TWI268937B - Organic polymer for organic anti-reflective coating layer and preparation thereof - Google Patents
Organic polymer for organic anti-reflective coating layer and preparation thereof Download PDFInfo
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Description
1268937 _ 案號89118504_年月日 修正__ 五、發明說明(1) 發明背景 發明領域 本發明乃有關於一種適用於次微米顯影術 (submicro-lithography)之有機抗反射膜組成物。更明確 而言,本發明乃關於一種有機抗反射膜組成物,其係含一 在次微米顯影術適用的波長範圍内具有高吸收之色原 (chromophore),因此可以讓高度整合的半導體裝置適用 的超精密圖形(ultrafine patterns)穩定生成。本發明也 有關於一種利用有機抗反射膜組成物製成超精密圖形之方 法0 習知技術說明 在次微米顯影術的製程中,不可避免的會發生駐波以 及波的反射性刻痕,這是由於塗佈在晶圓下層部分的光學 性質,及其上的光阻膜厚度改變,以及下層部分的繞射光 與反射光 改變所致 分導入一 度的材料 在缺 線穿透光 反射回來 或散射, 無論 般可根據 當次 導致的關鍵 。為了解決 抗反射層, 製成,其波 乏此種抗反 阻膜,且光 或散射。因 對於光阻膜 使用的材料 其機制分為 微来顯影術 1 dimension 在光阻膜的下 圖形尺寸(critica 這個問題,乃提出 此抗反射層係利用 長範圍適用於次微 射層時,以UV光源 線從光阻膜下層或 此抗反射層是用來 的次微米顯影術有 是屬於有機物或無 吸收性抗反射層與 以i-line ( 3 6 5nm) ;CD) 層部 一種對光有高吸收 米顯影術中。 照射光阻膜時,光 是半導體晶片表面 防止光線反射回來 直接的影響。 機物,抗反射層一 干擾性抗反射層。 作為光源時,通常
5142-3438-PFl.ptc
第8頁 1268937 __ 案號89118504__年月日 修正 五、發明說明(2) 使用無機抗反射膜。其中,吸收性抗反射層多半由T i N或 是非結晶形碳(amorphous carbon)所製成,而干擾性抗反 射層則多由Si ON製成。當利用KrF (248 nm)作為光源時, 以Si ON為主的抗反射層也可用於超精密圖形的生成。 至於比上述兩種光源波長更短的A ρ光,目前尚未發 展出利用短波長光源的次微米顯影術相關之抗反射層。目 4尚未有報告提出無機抗反射膜可以控制在ArF光波長下 (193nm)之干擾。最近,有密集與廣泛且持續性的研究,
發展使用ArF光的次微米顯影術可適用的抗反射層之抗反 射材料。 以下為有機抗反射層的基本要求: 於有 材料 物0 第一:在進行顯影術過程中,不能發生光阻層因溶解 =反射層之溶劑而剝落。針對這一點,有機抗反射 ,、須没计成改良的膜具有交聯構造,以避免產生副產 第二,化學材料酸類或胺类員,不能移 時層:當酸類從抗反射層移動至正光阻光 基==被Γ;而驗基,如胺類,= ,月殘㊆現象(footing Phenomena)。 感膜第i 21反射層的蝕刻速率必須能大於上層的光 進行。j的過程可與作光罩用的光敏感層-起順利 最後 力的同時 發明概述 的防止光反射能
第9頁
有機抗反射層必須在具有優異 也要盡可能的薄。
案號 89118504 五、發明說明(3) 基於本發明人等所進行之廣泛而深入的研究結果,發 展出一種抗反射樹脂,可以滿足上述要求,並適用於使用 ArF光生成超精密圖形時使用,而產生本發明。 因此,本發明的一個目的為克服習知技術中所遭遇的 困難’並提供一新穎的有機化合物,用作抗反射材料,而 適用於採用ArF雷射(193nm)的次微米顯影術中。 本發明的另一個目的在提供一種用以製造可防止,料 米顯影術中由曝光而產生的漫射和反射的有機化合物之方 本發明的另一個目的在提供 種含有一抗漫射/反射 化合物的抗反射組成物,及其製造方法。 本發明的另一個目的在提供—锸〆於Λ Γ ^ 微米顯影術進行時,在半導體裴置=J缉射之次 幅降低駐波效應之方法。 u生成圖形之際’可大 本發明的另一個目的在提供— 乂 的次微米顯影術生成圖形的半導 利用具&反射組成物 【圖式簡單說明】 體襄置。 第1圖係根據本發明之利用有 成之界限清楚且垂直的圖形照片。、几反射膜組成物所生 較佳實施例之詳細說明 根據本發明之一具體貫施例 J 乃接供一女她 成物,其係含有一種具下列化學 R 有機抗反射組 -I 1 6^7 Ain /jr 和一種具下列化學式1 2的化合物與 口物作為交聯劑 acid-generator)結合,以及一右·、、酉夂產生劑(h e a t 化學式11 ^
5142-3438-PF3.ptc
1268937
化學式1 2
滿足a : b為0· 一 1 Q,υ兴c為莫耳數 而C為1的條件範圍; ^與…則各自為氫或甲基; 取代i含2有;R45::::或不同,分別代表-經取代或未 R *個反的線性或分枝烷基;以及 @性二1二氫原子或—經取代或未取代之含有卜5個碳的 線性或分枝烷基。 根據,發明,適合用於抗反射膜組成物的溶劑乃選擇 自由3-甲氧基丙酸曱酯、3一乙氧基丙酸乙酯、丙二醇甲基 鍵酉日酉夂(Pr〇Pyleneglycol methyletheracetate)、2-庚 酮、四氫卩夫喃(tetrahydrof uran)及其混合物所組成之族 群中。較佳者是,有機溶劑的使用量為化學式丨丨與丨2的化 合物重量的20〇〇至4〇〇〇 %(重量百分比)。
5142.3438-PFl.ptc 第11頁 1268937
5142-3438-PFl.ptc 第12頁 1268937 _案號89118504_年月日 修正 五’、發明說明(6)
較佳者是化學式11之化合物之分子量在40 0 0至1 20 0 0 間。 根據本發明的另一具體實施例,提供一個製備化學式 11之化合物的方法,乃將構成化學式11之化合物的單體溶 解於有機溶劑中,並使該溶液在含有交鍵聚合起始劑 (polymerization initiator)的氮氣或轰i氣中反應〇在本 具體實施例的較佳情況中,該單體乃為下列化學式1之化 合物及下列化學式2之化合物: 化學式1
5142-3438-PFl.ptc 第13頁 1268937 五 發明說明(7) 一 在本具體實施例的另一較佳情況中,溶劑乃選擇自四 氣D夫味、甲苯、苯、曱乙酮、;I,4 -環氧己烷及其混合物所 組成之族群中。在更佳的情況中,交鍵聚合起始劑乃選自 2, 2~ 雙偶氮異丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN))、過氧化二苯甲醯(benz〇yiperoxide)、過氧化 _ 乙酿(acetylperoxide)、過氧化雙十二烧 (laurylperoxide)、第三-二丁醚(t -butyloxide)及:i:、、曰 合物所組成之族群中。 /、此 ^ 根據本發明進一步之具體實施例,乃提供一利用有樓 几反射膜組成物以形成一抗反射膜圖形的方法,係包含以 itΓ:將有機抗反射膜組成物塗在欲姓刻層l將塗上 塗佈几膜組成物之欲㈣層烤乾;將有機抗反射膜上 光阻膜,以“、:ί膜在先源下曝先以形成已曝光之 層與以光阻m报ί &光阻圖形;接著相繼蝕刻有機抗反射 、 圖形作為钮刻光罩之欲姓刻層。 在本具體實施例的一狀、兄盔 至⑽。行⑴分鐘為佳狀况在為.烤乾之步驟以在1㈣ 膜圖形的方法可進_ /另一 h況中,形成抗反射 步驟。在本例:烤之前及/或之後的烤乾 根據進一步的情 至2 0 〇 C間進行為佳。 EUV的深紫外光、子,光源係選擇自包括ArF、KrF與 之族群。較佳者 $離子束、及其組合所組成 方公分UJ/CW下進彳^步驟在光源能量〇. 1至20毫焦耳/平 根據本發明之另一呈每 抗反協助製造的半二:列,乃提供-種藉由上述 1268937
為了對本發明更加瞭解,乃击 以說明,但本發明並非以此為限c 實施例一:合成化學式3之化合物 化學式3
250毫升圓底燒瓶中,加入〇· 2莫耳(11. 2克) 1之單體與0·2莫耳(2〇·8克)的化學式2之單體,溶於66子克" 的四氫呋喃。接著,所得到的溶液與含有交鍵聚合起始劑 0· 64克的2, 2-雙偶氮異丁腈之惰性氣體中,如氮氣或氬 氣,在65 °C下反應6小時。在反應完成後,產品在乙醚中 沈澱後乾燥彳于到所要的產品(1 2 · 8克,產率4 〇 %)。將產品 置於500毫升圓底燒瓶中,與300克甲醇及0〇8毫升的三氯 曱基石黃酸(trifluoromethanesulfonic acid)混合,在85 °C下迴流1 〇小時。迴流完成後,溶液以四甲銨氫氧化物 (tetramethyl ammonium hydrox i de )控制在ph 7 0 之後, 未反應的甲醇經由真空蒸發器蒸發,殘餘物以水沈澱以得 到化學式3的化合物(10.24克,產率80%)。 實施例2 :合成化學式4之化合物 化學式4
5142-3438-PFl.ptc 第15頁 1268937 案號.SQ11奶iU_车月日__ 五、發明說明(9)
250毫升圓底燒瓶中,加入0.2莫耳(11.2克)的化學式 1之單體與0.2莫耳(20.8克)的化學式2之單體,溶於6 6克 的四氫呋喃。接著,所得到的溶液與含有交鍵聚合起始劑 0· 64克的2, 2-雙偶氮異丁腈之惰性氣體中,如氮氣或氬 氣,在6 5 °C下反應6小時。在反應完成後,產品在乙醚中 沈殿後乾燥得到所要的產品(1 2 · 8克,產率4 0 % )。將產品 置於500毫升圓底燒瓶中,與3〇〇克乙醇及〇.〇8毫升的三氯 曱基磺酸混合,在85 °C下迴流1 0小時。迴流完成後,溶液 以四曱銨氫氧化物控制在pH 7。之後,未反應的乙醇經由 真空蒸發器蒸發,殘餘物以水沈澱以得到化學式4的化合 物。 實施例3 :利用化學式3的化合物製備抗反射膜組成物並生 成圖形 將2 0 · 0克的化學式3之化合物與1 3 · 3克的下列化學式5 之化合物溶於1 〇 〇 〇克的丙二醇甲基醚醋酸中。此溶液與〇 · 33克的化學式7之熱酸產生劑混合均勻後,再通過〇. 2微米 的細密濾網後得到有機抗反射膜組成物。此溶液旋轉塗佈 在矽θθ圓上,然後以2 0 5 C烘烤9 〇秒。然後在此烤過的
1268937 ____案號 89118504_年月日_修正__ 五、發明說明(10) 抗反射膜上塗佈感光劑DHA1 00 1,並以11 〇 °C烘烤90秒。其 後’此多重塗佈的晶圓藉由ArF微步進機(例如I SI所製)曝 光後,續以110 °c烘烤90秒。此晶圓以2. 38 %(重量百分 比)的甲基銨氫氧化物(methylammonium hydroxide)水溶 液顯影,並可看到如第一圖照片中,界限清楚且垂直的圖 形。 化學式5
實施例4 :利用化學式3的化合物製備抗反射膜組成物並生 成圖形 將20.0克的化學式3之化合物與ΐ3·3克的化學式6之化 合物溶於1000克的丙二醇甲基醚醋酸中。此溶液與〇·33克 的化學式7之熱酸產生劑混合均勻後,再通過〇. 2微米的細 密滤網後得到有機抗反射膜組成物。此溶液旋轉塗佈在一 石夕βθ圓上,然後以2 0 5 C烘烤9 0秒。然後在此烤過的抗反 射膜上塗佈感光劑DHA1 00 1,並以1 1 〇它烘烤9〇秒。其後, 此多重塗佈的晶圓藉由ArF微步進機(例如I s I所製)曝光 後,續以11 0 °C烘烤9 0秒。此晶圓以2 · 3 8 % (重量百分比) 的甲基叙鼠氧化物水溶液顯影,並可看到界限清楚且垂直
5142-3438-PFl.ptc 第17頁 1268937 案號 89118504 曰 修正 五、發明說明(11) 的圖形。 化學式6
實施例5 :利用化學式4的化合物製備抗反射膜組成物並生 成圖形 將20· 0克的化學式4之化合物與丨3· 3克的化學式5之化 合物溶於1 000克的丙二醇甲基醚醋酸中。此溶液與〇· 33克 的化學式7之熱酸產生劑混合均勻後,再通過〇 · 2微米的細 密滤網後得到有機抗反射膜組成物。此溶液旋轉塗佈在一 矽晶圓上,然後以2 0 5 °C烘烤9 0秒。然後在此烤過的抗反 射膜上塗佈感光劑DHA1001,並以1 1〇它烘烤9〇秒。其後, 此多重塗佈的晶圓藉由ArF微步進機(例如丨s j所製)曝光 後,續以110 °C烘烤90秒。此晶圓以2· 38 %(重量百分比) 的甲基銨氫氧化物水溶液顯影,並可看到界限清楚且垂直 的圖形。 實施例6 :利用化學式4的化合物製備抗反射膜組成物並生 成圖形
5142-3438-PFl.ptc 第18頁 1268937 ___ 案號 89118504 五、發明說明(12) 年月日___修正 將2 0 · 0克的化學式4之化合物與丨3 · 3克的化學式6之化 合物溶於ίο〇〇克的丙二醇甲基醚醋酸中。此溶液與〇. 33克 白2化學式7之熱酸產生劑混合均勻後,再通過〇· 2微米的細 密濾網後得到有機抗反射膜組成物。此溶液旋轉塗佈在一 矽aa圓上,然後以2 〇 5。〇烘烤9 〇秒。然後在此烤過的抗反 射膜上塗佈感光劑DHA1〇〇1,並以丨1〇 t烘烤9〇秒。其後, 此夕重塗佈的晶圓藉由A r ρ微步進機(例如I $ I所製)曝光 後,續以11 0 °C烘烤9 〇秒。此晶圓以2 · 3 8 % (重量百分比) 的甲基銨氫氧化物水溶液顯影,並可看到界限清 的圖形。 在前面提到了用以形成交聯劑的化學式丨丨,與含有醇 基的有機抗反射基質之化學式12化合物。本發明之抗反射 膜並不文鋪於抗反射膜上的光阻溶液影響,例如:抗反射 =不溶於光阻溶液中,但卻可以有效吸收穿過光阻=的光 戍,也因此大幅度的降低了駐波效應。結果,本發明 2抗反射層可以生成界線清楚與精密配置的圖ς, 回又整合的半導體裝置有相當大的貢獻。 、 本發明以舉例方式說明,但這些用語乃為了表 谷,而非據以限制。根據前述說明之内容, β 許多可變I 尽I明仍有 文化或泌動之處。因此,在申請的專 發明始茲,、,由: 4乾圍内,本 勺了猎以實施而不僅限於前述說明者。
Claims (1)
- Mi 89118504_K年y月 η日 修正岸 六、申請專利範圍 1. 一種具下列化學式11的化合物: 化學式1 1其中, a與b分別代表莫耳數,滿足a : b的比例範圍為 0.1-1. 0 :0.1-1.0 ; R’為氳或曱基; R1與R2可為相同或不同,分別代表一含有卜5個碳的線 性烷基;以及 R3為一氫原子或一經取代或未取代之含有1 - 5個碳的 線性或分枝烷基, 且該化合物之分子量介於4, 0 0 0〜1 2, 0 0 0之間。 2.如申請專利範圍第1項所述之化學式11的化合物, 其中R’與R3分別為一氫原子,且匕與1?2可為相同或不同, 為一甲基或乙基,如同下列化學式2或3所示: 化學式25142-3438-PF3.ptc 第20頁 1268937 案號 89118504 年月曰 修正 六、申請專利範圍3. —種製備如申請專利範圍第1項所述之化學式11的 化合物之方法,包括下列步驟: 將構成化學式11之化合物的單體溶解於一有機溶劑 中;以及 將該所得溶液與一含有交鍵聚合起始劑的氮氣或氬氣 中反應。 4. 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之方法,其中單體係分 別指一種具下列化學式1之化合物與一種具下列化學式2之 化合物: 化學式1 Π I 化學式2 0 5.如申請專利範圍第3項所述之方法,其中該溶劑係 選擇自四氳呋喃、曱苯、苯、甲乙酮、1,4-環氧己酮及其 混合物所組成之族群中。5142-3438-PF3.ptc 第21頁 1268937 _案號89118504_年月曰 修正_ 六、申請專利範圍 6 ·如申請專利範圍第3項所述之方法,其中所述之聚 合反映起始劑係選擇自2, 2-雙偶氮異丁腈(AIBN )、過氧 化二苯甲醯、過氧化二乙醯、過氧化雙十二烷、第三-二 丁醚及其混合物所組成之族群中。 7. —種有機抗反射膜組成物,係包含一種具化學式11 之化合物與一種具下列化學式1 2之化合物: 化學式1 2OH 其中: c是1 ; Rn是氫或是一曱基;以及 匕代表一含有1 - 5個碳的線性烧基’ 且該具化學式11之化合物佔該組成物之1. 5〜2. 9重量 百分比,該具化學式1 2之化合物佔該組成物之1. 0〜1. 9重 量百分比。 8.如申請專利範圍第7項所述之有機抗反射膜組成 物,其中R4為乙基或丙基,而為下列化學式5或6 : 化學式55142-3438-PF3.ptc 第22頁 1268937化學式6 Ha % OH ο 物,如申請專利範圍第7項所述之有機抗反射膜組成 1包括有一有機溶劑與一熱酸產生劑。 物,j ·如申請專利範圍第9項所述之有機抗反射膜組成 臭而2中該有機溶劑係選擇自3—曱氧基丙酸甲酯、3一乙氧 、、曰人仏 、丙一醇曱基醚醋酸、2 -庚酮、四氫呋喃及其 d物所組成之族群。 膜紐U ·如申請專利範圍第9項或第1 0項所述之有機抗反射 私舌成物’其中有機溶劑的使用量為化學式Η與12的化合 物重1的20 0 0至40 0 0 %(重量百分比)。 你,甘·★申明專利範圍第g項所述之有機抗反射膜組成5142-3438-PF3.ptc 及苴=入f酸產生劑係選擇自下列化學式7至1 〇之化合物 物所組成之族群中:第23頁 12689375142-3438-PF3.ptc 第24頁 f937案號 89118504 修正 六/申請專利範圍 f937案號 89118504 修正1 3 ·如申請專利範圍第9項或第丨2項所述之有機抗反射 膜組成物,其中熱酸產生劑的使用量為化學式1 1與丨2之化 合物總重量的0· 1至10 %間(重量百分比)。 14· 一種利用申請專利範圍第9項之有機抗反射膜組成 物以生成一抗反射膜圖形之方法,係包含下列步驟:、、 將有機抗反射膜組成物塗在欲蝕刻層上;/ ” 將塗上有機抗反射膜組成物之欲蝕刻屑煃 將有機抗反射膜上塗佈一層光阻祺,θ π钇, 下曝光以形成已曝光之光阻膜,以製成〜=光阻膜在光源 相繼餘刻有機抗反射層與以光阻圖=圖形;以及 欲蝕刻層。 也作為餘刻光罩之 1 5 ·如申請專利範圍第丨4項所述之方法, 二 ^ 步驟係在100 °C至2 5 0 °C間進行1至5分鐘。/ ,其中該烤乾 1 6 ·如申請專利範圍第丨4項所述之方法, 光步驟之前或之後的一烤乾步驟。 匕括在* 17.如申請專利範圍第16項所述之方法,苴 步驟在70 °C至20 0 °c間進行。 /、τ邊巧祀5142-3438-PF3.ptc 第25頁 1268937 案號8911奶Μ 日 修 六、|申請專利範圍 1 8 ·如申請專利範圍第1 4項或第1 6項所述之方法,其 中該曝光步驟之光源乃選擇自包括ArF、KrF與EUV之深紫 外光、電子束、X光、離子束及其混合所組成之族群。' 1 9 ·如申請專利範圍第1 4項或第丨6項所述之方法,其 中曝光步驟乃在光源能量範圍〇· 1—20毫焦耳/平方公分間 進行。 2 0 · —種半導體裝置,包括_抗反射膜圖形,該抗反 射膜圖形係利用如申請專利範圍第9項所述之有機抗反射 膜組成物所形成。第26頁
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KR101156973B1 (ko) * | 2005-03-02 | 2012-06-20 | 주식회사 동진쎄미켐 | 유기 반사방지막 형성용 유기 중합체 및 이를 포함하는 유기 조성물 |
CN101589070B (zh) * | 2007-01-17 | 2011-12-14 | 日本可乐丽医疗器材株式会社 | 组合物以及牙科用材料 |
KR100960464B1 (ko) * | 2007-08-09 | 2010-05-28 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 반사방지막용 중합체, 이를 포함하는 반사방지막 조성물 및이를 이용한 패턴 형성방법 |
US8455176B2 (en) * | 2008-11-12 | 2013-06-04 | Az Electronic Materials Usa Corp. | Coating composition |
CN101982477A (zh) * | 2010-09-25 | 2011-03-02 | 西北工业大学 | 一种同时改性两种硅烷偶联剂的苯丙乳液及其制备方法 |
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US3255156A (en) * | 1961-05-01 | 1966-06-07 | Du Pont | Process for polymerizing thiocarbonyl compounds |
US3919451A (en) * | 1973-07-09 | 1975-11-11 | Rohm & Haas | Method for finishing leather and leather substitutes |
DE3100077A1 (de) | 1981-01-03 | 1982-08-05 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Lichtempfindliches gemisch, das einen naphthochinondiazidsulfonsaeureester enthaelt, und verfahren zur herstellung des naphthochinondiazidsulfonsaeureesters |
US4822718A (en) | 1982-09-30 | 1989-04-18 | Brewer Science, Inc. | Light absorbing coating |
US5674648A (en) | 1984-08-06 | 1997-10-07 | Brewer Science, Inc. | Anti-reflective coating |
JP2740837B2 (ja) | 1987-01-30 | 1998-04-15 | コニカ株式会社 | 多色転写画像形成方法 |
CN1094604C (zh) * | 1993-12-27 | 2002-11-20 | 克拉瑞特金融(Bvi)有限公司 | 着色感光性树脂组合物 |
US5412041A (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 1995-05-02 | Rohm And Haas Company | Method for forming (meth)acrolein-containing polymers |
DE19500386A1 (de) * | 1995-01-09 | 1996-07-11 | Degussa | Verfahren zur Herstellung von seitenständige Aldehydgruppen tragenden Copolymeren |
US7147983B1 (en) * | 1996-10-07 | 2006-12-12 | Shipley Company, L.L.C. | Dyed photoresists and methods and articles of manufacture comprising same |
TW457403B (en) | 1998-07-03 | 2001-10-01 | Clariant Int Ltd | Composition for forming a radiation absorbing coating containing blocked isocyanate compound and anti-reflective coating formed therefrom |
US20020102483A1 (en) * | 1998-09-15 | 2002-08-01 | Timothy Adams | Antireflective coating compositions |
KR100400296B1 (ko) * | 1998-11-27 | 2004-03-20 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 신규의포토레지스트가교제및이를이용한포토레지스트조성물 |
KR100520670B1 (ko) * | 1999-05-06 | 2005-10-10 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 포토레지스트 패턴의 형성방법 |
KR100533379B1 (ko) * | 1999-09-07 | 2005-12-06 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 유기 난반사 방지막용 조성물과 이의 제조방법 |
-
1999
- 1999-09-07 KR KR10-1999-0037876A patent/KR100533379B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-09-06 GB GB0021863A patent/GB2354247B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-07 FR FR0011421A patent/FR2798129B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-07 US US09/657,069 patent/US6593446B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-07 CN CNB001317466A patent/CN1181109C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-07 JP JP2000271670A patent/JP4002057B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-08 TW TW089118504A patent/TWI268937B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB2354247B (en) | 2002-12-31 |
KR20010026523A (ko) | 2001-04-06 |
JP4002057B2 (ja) | 2007-10-31 |
JP2001092137A (ja) | 2001-04-06 |
GB2354247A (en) | 2001-03-21 |
CN1288902A (zh) | 2001-03-28 |
GB0021863D0 (en) | 2000-10-18 |
FR2798129A1 (fr) | 2001-03-09 |
US6593446B1 (en) | 2003-07-15 |
FR2798129B1 (fr) | 2003-01-31 |
KR100533379B1 (ko) | 2005-12-06 |
CN1181109C (zh) | 2004-12-22 |
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