TWI410490B - 製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之真菌、具有高水解活性之纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之製造方法、以及降解或糖化生物質之方法 - Google Patents
製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之真菌、具有高水解活性之纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之製造方法、以及降解或糖化生物質之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI410490B TWI410490B TW097116006A TW97116006A TWI410490B TW I410490 B TWI410490 B TW I410490B TW 097116006 A TW097116006 A TW 097116006A TW 97116006 A TW97116006 A TW 97116006A TW I410490 B TWI410490 B TW I410490B
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Description
本發明係關於枝頂孢屬cellulolyticusCF-2612菌株或其突變株,該菌株為一種屬於枝頂孢屬的新穎微生物且具有高製造纖維素酶能力。
本發明亦係關於一種利用微生物製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之方法,及一種利用纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶降解或糖化生物質之方法。
"纖維素酶"為表示可催化一酶反應系統之酶群的統稱,在該酶反應系統中纖維素係水解成葡萄糖、纖維二糖或cellooligotose。視催化機制而定,酶係指濾紙酶、羧甲基纖維素酶、纖維二糖酶及類似物。纖維素酶經由該等酶中之相互作用將纖維素降解成作為降解最終產物之葡萄糖。
"半纖維素酶"為表示可催化一酶反應系統之酶群的統稱,在該酶反應系統中半纖維素係水解成木糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、半乳糖或類似物。視催化機制而定,酶係指木聚糖酶、阿拉伯聚糖酶、阿拉伯糖苷酶、甘露聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶、木糖苷酶、甘露糖苷酶及類似物。
迄今,微生物如裏氏木黴(Trichoderma reesei)(Biotechnol.Bioeng.,23,1837-1849(1981))、綠色木黴(Trichoderma viride)(T.viride)(Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol.,57-58,349-360(1996))及屬於麯黴屬、青黴屬及類似物之微生物已用作製造可用於糖化木質纖維素生物質之纖維素酶及/或半
纖維素酶的製造纖維素酶之真菌。但是,使用該等微生物無法達到滿意的纖維素酶生產率,此為一缺點。此外,所製得纖維素酶不具足夠降解纖維素之能力,意指已知纖維素酶無法將纖維素完全降解成葡萄糖。因此,存在一問題:在纖維素降解過程中製造且保留了大量中間物-纖維二糖及纖維寡醣。
欲解決上述問題,曾嘗試從具有高製造纖維素酶能力及製造高活性纖維素酶之能力的天然微生物中徹底分離出。因此,可基本將纖維素完全降解成葡萄糖屬於枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus的微生物係由吾人自土壤分離出(JP 59-166081 A(1984))。我們已進一步發現突變株枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株(FERMP-18508)具有與該母微生物相比更高的製造纖維素酶之能力(JP 2003-135052A)。
近年,曾對利用纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶進行催化降解及糖化生物質使其轉化為用於製造可用作液體燃料或化學品之發酵產物(例如乙醇及乳酸)的成份單元,例如葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖及半乳糖有極大興趣。因此,已積極發展實際應用生物質之技術。因此,對於生物質之經濟及實際用途之目的,對製造纖維素酶之能力比上述已知製造纖維素酶之真菌更高之微生物存在極大需求。
在上述條件下,本發明之目的係經由改善製造纖維素酶之微生物製造纖維素的能力有效製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶及有效降解或糖化生物質。
由於深入研究以達以上目的,我們現已發現枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株,其已以枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株(FERM P-18508)之突變株形式獲得,具有比彼等C1菌株更高之纖維素酶活性,尤其如濾紙酶、纖維二糖酶及微晶纖維素酶活性以及更高製造纖維素酶之能力。此導致本發明得以實現。
本發明之特徵如下。
(1)一種選自枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株(FERM BP-10848)及其突變株組成之群的枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus菌株,其特徵在於該菌株具有比已知枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株(FERMP-18508)更高之製造纖維素酶的能力。
(2)一種製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之方法,該方法包含在培養基中培養為製造纖維素酶之真菌之如上述(1)中之枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus菌株並由培養物或培養基收集纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶。
(3)一種糖化生物質之方法,該方法包含在培養基中培養為製造纖維素酶之真菌之如上述(1)中之枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus菌株並在包含纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之培養物或培養基中糖化或降解該生物質。
(4)如上述(2)或(3)之方法,其中培養基中所使用之碳源係選自由粉末狀纖維素、微晶纖維素、纖維二糖、濾紙、普通紙、廢紙、木材、麥麩、麥桿、稻草、稻穀、蔗渣、豆餅、豆腐渣、咖啡豆渣、米糠、乳糖、乳糖水合物、乳清、乳製品、水解殘餘物及其混合物組成之群。
(5)如上述(2)或(3)之方法,其中培養物為液體培養物或固體培養物。
(6)如上述(2)或(3)之方法,其中該纖維素酶為濾紙酶、羧甲基纖維素酶、微晶纖維素酶、纖維二糖酶、或其混合物。
(7)如上述(2)或(3)之方法,其中該半纖維素酶為木聚糖酶、阿拉伯聚糖酶、阿拉伯糖苷酶、甘露聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶、木糖苷酶、甘露糖苷酶或其混合物。
(8)一種降解或糖化生物質之方法,該方法包含利用藉由上述(2)之方法所獲得之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶降解或糖化生物質。
根據本發明,使用枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株(一種屬於枝頂孢屬並具有高製造纖維素酶能力之新穎微生物)可高度改善纖維素酶生產率。另外,使用藉由該微生物製得之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶可有效降解或糖化生物質。所以,本發明具有該等明顯效果。
以下,將詳細闡述本發明。
如文中所用術語"纖維素酶"為參與纖維素降解之酶的統稱,例如上述之濾紙酶、羧甲基纖維素酶、微晶纖維素酶及纖維二糖酶。在本發明中,纖維素酶包含任何具有降解纖維素之活性的酶。
纖維素為葡萄糖聚合物,在該葡萄糖聚合物中葡萄糖係經由β-1,4葡萄糖苷鍵高度聚合,且發現纖維素在任何類型
的植物中係為一細胞壁組份。
如文中所用術語"半纖維素酶"為可降解半纖維素之酶的統稱。另外,半纖維素不包括組成陸生植物細胞之細胞壁的多糖中之纖維素及果膠。
根據本發明,術語"製造纖維素酶之真菌"包含能製造纖維素酶之微生物和能製造纖維素酶及半纖維素酶兩者之微生物。該等微生物之實例包含自天然來源中分離出之真菌、其突變株及自此衍生而成之遺傳重組真菌。在本發明中,製造纖維素酶之真菌的尤佳實例為枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株,該菌株已以枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株之突變株及CF-2612菌株之突變株形式獲得。本發明之枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株係由國際專利組織保管人於2007年4月10日放置在先進工業科技國家研究所(AIST Tsukuba Central 6,1-1,Higashi 1-chome,Tsukuba-shi,Ibaraki-ken 305-8566,Japan),批准號為FERM P-21290,然後該菌株在2007年7月4日依照Budapest合約條例移至國際存放,批准號為FERM BP-10848。
如文中所用術語"製造纖維素酶之能力"指一種製造纖維素酶之能力。隨著纖維素酶之總酶活性增強,製造纖維素酶之能力越高。
如本發明中所用,術語"生物質"包含藉由植物或藻類所製得以纖維素為主及/或以木質纖維素為主之生物質。該等生物質之實例包含(但不限制於)木材、麥麩、麥桿、稻
草、麥穀、蔗渣、豆餅、豆腐渣、咖啡豆渣、米糠及水解殘餘物。如文中所用術語"水解殘餘物"係指可藉由酸、酶或類似物水解處理生物質得到之殘餘物。
如本發明中所用,"培養"方法包含液體培養及固體培養,但只要可培養所選之微生物,不限於該等培養方法。
如本發明中所用,術語"降解或糖化生物質"係指降解包含在生物質中之纖維素及/或半纖維素,進而將其轉化為寡醣、雙醣、單醣或其混合物。換言之,該術語係指以纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶水解多醣之葡萄糖苷鍵。
製造纖維素酶之真菌之突變株可藉由紫外線或放射線輻射處理或藉由化學品(例如,亞硝酸、鹼類似物(例如,5-嗅尿嘧啶及2-胺基嘌呤)、烷化劑(例如,亞硝基胍及甲磺酸乙酯)、吖啶染料(例如,吖啶黃素及原黃素)、致癌物質(例如,4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物)及抗生素(例如,絲裂黴素C))處理而得到。
另外,可藉由遺傳重組由製造纖維素酶之真菌得到突變株。具體言之,藉助研缽或類似物的使用在液態氮中使真菌細胞破碎,隨後藉由(例如)酶/氯仿法、胍鹽法或酚/SDS法萃取總RNA。若需要,使該RNA通過寡(dT)纖維素管柱以得到聚(A)+
RNA。另外,藉由已知反轉錄反應可由聚(A)+
RNA製造cDNA。引體係基於已知纖維素酶之核苷酸序列設計,該序列可藉由使用數據庫如NCBI或GenBank而得到。然後,利用上述RNA或cDNA作為模板藉由PCR選
殖真菌細胞之纖維素酶基因。經選殖基因係連接可誘導高表達之啟動子(例如pyr4啟動子或cbh1啟動子)及/或分泌信號肽之下游,之後將所得DNA插入與宿主微生物相容之載體中。因此,可製得所需之重組載體。該載體可進一步包含終止劑區、多種用於選擇之標記基因,例如耐抗生素基因,或類似物。另外,當設計引物時,可先誘導引物之核苷酸序列突變,且利用該引物以上述之相同方式進行PCR以選殖突變纖維素酶之基因。然後,使用該突變纖維素酶基因製得一重組載體。當重組載體係藉由多種已知基因轉移方法,如鈣處理法、基因注射(轉染)法、基因槍法或電穿孔法中之任一種引入宿主微生物中時,,可得到突變株。宿主微生物之實例包含(但不限制於)屬於枝頂孢屬(Acremonium)、木黴屬(Trichoderma)、麴菌屬(Aspergillus)、青黴菌屬(Penicillium)及類似物的微生物。另外,用於上述基因重組方法中之分子生物法可參考如K.Saigo及Y.Sano,日文版之"精編分子生物學實驗指南(short protocols in molecular biology)(第三版)I、Ⅱ及Ⅱ",由F.M.Ausubel等編著,Maruzen,東京,日本(1997)中闡述的方法進行。
篩選製造纖維素酶之真菌的突變株可按以下方法進行:使用與染料結合之纖維素之方法(纖維素Azure(Sigma)):藉由使藍色染料(Remazol亮藍R)與纖維素結合獲得與染料結合之纖維素。利用纖維素酶降解後,染料釋放並分散至培養基中以檢測出酶活性。將包含製造纖維素
酶之真菌之突變株的樣品溶液塗布於包含0.5%至1%纖維素Azure之Czapeck-Dox瓊脂培養基,然後在適當溫度下培養5至7天。然後,回收菌落中之細胞,該菌落周圍之基質係經降解並分散於培養基中而形成光環。
使用經酸處理之纖維素之方法:將經冰塊冷卻之60%H2
SO4
(200 ml)加入50 g纖維素粉末。所得溶液在冰上攪拌直至得到半透明之黏性膏狀物。然後,令該所得物靜置1小時。將經冰塊冷卻之丙酮(2 L)傾入其中以纖維素沈澱。然後,使用Polytron均質機獲得已獲得白色沈澱物之懸浮液。在玻璃過濾器上回收懸浮液中之白色沈澱物,接著再度懸浮於0.5 L經冰塊冷卻之丙酮中。然後,藉由玻璃過濾器過濾沖洗所得懸浮液。使如此回收之白色沉澱懸浮在300 mL去離子水中,然後利用Polytron均質機均質化之。將去離子水加入其中以得到最終溶液(500 mL)。將1 N NaOH加入溶液中以調節pH至pH5至6,接著在玻璃過濾器上利用3 L之75%丙酮進行沖洗。然後,以99.5%乙醇及乙醚取代溶劑,接著以空氣乾燥。因此,可得到經酸處理之纖維素粉末。將包含製造纖維素酶之真菌之突變株的樣品溶液塗布於包含(1%至2%)經酸處理纖維素之Czapeck-Dox瓊脂培養基,接著在適當溫度下培養5至7天。然後,回收菌落中的細胞,該菌落周圍經酸處理之纖維素顆粒係藉由纖維素酶降解而形成透明光環。(Yutaka Kashiwagi,"由發酵絲狀真菌得到之酶(Enzymes from Filamentous Fungi by Fermentation)"微生物基因物之應用手冊(Manual of
Utilizing Microorganism Genetic Matter)(16),國家農業生物科學研究所(National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences)(Tsukuba,Ibaraki,日本),2004,2,29)。
除上述方法外,可進一步培養所回收之真菌菌株並在培養上清液中所製得之纖維素酶之酶活性係藉由以下所述方法測量("纖維素酶活性之測量"(measurement of cellulose activity))。因此,可篩選具有高酶活性之製造纖維素酶之真菌的突變株。
如以下實例中所具體描述般,可培養製造纖維素酶之真菌或其突變株。
用於培養製造纖維素酶之真菌的培養基可包含:碳源例如粉末纖維素(包含微晶纖維素)、纖維二糖、濾紙、普通紙、廢紙、木材、麥麩、麥桿、稻草、麥穀、蔗渣、豆餅、豆腐渣、咖啡豆渣、米糠、乳糖、乳糖水合物、乳清、乳製品、水解殘餘物及其混合物;氮源如無機銨鹽(例如,硫酸銨及硝酸銨)及含氮的有機物料(例如,尿素、胺基酸、肉萃取物、酵母萃取物、聚蛋白腖及蛋白降解產物);及無機鹽如硫酸鎂、磷酸二氫鉀、酒石酸鉀、硫酸鋅、硫酸鎂、硫酸銅、氯化鈣、氯化鐵及氯化錳。若需要,可使用含微量有機營養物之培養基。而且,可使用已加入用於固化之瓊脂或凝膠的固體培養基,已加入低濃度瓊脂之半流質培養基或僅含培養基組份(即肉羹或肉湯)之液體培養基。較佳培養基為液體培養基。
培養溫度及培養時間可視製造纖維素酶之真菌的類型而變化。一般,培養可在範圍從約28℃至約32℃之溫度下進行約48小時至約10天。
可用於培養之發酵槽之實例包含通氣攪拌型槽、氣泡塔槽、流化床槽及填充床槽。
真菌細胞係藉由包含離心、過濾或其類似法之已知方法自上述培養基中移除以獲得上清液。該上清液可直接用作粗酶溶液。
藉由用於蛋白純化之以下已知方法中之任一種或藉由該等方法中之兩或多種組合純化上述上清液中之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶:即以硫酸銨鹽析;藉由有機溶劑(例如乙醇、甲醇、或丙酮)沈澱分離;層析法如離子交換層析法、等電層析法、凝膠過濾層析法、疏水層析法、吸附管柱層析法、在具有基質或抗體鍵合之凝膠上進行之親和管柱層析,或反相管柱層析法;及過濾處理如微過濾、超濾及逆滲透。
可固定經純化之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶。經固定之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶一般很穩定以致可持續且重復使用。因此,經固化之酶是有益的。纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之固定可藉由介質結合法、交聯法或截留法進行。根據介質結合法,使纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶經由物理吸附、離子結合及共價結合與不溶於水的介質(例如,聚
丙烯醯胺凝膠、聚苯乙烯樹脂、多孔玻璃或金屬氧化物)結合。根據交聯法,酶經由含有兩個或更多官能團的試劑相互交聯而固定。可使用之交聯劑實例包含形成Schiff鹼之戊二醛、形成肽鍵之異氰酸衍生物、N,N'-伸乙基馬來醯亞胺、形成重氮偶合之二-重氮基苯及引起烷基化之N,N'-聚亞甲基-二-碘乙醯胺。截留方法包含晶格形成,在該方法中將纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶加入聚合物凝膠之小晶格中,或將纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶藉由半滲透膜包於膠囊中之微膠囊化。在包含晶格形成之方法中,可使用合成聚合物物質如聚丙烯醯胺凝膠或聚乙烯醇或聚合物化合物如光固化樹脂。在包含微膠囊化之方法中,可使用六亞甲基二胺、癸二醯氯、聚苯乙烯、卵磷脂或類似物(Saburo Hukui,Ichiro Chibata,Shuichi Suzuki,"酶工程(Enzyme Engineering)(Kohso Kogaku),"東京Kagaku Dozin,東京,日本,1981)。
纖維素酶活性可藉由以下方法測定。將基質例如濾紙、羧甲基纖維素(CMC)、微晶纖維素(Avicel)、水楊素或纖維二糖加入上述上清液或經純化之纖維素酶中;使酶反應進行一段特定時間;進行Somogy-Nelson法及DNS法以測定所得還原糖之顏色變化;在一特定波長下進行比色測定。根據Somogy-Nelson法,將Somogy銅試劑(和光(Wako)純藥工業,東京,日本)加入反應一段特定時間後之上述反應混合物中,進而停止該反應。然後,煮沸該反應混合物
約20分鐘,隨後利用自來水立刻冷卻之。冷卻後,將Nelson試劑注入反應混合物中以溶解已還原之銅沈澱物,導致顏色變化。令所得物靜置30分鐘,然後加入去離子水。接著,測定吸收值。
當使用DNS法時,將酶溶液加入1%CMC基質溶液中,接著進行酶反應達一段特定時間。藉由煮沸或類似法終止該酶反應。然後,將二硝基水楊酸加入該反應混合物中,隨後煮沸5分鐘。冷卻後,測定吸收值(Yutaka Kashiwagi,supra)。
可使用已知方法作為一種降解或糖化任何生物質之技術。例如,可使用乾燥形式或潮濕形式之生物質。欲加快處理速度,使用前,較佳係將生物質粗略破碎或粉碎成100至1000 μm之尺寸。為此目的,可使用常用機器,例如球磨機、振動磨機、碾磨機、錘式磨機、Wiley磨機及氣流磨機。然後,令已經粗略破碎或粉碎之生物質懸浮於含水培養基中,隨後加入包含纖維素酶或半纖維素酶或其組合物之培養上清液,或加入經純化或經固定之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶。隨攪拌或振盪加熱所得物。因此,可降解或糖化生物質。在上述方法中,反應混合物之pH及溫度可在不引起纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶去活性之範圍內。一般,當反應在大氣壓下進行時,溫度可為5℃至95℃,且pH可為1至11。例如,將包含0.25至1 L醋酸鹽緩衝液(0.05 M,pH 4.8)及0.01至0.2 L纖維素酶(例如,10至
20 U/mL)或經純化之纖維素酶之培養上清液加入50 g經破碎的稻草中。然後,在45℃至60℃下攪拌或振盪所得溶液以降解或糖化生物質。亦可間歇或連續進行酶反應。
本發明將藉由以下實例做更詳盡闡述,但本發明範圍不限於此。
(1)獲得CF-2612菌株之方法
令母株(枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株(FERM P-18508;以下稱為C1菌株))在30℃下需氧培養24小時,隨後進行紫外線(UV)照射。然後,所得細胞在30℃下培養。自增長的菌落中篩選具有較高活性之突變菌株,隨後藉由相同方法進行第一批突變菌株之第二次突變。然後,篩選具有比先前突變菌株更高活性之突變菌株,然後使其藉由NTG處理進行第三次突變。因此,得到突變株CF-2612菌株。該CF-2612菌株具有以下形態特性。
(2)培養後CF-2612菌株之形態特性
將CF-2612菌株及C1菌株分別在3種選擇性瓊脂培養基上培養7至14天以觀察其形態特性。結果如下所示。
(選擇性培養基A)
葡萄糖50 g/L硫酸銨5 g/L
尿素2 g/L硫酸鎂1.2 g/L磷酸二氫鉀24 g/L酒石酸鉀4.7 g/L硫酸鋅10 mg/L硫酸錳10 mg/L硫酸銅9 mg/L吐溫801 g/L瓊脂20 g/L pH 4.0
視覺觀察在選擇性培養基A上所培養之C1及CF-2612菌株之菌落顯示C1菌株具有亮紅棕色、絮凝狀及微突起的外表,而CF-2612菌株生成具有許多似石榴莢膜波形之多角形狀。該等菌落間之菌落直徑不同:即,C1菌株為18-20 mm及CF-2612菌株為10-13 mm。
(選擇性培養基B)
所用之培養基係藉由移除選擇性培養基A中碳源的葡萄糖且取替加入以下成分所製得:纖維素粉末25 g/L;及羧甲基纖維素(CMC)25 g/L。
視覺觀察在選擇性培養基B上所培養之C1及CF-2612菌株的菌落顯示C1菌株具有絮凝狀、微突起的外表或在表面上具有放射狀褶皺,而CF-2612菌株具有平滑不規則褶
皺,但不是白色絮凝菌絲。該等菌落間之直徑不同:即,C1菌株為15-18 mm及CF-2612菌株為10-13 mm。
(馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養基)
馬鈴薯滲濾液4 g/L葡萄糖20 g/L瓊脂15 g/L pH 5.6±0.2
視覺觀察在含馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養基上所培養之C1及CF-2612菌株的菌落顯示C1菌株之菌落的直徑為18-20 mm且具有一中心孔之明顯突起似環狀形狀。另外,該菌落趨向滲透入培養基底部且在紅棕色菌落上形成白色菌絲束。
另一方面,CF-2612菌株之菌落的直徑為10-13 mm且無中心孔。另外,形成深度褶皺且因此在菌落上出現白色脊帶。
比較CF-2612菌株與CI菌株之酶活性
CF-2612菌株與C1菌株就纖維素酶活性彼此進行比較。含以下組成的培養基(用於培養製造纖維素酶之真菌)係藉由常用方法減菌,然後接種每種菌株之真菌細胞,接著在30℃下進行需氧培養7天。令離心培養基所得到之上清液進行所製得纖維素酶之酶活性的測定。
(培養基之組成)
纖維素粉末50 g/L硫酸銨5 g/L
尿素4 g/L硫酸鎂1.2 g/L磷酸二氫鉀24 g/L酒石酸鉀4.7 g/L硫酸鋅10 mg/L硫酸錳10 mg/L硫酸銅10 mg/L吐溫801 g/L pH 4.0
以上酶活性之測定係藉由以下方法進行。
濾紙酶:將濾紙(Whatman 1號,1×6 cm)用作基質。將經適當稀釋之培養上清液0.5 mL與檸檬酸鹽緩衝液(pH 4.8,0.05 M)1.0 mL加入基質中,隨後在50℃下進行酶反應1.0小時。然後,加入3.0 mL二硝基水楊酸試劑,隨後在100℃下加熱5分鐘以產生顏色變化。冷卻後,將200μ
L所得液加入2.5 mL去離子水中,隨後在540 nm波長下進行比色法。此處,可製造相當於每分鐘1μmol葡萄糖含量之還原糖的酶含量係定義為1單位(U)。
羧甲基纖維素酶:將經適當稀釋的酶溶液與2%羧甲基纖維素鈉溶液(溶解在檸檬酸鹽緩衝液中(pH 4.8,0.05 M))等體積混合,隨後在50℃下進行酶反應30分鐘。然後,加入3.0 mL二硝基水楊酸試劑,隨後在100℃下加熱5分鐘以產生顏色變化。冷卻後,將200 μL所得液加入2.5 mL去離
子水中,然後在540 nm波長下進行比色法。此處,可製造相當於每分鐘1μmol葡萄糖含量之還原糖的酶含量係定義為1單位(U)。
微晶纖維素酶:將經適量稀釋的酶溶液與1 mL含10 mg微晶纖維素的醋酸鹽緩衝液(pH4.8,0.1 M)等體積混合,隨後在50℃下進行酶反應2小時。然後,加入3.0 mL二硝基水楊酸試劑,隨後在100℃下加熱5分鐘以產生顏色變化。冷卻後,將200 μL所得液加入2.5 mL去離子水中,隨後在540 nm波長下進行比色法。此處,可製造相當於每分鐘1 μmol葡萄糖含量之還原糖的酶含量係定義為1單位(U)。
纖維二糖酶活性:將經適量稀釋的酶溶液與1 mL含15 mM纖維二糖溶液的檸檬酸鹽緩衝液(pH 4.8,0.05 M)等體積混合,隨後在50℃下進行酶反應30分鐘。然後,在100℃下加熱5分鐘以終止該酶反應。利用實驗室測試套組(Glu-CII,和光純藥,東京,日本)測定溶液中葡萄糖濃度。此處,可製造相當於每分鐘2 μmol葡萄糖或1μmol纖維二糖含量之還原糖的酶含量係定義為1單位(U)。
結果係表示於表1中。
由表1了解由CF-2612菌株培養基所得到之上清液中所含
纖維素酶之總酶活性係高於由C1菌株培養基所得到者,且尤其是濾紙酶、纖維二糖酶及微晶纖維素酶的活性值明顯高。此表明CF-2612菌株具有遠高於C1菌株之製造該等酶的能力。
比較CF-2612菌株與C1菌株間之糖化作用
藉助使用上述CF-2612菌株與C1菌株之培養基,該等菌株就其糖化效果進行相互比較。
(反應混合物之組成)
去離子水0.7mL 0.5 M醋酸鹽緩衝液(pH 4.8)0.1mL稻草或桉樹粉末(使用球磨機破碎4小時)50 mg
將CF-2612菌株與C1菌株(每種0.2 mL)之培養基分別加入以上反應混合物中並在45℃下反應。
圖1顯示將稻草用於反應混合物之情況下的實驗結果。稻草之糖化實驗顯示在CF-2612菌株之培養基中所製造的葡萄糖含量係大於在C1菌株之培養基中所製造者,指示CF-2612菌株之糖化率(或糖化%)較高。而且,當使用CF-2612菌株之培養基進行糖化時,可製造阿拉伯糖;但使用C1菌株之培養基進行糖化時,在糖化溶液中未發現阿拉伯糖。此表明CF-2612菌株之培養基中包含阿拉伯聚糖酶及/或阿拉伯糖苷酶,而C1菌株之培養基中不包含阿拉伯聚糖酶及阿拉伯糖苷酶中任一種。
圖2顯示將桉樹粉末用作基質之情況下的實驗結果。此實驗顯示CF-2612菌株之培養基所製造的葡萄糖含量係大
於C1菌株之培養基所製造者,指示2612菌株之糖化率(或糖化%)較高。
因此,該等結果顯示CF-2612菌株的糖化作用比C1菌株大,且CF-2612菌株與C1菌株不同點在於CF-2612菌株具有製造阿拉伯聚糖酶及/或阿拉伯糖苷酶之能力。
大規模培養CF-2612菌株
具有下所述組成之培養基(用於培養製造纖維素酶之真菌)係藉由常用方法減菌。令CF-2612菌株之預培養基(50 mL)在30℃下進行需氧振動培養3天。相同的培養基(0.95 L)經預培養基(50 mL)接種,然後在發酵缸中於30℃下進行需氧培養5天。此後,加入40 g/L纖維素粉末與2 g/L尿素,隨後培養2天。離心所得培養基以得到上清液,按如上方式測定該上清液之濾紙酶活性。結果,所製得濾紙酶之酶活性達到26.1 U/mL。
(培養基組成)
纖維素粉末60 g/L(在預培養基中為40 g/L)硫酸銨5 g/L尿素4 g/L(在預培養基中為2 g/L)硫酸鎂1.2 g/L磷酸二氫鉀24 g/L酒石酸鉀4.7 g/L硫酸鋅10 mg/L硫酸錳10 mg/L硫酸銅10 mg/L
吐溫801 g/L pH 4.0
本發明枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株具有高製造纖維素酶之能力,指示使用該菌株可有效製造纖維素酶。
根據本發明,較佳係利用所製得之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶經濟且有效地降解或糖化生物質。
圖1顯示利用CF-2612菌株或C1菌株之培養基糖化稻草之實驗結果。符號如下:閉合符號,CF-2612菌株之培養基(17.7 FPU/mL);開口符號,C1菌株之培養基(11.9 FPU/mL);"▽",對照(其中蒸餾水以相同體積代替培養基加入);"□",葡萄糖;"◇",木糖;"△",阿拉伯糖;及"○",甘露糖。
圖2顯示使用CF-2612菌株或C1菌株之培養基糖化桉樹粉末之實驗結果。符號如下:閉合符號,CF-2612菌株之培養基(17.7 FPU/mL);開口符號,C1菌株之培養基(11.9 FPU/mL);"",對照(其中蒸餾水以相同體積代替培養基加入);"○",葡萄糖;及"△",木糖。
Claims (6)
- 一種枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus CF-2612菌株(FERM BP-10848)(BCRC 930111),其特徵在於該菌株具有遠高於枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus C1菌株(FERM P-18508)之製造纖維素酶及半纖維素酶的能力,其中該纖維素酶為濾紙酶、羧甲基纖維素酶、微晶纖維素酶、纖維二糖酶或其混合物,該半纖維素酶為木聚糖酶、阿拉伯聚糖酶、阿拉伯糖苷酶、甘露聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶、木糖苷酶、甘露糖苷酶或其混合物。
- 一種製造纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶之方法,該方法包含在培養基中培養為製造纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之真菌之如請求項1之枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus菌株及由培養物或培養基收集該纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶。
- 一種降解或糖化生物質之方法,該方法包含在培養基中培養為製造纖維素酶及半纖維素酶之真菌之如請求項1之枝頂孢屬cellulolyticus菌株及在包含纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶的培養物或培養基中糖化或降解該生物質。
- 如請求項2或3之方法,其中該培養基中所用之碳源係選自由粉末狀纖維素、微晶纖維素、纖維二糖、濾紙、普通紙、廢紙、木材、麥麩、麥桿、稻草、麥穀、蔗渣、豆餅、豆腐渣、咖啡豆渣、米糠、乳糖、乳糖水合物、乳清、乳製品、藉由酸或酶水解處理所得到之其等之水解產物、及其等之混合物組成之群。
- 如請求項2或3之方法,其中該培養物為液體培養物或固 體培養物。
- 一種降解或糖化生物質之方法,該方法包含利用藉由如請求項2之方法所獲得之纖維素酶及/或半纖維素酶降解或糖化生物質。
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