base component
- Y10T428/12799—Next to Fe-base component [e.g., galvanized]
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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Description
本發明係有關於一種熔融鍍鋅鋼板。更詳細而言,本發明係有關於一種可輕易地實現高強度(例如,抗拉強度係980MPa以上),且成形性優異,可適合作為汽車領域、及家電領域、建材領域等構件使用的高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板。
以往,熔融鍍鋅鋼板主要係使用於汽車領域,但於基材使用有高強度(例如,抗拉強度980MPa以上)之高強度鋼板的熔融鍍鋅鋼板中,於進行彎曲加工等硬化加工時,特別容易於基質鋼板產生破裂,並且多發現因應力集中於該部分導致的斷裂。
由如此之觀點來看,例如專利文獻1中揭示了藉由控制退火環境氣體,使鍍敷浴浸漬前之鋼板表面的Si濃化量為某值以下。然而,控制如此之退火環境氣體本身係為困難。
又,專利文獻2中記載了一種Si+Al滿足0.7%以上,鋼板組織中,下部變韌鐵及全麻田散鐵之合計量相對於鋼板組織全體的面積率係10%以上且90%以下、殘留沃斯田鐵量係5%以上且50%以下,上部變韌鐵中之變韌肥粒鐵相對於鋼板組織全體的面積率係5%以上之高強度鋼板。專利文獻3中記載了一種微觀組織含有面積率計20~75%之肥粒鐵、
5~25%之殘留沃斯田鐵,且前述肥粒鐵之平均結晶粒徑係10μm以下的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板。專利文獻4中記載了一種於鋼板表面自鋼板側依序形成有Γ相、Γ1相與δ1相之混合層、δ1相或δ1相與ζ相的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板,Γ相之平均厚度係1.5μm以下,Γ1相與δ1相之混合層之平均厚度小於Γ相之平均厚度的2倍,Γ1結晶之平均縱橫比(藉由觀察截面之長邊與短邊的比)係2以上的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板。
此外,專利文獻5中記載了一種具有合金化熔融鍍鋅層係以質量%計,含有Fe:10~15%及Al:0.20~0.45%,剩餘部分係由Zn及不純物所構成的化學組成,鋼板與合金化熔融鍍鋅層之界面密著強度係20MPa以上的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板。專利文獻6中記載著一種於單面或雙面具有20~100g/m2
之鍍敷附著量,鍍敷層之平均Fe含有率係8~16%,鍍敷層中之Γ相的厚度係0.2~1.5μm之耐衝撃密著性優異的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板。專利文獻7中記載著一種鋅鍍敷皮膜係自基體鋼板側依序存在有Fe-Al系合金層、Fe-Zn系合金層及鋅鍍敷層,Fe-Al系合金層中之Al含量係10mg/m2
以上且300mg/m2
以下,前述Fe-Zn系合金層之厚度係鋅鍍敷皮膜厚度之1/2以下的熔融鍍鋅鋼板。專利文獻8中記載了一種相接於鍍敷皮膜/鐵界面之鐵-鋅合金結晶於每界面1μm係5.5個以上的合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板。
然而,高強度(例如,抗拉強度980MPa以上)之高強度鋼板方面,未可得知該效果充分的熔融鍍鋅鋼板。
專利文獻1:日本專利特願平4-211887號公報
專利文獻2:日本專利特開2010-65273號公報
專利文獻3:日本專利特開2011-17046號公報
專利文獻4:日本專利特開平10-306360號公報
專利文獻5:日本專利特開2006-97102號公報
專利文獻6:日本專利特開平6-93402號公報
專利文獻7:日本專利特開2006-307302號公報
專利文獻8:日本專利特開2000-144362號公報
本發明之目的係提供一種於以高強度(例如,抗拉強度980MPa以上)之高強度鋼板作為基材的熔融鍍鋅鋼板中,可有效地抑制破裂或斷裂之成形性優異的高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板。
本發明人等經致力地檢討後,結果,發現藉由於熔融鍍鋅層與基質鋼板界面,使主要由Fe及Al及Zn所構成的金屬間化合物析出預定範圍之厚度,並控制去除前述熔融鍍鋅層後之鋼板表面的Ra與RSm於預定範圍,可抑制硬化加工時之鋼板的破裂或斷裂,提升成形性。
換言之,本發明係一種成形性優異之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板。本發明,可包含例如,以下之態樣。
[1]一種高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板,係以質量%計,含有:C:0.10%以上且0.4%以下、Si:0.01%以上且0.5%以下、Mn:1.0%以上且3.0%以下、O:0.006%以下、P:0.04%以下、S:0.01%以下、Al:0.1以上且3.0%以下、及N:0.01%以下,並由剩餘部分之Fe及不可避免的不純物所構成的鋼板;並且為於鋼板表面經施行有合金化熔融鍍鋅之合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板,該鋼板之組織以體積分率計,變韌鐵與麻田散鐵之合計係40%以上,含有8%以上且60%以下之殘留沃斯田鐵,且含有小於40%之肥粒鐵,並由剩餘部分之不可避免的組織所構成;該熔融鍍鋅鋼板於前述熔融鍍鋅層與基質鋼板之界面具有由Fe及Al及Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的金屬間化合物之層,金屬間化合物之層的平均厚度係0.1μm以上且2μm以下,且該金屬間化合物之結晶粒徑係0.01μm以上且1μm以下;經去除前述熔融鍍鋅層後之基質鋼板表面的算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且2.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且300μm以下。
[2]如[1]記載之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板,其於鋼中以質量%計,更含有:Cr:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Ni:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Cu:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Nb:0.005%以上且0.3%以下、Ti:0.005%以上且0.3%以下、V:0.005%以上且0.5%以下、B:0.0001%以上且0.01%以下、Ca:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、Mg:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、La:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、Ce:0.0005%以上且
0.04%以下、及Y:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下之1種或2種以上的元素。
[3]一種高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之製造方法,其係將以質量%計,含有:C:0.10%以上且0.4%以下、Si:0.01%以上且0.5%以下、Mn:1.0%以上且3.0%以下、O:0.006%以下、P:0.04%以下、S:0.01%以下、Al:0.1以上且3.0%以下、及N:0.01%以下,並由剩餘部分之Fe及不可避免的不純物所構成的鋼材,進行下述步驟:加熱至1100~1300℃,並於最後軋延溫度為Ar3溫度以上時施行熱軋處理;將前述熱軋後之鋼板於捲取溫度為700℃以下進行捲取,冷軋;前述冷軋後之鋼板於最高加熱溫度為750℃~900℃下進行退火;將前述退火後之鋼板以於500~750℃之範圍中冷卻速度為3~200℃/秒冷卻至鍍敷浴浸漬溫度,之後,於350~500℃下保持10~1000秒;於進行鍍敷浴浸漬時的鋼板溫度為自較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度低40℃之溫度至較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度高50℃之溫度的溫度範圍下,將前述鋼板於氫分壓PH2
、水蒸氣分壓PH2O
之比的對數log(PH2O
/PH2
)的值係-5以上且-2以下、且氮含量係95質量%以上之氮環境氣體中,浸漬於Al濃度WAl
、Fe濃度WFe
以質量%計滿足下述關係式(1)、(2)的熔融鍍鋅浴中,進行浸漬處理:0.01≦WFe≦0.05………(1),0.07≦(WAl-WFe)≦0.30………(2);及於前述冷軋時之最終軋台的輥表面中,其算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且8.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲
線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且1200μm以下;此處,Ar3=901-325×C+33×Si-92×(Mn+Ni/2+Cr/2+Cu/2+Mo/2),C、Si、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mo係顯示分別之成分的含量(質量%),而於未含有時為0。
[4]如[3]記載之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之製造方法,其於前述冷軋時之最終軋台的前1段之輥表面中,其算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且8.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且1200μm以下。
依據本發明,可提供一種成形性優異之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板。本發明之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板的製造亦可較輕易且穩定地實施。因此,特別適合使用作為近年之以輕量化為目標的汽車用鋼板,產業上之價值極大。
圖1係顯示金屬間化合物之厚度、粒徑與成形性之關係的圖表。圖中之○、□、△、×標記係與後述之成形性相關的評價結果之意,○、□、△均係成形性合格之實施例,×係成形性不合格之比較例。
圖2係顯示基質鋼板之粗度與成形性之關係的圖表。圖中之○、□、△、×標記係與後述之成形性相關的評價結果之意,○、□、△均係成形性合格之實施例,×係成形性不合格之比較例。
以下,依序說明本發明。
首先,說明成分之限定理由。另,%係質量%之意。
C:C係可提升鋼板強度之元素。然而,小於0.1%時,將不易兼具980MPa以上之抗拉強度與加工性。另一方面,大於0.40%時,確保點熔接性變得困難。因此,將其範圍設為0.1~0.40%。C含量以0.12~0.3為佳,以0.13~0.28更佳。
Si:Si係強化元素,並有效提升鋼板之強度。又,因可抑制雪明碳鐵之析出,故需添加以有助於殘留沃斯田鐵的穩定化。小於0.01%時,高強度化之效果小,又,大於0.5%時,加工性下降。因此,Si含量係設為0.01~0.5%之範圍。Si含量以0.05~0.45%為佳,以0.15~0.42%更佳。
Mn:Mn係強化元素,係有效提升鋼板之強度。然而,小於1.0%時,欲得到980MPa以上之抗拉強度係為困難。反之,較多時將助長與P、S的共偏析,導致加工性之顯著劣化,故將上限設為3.0%。因此,將Mn含量設為1.0~3.0%之範圍。Mn含量以2.0~2.7%為佳,以2.03~2.6%更佳。
O:O因形成氧化物,使伸長、彎曲性或擴孔性劣化,故需抑制添加量。特別是,氧化物多作為夾雜物存在,存在於衝孔端面、或切截面時,將於端面形成缺口狀之傷痕或粗大之凹坑,故於擴孔時或硬化加工時,將導致應力集中,成為龜裂形成的起點,造成大幅之擴孔性或彎曲性的劣化。這是因為於O大於0.006%時,該傾向將變得顯著,故將O含量之上限設為0.006%以下。換言之,O係作
為不純物限制為0.006%以下。O含量以0.004%以下為佳,以0.003%以下更佳。另一方面,O含量小於0.0001%時,將導致成本過高,於經濟上不佳,故將其作為實質之下限。
P:P有於鋼板之板厚中央部偏析的傾向,使熔接部脆化。大於0.04%時,因熔接部之脆化變得顯著,又成形性亦劣化,故將其適當範圍設為0.04%以下。換言之,P係作為不純物限制為0.04%以下。P含量以0.03%以下為佳,以0.025%以下更佳。P之下限值並未特別限定,但小於0.0001%時,於經濟上係不利,以將該值作為下限值為佳。
S:S係對熔接性及鑄造時與熱軋時之製造性造成不良影響。因此,將其上限值設為0.01%以下。換言之,S係作為不純物限制為0.01%以下。S含量以0.006%以下為佳,以0.005%以下更佳。S之下限值並未特別限定,但小於0.0001%時,於經濟上係不利,故以將該值作為下限值為佳。又,S將與Mn連結形成粗大之MnS,使彎曲性或擴孔性劣化,故需儘量減少。
Al:Al可促進肥粒鐵形成,提升延性,故亦可添加。又,亦可活用作為脫氧材。小於0.1%時,該效果係不充分。另一方面,過剩之添加將增大Al系之粗大夾雜物的個數,成為擴孔性劣化或表面傷痕的原因。因此,將Al添加之上限設為3.0%。Al含量以0.2~1.5%為佳,以0.3~1.0%更佳。
N:N將形成粗大之氮化物,使彎曲性或擴孔性劣化,故需抑制添加量。這是因為,於N大於0.01%時,該
傾向將變得顯著,故將N含量之範圍設為0.01%以下。N含量以0.007%以下為佳,以0.005%以下更佳。此外,因將成為熔接時氣孔產生的原因,故N含量以少為佳。下限不需特別限定即可發揮本發明之效果,但N含量小於0.0005%時,將導致製造成本的大幅增加,故其係實質之下限。
Cr:Cr係強化元素,對提升可硬化性係為重要。但,小於0.05%時,將無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.05%。反之,於含有大於1.0%時,因對製造時及熱軋時之製造性造成不良影響,故將上限值設為1.0%。Cr含量以0.6%以下為佳,以0.5%以下更佳。
Ni:Ni係強化元素,對提升可硬化性係為重要。此外,因有助於提升熔融鍍敷之潤濕性或促進反應,故亦可添加Ni。但,小於0.05%時,將無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.05%。反之,於含有大於1.0%時,因對製造時及熱軋時之製造性造成不良影響,故將上限值設為1.0%。Ni含量以0.7%以下為佳,以0.6%以下更佳。
Cu:Cu係強化元素,對提升可硬化性係為重要。此外,因有助於提升熔融鍍敷之潤濕性或促進反應,故亦可添加Cu。但,小於0.05%時,將無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.05%。反之,於含有大於1%時,因對製造時及熱軋時之製造性造成不良影響,故將上限值設為1.0%。Cu含量以0.6%以下為佳,以0.5%以下更佳。
Nb:Nb係強化元素。於析出物強化、利用抑制肥粒鐵結晶粒之成長的細粒強化及透過抑制再結晶之差排
強化中,有助於提升鋼板之強度。添加量小於0.005%時,因無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.005%。於含有大於0.3%時,因碳氮化物之析出變多,成形性劣化,故將上限值設為0.3%。Nb含量以0.25%以下為佳,以0.20%以下更佳。
Ti:Ti係強化元素。於析出物強化、利用抑制肥粒鐵結晶粒之成長的細粒強化及透過抑制再結晶之差排強化中,有助於提升鋼板之強度。添加量小於0.005%時,因無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.005%。於含有大於0.3%時,因碳氮化物之析出變多,成形性劣化,故將上限值設為0.3%。Ti含量以0.25%以下為佳,以0.20%以下更佳。
V:V係強化元素。於析出物強化、利用抑制肥粒鐵結晶粒之成長的細粒強化及透過抑制再結晶之差排強化中,有助於提升鋼板之強度。添加量小於0.005%時,因無法得到該等之效果,故將下限值設為0.005%。於含有大於0.5%時,因碳氮化物之析出變多,成形性劣化,故將上限值設為0.5%。V含量以0.45%以下為佳,以0.3%以下更佳。
B於添加0.0001%以上時係有助於粒界強化或鋼材之強度化,但其添加量大於0.01%時,不僅該效果達飽和,亦使熱軋時之製造性下降,故將其上限設為0.01%。
選自於Ca、Mg、REM之1種或2種以上者可添加合計0.0005~0.04%。Ca、Mg及REM係用以脫氧之元素,以含有1種或2種以上合計0.0005%以上為佳。REM係指Rare
Earth Metal(稀土金屬)。然而,於Ca、Mg及REM之含量的合計大於0.04%時,將成為成形加工性惡化之原因。因此,將含量之合計設為0.0005~0.04%。另,於本發明中,REM係多添加於稀土金屬合金,除了La或Ce以外,有複合地含有鑭系列之元素的情形。不可避免的不純物方面,即使包含該等La或Ce以外之鑭系列之元素亦可發揮本發明的效果。但,即便添加金屬La或Ce仍可發揮本發明之效果。
接著,說明鋼材之組織。
本鋼板中,需包含合計40%以上之變韌鐵與麻田散鐵。變韌鐵與麻田散鐵係用以確保伸長與強度所需。體積分率計小於40%時,該效果將不顯著,故將下限值設為40%。
又,需包含體積分率8%以上且60%以下的殘留沃斯田鐵。藉由包含殘留沃斯田鐵,可同時達成高強度化與更加提升延性。體積分率小於8%時,將不易得到該效果,故將其下限設為小於8%。將上限設為60%以下係因大於60%時,變韌鐵或麻田散鐵之體積分率將小於40%,無法確保充分之伸長與強度之故。殘留沃斯田鐵之體積分率以9~40%為佳,以10~30%更佳。
又,肥粒鐵需小於40%。肥粒鐵雖可提升延性,但40%以上時無法確保強度。肥粒鐵之形態,除了多邊形肥粒鐵以外,亦可包含粒狀肥粒鐵。
又,本發明中之剩餘不可避免的組織係指波來鐵組織。
另外,前述微觀組織之各相、肥粒鐵、麻田散鐵、
變韌鐵、沃斯田鐵、波來鐵及剩餘部分組織的判別、存在位置之觀察及面積率的測定,可藉由硝太蝕劑試劑及日本專利特開59-219473號公報所揭示的試劑,腐蝕鋼板軋延方向截面或與軋延方向成直角方向之截面,並利用1000倍之光學顯微鏡觀察及1000~100000倍之掃描式及穿透式電子顯微鏡定量化。進行各20視野以上之觀察,藉由計點法或影像解析可求得各組織的面積率。
接著,說明熔融鍍鋅層之構造。
本發明之熔融鍍鋅鋼板係於熔融鍍鋅層與基質鋼板的界面,具有平均厚度0.1μm以上且2μm以下之由Fe及Al及Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的金屬間化合物。此外,該金屬間化合物之結晶粒徑係0.01μm以上且1μm以下,且去除前述熔融鍍鋅層後的基質鋼板表面之算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且2.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且300μm以下。
前述之由Fe及Al及Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的金屬間化合物係抑制基質鋼板之斷裂所需。該理由未必明確,但依據本發明人之觀察所得知識,推測係藉由彎曲加工時該金屬間化合物細微地分散破裂,而具有防止基質鋼板之破裂部中的應力集中之效果。
如圖1所示,該金屬間化合物之厚度小於0.1μm時該效果差,大於2μm時該金屬間化合物本身之破裂不會細微地產生,無法緩和因局部產生破裂的應力集中。因此,該金屬間化合物之厚度設為0.1μm以上且2μm以下。該厚度之較
佳範圍係0.2μm以上且1.5μm以下,更佳者為0.4μm以上且、1μm以下。
又,同樣地由圖1可知,該金屬間化合物之平均結晶粒徑需為0.01μm以上且1μm以下。平均結晶粒徑大於1μm時,於金屬間化合物不會產生細微之破裂,而係局部地產生龜裂,應力則容易集中於該部分。粒徑越小越佳,但小於0.01μm時不僅該效果達飽和,為確保厚度0.1μm以上的製造負擔變大。因此,該金屬間化合物之平均結晶粒徑設為0.01μm以上且1μm以下。平均結晶粒徑之較佳範圍係0.01μm以上且0.8μm以下,更佳之範圍為0.01μm以上且0.5μm以下。
該金屬間化合物之厚度的測定方法,有各種方法,可舉顯微鏡截面試驗法(JIS H 8501)為例。這是於填入試料之截面並研磨後,視需要以腐蝕液蝕刻,以光學顯微鏡或掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)、電子探針顯微分析儀(EPMA)等分析研磨面,求得厚度的方法。
於本發明中,填入Technovit 4002(股份公司MARUTO社製),並依序以#240、#320、#400、#600、#800、#1000之研磨紙(JIS R 6001)研磨後,於研磨面以EPMA自鍍敷層至基質鋼板之深度5μm,於鍍敷層與基質鋼板之界面垂直地線分析,求出厚度。
但,此處之厚度係指分別求出由互相距離1mm以上之任意10處的位置之金屬間化合物的厚度,並將求出之厚度平均後的值。又,金屬間化合物因與Fe、Zn、及Fe-Zn合金
相之ζ相(FeZn13
),δ1
相(FeZn7
),Γ1
相(Fe5
Zn21
),Γ相(Fe3
Zn10
)的組成、構造係相異,故以EPMA或X射線繞射法(XRD)、穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)等分析,可判別金屬間化合物。
於本發明中,以TEM分析判別各合金相之種類(例如,與Hong,M.N.,and Saka,H.;1998,Proc.4th Intern.Conf.On Zn and Zn Alloy Coated Steel Sheet,Galvatech‘98,p.248、或Kato,T.,Hong,M.H.,Nunome,K.,Sasaki,K.,Kuroda,K.,and Saka,H.;1998,Thin Solid Films,319,132記載者相同的分析)。因此,利用該TEM之分析方法的詳細內容,可視需要參照該等之文獻。
又,該金屬間化合物之結晶粒徑可以各種方法測定,但本發明中係以以下方法測定。首先,將本發明之鋼板浸漬於發煙硝酸,製作經溶解去除熔融鍍鋅層的試樣。浸漬時間依鍍敷層之厚度而異,但於溶解中因鍍敷層之腐蝕反應產生氣泡,但隨著溶解結束,即未產生氣泡。因此,於氣泡消失之時間停止浸漬。金屬間化合物因不易被發煙硝酸溶解,故藉由SEM以50,000倍觀察經溶解去除鍍敷層之試樣的表面,測定殘存之金屬間化合物的結晶粒徑。但,此處所指之金屬間化合物的結晶粒徑係分別求出SEM之觀察視野中任意的金屬間化合物之結晶粒10個的結晶粒之直徑(結晶粒為多角形時,係假設為包含結晶粒之最小的圓時之直徑),係指該直徑的平均值之意。
又,去除熔融鍍鋅層後之基質鋼板表面需具有某程度之粗度。其理由係於基質鋼板表面接近於平滑時,對
金屬間化合物之基質鋼板表面的定錨效應(anchor effect)不充分,於加工時金屬間化合物容易剝離,而不具任何抑制基質鋼板之破裂的效果。欲發揮該效果係如圖2所示,基質鋼板表面之算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上。另一方面,Ra大於2μm時,因反因其凹凸產生應力集中處,而容易斷裂。因此,Ra設為0.1μm以上且2.0μm以下。以Ra係0.2μm以上且1.0μm以下為佳。
於本發明中,粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm亦需於某範圍內。如圖2所示,RSm大於300μm時接近平滑,定錨效應變得不充分。RSm越小越佳,但小於5μm時,該效果飽和,僅徒增加製造成本,故RSm之範圍設為5μm以上且300μm以下。RSm之較佳範圍係10μm以上且200μm以下。
另外,此處所指之Ra、RSm係分別以JIS B 0601定義的算術平均粗糙度、粗度曲線要素之平均長度之意。
該等測定中,首先將熔融鍍鋅鋼板以加有抑制劑之鹽酸去除鍍敷層,使基質鋼板表面露出後,測定鋼板表面之粗度。例如,本發明中,係將熔融鍍鋅鋼板浸漬於5%鹽酸水溶液中添加有0.02%之作為抑制劑的IBIT700A(朝日化學工業股份公司製)之溶液,並使基質鋼板表面露出。
浸漬之時間依鍍敷層之厚度相異,但溶解中藉由鍍敷層之腐蝕反應產生氣泡,但隨著溶解結束亦不產生氣泡。因此,於氣泡消失之時間停止浸漬。基質鋼板表面因以抑制劑之作用不易溶解,故藉由前述方法,可得露出有基質
鋼板表面的試樣。接著,於該表面以HANDYSURF E-40A(股份公司東京精密製),評價長度4mm、切斷值0.8mm之條件測定Ra、RSm。
接著,說明本發明之成形性優異的高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之製造方法。於本發明中,熱軋前之製造方法並未特別限定。換言之,除了於利用豎爐或電爐等之熔製後接著進行各種2次熔煉,接著,利用通常之連續鑄造、鑄錠法的鑄造以外,亦可使用薄扁鋼胚鑄造等方法鑄造。於連續鑄造時,在冷卻至低溫一次後,可於再度加熱後熱軋,亦可連續地熱軋鑄造扁鋼胚。亦可於原料中使用廢料。
熱軋扁鋼胚加熱溫度不需特別限定,即可發揮本發明之效果。因將加熱溫度設得過高時,於經濟上不佳,故加熱溫度之上限以小於1300℃為佳。又,過度低溫地加熱時,將不易使最後軋延溫度為Ar3溫度以上,故以將下限溫度設為1100℃為佳。
最後軋延溫度成為沃斯田鐵+肥粒鐵之2相域時,鋼板內之組織不均一性變大,退火後之成形性劣化,故以Ar3溫度以上為佳。另,Ar3溫度係藉由以下式計算。
Ar3=901-325×C+33×Si-92×(Mn+Ni/2+Cr/2+Cu/2+Mo/2)
軋延後之冷卻並未特別規定,即使採用用以進行各目的之組織控制的冷卻模式,仍可得到本發明之效果。
於本發明中,捲取溫度需為700℃以下。大於700℃時,因於熱軋組織中存在粗大之肥粒鐵或波來鐵組織,退火後之組織不均一性變大,最終製品之材質異向性將變
大。使退火後之組織細微化,以提升強度延性均衡。又,以大於700℃之溫度捲取時,因形成於鋼板表面的氧化物之厚度過大,酸洗性差,故不佳。下限不需特別限定,即可發揮本發明之效果。然而,於室溫以下之溫度捲取以技術上來說係為困難,故將其作為實質之下限。另,亦可於熱軋時接合粗軋延板群連續地進行最後軋延。又,亦可暫時捲取粗軋延板。
熱軋後之鋼板,通常,係於酸洗處理去除表面的鏽皮。可進行一次之酸洗,亦可分複數次進行酸洗。
經酸洗之熱軋鋼板,通常係進行冷軋。軋縮率以40%以上且80%以下為佳。軋縮率小於40%時,不易保持形狀平坦,又,最終製品之延性變差。另一方面,大於80%之冷軋中,冷軋負載變得過大,冷軋變得困難。
軋延道次(pass)之次數、各道次之各軋縮率不需特別規定,即可發揮本發明之效果。但,冷軋後之鋼板表面中算術平均粗糙度Ra需係0.1μm以上且2.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm需係5μm以上且300μm以下。因此,於冷軋之最終軋台的輥表面,以加工成算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且8.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且1200μm以下為佳。另,以最終軋台之前1段的輥亦於相同範圍之Ra、RSm更佳。
於本發明中,經冷軋之鋼板,通常,係於連續退火鍍敷線進行退火及鍍敷。通過板時的加熱速度不需特別
限定,即可發揮本發明之效果。然而,小於0.5℃/秒之加熱速度因生產性大幅地受損故不佳。另一方面,大於100℃時需過度之設備投資,於經濟上不佳。
於本發明中,最高加熱溫度(退火溫度)需為750℃以上且900℃以下。最高加熱溫度小於750℃時,熱軋時形成之碳化物再固溶將耗費過多時間,而殘留碳化物、或其一部分,故不易確保980MPa以上之強度。因此,將750℃設為最高加熱溫度之下限。另一方面,過度之高溫加熱將導致成本上升,故不僅於經濟上不佳,亦衍生高溫通過板時的板形狀變差、輥之壽命下降等問題,故將最高加熱溫度之上限設為900℃。
該溫度域下之熱處理時間並未特別限定,但為熔解碳化物,以10秒以上之熱處理為佳。另一方面,熱處理時間大於600秒時,將導致成本上升,於經濟上不佳。熱處理方面,可於最高加熱溫度進行等溫保持,亦可進行傾斜加熱至到達最高加熱溫度後,立刻開始冷卻,均可發揮本發明之效果。
結束前述退火後,通常係冷卻至鍍敷浴浸漬溫度。由最高加熱溫度至750℃之平均冷卻速度,以0.1℃/秒以上且200℃/秒以下為佳。冷卻速度小於0.1℃/秒時,因生產性大幅受損,故不佳。過度地提高冷卻速度時,因將導致製造成本升高,故以將上限設為200℃/秒為佳。
於本發明中,500℃以上且750℃以下之範圍中的冷卻速度需為3℃/秒以上且200℃/秒以下。冷卻速度過小
時,於冷卻過程中沃斯田鐵將變態成波來鐵組織,而不易確保8%以上之沃斯田鐵體積率,故將下限設為3℃/秒以上。即使加快冷卻速度,於材質上仍無問題,但過度地提高冷卻速度時,因將導致製造成本升高,故以將上限設為200℃/秒為佳。冷卻方法可使用輥冷卻、空氣冷卻、水冷卻及併用該等之任一方法。
於本發明中,前述步驟後,於350℃以上且500℃以下之範圍中,藉保持10秒以上且1000秒以下之範圍進行變韌鐵變態,穩定化殘留沃斯田鐵。將保持溫度之上限設為500℃係為於該溫度以下進行變韌鐵變態。另,於小於350℃之溫度下的保持中,因變韌鐵變態需長時間,設備將過大,生產性不佳。因此,保持溫度需為350℃以上且500℃以下之範圍。將下限設為10秒係因,小於10秒之保持中變韌鐵變態之進行不充分,無法穩定化殘留沃斯田鐵,不易得到優異的成形性。另一方面,大於1000秒之保持中,因生產性下降故不佳。另,保持不僅指等溫保持,亦包含於該溫度域下之除冷或加熱。
鍍敷浴浸漬板溫度以設為自較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度低40℃之溫度至較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度高50℃之溫度的溫度範圍為佳。浴浸漬板溫度低於(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-40)℃時,進入鍍敷浴浸漬時的熱傳遞大,熔融鋅之一部分將凝固,不僅有使鍍敷外觀劣化的情形,生成作為本發明之必須要件的由Fe、Al、Zn所構成之金屬間化合物變得困難,故將下限設為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-40)℃。但,浸漬前之板溫度即使
低於(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-40)℃,只要於鍍敷浴浸漬前進行再加熱,使板溫度為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-40)℃以上地浸漬於鍍敷浴即可。另一方面,於鍍敷浴浸漬溫度大於(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度+50)℃時,將引發伴隨鍍敷浴溫度上升之作業上的問題。另,鍍敷浴除了純鋅以外,亦可含有Fe、Al、Mg、Mn、Si、Cr等。較佳之範圍係下限為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-20)℃且上限為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度+30℃),更佳之範圍為下限為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度-10)℃且上限為(熔融鍍鋅浴溫度+20)℃。
又,鍍敷浴除了純鋅以外,亦需添加Al。藉由添加Al,可生成作為本發明之必須要件的由Fe、Al、Zn所構成之金屬間化合物。鍍敷浴中亦可含有Fe、Mg、Mn、Si、Cr等。
將鋼板浸漬於鍍敷浴時之環境氣體係氫分壓PH2
、水蒸氣分壓PH2O之對數log(PH2O/PH2)的值為-5以上且-2以下,氮含量為95體積%以上之氮環境氣體。log(PH2O/PH2)之值小於-5時,於經濟上不佳,且鋼板表面或鍍敷浴表面之反應性變高,於鍍敷層與鋼板界面生成厚之Zn-Fe合金相,故加工時之鍍敷密著性不佳。另一方面,log(PH2O/PH2)之值大於-2時,於鍍敷浴面形成Zn之氧化物,因由Fe、Al、Zn所構成之金屬間化合物未充分地生成,鍍敷未附著於鋼板,未產生鍍敷。氮含量小於95體積%時,環境氣體中之水蒸氣與氫的比例變多,於經濟上及安全上不佳。環境氣體中氫之比例變多時,因鋼板脆化,延性下降故不佳。此處所提之將鋼板浸漬於鍍敷浴時的環境氣體
係指,以將鋼板浸漬於鍍敷浴之時間作為基點,至少浸漬於鍍敷浴10s以上前之間爐內的環境氣體,最大係指自連續退火鍍敷生產線之退火至浸漬於鍍敷浴之間的環境氣體全體。
為控制鍍敷層之特性,係鍍敷浴之Al濃度WAl
、Fe濃度WFe
以質量%計,滿足下述關係式(1)及(2)的熔融鍍鋅浴。
0.01≦WFe≦0.05………(1)
0.07≦(WAl-WFe)≦0.30………(2)
WFe
小於0.01時,於鍍敷層與鋼板界面生成厚之脆的Zn-Fe合金相,加工時之鍍敷密著性不佳。WFe
大於0.05時,生成厚的由Fe、Al、Zn所構成之金屬間化合物,金屬間化合物本身變得容易產生破裂,且於鍍敷浴中形成Fe2
Al5
之上浮渣,產生壓疵或未鍍敷,使鍍敷後之外觀下降。
將(WAl
-WFe
)設為0.07以上且0.30以下之理由,係因為(WAl
-WFe
)小於0.07時,將於鍍敷層與鋼板界面生成厚之脆的Zn-Fe合金相,故加工時之鍍敷密著性不佳。另一方面,(WAl
-WFe
)大於0.30時,將生成厚的由Fe、Al、Zn所構成之金屬間化合物,金屬間化合物本身變得容易產生破裂。
本發明之成形性優異的高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之素材原則上係經通常之製鐵步驟中的精煉、製鋼、鑄造、熱軋、冷軋步驟所製造者,但即便是省略其一部分或全部所製造者,只要滿足本發明之條件,即可得到本發明之效果。
接著,藉由實施例,詳細地說明本發明。
將具有表1所示之成分的扁鋼胚加熱至1200℃,並於水冷帶水冷後,以表2所示之溫度捲取。熱軋板之厚度係2~4.5mm之範圍。
於酸洗熱軋板後以預定之冷軋率進行冷軋,使冷軋後之板厚成1.2mm,作為冷軋板。於表2顯示最終軋台之輥及該最終軋台之前1段之輥的表面之Ra、RSm
之後,於該等冷軋板以表2所示之條件於連續熔融鍍鋅設備中,施行熱處理與熔融鍍鋅處理。以表2之冷卻速度進行冷卻,自退火溫度至500~750℃,之後,於350℃~500℃之溫度範圍進行5~300秒之保持後,浸漬於經控制於預定條件的鋅鍍敷浴,之後冷卻至室溫。以0.4%之軋縮率進行表皮輥軋。鍍鋅之目標量係兩面均每面約45g/m2
。
抗拉試驗係自1.2mm厚之板,於軋延方向之直角方向及平行方向上擷取JIS5號試驗片,評價抗拉特性。由所得之伸長的值算出於與軋延方向平行之方向進行抗拉試驗時的伸長(L-El)與垂直之方向進行抗拉試驗時的伸長(C-El)之差(△El)。
進行各5次抗拉試驗求得各值之平均值,由其平均值算出抗拉強度(TS)。另,關於材質之異向性大的鋼板,有伸長之值不均勻的傾向。
成形性係將於任意位置、方向切斷40×100mm之鋼板進行120度之彎曲(彎曲半徑R=3mm)加工後,於彎曲加工部之凸側表面,於200μm×200μm之領域以掃描式電子微鏡觀察互相相異之處10處,計算並觀察該10處內幾處破裂後,以下述基準評價,以「○」、「□」及「△」作為實施例,以「×」作為比較例。
○:破裂0處(合格)
□:有破裂1~2處(合格)
△:有破裂3~5處(合格)
×:破裂6處~10處(不合格)
依據本發明,可提供一種成形性優異之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板。該高強度鍍鋅鋼板之製造亦較容易,可穩定地實施。因此,特別地,本發明之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板最適合作為近年以輕量化作為目標的汽車用鋼板,產業上之價值極大。
圖1係顯示金屬間化合物之厚度、粒徑與成形性之關係的圖表。圖中之○、□、△、×標記係與後述之成形性相關的評價結果之意,○、□、△均係成形性合格之實施例,×係成形性不合格之比較例。
圖2係顯示基質鋼板之粗度與成形性之關係的圖表。圖中之○、□、△、×標記係與後述之成形性相關的評價結果之意,○、□、△均係成形性合格之實施例,×係成形性不合格之比較例。
Claims (4)
- 一種高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板,其特徵在於,其係以質量%計,含有:C:0.10%以上且0.4%以下、Si:0.01%以上且0.5%以下、Mn:1.0%以上且3.0%以下、O:0.006%以下、P:0.04%以下、S:0.01%以下、Al:0.1以上且3.0%以下、及N:0.01%以下,並由剩餘部分之Fe及不可避免的不純物所構成的鋼板;並且為於鋼板表面經施行有合金化熔融鍍鋅之合金化熔融鍍鋅鋼板,該鋼板之組織以體積分率計,變韌鐵與麻田散鐵之合計係40%以上,含有8%以上且60%以下之殘留沃斯田鐵,且含有小於40%之肥粒鐵,並由剩餘部分之不可避免的組織所構成;該熔融鍍鋅鋼板於前述熔融鍍鋅層與基質鋼板之界面具有由Fe及Al及Zn及不可避免的不純物所構成的金屬間化合物之層,金屬間化合物之層的平均厚度係0.1μm以上且2μm以下,且該金屬間化合物之結晶粒徑係0.01μm以上且1μm以下;經去除前述熔融鍍鋅層後之基質鋼板表面的算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且2.0μm以下,且粗度曲線 中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且300μm以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板,其於鋼中以質量%計,更含有:Cr:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Ni:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Cu:0.05%以上且1.0%以下、Nb:0.005%以上且0.3%以下、Ti:0.005%以上且0.3%以下、V:0.005%以上且0.5%以下、B:0.0001%以上且0.01%以下、Ca:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、Mg:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、La:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、Ce:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下、及Y:0.0005%以上且0.04%以下之1種或2種以上的元素。
- 一種高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之製造方法,其特徵在於,其係將以質量%計,含有:C:0.10%以上且0.4%以下、Si:0.01%以上且0.5%以下、Mn:1.0%以上且3.0%以下、O:0.006%以下、P:0.04%以下、S:0.01%以下、Al:0.1以上且3.0%以下、及N:0.01%以下,並由剩餘部分之Fe及不可避免的不純物所構成的鋼材,進行下述步驟:加熱至1100~1300℃,並於最後軋延溫度為Ar3溫度以上時施行熱軋處理; 將前述熱軋後之鋼板於捲取溫度為700℃以下進行捲取,冷軋;將前述冷軋後之鋼板於最高加熱溫度為750℃~900℃下進行退火;將前述退火後之鋼板以於500~750℃之範圍中冷卻速度為3~200℃/秒冷卻至鍍敷浴浸漬溫度,之後,於350~500℃下保持10~1000秒;於進行鍍敷浴浸漬時的鋼板溫度為自較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度低40℃之溫度至較熔融鍍鋅浴溫度高50℃之溫度的溫度範圍下,將前述鋼板於氫分壓PH2 、水蒸氣分壓PH2O 之比的對數log(PH2O /PH2 )的值係-5以上且-2以下、且氮含量係95質量%以上之氮環境氣體中,浸漬於Al濃度WAl 、Fe濃度WFe 以質量%計滿足下述關係式(1)、(2)的熔融鍍鋅浴中,進行浸漬處理:0.01≦WFe ≦0.05………(1),0.07≦(WAl -WFe )≦0.30………(2);及於前述冷軋時之最終軋台的輥表面中,其算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且8.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且1200μm以下;此處,Ar3=901-325×C+33×Si-92×(Mn+Ni/2+Cr/2+Cu/2+Mo/2),C、Si、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mo係顯示分別之成分的含量(質量%),而於未含有時為0。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之高強度熔融鍍鋅鋼板之製造方 法,其於前述冷軋時之最終軋台的前1段之輥表面中,其算術平均粗糙度Ra係0.1μm以上且8.0μm以下,且粗度曲線中之輪廓曲線要素的平均長度RSm係5μm以上且1200μm以下。
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Cited By (8)
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TWI600774B (zh) * | 2015-02-20 | 2017-10-01 | 新日鐵住金股份有限公司 | 熱軋鋼板 |
US10913988B2 (en) | 2015-02-20 | 2021-02-09 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Hot-rolled steel sheet |
US11401571B2 (en) | 2015-02-20 | 2022-08-02 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Hot-rolled steel sheet |
TWI600775B (zh) * | 2015-02-25 | 2017-10-01 | 新日鐵住金股份有限公司 | 熱軋鋼板 |
US10689737B2 (en) | 2015-02-25 | 2020-06-23 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Hot-rolled steel sheet |
US10752972B2 (en) | 2015-02-25 | 2020-08-25 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Hot-rolled steel sheet |
US10889879B2 (en) | 2016-08-05 | 2021-01-12 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Steel sheet and plated steel sheet |
US11236412B2 (en) | 2016-08-05 | 2022-02-01 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Steel sheet and plated steel sheet |
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TW201319270A (zh) | 2013-05-16 |
EP2762603A1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
US20140255724A1 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
RU2567960C1 (ru) | 2015-11-10 |
US10526690B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 |
KR20140061457A (ko) | 2014-05-21 |
BR112014007514B1 (pt) | 2020-09-15 |
CN103857821B (zh) | 2016-01-27 |
EP2762603B1 (en) | 2019-03-20 |
CN103857821A (zh) | 2014-06-11 |
EP2762603A4 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
JPWO2013047812A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
CA2850094A1 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
JP5370617B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 |
CA2850094C (en) | 2015-10-13 |
PL2762603T3 (pl) | 2019-08-30 |
ES2725325T3 (es) | 2019-09-23 |
ZA201402256B (en) | 2015-03-25 |
KR101601001B1 (ko) | 2016-03-08 |
MX356543B (es) | 2018-06-01 |
MX2014003664A (es) | 2014-04-30 |
BR112014007514A2 (pt) | 2017-04-04 |
WO2013047812A1 (ja) | 2013-04-04 |
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