TWI383040B - 用較低氫消耗自生物可再生原料製造柴油燃料之方法 - Google Patents

用較低氫消耗自生物可再生原料製造柴油燃料之方法 Download PDF

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TWI383040B
TWI383040B TW097136153A TW97136153A TWI383040B TW I383040 B TWI383040 B TW I383040B TW 097136153 A TW097136153 A TW 097136153A TW 97136153 A TW97136153 A TW 97136153A TW I383040 B TWI383040 B TW I383040B
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hydrogen
oil
reaction zone
sulfur
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TW200932888A (en
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Terry Louise Marker
Peter Kokayeff
Suheil Fares Abdo
Franco Baldiraghi
Luigina Maria Flora Sabatino
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Uop Llc
Eni Spa
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Description

用較低氫消耗自生物可再生原料製造柴油燃料之方法
本發明係關於由諸如植物油、魚油、動物脂肪、及油脂等材料中所發現之諸如甘油酯及游離脂肪酸等可再生原料製造可用作柴油沸程燃料之烴之方法。該方法涉及在一或多個反應器中實施加氫作用、脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及加氫去氧作用,隨後視需要實施異構化作用。添加含硫組份至去氧反應混合物中以相對於發生加氫作用及加氫去氧作用之量增加發生脫羧作用及脫羰基作用之量,由此降低氫消耗。
隨著世界範圍內對柴油沸程燃料及燃料摻合組份之需求增加,人們對除石油原油外之用於製造柴油沸程燃料之來源愈加關注。一此種來源係稱為可再生來源者。該等可再生來源包括(但不限於)諸如玉米油、油菜籽油、芥花油、大豆油及海藻油等植物油,諸如牛脂等動物脂肪、魚油及諸如黃色及褐色油脂及污泥等各種廢料流。該等來源之共同特徵在於其係由甘油酯及游離脂肪酸(FFA)構成。該兩種類別化合物含有具有8至24個碳原子之脂肪族碳鏈。甘油酯或FFA中之脂肪族碳鏈可係飽和或單-、雙-或多-不飽和。
業內存在揭示自油類製造烴之報導。舉例而言,美國專利第4,300,009號揭示了使用結晶矽鋁酸鹽沸石將諸如玉米油等植物油轉化為諸如汽油等烴及諸如對二甲苯等化學物質。美國專利第4,992,605號揭示了藉由加氫處理諸如芥花油或葵花油等植物油來製造柴油沸程烴產物。最後,美國專利第2004/0230085 A1號揭示了藉由加氫去氧作用及隨後之異構化作用來處理生物源烴組份之製程。
申請者已研發出包含一或多個步驟對可再生原料實施加氫、脫羧、脫羰基、(及/或加氫去氧)及異構化之製程。藉由促使更多轉化經由脫羧作用及脫羰基作用(與加氫作用及加氫去氧作用不同,其不消耗氫)來進行可降低去氧反應區中之氫消耗。添加至少一種含硫組份,且相對於加氫作用及加氫去氧作用之量,該組份之添加量足以增加脫羧作用及脫羰基作用之量。含硫組份亦可用於將觸媒維持在硫化狀態。
本文揭示由可再生原料製造富含異鏈烷烴之柴油沸程產物之加氫轉化製程,其中該製程包含於反應區中在大於1000ppm含硫組份存在下藉由在反應條件下對可再生原料實施加氫及去氧來處理可再生原料以提供包含烴餾分(其包含正構鏈烷烴)之第一反應產物。與加氫作用及加氫去氧作用相比,含硫組份係以足以優先促進脫羰基作用及脫羧作用之量存在。在集成熱高壓汽提塔中使用氫作為汽提氣體自第一反應產物中去除第一反應區中作為副產物產生之二氧化碳及水。將經氫汽提之第一反應產物視需要引入加氫異構化作用反應區中。回收異構化產物。
如上所述,本發明係關於由諸如源自植物或動物之生物可再生原料等可再生原料製造可用作柴油沸程燃料或燃料摻合組份之烴流之製程。術語「可再生原料」意欲包括除了自石油原油所獲得之彼等以外之原料。可用於本發明之可再生原料包括任何包含甘油酯及游離脂肪酸(FFA)之彼等原料。大多數甘油酯可為甘油三酯,但亦可存在及處理單甘油酯及甘油二酯。該等可再生原料之實例包括(但不限於)芥花油、玉米油、豆油、油菜籽油、大豆油、菜籽油、妥爾油(tall oil)、葵花油、大麻子油、橄欖油、亞麻籽油、椰子油、蓖麻油、花生油、棕櫚油、芥子油、牛脂、黃色及褐色油脂、豬脂、鯨油、麻風籽油、牛奶中脂肪、魚油、海藻油、污泥及諸如此類。可再生原料之其他實例包括來自包含麻風樹(Jatropha curcas)(Ratanjoy、野生蓖麻、Jangli Erandi)、紫荊木精油(Madhuca indica)(Mohuwa)、水黃皮(Pongamia pinnata)(Karanji Honge)、及印度楝(Azadirachta indica)(蒜楝)之群之非食用植物油。典型植物或動物脂肪之甘油酯及FFA在其結構中含有具有8至24個碳原子之脂肪族烴鏈,其中大多數脂肪及油類含有高濃度的具有16及18個碳原子之脂肪酸。可再生原料與石油衍生烴之混合物或共進料亦可用作原料。其他可用之原料組份(尤其用作與上文所列原料組合之共進料組份)包括廢機油及工業潤滑劑、廢鏈烷烴、自煤、生物質、或天然氣之氣化及之後的諸如費-托技術(Fischer-Tropsch technology)等下游液化步驟所獲得之液體、自廢塑料(例如聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯、及低密度聚乙烯)之熱或化學解聚作用獲得之液體、及作為副產物自石油化學及化學製程產生之其他合成油類。上述原料之混合物亦可用作共進料組份。使用共進料組份之一個優點係可將來自以石油為主之製程或其他製程且已視為廢產物者轉化為對目前製程有價值之共進料組份。
可用於本發明之可再生原料可含有各種雜質。舉例而言,妥爾油係木材處理工業之副產物且除FFA外妥爾油含有酯及松香酸。松香酸係環狀羧酸。可再生原料亦可含有諸如鹼金屬(例如鈉及鉀)、亞磷、及固體、水及洗滌劑等污染物。可選第一步驟係盡可能多地去除該等污染物。一個可能的預處理步驟涉及使可再生原料與離子交換樹脂在預處理區中於預處理條件下接觸。離子交換樹脂係諸如AmberlystTM -15等酸性離子交換樹脂且可用作反應器中原料向上或向下流經之床。反應器之作業條件已為業內所熟知。
去除污染物之另一可能的方法係輕度酸洗。此可藉由使原料與酸(例如硫酸、硝酸或鹽酸)在反應器中接觸來實施。酸與原料可在間歇或連續過程中接觸。一般於環境溫度及大氣壓下用稀釋酸溶液來完成接觸。若接觸係以連續方式完成,則其一般係以逆流方式完成。自原料中去除金屬污染物之又一可能方法係經由使用已為業內所熟知之保護床來實施。該等可包括具有或不具有脫金屬觸媒(例如鎳或鈷)之氧化鋁保護床。過濾及溶劑萃取技術係可使用之其他選擇。例如USAN 11/770,826所闡述之加氫處理係可使用之又一預處理技術。
可再生原料流至第一反應區中,其在一或多個反應器中包含一或多個觸媒床。術語「原料」意欲包括未經處理以去除污染物之原料及在預處理區中純化之彼等原料。在第一反應區中,在氫存在下於加氫作用條件下使原料與加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒接觸以氫化正構鏈烷烴鏈之烯烴或不飽和部分。加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒係任何已為業內所熟知之彼等,例如大表面積載體上所分散之鎳或鎳/鉬。其他加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒包括大表面積載體上所分散之一或多種貴金屬催化元素。貴金屬之非限制性實例包括分散於γ-氧化鋁上之Pt及/或Pd。加氫作用條件包括40℃至400℃之溫度及689kPa絕對壓力(100psia)至13,790kPa絕對壓力(2000psia)之壓力。在另一實施例中,加氫作用條件包括200℃至300℃之溫度及1379kPa絕對壓力(200Psia)至4826kPa絕對壓力(700psia)之壓力。加氫作用區之其他作業條件已為業內所熟知。
上文所列舉之加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒亦能催化原料之脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及/或加氫去氧作用以去除氧。脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及加氫去氧作用在本文中通稱作去氧反應。脫羧作用條件包括3447kPa(500psia)至6895kPa(1000psia)之相對低壓、200℃至400℃之溫度及0.5-10hr-1 之液時空速。在另一實施例中,脫羧作用條件包括3447kPa(500psia)至6895kPa(1000psia)之相同的相對低壓、288℃至345℃之溫度及1-4hr-1 之液時空速。由於加氫作用係放熱反應,故在原料流經觸媒床時溫度升高且開始進行脫羧作用及加氫去氧作用。因此,可設想所有反應同時發生在一個反應器中或一個床中,且此係在本發明範圍內。或者,可控制該等條件以使加氫作用主要在一個床中發生,且脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及/或加氫去氧作用在第二個床中發生。當然,若僅使用一個床,則加氫作用主要在床前部發生,而脫羧作用/加氫去氧作用主要在床中部及底部發生。最後,可在一個反應器中實施所期望加氫作用,而可在單獨反應器中實施脫羧作用及/或加氫去氧作用。
加氫去氧反應消耗氫且產生水副產物,而脫羰基及脫羧反應產生CO或CO2 卻不消耗氫。生產或採購氫材料皆很昂貴,因此使氫的消耗降至最低具有經濟上的優點。影響發生在去氧作用區中之每一反應之相對量以促進不消耗氫之彼等反應,此使得可以較小氫消耗產生相同量產物且由此降低成本。出乎意料地,添加大於1000-2500wt.-ppm之含硫組份可改變脫羰基作用、脫羧作用、與加氫去氧作用反應之相對比,從而促進脫羰基作用及脫羧作用並減少加氫去氧作用反應。無論是何種含硫化合物,皆按元素硫來量測硫。儘管所有三個反應繼續發生,但大部分產物係經由不消耗氫之脫羰基作用及脫羧作用路徑而形成。從而達成總成本的節約。在另一實施例中,將1100-2500wt.-ppm含硫化合物添加至去氧作用區之進料或反應混合物中。在又一實施例中,將1500-2500wt.-ppm含硫化合物添加至去氧作用區之進料或反應混合物中。適宜含硫組份包括(但不限於)二甲基二硫醚、二丁基二硫醚、及硫化氫。含硫組份可為氫流(例如來自加氫裂解單元或加氫處理單元之氫)之部分,或可為自煤油或柴油所去除之硫化合物,及自脫硫單元(例如MeroxTM 單元)所去除之二硫化物油類。作為附加優點,含硫組份亦可用於將去氧作用觸媒維持在硫化狀態,但通常較少將硫用於將觸媒維持在硫化狀態。大於1000ppm含硫組份超過將觸媒維持在硫化狀態通常所需之量,但出乎意料地,其可用於改變競爭反應與不消耗氫之彼等反應之比。可將硫添加至原料中或可以獨立於原料之方式將其引入去氧反應器中。
與加氫去氧作用反應相比,較低作業壓力亦有利地促進脫羧基及脫羰基反應。使用下述一個實施例可達成的較低作業壓力與添加足夠含硫化合物之組合甚至可在進一步減少氫消耗的同時仍產生足夠轉化產物。
在另一實施例中,亦較佳為將水添加至可再生原料中。當然,由於作業溫度較高,水將呈蒸氣流形式。物流中可包含5-30質量%或10-20質量%之原料。吾人認為,藉由實際上反應於原位產生氫反應物,該物流仍具有進一步降低去氧作用區中之氫消耗之作用。除了去氧反應以外,去氧作用區中所用觸媒亦可催化水-氣體轉換反應。當脫羰基作用產生一氧化碳時,若反應混合物中存在過量水,則一氧化碳可與過量水發生水氣體轉換反應,且產生二氧化碳及氫。然後氫可用於加氫作用及加氫去氧作用。在另一實施例中,可將水作為驟冷劑添加至去氧作用區中。可將水添加至入口處或中間位置處,或同時添加至該兩個位置。
來自去氧反應之反應產物可包含液體部分及氣體部分。液體部分包含主要為正構鏈烷烴且具有高十六烷數之烴餾分。氣體部分包含氫、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸氣、丙烷及硫組份(例如硫化氫)。無需進一步反應即可能分離並收集液體部分作為柴油產物。然而,在大多數情況中,至少部分正構鏈烷烴液體烴餾分將需要異構化以含有某些分支鏈-鏈烷烴。因此,通常可視需要選用下述熱高壓氫汽提塔及異構化區,以形成含有某些分支鏈烷烴且具有較佳冷流性之柴油產物。
可將來自去氧作用反應器之流出物引入熱高壓氫汽提塔中。熱高壓氫汽提塔之一個目的係自流出物之液體部分分離出流出物之氣體部分。由於氫係昂貴資源,為節約成本,將所分離氫再循環至含有去氧作用反應器之第一反應區。此外,若未自流出物去除水、一氧化碳、及二氧化碳,可導致異構化作用區中觸媒性能較差。於熱高壓氫汽提塔中使用氫時,可選擇性汽提水、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、任何氨或硫化氫。可將溫度控制於限定範圍內,以達成所期望之分離,且可將壓力維持在兩個反應區大致相同之壓力下,以達最低投資及作業成本。熱高壓氫汽提塔可於下列條件範圍下作業:689kPa絕對壓力(100psia)至13,790kPa絕對壓力(2000psia)之壓力、及40℃至350℃之溫度。在另一實施例中,熱高壓氫汽提塔可於下列條件範圍下作業:1379kPa絕對壓力(200psia)至4826kPa絕對壓力(700psia)、或2413kPa絕對壓力(350psia)至4882kPa絕對壓力(650psia)之壓力、及50℃至350℃之溫度。
流出物進入熱高壓汽提塔且氫汽提氣體攜帶有氣體組份並將其分離至塔頂流出物中。額外氫可用作汽提氣體。自熱高壓氫汽提塔底部移出去氧作用流出物流之剩餘部分且其含有具有諸如正構烴(具有8至24個碳原子)等組份之液體烴餾分。在熱高壓氫汽提塔底部部分此液體烴餾分可用作如下文所闡述之再循環烴。
在至少某些上述反應中,氫係反應物,且為達成生效目的,溶液中必須存在足量氫以最有效地參與催化反應。先前製程在高壓下作業以在溶液中達成所期望氫數量並可容易地應用於反應。然而,與在較低壓力下實施相同作業相比,高壓作業之構建及作業係較昂貴的。本發明之一個優點係作業壓力可在1379kPa絕對壓力(200psia)至4826kPa絕對壓力(700psia)範圍內,該壓力低於其他先前作業中所發現之壓力。在另一實施例中,作業壓力範圍係2413kPa絕對壓力(350psia)至4481kPa絕對壓力(650psia),且在另一實施例中,作業壓力範圍係2758kPa絕對壓力(400psia)至4137kPa絕對壓力(600psia)。此外,反應速率增加導致在給定時間段內經過反應器之材料通過量增加。
在一個實施例中,於較低壓力下藉由使用大量烴循環於溶液中保持期望量之氫。由於反應係放熱反應,其他製程可使用再循環烴以控制反應區中之溫度。然而,本文所用再循環烴與原料比之範圍並非取決於溫度控制需求,而係基於氫溶解度需求。氫在烴產物中之溶解度大於其在原料中之溶解度。藉由使用大量烴循環可大大提高反應區內液相中之氫溶解度,且不需較高壓力來提高溶液中之氫量。在本發明之一實施例中,再循環烴與原料之體積比係2:1至8:1。在另一實施例中,比率範圍係3:1至6:1,且在又一實施例中,比率範圍係4:1至5:1。
儘管此烴餾分可用作柴油沸程燃料,但由於其實質上皆為正構鏈烷烴,故其將具有較差冷流性。若期望改善液體烴餾分之冷流性,則可在異構化條件下將整體反應產物與可選異構化觸媒接觸以至少部分地將正構鏈烷烴異構化為分支鏈烷烴。第二反應區(即異構化區)之流出物係富含分支鏈烷烴之物流。術語「富含」意指流出物流較進入異構化區之物流具有更高濃度的分支鏈烷烴,且較佳包含大於50質量%之分支鏈烷烴。可設想異構化作用區流出物可含有70、80、或90質量%之分支鏈烷烴。異構化作用可在上文闡述相同反應區之單獨床(即相同反應器)中實施,或異構化作用可在單獨反應器中實施。為易於說明,下文將闡述實施例,其中第二反應器係用於異構化反應。在氫存在下且於異構化條件下,將烴流(去氧反應區之氫汽提產物)與異構化作用觸媒接觸以將正構鏈烷烴異構化為分支鏈烷烴。僅需要最低程度分支化即足以克服正構鏈烷烴之冷-流問題。由於高度分支化之企圖產生不期望裂化之危險程度很高,故主要的異構化產物係單分支化烴。
可以業內所熟知之任何方式或藉由使用任何業內所熟知之適宜觸媒來完成鏈烷烴產物之異構化作用。可使用一或多個觸媒床。較佳以並流作業模式來操作異構化作用。所填裝液體在固定床、噴淋床中之向下流動模式、或在固定床中之向上流動模式二者均係適宜的。亦參見,例如,美國專利第2004/0230085 A1號。適宜觸媒包含週期表之VIII族金屬(IUPAC 8-10)及載體材料。適宜VIII族金屬包括鉑及鈀,其每一種均可單獨或組合使用。載體材料可為非晶形或晶形。適宜載體材料可包括非晶形氧化鋁、非晶形二氧化矽-氧化鋁、鎂鹼沸石、ALPO-31、SAPO-11、SAPO-31、SAPO-37、SAPO-41、SM-3、MgAPSO-31、FU-9、NU-10、NU-23、ZSM-12、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-35、ZSM-48、ZSM-50、ZSM-57、MeAPO-11、MeAPO-31、MeAPO-41、MeAPSO-11、MeAPSO-31、MeAPSO-41、MeAPSO-46、ELAPO-11、ELAPO-31、ELAPO-41、ELAPSO-11、ELAPSO-31、ELAPSO-41、濁沸石、鈣霞石、鉀沸石、輝沸石之氫形式、絲光沸石之鎂或鈣形式、及潘諾霞石之鎂或鈣形式,其中每一種均可單獨或組合使用。ALPO-31係闡述於美國專利第4,310,440號中。SAPO-11、SAPO-31、SAPO-37、及SAPO-41係闡述於美國專利第4,440,871號中。SM-3係闡述於美國專利第4,943,424號、美國專利第5,087,347號、美國專利第5,158,665號、及美國專利第5,208,005號中。MgAPSO係MeAPSO,其係金屬矽磷酸鋁分子篩之縮寫,其中該金屬Me係鎂(Mg)。適宜MeAPSO-31觸媒包括MgAPSO-31。MeAPSO係闡述於美國專利第4,793,984號中,且MgAPSO係闡述於美國專利第4,758,419號中。MgAPSO-31係較佳MgAPSO,其中31意指MgAPSO具有結構類型31。許多具有初始低孔徑之天然沸石(例如鎂鹼沸石)可藉由銨離子交換及焙燒去除所結合鹼金屬或鹼土金屬而轉化為適合於烯烴骨架異構化作用之形式以製造實質上之氫形式,如美國專利第4,795,623號及美國專利第4,924,027號中所教示。骨架異構化作用之其他觸媒及條件係揭示於美國專利第5,510,306號、美國專利第5,082,956號、及美國專利第5,741,759號中。
異構化作用觸媒亦可包含選自由下列組成之群之變性劑:鑭、鈰、鐠、釹、釤、釓、鋱、及其混合物,如美國專利第5,716,897號及美國專利第5,851,949號中所闡述。其他適宜載體材料包括ZSM-22、ZSM-23、及ZSM-35,在美國專利第5,246,566號及標題為"New molecular sieve process for lube dewaxing by wax isomerization"且由S,J,Miller所撰寫(Microporous Materials 2(1994)439-449)之文章中闡述其可用於脫蠟。美國專利第4,310,440號、美國專利第4,440,871號、美國專利第4,793,984號、美國專利第4,758,419號、美國專利第4,943,424號、美國專利第5,087,347號、美國專利第5,158,665號、美國專利第5,208,005號、美國專利第5,246,566號、美國專利第5,716,897號、及美國專利第5,851,949號之教示係以引用方式併入本文中。
美國專利第5,444,032號及美國專利第5,608,134號教示適宜雙功能觸媒,其係由非晶形二氧化矽-氧化鋁凝膠及一或多種屬於VIIIA族之金屬構成且在含有多於15個碳原子之長鏈正構鏈烷烴之加氫異構化中有效。美國專利第5,981,419號及美國專利第5,968,344號教示包含以下之適宜雙功能觸媒:(a)與選自硼-矽酸鹽(BOR-B)及硼-鋁-矽酸鹽(Al-BOR-B)之β-沸石等結構之多孔結晶材料,其中SiO2 :Al2 O3 之莫耳比大於300:1;(b)一或多種屬於VIIIA族且選自鉑及鈀之金屬,其數量在0.05-5重量%範圍內。Article V. Calemma等人,App. Catal. A:Gen.,190(2000),207教示又一適宜觸媒。
異構化作用觸媒可為任何業內所熟知之彼等,例如上文所闡述及引用之彼等。異構化作用條件包括150℃至360℃之溫度及1724kPa絕對壓力(250psia)至4726kPa絕對壓力(700psia)之壓力。在另一實施例中,異構化作用條件包括300℃至360℃之溫度及3102kPa絕對壓力(450psia)至3792kPa絕對壓力(550psia)之壓力。異構化作用區之其他作業條件已為業內所熟知。
現在經由一或多個分離步驟處理最終流出物流(即實施所有反應後所獲得之物流)以獲得可用作柴油沸程燃料之經純化烴流。由於最終流出物流包含液體組份及氣體組份二者,欲對各個部分實施再循環,且可使用多步分離步驟。舉例而言,在異構化作用流出物分離器中可首先分離出氫,其中所分離氫隨塔頂流出物移出。異構化作用流出物分離器之適宜作業條件包括(例如)230℃之溫度及4100kPa絕對壓力(600psia)之壓力。若存在低濃度氧化碳,或已去除氧化碳,則氫可再循環回熱高壓氫汽提塔,以用作汽提氣體及與剩餘部分合併作為塔底流出物。將剩餘部分輸送至異構化作用反應區且因此氫變為異構化作用反應區進料流之組份,以為反應器提供必需氫分壓。氫亦係去氧作用反應器中之反應物,且不同原料將消耗不同量之氫。異構化作用流出物分離器使得製程即使在第一反應區中消耗較大量氫時亦可靈活作業。此外,可將異構化作用流出物分離器之至少部分剩餘部分或塔底流出物再循環至異構化作用反應區中以提高異構化作用程度。
去除氫後最終流出物之剩餘部分仍具有液體及氣體組份,且藉由諸如空氣冷卻或水冷卻等技術將其冷卻並輸送至低溫分離器中,其中液體組份與氣體組份分離。低溫分離器之適宜作業條件包括(例如)20-60℃之溫度及3850kPa絕對壓力(560psia)之壓力。亦分離出水副產物流。在冷卻並與氣體組份分離後,至少部分液體組份可再循環回異構化作用區以提高異構化作用程度。
液體組份含有可用作柴油沸程燃料之烴及較小量石腦油及LPG。可回收所分離之液體組份作為柴油沸程燃料或在產物汽提塔中將其進一步純化,該產物汽提塔將較低沸點組份及所溶解氣體與含有C8 至C24 正烷烴及單-分支鏈烷烴之柴油產物分離。產物汽提塔之適宜作業條件包括20-200℃之塔頂溫度及0-1379kPa絕對壓力(0-200psia)之壓力。
在脫丁烷塔或脫丙烷塔中可進一步分離LPG/石腦油物流以將LPG分離至塔頂流出物中,將石腦油留在塔底流出物中。此單元之適宜作業條件包括20-200℃之塔頂溫度及0-2758kPa絕對壓力(0-400psia)之壓力。LPG可作為有價值產物銷售且可用作供至氫生產設備之進料。同樣,石腦油可用作供至氫生產設備之進料。
產物分離器中所分離之氣體組份主要包含來自脫羧反應之氫及二氧化碳。亦可能存在其他組份,例如一氧化碳、丙烷、及硫化氫或其他含硫組份。期望將氫再循環至異構化作用區,但若未去除二氧化碳,其濃度將迅速增大並影響異構化作用區之作業。二氧化碳可藉由業內所熟知之方法(例如用胺吸收、與熱碳酸鹽溶液反應、變壓吸收等)自氫中去除。若需要,可藉由再生廢吸收介質來回收實質上純淨之二氧化碳。
同樣,可存在含硫組份(例如硫化氫)以同時維持去氧作用觸媒之硫化狀態及控制相對於加氫去氧反應之脫羧反應及脫羰基反應之量,該三種反應皆係在去氧作用區中發生。控制硫量以使其足以影響競爭反應之比,且因此在存在過量硫時可在氫再循環之前去除所有或至少過量硫,以使得可以恰當的量再循環含硫組份。可使用諸如用胺吸收或鹼洗等技術去除含硫組份。當然,依據所用技術,可在單一分離步驟(例如氫選擇性膜)中去除二氧化碳及含硫組份、及其他組份。
去除至少二氧化碳及含硫化合物後可將所剩餘之氫再循環至主要發生加氫作用之反應區中,及/或再循環至任何後續床/反應器中。可將再循環流引入反應區之入口及/或任何後續床/反應器中。烴再循環之一個益處係控制跨越各床之溫升。然而,如上所述,再循環烴之量可根據反應區中所期望氫溶解度來確定而不基於溫度控制。增大反應混合物中氫溶解度使得可在較低壓下成功作業,且因此降低成本。
下述實施例係用於說明本發明且不意欲作為對申請專利範圍中所述本發明廣泛範圍之不適當限制。首先,參考圖1概述製程。然後,參考圖2更詳細地描述製程。
參考圖1,將1100wt. ppm呈硫化氫形式之硫100注入可再生原料102中,其稍後與再循環氫126一起進入去氧反應區104中。在熱氫汽提塔108中使用氫114a汽提去氧產物106。用塔頂流出物110中之氫將氧化碳及水蒸氣移除。將經汽提去氧產物115與補充氫114b一起輸送至異構化作用區116中。將異構化產物118與塔頂流出物110合併並輸送至產物回收區120中。自產物回收區120中移出氧化碳流128、輕餾分流130、水副產物流124、氫流126、及富含分支鏈烷烴之產物122。可收集富含分支鏈烷烴之產物122用作柴油沸程燃料且將氫流128再循環至去氧反應區104及異構化作用區116二者中。
參考圖2,製程開始於將1100wt. ppm呈硫化氫形式之硫1注入可再生原料2中之,可再生原料2可經由可選進料收集器輸送。將原料流與再循環流16合併以形成經合併進料流20,其與反應器流出物發生熱交換後被引入去氧作用反應器4中。原料含有大於1000ppm諸如硫化氫等含硫組份。可將含硫化合物添加至原料中,或可直接添加至含有反應混合物之反應器中。熱交換可於再循環烴與進料合併之前或之後發生。去氧作用反應器4可含有顯示於圖2中之多層床,例如4a、4b及4c。去氧作用反應器4含有至少一種能催化原料之脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及加氫去氧作用之觸媒以去除氧。自去氧作用反應器4中移出含有去氧反應產物之去氧反應器流出物流6且使其與含有供至去氧反應器之進料之物流20發生熱交換。流6包含主要含有柴油沸程正構鏈烷烴之液體組份及主要含有氫、氣態水、一氧化碳、二氧化碳及丙烷之氣體組份。
將去氧反應器流出物流6引導至熱高壓氫汽提塔8中。將管線10中之補充氫分為兩部分,物流10a及10b。亦將物流10a中之補充氫引入熱高壓氫汽提塔8中。在熱高壓氫汽提塔8中,使用補充氫10a及再循環氫28將去氧反應器流出物6之氣體組份與去氧反應器流出物6之液體組份汽提分離。將包含氫、氣態水、一氧化碳、二氧化碳及(可能)某些丙烷之氣體組份分離至熱高壓氫汽提塔塔頂流出物14中。移出主要包含正構鏈烷烴(碳原子數為8至24且十六烷值為60至100)之去氧反應器流出物6之剩餘液體組份作為熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物12。
部分熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物形成再循環流16並與可再生原料流2合併,產生合併進料20。可將再循環流16之另一部分、可選用物流16a直接輸送至去氧反應器4中,並將其引入級間位置(例如床4a與4b之間及/或床4b與4c之間),以(例如)輔助溫度控制。將流12中熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物之剩餘部分與氫流10b合併,形成輸送至異構化作用反應器22之合併物流18。物流18可與異構化作用反應器流出物24進行熱交換。
將含有氫及丙烷之氣體部分及富含分支鏈烷烴之液體部分之異構化作用反應器產物移出至管線24中,且在可視需要與物流18進行熱交換後,將其引入氫分離器26中。來自氫分離器26之塔頂流出物28主要含有氫,其可再循環回熱高壓氫汽提塔8中。使用空氣冷卻器32空氣冷卻來自氫分離器26之塔底流出物30,並將其引入產物分離器34中。在產物分離器34中,將包含氫、一氧化碳、硫化氫、二氧化碳及丙烷之物流之氣體部分移出至物流36中,同時將流之液體烴部分移出至物流38中。亦可自產物分離器34中去除水副產物流40。將物流38引入產物汽提塔42中,其中將具有較高相對揮發性之組份分離至物流44中,且將剩餘柴油範圍組份自產物汽提塔42中抽出至管線46。將物流44引入分餾器48中,其操作分離LPG至塔頂流出物50中,留下石腦油塔底流出物52。可視需要選用任何管線72、74或76,以將至少部分異構化作用區流出物再循環回異構化作用區,以提高異構化為分支鏈烷烴之正構鏈烷烴之量。
來自產物分離器34之蒸氣流36含有異構化作用流出物之氣體部分,其至少包含氫、一氧化碳、硫化氫、二氧化碳及丙烷。由於氫成本高,故期望將氫及(可能)硫化氫再循環至去氧反應器4中,但不期望循環二氧化碳。因此,在蒸氣流36再循環之前先分離出二氧化碳較佳。可將蒸氣流36中之氫及硫化氫再循環至去氧反應區中。
下述實例表現發生於去氧作用區中之競爭反應之轉換。出乎意料地,添加大於1000-2500 ppm含硫化合物改變脫羰基作用、脫羧作用與加氫去氧作用反應之相對比以促進脫羰基作用及脫羧作用並減少加氫去氧作用反應。脫羧及脫羰基反應產生作為產物之二氧化碳。與使用加氫去氧反應所產生烴相比,形成二氧化碳可減少自脫羧及脫羰基反應所產生之烴中之碳原子數。因此,在此實例中,可經由監控所產生正構-C17 鏈烷烴與所產生正構-C18 鏈烷烴之比來量測反應之相對量。量測發生反應之相對量之另一方式係監控所產生氧化碳,因為僅脫羧及脫羰基反應產生氧化碳,而加氫去氧作用產生水。
於1 hr-1 LHSVFF 下使含有2500 ppm硫(呈二甲基二硫醚形式)之芥花油原料與分散於活性氧化鋁上之鎳及鉬(於316 ℃及3347 kPa表壓(500 psig)下之觸媒)接觸。在測試之第一部分中,氫與芥花油之比係4000 SCF/B新鮮進料 ,且然後在測試之剩餘部分中,將該比改變為5000 SCF/B新鮮進料 。在1900操作小時後,以存於原料中之僅500 ppm硫(亦呈二甲基二硫醚之形式)重新啟動測試。去氧產物與原料之再循環比係4:1。
圖3顯示與僅含有500ppm硫之部分試驗相比,原料中含有2500ppm硫之部分測試之驚人結果。原料中之硫量一旦減少,nC17 /nC18 之比即開始降低,此表明與原料中存在2500ppm硫時相比,相對於nC17 產生更多nC18 。加氫去氧反應產生nC18 ,且該增加表明現在更多原料係經由加氫去氧反應來轉化。加氫去氧反應消耗氫且因此係比不消耗氫之脫羰基及脫羧反應更昂貴的製造所期望烴之方法。圖3表明高含量硫改變競爭反應之平衡從而促進脫羰基及脫羧反應並減少加氫去氧作用反應。
圖4係來自相同實驗之數據圖,然而,在圖4中針對操作小時標繪一氧化碳與二氧化碳之百分比。同樣,該圖顯示一旦將原料中之硫自2500ppm減少至500ppm,則氧化碳之量急劇降低,其表明相對於去氧作用反應器中所發生之加氫去氧作用,脫羰基作用及脫羧作用之量降低。
1...硫
2...可再生原料
4...去氧作用反應器
4a...床
4b...床
4c...床
6...去氧作用反應器流出物流
8...熱高壓氫汽提塔
10...管線
10a...補充氫流
10b...補充氫流
12...熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物
14...熱高壓氫汽提塔塔頂流出物
16...再循環流
16a...可選流
18...合併物流
20...經合併進料流
22...異構化作用反應器
24...異構化作用反應器流出物
26...氫分離器
28...塔頂流出物
30...塔底流出物
32...空氣冷卻器
34...產物分離器
36...蒸氣流
38...流
40...水副產物流
42...產物汽提塔
44...流
46...管線
48...分餾器
50...塔頂流出物
52...石腦油塔底流出物
72...可選管線
74...可選管線
76...可選管線
100...硫
102...可再生原料
104...去氧反應區
106...去氧產物
108...熱高壓氫汽提塔
110...塔頂流出物
114a...氫
114b...補充氫
115...經汽提去氧產物
116...異構化作用區
118...異構化產物
120...產物回收區
122...富含分支鏈烷烴之產物
124...水副產物流
126...氫流
128...氧化碳流
130...輕餾分流
圖1及圖2係本發明一個實施例之示意圖。圖1係較簡化的示意圖,而圖2較詳細。
圖3係nC17 /nC18 比對操作小時之圖,其對應於實例且顯示在具有2500ppm硫之情況與具有500ppm硫之情況相比時,與加氫去氧作用相比脫羧作用及脫羰基作用增加之意外結果。
圖4係所產生氧化碳百分比對操作小時之圖,其對應於實例且顯示在具有2500ppm硫之情況與具有500ppm硫之情況相比時,與加氫去氧作用相比脫羧作用及羰基化作用增加之意外結果。
1...硫
2...可再生原料
4...去氧作用反應器
4a...床
4b...床
4c...床
6...去氧作用反應器流出物流
8...熱高壓氫汽提塔
10...管線
10a...補充氫流
10b...補充氫流
12...熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物
14...熱高壓氫汽提塔塔頂流出物
16...再循環流
16a...可選流
18...合併物流
20...經合併進料流
22...異構化作用反應器
24...異構化作用反應器流出物
26...氫分離器
28...塔頂流出物
30...塔底流出物
32...空氣冷卻器
34...產物分離器
36...蒸氣流
38...流
40...水副產物流
42...產物汽提塔
44...流
46...管線
48...分餾器
50...塔頂流出物
52...石腦油塔底流出物
72...可選管線
74...可選管線
76...可選管線

Claims (28)

  1. 一種由可再生原料製造富含鏈烷烴之柴油產物之方法,其包含於第一反應區中,在反應條件下且在氫及至少一種含硫組份存在下,其中以元素硫量測該含硫組份含量大於1000 wt.-ppm硫,使用觸媒對原料進行加氫及去氧反應,來處理該原料,以提供包含氫、二氧化碳、及包含具有8至24個碳原子之鏈烷烴之烴餾分之第一反應區產物流;在熱高壓氫汽提塔中,自該第一反應區產物流中分離出包含氫、及至少部分水及氧化碳之氣體流以及包含至少正構鏈烷烴之剩餘部分流,並將該剩餘部分流引入第二反應區中,以在異構化作用條件下與異構化作用觸媒接觸,使至少部分該等鏈烷烴異構化,並產生富含分支鏈烷烴之物流。
  2. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含:a)將該富含分支鏈烷烴之物流與該氣體流合併,形成合併物流;b)冷卻該合併物流並將至少包含氫及二氧化碳之氣體組份與液體烴組份分離;及c)回收該液體烴組份。
  3. 如請求項2之方法,其進一步包含使氣體組份再循環至該第一反應區中。
  4. 如請求項3之方法,其進一步包含在氣體組份再循環至該第一反應區之前先自該氣體組份流分離出二氧化碳。
  5. 如請求項3之方法,其進一步包含在氣體組份再循環至 該第一反應區之前先自該氣體組份流分離出含硫組份。
  6. 如請求項5之方法,其進一步包含分離該含硫組份至該第一反應區。
  7. 如請求項2之方法,其進一步包含將該液體烴組份分離為LPG及石腦油物流與柴油沸程物流,並將該LPG及石腦油物流分離成LPG流及石腦油物流。
  8. 如請求項7之方法,其進一步包含將至少部分該石腦油物流再循環至該第二反應區中。
  9. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含自該富含分支鏈烷烴之物流中去除至少一部分氫,並將該自富含分支鏈烷烴之物流中所去除之氫再循環至該熱高壓氫汽提塔中。
  10. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含使至少包含該等鏈烷烴之剩餘部分流之一部份再循環至該第一反應區中,其中再循環與原料之體積比為2:1至8;1之範圍內。
  11. 如請求項10之方法,其中在該第一反應區中之該等反應條件包括40℃至400℃之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(100 psia)至4826 kPa絕對壓力(700 psia)之壓力。
  12. 如請求項1之方法,其中含硫組份之量係該可再生原料之1000wt.-ppm至2500 wt.-ppm。
  13. 如請求項1之方法,其中含硫組份之量係該可再生原料之1500wt.-ppm至2500 wt.-ppm。
  14. 如請求項1之方法,其中該原料進一步包含5至30質量%之蒸氣。
  15. 如請求項1之方法,其中在該第一反應區中之該等反應 條件包括40℃至400℃之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(100 psia)至13,790 kPa絕對壓力(2000 psia)之壓力。
  16. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含將至少部分該富含分支鏈烷烴之物流再循環至該第二反應區中。
  17. 如請求項1之方法,其中在該第二反應區中之該異構化作用條件包括40℃至400℃之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(100 psia)至13,790 kPa絕對壓力(2000 psia)之壓力。
  18. 如請求項1之方法,其中在該熱高壓氫汽提塔係於40℃至300℃之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(100 psia)至13,790 kPa絕對壓力(2000 psia)之壓力下作業。
  19. 如請求項1之方法,其中該第二反應區係於大於第一反應區至少345 kPa絕對壓力(50 psia)之壓力下作業。
  20. 如請求項1之方法,其中進一步包含在第一反應區內以該可再生原料處理石油衍生烴。
  21. 如請求項1之方法,其中該可再生原料係選自由下列組成之群:芥花油、玉米油、豆油、油菜籽油、大豆油、菜籽油、妥爾油(tall oil)、葵花油、大麻子油、橄欖油、亞麻籽油、椰子油、蓖麻油、花生油、棕櫚油、芥子油、棉籽油、麻風籽油、牛脂、黃色及褐色油脂、豬脂、鯨油、牛奶中脂肪、魚油、海藻油、污泥、麻風樹油(ratanjoy oil)、野生蓖麻油、jangli油、埃蘭迪油(erandi oil)、紫荊木精油(mohuwa oil)、水黃皮油(Karanji Honge oil)油、及印度楝油(neem oil)及其混合物。
  22. 如請求項1之方法,其中該可再生原料進一步包含至少一種選自由下列組成之群之共進料:石油衍生烴、廢機油、工業潤滑劑、廢鏈烷烴、自煤之氣化及之後的下游液化步驟獲得之液體、自生物質之氣化及之後的下游液化步驟獲得之液體、自天然氣之氣化及之後的下游液化步驟獲得之液體、自廢塑料之熱或化學解聚獲得之液體、及自石油化學及化學製程產生之合成油副產物。
  23. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含引入補充氫流至該熱高壓氫汽提塔。
  24. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含將新鮮氫流與該剩餘部分流合併。
  25. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含在預處理區內在預處理條件下將該原料預處理以移除在該原料中之至少部分污染物。
  26. 一種控制石油原料、可再生原料或石油原料及可再生原料混合物發生在去氧作用反應器中之脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及加氫去氧作用之相對量之方法,包含:a)於反應條件下且在氫存在下,在去氧反應區中將可再生原料與觸媒接觸;b)添加至少一種含硫組份至該去氧反應區中,其中以元素硫量測該含硫組份含量大於1000 wt.-ppm硫;c)產生包含氫、二氧化碳、及具有8至24個碳原子之鏈烷烴之第一反應區產物流;d)在熱高壓氫汽提塔中,自該第一反應區產物流中分 離出包含氫、及至少部分水及氧化碳之氣體流以及包含至少正構鏈烷烴之剩餘部分流,及e)將該剩餘部分流引入第二反應區中以在異構化作用條件下與異構化作用觸媒接觸,使至少部分該等鏈烷烴異構化,並產生富含分支鏈烷烴之物流。
  27. 一種在由可再生原料製造鏈烷烴柴油產物之方法中之流出物中控制具有17個碳原子鏈烷烴之量之方法,該控制方法包含:a)於反應條件下且在氫存在下,在去氧反應區中將可再生原料與觸媒接觸;b)添加至少一種含硫組份至該去氧反應區中,其中以元素硫量測該含硫組份含量大於1000 wt.-ppm硫;c)產生包含氫、二氧化碳、及具有8至24個碳原子之鏈烷烴之第一反應區產物流;d)在熱高壓氫汽提塔中,自該第一反應區產物流中分離出包含氫、及至少部分水之氣體流以及包含至少正構鏈烷烴之剩餘部分流,及e)將該剩餘部分流引入第二反應區中以在異構化作用條件下與異構化作用觸媒接觸,使至少部分該等鏈烷烴異構化,並產生富含分支鏈烷烴之物流。
  28. 一種由可再生原料製造富含鏈烷烴之柴油產物之方法,其包含於第一反應區中,在反應條件下且在氫、水及至少一種含硫組份存在下,其中水之數量為原料之5至30質量%,且以元素硫量測該含硫組份含量大於1000 wt.- ppm硫,使用觸媒對原料進行加氫及去氧反應,來處理該原料,以提供包含氫、二氧化碳、及包含具有8至24個碳原子之鏈烷烴之烴餾分之第一反應區產物流。
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