TW537975B - Carbon composites with silicon based resin to inhibit oxidation - Google Patents

Carbon composites with silicon based resin to inhibit oxidation Download PDF

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Publication number
TW537975B
TW537975B TW090132603A TW90132603A TW537975B TW 537975 B TW537975 B TW 537975B TW 090132603 A TW090132603 A TW 090132603A TW 90132603 A TW90132603 A TW 90132603A TW 537975 B TW537975 B TW 537975B
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TW
Taiwan
Prior art keywords
substrate
thermal protection
fiber
carbon
protection system
Prior art date
Application number
TW090132603A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Henry Moody
Original Assignee
Albany Int Techniweave Inc
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    • C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/71Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
    • C04B35/78Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
    • C04B35/80Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
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    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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    • B32B5/02Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16LPIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • C04B2235/48Organic compounds becoming part of a ceramic after heat treatment, e.g. carbonising phenol resins
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    • Y10T442/659Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/66Additional nonwoven fabric is a spun-bonded fabric
    • Y10T442/662Needled
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/696Including strand or fiber material which is stated to have specific attributes [e.g., heat or fire resistance, chemical or solvent resistance, high absorption for aqueous compositions, water solubility, heat shrinkability, etc.]

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Description

537975
五、發明說明(1 ) 發明之技術領盛 本發明係有關於一種用於太空工業之熱防護材料 (TPM) ’特別是一種補強之碳複合材料,其在浸潰之前基 材密度可以改變,其係以一種以矽為主之燒蝕性樹脂浸 5 /M其被热成及製造以形成可裝設在一欲被tpm保護之結 構之外表面上之構造形態,並有關於製造該複合材料之方 發明之背景 太空飛行器在進入大氣層的期間,遭受到極度的熱 1〇條件。當該飛行器以極高之速度接觸大氣時,摩擦力將釋 出大量的熱能,而可將溫度提高至足以破壞其外殼之程 度浴人保護δ亥飛行以免受南溫及風切之破壞,飛行器之 外殼通常以熱防護材料(ΤΡΜ)覆蓋,其係作為絕熱層,並 且經過設計而能承受這些極度的熱條件。 反石反(C-C)複合物為已被使用於這種條件下且證明有 效之熱防護材料的一種。一特殊熱防護材料之成功,系統 在回熱下必須有足夠的機械強度,當分解時產生吸熱反 應,且其表面發射率高。 就最簡單的形式而言,碳-碳複合材料係藉由將碳纖 、准與一有機樹脂結合而製造,該有機樹脂通常為高碳產率 之環氧樹脂或酚樹脂,所得之碳纖維及樹脂基料經熟成而 達到三度空間之結構,如瓦片、條棒或其它物件。該基料 -、有一定之密度、空隙體積及一定程度之機械強度。 然後令碳纖維及樹脂基料受高熱處理,以將樹脂基料 4 五、發明說明(2) 分解成純碳,此種製程稱為焦化(charring)或碳化。焦化 製成可將樹脂塗層由有機樹脂轉變成覆蓋在碳纖維上之自 由碳,且以自由碳部份地填充基料之空隙空間。可令熱防 護材料進行數個焦化循環,此種製程稱為強化 5 (densification)。強化之結果係生成一較硬質的基材,空 隙體積較小。該基材之焦化表面有高溫結構力,此乃希望 得到的性質。 習用碳-碳複合物之製造方式係為生產出一種具有最 小穿孔率之高填充及硬化結構。強化碳_碳材料之方式很 10多,包括用石油瀝青滲透(^filtration)、以酚或其它有機 樹脂浸潰、或用低分子量烴類如甲烷來進行碳蒸氣滲透 (CVI)。用於強化之任何基材應有高的碳焦產率。重覆之 浸潰與碳化循環是必須的,以先將材料與碳材料稠和,然 後再將它們加熱至一足夠高的溫度(大致高於500它卜以 15將滲透液焦化並且產生穿孔做進一步之強化循環。一種具 有5°/°穿孔率之碳-碳複合物之典型的密度範圍約1.6至18 克/亳升,視滲透液及複合物中所用之碳纖維而定。 然而,當碳-碳複合物熱防護材料使用於長時間、言 )度高之超音速大氣層飛行器時,其展現出某些會嚴重限: 2〇任務達成之性質。這些材料主要的限制在於,其在極度熱 的條件下會發生氧化。這些熱防護材料在長時間處於5 層中發生之氧化會導致該航空飛行器之外殼發生大幅的: 狀變化。對飛行器之機械強度及氣體動力學有不良影響: 形狀變化是不能被接受的。欲彌補會導致形狀改變械 五、發明說明(3) 或結構完整性之減弱,通常會將該材料的厚度增加。但是, 增加厚度卻增口了飛行器之重量及體積,因而降低乘載空 間並且增加成本,此乃不能被接受的。 雖然碳-碳型之熱防護材料由於具有優越的高溫結構 性質而成為太空應用上之適當選擇,惟,因氧化造成之形 狀改變仍是一個問題。欲解決此問題,大量的人力投入於 研究碳·碳複合物之抗氧化之塗層,然而,成效卻很有限。 這類塗層發展至今,仍限制在某個溫度範圍,此溫度範圍 大致低於進入大氣層會經歷之溫度,或低於其它高溫應用 中之溫度。此外,當考慮用於碳·碳複合物熱防護材料之 塗層時,塗層之成本及耐久性乃重要的議題(耐久性包括 處理、、、田议缝隙、針孔之存在、顆粒撞擊及從地面處理損壞 等)。 、、 燒蝕技術利用各種機制來處理在大氣層中釋放之大量 的熱能。其中三種為樹脂之汽化及分解(裂解)以及其後在 邊界層之蒸發冷卻。這些過程都會吸熱。產生大量的氣體 疋以燒蝕為主之系統吸收熱的一個方法。亦可增加氣體之 產生,利用以一種有機材料滲透碳_碳基材,該有機材料 係經過特別設計以當系統曝露於高熱負載下進行汽化及裂 解。用於這些被動蒸發系統之材料,亦即冷卻劑,包括例 如聚乙烯或環氧樹脂、丙烯樹脂或酚樹脂等材料。 在此一系統下,在此材料中產生一個裂解區,樹脂及 任何存在之補充冷卻劑在該區被加熱至有機材料分解之溫 度。效果為熱之吸收及額外碳之生成,碳可保留在該裂 五、發明說明(4) (^中。及/或沈積在碳纖維上及基材之空隙空間中。然後, 碳:碳燒姓材最終重量及吸熱之能力係直接相關於在進入 大氣層之4碳-碳複合物中可用之樹脂之量。 由於碳基材之折射性質,在碳_碳燒飯材之表面再度 產生ί、、輻射此外,在碳-碳燒蝕材中,裂解區中產生之 氣體係在相對於表面條件相當低之溫度下釋放至表面。此 效果’即裂解氣體蒸發,提供熱防護材料表面之冷卻。在 :所敘述之被動蒸發之缺點包括材料之總密度高及内屋 南’此乃由於在材料中突然產生氣體。 針對此點,碳-碳基材之結構對於燒蝕材之整體效率 是重要的。空隙體積可以樹脂或其它冷卻劑填充,以使原 料知·以產生氣體。此外’建構基材之方法可容許較佳之蒸 發途徑,以供氣體之釋出。在短時間内產生Α量氣體之系' 統亦會產生高内壓。此壓力造成基材之内部龜裂(細微裂 缝)以及表面剝^。這些效應均會對系統之機械強度造成 破壞’並會造成系統故障。因此,改良之蒸發途徑亦能保 護系統以免受至此内壓之效應。 科斯帝科夫(Kostikov)等人的美國專利第5,635,3〇〇號 敘述了碳-碳或陶瓷燒蝕土技術之一項進步,其乃藉由將 以矽為主之樹脂引入碳-碳基材中。當分解時,以及隨後 S表面曝露於非常兩之溫度時,該以矽為主之樹脂與碳基 材反應而在該等經歷高溫條件之纖維上形成碳化矽(sic) 之塗層。碳化矽之形成比碳更具抗氧化性,因此藉由在極 高溫之區域形成碳化矽骨架可用來強化碳基材。當表面處 537975 五、發明說明(5) 雨溫及風切之狀態延長,而造成碳化矽流失時,新曝露出 之碳基材會進一步進行反應以形成新的碳化矽,藉此再生 保護性骨架。 在燒姓材内部形成於;s炭基材纖維上之碳化石夕層,其熱 5膨脹係數(CTE)不同於碳。結果,使得當系統遭受温度變 化時,碳基材中之碳化矽層即會形成細微裂縫。這些裂縫 形成了空氣進入之通道,造成碳基材之氧化,結果減弱了 燒蝕材之強度及完整性。 在科斯帝科夫(Kostikov)等人的專利中,藉由製備一 10種由碳纖維與一熱固性樹脂黏合劑構成之碳塑膠預製物, 再將其熱處理以形成一由碳纖維補強之煤焦基料,藉此製 U —種灰-灰化石夕基材。利用以裂解性碳進行滲透,並且 在1900至2000 C下熱處理該預製物來強化該煤焦基料。依 據該專利之發明,在碳沈積於基料上時即形成了孔隙通 15道。強化之步驟係在以矽處理而在該複合物之扎隙空間中 形成碳化矽骨架之後。碳纖維可為一種編織之布料或編織 之基材之形式。 全恩(Tran)等人之美國專利第5,672,3㈣號揭露一種低 袷度之陶瓷燒蝕材,其使用一種纖維性之陶瓷基材,該基 2〇材在以樹脂基料浸潰之前之密度約為0.15至0.2克/毫 升。在全恩(T·)等人的專利中,碳纖維係涵蓋在,,陶究,, -$的定義中° m料係浸潰於一種低黏度溶液中,該 溶液係將有機樹脂溶於-溶劑中。將多餘的渗透液移除, 然後在真空下去除溶劑,而得到樹脂·塗覆之纖維,以及 537975
五、發明說明(〇 一平均密度介於0·15至〇·4克/毫升之基材 。全恩(Tran)等 人揭露了,所得之燒蝕材可能具有平均或不平均分布之樹 月曰在陶变纖維上。不平均分布之優點在於可在外表面達到 必要的io蝕私度,而在不會經歷極度高溫之内表面則重量 5 輕〇 此外,表面在氧化條件下,矽與大氣中之氧反應而形 成二氧化石夕(Si〇2)塗層,其外觀如同一玻璃層在燒钱材之 外表面。此二氧化矽與自由碳及自由碳化矽之混合物之表 面發射率雨,利用從碳基材表面之傳遞與再輻射,可改良 10該材料自其表面輻射熱之能力。 高加得(G〇ujard)等人之美國專利第5,965,266號揭露 種石反-¼化矽(C-SiC)複合熱防護材料(TPM),其具有一 種自身復原機制供碳-碳化石夕&料進行原位修復。將該基 料加熱處理以形成碳化矽及碳化硼(BC)在碳_碳化矽基料 15上。碳化矽層可改良系統之機械強度。但是,由於熱膨脹 係數(CTE)之差異,當該基料在進入大氣層期間經歷溫度 之變化,會使基質產生破壞性之龜裂。這些龜裂形成了供 空氣進入之路徑,造成了碳-碳化矽基料之氧化,因此造 成熱防護材料結構之機械強度減弱。 2〇 高加得(G〇ujard)等人之發明提供了可用之自由矽及 硼,當作玻璃前身(precursor),其與露出之碳在大氣層之 鬲溫及氧化條件下反應。此玻璃前身在裂縫中形成一自動 復原之玻璃層,封閉了基材内部氧化之通道。 除了 一燒蝕系統之強度及密度,材料設置在太空外殼 9 537975 五、發明說明(7 上之方式,以及與額外隔離層之結合,亦決定了熱防護材 料之成功與否。舒瓦茲(Schwartz)之美國專利第3,152,548 號揭路了-種系統,將一系列之螺旋狀線圈附著在太空外 殼上,陶兗熱防護材料係設於金屬線圈上,如此在太空外 殼與陶竞熱防護材料之間形成一空間。將此空間填入-柔 軟之絕熱材料,藉此對太空外殼提供額外之絕熱保護。該 專利揭露了使用螺旋線圈來抵補金屬太空外殼與陶变隔離 材料之熱膨脹係數之差異。 發明之概要 10 15 本毛月之I要之目的係提供—種熱防護材料 (TPM),係一種碳-碳(c_c)燒钱材,其成本相當低、且 有低松度、高機械強度,且其提供高度之保護以防氧化。 本發明亦使熱防護材料以下列之方式製造,即強度、重旦 及熱吸收之變因可隨熱防護材料(TPM)之厚度或又長戶= =使這些變因在最低可能之成本下達到最佳之平:。 本务明之燒㈣亦提供—種具有通道之結構 產生之氣體具有改良之蒸發率。本 -使侍 括建構之方法,使得C_c燒純熱防護材料有材亦包 構形,使得絕熱材料可併 ’的有用的 !0殼之間。 ’、'、防4材枓與飛行器太空外 本發明之碳-碳基材是_種三度空間之 編織或非編織者。纖维之密度隨著 :可為 加,因而增加基材在該方向上叫q度而增 變編織方法相用之㈣ 纖維密度可藉由改 用之布科之類型(亦即,編織、非編織或 10 五、發明說明(8) 編結之布料)。此外,本發明可包括布料之針線結合,其 可乓加纖維在結構之厚度方向(z方向)之連結。針線結合 ':用來增加Z方向上之穿孔率,因而提供改良之路徑,以 提供在高溫條件下,例如在進入大氣層期間,產生之燒钱 5氣體蒸發之路徑。亦可使用可製造三度空間結構之改良之 2織方法,以改變z方向上之纖維密度,及增加燒蚀材之 蒸發速率。 “ 士本發明之碳-碳燒蝕材係浸潰於—具有高碳產率之有 機树月β中’且將所得之基料熟成。令所產生之塗覆基材進 0行-或多個焦化循環以強化該基材。在焦化循環之後,將 系統用一種以碳為主之燒蝕性樹脂處理並加以熟成。 同含括於本發明中係一種以石夕為主之燒钱性樹脂之 使用。以矽為主之樹脂可在複合材料之表面下得到,且當 其加熱時,會流至表面上而與碳反應生成碳化石夕。如此田 5雖然燒餘性樹脂用作為系統之冷卻劑,在燒蚀材中高溫下 7行山之化學反應亦藉由生成_抗氧化之碳切塗覆層而對 碳-碳基材提供機械強度。 在進入大氣層期間,高溫即足以氧化碳基材。這造成 燒餘材表面之下凹,結果造成機械強度減弱,結果,改變 )了飛行器表面之形狀。這些形狀之改變可能對飛行器之氣 體動力學有不良的影響,此乃不能被接受的。系統在進入 大氣體期間之高溫,造成了石夕與基材中之碳反應而生成了 碳化石夕叫然後’在大氣層期間,煤焦層之一部份被 乳化。此時,碳被碳化石夕所取代,碳化石夕提供了抵抗氧化 537975 5 10 15 10 五、發明說明(9) 之保護性塗層。再者,當燒蝕材之表面發生下凹時,裸露 之碳基材進一步與碳反應以在接觸區域形成一層碳化矽 層。 此外,在南溫下,由樹脂裂解產生之氣體中的矽與在 燒蝕材表面之大氣中的氧反應而生成二氧化矽(si02),以 及自由碳與碳化矽之混合物。此混合物可能是具高度傳導 性的。藉由進一步的氧化,Si02之濃度在表面處增加,而 對表面碳及碳化矽提供氧化之防護。 本發明之另一方面在於碳化矽之形成係直到系統遭到 大氣層之高溫時才發生。此在原位生成碳化石夕基料之特徵 可避免細微裂縫之破壞性效果,細微裂縫係在當碳-碳基 材與碳化矽基料遭受到高的溫度變化及/或機械應力。 已開發出-種獨特之方法以一種原位方法形成低成本 之碳-碳複合物,以提供耐久之氧化防護。此不僅是一種 低成本之方法,亦是供較迄今乃使用之習用碳-碳複合物 相較為改良之燒#方法。_種低密度之碳_碳(1.3至15克 /笔升)被使用。這造成顯著成本節省,因為需要較少的 強化循環。利用-種樹脂轉移模製方法(RTM),將此材料 以一種以矽為主之燒蝕性樹脂(例如RTV,由General Electric Corp.製造)強化。 该RTM方法包括··在一封閉之模具中清除空氣試樣, 以RTV將試樣塵力浸潰以填充基材中可用之孔洞。由於在 本务明中’ RTV材料需儲存在基材中以供大氣加熱期間提 供保護,此儲存空間係由增加之空洞體積提供。再者,碳 12 五、發明說明(10) =基材可被設計及製造成使此儲存體積及分布係可預測 …=τν:量是重要的’因為太多的RTV會在曝露於 的内部心。而RTV的量不足時,會造成 ⑦蝕材在大氣中飛行時保護功效減弱。 10 本發明之其它實施例包括包括_種碳.碳基材,盆係 错由—種三度空間編織法製成,稱為多層互鎖編織法。此 編織法可㈣來製造-種三度空間之碳纖維基材,盆在一 方向上具有所要的纖維密度梯度。m間之編織物件 在Z方向上強度強,且免除了二度空間織物所經歷之問題, 即在組成物各層間之完整性及連接強度較差。 多層互鎖編織法為一種可形成三纟空間形式之互連三 度空間織物之技術。此技術可得到一種3D結構,其在z方 向上纖維密度會改變。所得之31)基材在2方向上之強度增 加而改良了在z方向上之氣體蒸發路徑。所得之基材可 5藉針線缝合以提供更多之連結及蒸發路徑。多層互鎖編織 法敛述於在布魯斯丹(Brookstein,D) 一篇名為”3d編織複 合物,設計及應用(3-D Braided Comp〇site,Design and
Applications),,的文章中(1993年9月在阿巴尼國際研究公 司’第六屆歐洲複合材料會議)(Albany Internati〇nal 〇 Reserch Co.5 Sixth Europen Conference on Composite Materials,September,1993),其揭露内容併於本案中做為 蒼考資料。 本發明額外之優點,在習知技術中任何組成物均無法 達成者,在於不僅能控制基材之密度相對於強度,亦能控 13 五、發明說明(11) 制所得之可供裂解因而可做為冷卻劑之燒蝕樹脂之量。本 發明在熱防護材料之厚度方向上之密度及空隙體積可改 變。具有較大空隙體積之區域含有較多量之可供進入大氣 層期間燒蝕之RTV。因此,TPM之冷卻容量隨著碳-碳基 材之密度不同而不同。外層可能含有較高量的冷卻劑,而 内層展現較高之機械強度。 欲提高符合上述多孔性及出氣(outgassing)限制之材 料系統,現有數種製造之技術為適當的選擇。這些包括開 放式編織結構,因為編織過程中產生之環圈提供了天然的 夕孔f生囊衣’供RTV之儲存。另一種概念為一種編織結構, 其在相鄰之線紗間具有故意保留之空間,以產生供RTV儲 存所需之空間。另一種概念為一種利用加卡得卩⑽叫打幻 H哉機所製之多層編織構造。在此種構造中之編織結構 很容易«以提供用於RTV儲存之空間。另一種提供最低 成本之遥擇的概念為非織性預製物。此種預製物可在製造 時在一種層狀之構造中形成預定之位向。此外,此概念與 上述之其它概念均可進—步加以針線處理以提供更高之結 構完整性。 有泎夕種方式可供該構造產生出氣之路徑。一種為在 強化處理之前用針線缝綴該預製物。此方法刺穿編 織之預製物之表面,形成一規則或修剪之圖樣或格子。此 種用針線處理之方法使得一定比例之纖維沿著針線穿經之 方向而被刺穿’因而產生一種穿經厚度之纖維元件。這不 僅產生可供氣體釋出該元件之路徑,且增加之穿經厚度之 537975 五、發明說明(!2 5 10 15 10 補強則提高了層與層之間之機械性質。 另一種用以提供經過厚度方向之氣體路徑之機構為 τ-形成。“T-形成”為一種使纖維直接插入預製物之 方法。“τ-形成,,係揭露於美國專利第6,1〇3,337號,其係 口襄渡、、、e Albany International Corp·,Techniweave Division, 標題為 造方法(Fiber Reinforced Structures and Meth〇d 〇fMaking 〜㈣),其揭露内容併於 本案做為參考資料。藉由該方法,可控制、、丁_形成之貫 穿間隔深度及方向。亦可選用、'厂形成夕方法來將外層保 護層以機械方式黏附至支持件,以產生三度空間之結構元 件。 利用T-形成'’方法’上述之材料概念可修改以符合 特定之應用需求。TPM可被製造成在結構上能夠耐受在大 氣層中及調遣時因熱所誘發之結構負荷以及氣動負荷。可 設計該材❹統使其有效地轉移該等負荷,而不做為太* 外殼之熱通道。 I 本發明之另一改良包括一種用以將絕緣材料附著於择 姓材與飛行器外殼之間之改良方法。該由碳纖維製成之= 银材y被形成為多種有利的構形。這些結構特徵可為、、= 瓜成之肋及強動部、碳.碳蜂巢、一體編織之肋部、皺 折狀之碳.碳,及其它有利的H藉由絲該敞折 τ'结合或類似構形之燒钱材所產生之空間中係填充2埶 材料,以對系統增添額外之熱防護 、、’巴… 本毛明之另—實施例為製造一種碳纖維捲帶材料, 其 15 五、發明說明(13) 含夕之尺丁V,反》貝於布料之表面。之後可將此材料利用 熱及壓力層壓以形成一種在結構上由纖雉補強之元件,且 其原本含有矽保護設計。此為一種不需碳_碳處理之方法。 星立之簡要說明 關於本發明之目的及優點由以下之說明並參考圖式可 獲得瞭解,圖式中·· 第1圖為一種由層壓在一起之數層編織層構成之碳纖 維結構之剖面圖; 第2圖為一種由數層碳纖維棉胎及數層編織之碳纖維 布料構成之結構之剖面圖,該等層係層壓在一起; 第固為第2圖之結構之剖面圖,其經針線縫綴以增加 各層在厚度方向上之連結; 第4圖為針線缝綴之方法及其功效之示意圖; 第圖所示為一種二度空間碳纖維,其中顯示纖維間 之空隙空間; 第6圖為樹脂轉移模製(RTM)法之示意圖; 第7圖為數種可能之T-形成法之示意圖; 第8圖係描繪T-形成法及RTM法之結合; ^弗9圖為本發明之一實施例之立體圖,其顯示一種構 形,忒構形結合了碳一碳燒蝕材與絕熱材料;及 第W圖為數種可能之TPM與絕熱層之結合構形。 密度有變化之基材 現在請參考圖式,第1圖顯示—種編織之纖維基材’ 537975 10 15 >0 五、發明說明(14 其係由數層編織布料組成,該等編織布料層壓在一起以形 成-種結構。該結構之布料層2a、b、α2η之密度不同, 且密度從2ann而增加。藉由改變編織之型式、編織之緊 度等等,可改變各別層2之密度。其功效為結構之整體密 度沿著β向增加。所得之組成物為一種由編織纖維構成 之三度空間之物件,其具有沿^向之密度梯度。可用來 製造本發明之基材之纖維的類型包括碳、ρΑΝ、石墨、碳 化矽或陶瓷纖維。 在第1圖之編織基材之外表面處(亦即,2&層,卜〇), 該結構具有一相當低的密度及一相當高的空隙體積,表示 每單位面積有較少之纖維,相對於整個結構。另外,第^ 圖之基材之内表面(亦即,2η層,t=t,)具有一較高之相對 密度及一較低之空隙體積,表示每單位面積具較多的纖 維,相對於整個結構。此組成物之功效在於,内層,包括 2n-l及2n層,具有較高之強度,使得當系統被加熱至高溫 時’系統將能維持其形狀及機械完整性。同時,外層,包 括2a、b、c層具有大量的空隙空間,其中填充有矽燒蝕樹 脂(例如來自於General Electric Corp.之RTV樹脂),其藉由 氣化、裂解、表面氣體鼓動等燒蝕過程而造成熱吸收。此 燒蝕過程因此集中在TPM之外層。適當之樹脂包括RTV_ 11、12、13 或 615,其等均來自於General Electric Corp., 但不限於上述這些。 除了具有大的空間以包括大體積之燒蝕性樹脂,外層 亦提供改良之蒸發途徑,其可供產生之大量氣體逸出。大 17 五、發明說明(l5) 里之瘵發氣體在TPM表面提供較高之熱吸收能力,而降低 釋出之氣體之内壓,使機械應力及對TPM基材之損害減至 最低。 第2圖及第3圖描繪本發明之另一種結構。第2圖顯示 一種結合之編織與非編織纖維基材,其係由數層布料層層 壓在一起而形成一種結構。該結構之布料層2a、b、。至n 有不同的禮度,且由2 a層往2η層而增加。外層,包括2a、 b、c層,係由一種具有相當低之密度及相當高之空隙體積 之非編織性纖維棉胎材料構成。内層,包括一直到2n層的 各層以及2n層,具有相對較高之密度及較低之空隙體積。 如同第1圖之上述實施例,内層係經設計來維持強度,而 外層係设計來執行燒蝕性熱防護材料中固有之熱吸收功 能0 第3圖描繪第2圖之纖維基材,其己藉針線縫綴而進 步處理1紡紗纖維棉胎層、外層(2a、b、e層)用針線缝 綴在一起並與基材内部之編織纖維布料層(2n-l、2n層)縫 合在一起。針線縫綴對於TPM有兩個有利的功效。首先, 一層之纖維再定向為切面之方向,即z方向,因而增加_ ,構在切面方向上之強度。此在切面上增加之強度物 嚴苛之溫度與風切條件下,例如在進人大氣層期間,⑽ 護材料之完整性能加以改良。其次,針線_可增加㈣ 在z方向上之穿孔率,此乃有利於燒蝕過程之特徵,因# 這有助於蒸發及釋出齡材在進人大氣層期間所產生之孝 體0 537975
五、發明說明(16) 第圖柄述針線縫綴處理如何藉由驅使個別纖維穿過 布層料之平面間,而增加各層之互相連結。針6位於針板12 中,針板12含有許多個別的針。由於各層,包括基材,係 通過剝離板16及床板14,針係被推動通過各層。針之尖部 5抓住各個纖維並迫使其沿剖面方向,即z方向,行進,因 而將纖維再定向為剖面方向。當針被抽回時,纖維被留在 z方向,而在布料中有一個大約相#於針之大小的穿孔亦 維持在該方向。 牙針之功效,如前所述,係為了增加層壓層在z方向 3上之強度,亦即,在各層之間,因此使該三度空間之基材 具有更南之完整性。j:匕外,戶斤i生之孔變成在冗方向上釋 放氣體之路徑。這提高了熱防護材料燒蝕過程之功效。 第5圖為與第1圖所描繪者相似之碳纖維基材,並且顯 示編織之纖維2,其在平面(x&y)方向上延伸。孔洞空間* 》以較明壳之區域顯不出來。基材中之孔洞空間之相對大小 乃相當於空隙體積之量,其可藉由測量基材中能夠包含之 燒蝕性樹脂之量而測得。基材中所含的樹脂的量愈多,樹 脂能產生之氣體則愈多,因而對燒蝕材提供較佳之冷卻效 果。 當TPM之溫度升高之高於汽化與裂解發生之溫度時, 包含在基材中之樹脂會汽化並且產生内壓,此内壓必須被 釋放。為了緩解此種具破壞性的内壓,蒸發之通道是必須 的。而且,氣體必須被均勻地釋放至表面,使得氣體之冷 卻效果均句地分布於整個表面。因此,存在於基材中之釋
五、發明說明(l7) 放氣體之通道乃是本發明之重要的部份,此通道可藉穿針 之功效而更加改善。 本發明之另一實施例係要製造一種碳布料捲布材料, 其具有含石夕之RTV浸潰至布料表面。然後用熱與壓力將此 材料層壓以形成一種構造上纖維補強之元件,且其原本具 有石夕保護之設計。此為一種不需碳_碳處理(即焦化及強化) 之方法。 另一實施例係利用一種三度空間之編織技術製得,即 多層互鎖編織法。此方法之優點在於纖維不僅定向於二度 10空間編織之平面X、y方向,且亦在第三個2方向定向,使 得結構在Z方向有更高的互連及機械強度。藉此方法,空 隙體積之密度之變化可在基材厚度⑴方向上達到類似於 上述弟1圖之實施例所描緣者。 雖然多層互鎖編織技術產生一種在2方向上有改良之 15強度及完整性之結構,其亦提供了更均勻流動通路,供釋 放及蒸發在進入大氣層期間燒蝕過程中所產生之氣體。釋 放氣體能力之改良為本發明此三度空間編織之實施例之優 …占藉由在z方向上穿針縫綴該結構,可更提高該結構釋 放蒸發氣體之能力。針對此點,該結構亦可為經過穿針縫 0 綴者。 基材之浸溃、破化及強化 依據本發明較佳之實施例,依上述製備碳纖維基材並 且以具有兩碳產率及低的灰質之酚樹脂或環氧樹脂之溶液 /叉/貝。所用之浸潰方法即是樹脂轉移模製法(RTM)。 537975 五、發明說明(u) 有數種樹脂之製備品可用於製造碳-碳複合物。其共 同處為皆有高的礙產率。這些包括了孟山都⑽⑽⑽⑻化 學公司所製造之S c i 〇嶋樹脂。此外,參考美國專利第 5,536,562號,有來自於陶氏(D〇w)化學公司之以環氧㈣ 5 清漆為主之材料。 此方法,描述於第6圖,包括:取一原始或部份強化 之碳-碳基材,將其置於一 RTM工具(或模具)。中,用真 空泵浦24將空氣系統抽空。將一樹脂製備品,如上述之 SC1008或齡搭清漆,置於—饋料容器2()中。某些特定之 10樹脂可能需要溶劑,例如曱苯,以達到所需之黏度。 然後將饋料容器20之壓力提高至55psi(+/_ ”㈣,藉 此以樹脂壓力浸潰該碳_碳基材,使得樹脂完全滲透基^ 之有空隙空間。維持壓力至超過樹脂工作之時間。 在浸潰之後,將多餘之樹脂溶液排出。依據製造薇商 15對特定樹脂之建議,在週圍環境下或在溫和之溫度下完成 熱成。然後、將該部份自模具22移除,並可在15〇。〇下戋在 室溫下進一步熟成一段合理之時間。 當溶劑移除及熟成時,基材之碳纖維上留有一均勻之 樹脂塗層。樹脂塗層在整個碳纖維基材上形成一種碳/樹 20 脂基料。 然後將基材在高於500°C之溫度加熱處理2至24小時, 此時間足以將樹脂基料分解成純碳。此焦化製程產生一種 硬化之碳纖維基材,其係以碳基料補強。所得之材料即為 碳-碳(C-C)基材。可重覆焦化循環以使碳_碳基材之平均 537975
五、發明說明(l9) 密度在1·1至1.5克/毫升。但是,在最後以以1^/浸潰之前, 基材在内層之密度大於外層之密度。 硬化之碳-碳基材之特徵在於具有較高之強度及密 度,相較於未焦化之碳纖維基材。可重覆焦化循環以達到 5所要之強度、密度及空隙特徵。除了強度之外,層部之焦 石厌層為一種絕熱材料之高耐火性表面特性。較佳實施例在 以RTV浸潰之前使用兩個焦化循環。 在焦化之後,利用RTM方法將碳·碳基材用以矽為主 之燒蝕性樹脂浸潰。燒蝕性樹脂含有矽為其主要成份之 10 一。利用RTM方法浸潰燒蝕性樹脂,將多餘之樹脂排出, 將浸潰之基材熟成以形成一樹脂基料,其填充碳·碳基材 之空隙空間達99%。適合使用之以碳為主之燒蝕性樹脂包 括數種來自於通用電子公司(General Electric)及或其它製 造廠商之RTV型樹脂。在選擇另一以碳為主之燒蝕性樹脂 15 時,碎較佳地應非二氧化;ε夕之形式。 RTV樹脂可包括RTV-U、12、31及615,皆來自於通 用電子公司(General Electric C〇rp_)。這些樹脂之黏度為 1,500至25,00〇cps。使用較高黏度之RTV樹脂時,可能需 要以甲苯稀釋以將黏度降低至RTM方法可以有效運作之 20程度。熟成之時間在2小時至7日之間;熟成之溫度從室溫 至150°C。這些樹脂之密度範圍從1〇〇克/毫升至142克 /毫升。 本發明之另一實施例在使用以矽為主2RTV樹脂浸潰 之前並不使用預先之樹脂浸潰及焦化循環。取而代之的 22
五、發明說明(20) 疋,將妷纖維基材藉RTM法以矽燒蝕性樹脂浸潰並且熟 成’產生-種藉著石夕燒餘材之使用及熟成而硬化之碳纖維 基材。但疋,在所有的實施例中,RTV樹脂係經過熟成而 5未…、化,使彳于在曝露至大氣層之高熱負載之前沒有碳化矽 或一氧化秒之生成。 T-形成技術及絕熱層之裝設 本發明之碳-碳燒蝕材可被用來製造新的、有用的結 構形恶。本發明之重量輕、強韌之防護性複合物可以製造 成-種構形,使提供_種改良之方法以將絕熱層結 10 TPM之背面。 15 、第7 BU田缘四種形成之方法,其可被用來做成不同 的構形。在各個騎說明巾,個別頓維純插人基材% 之橫跨纖維之表面,且進人支持件28之狹窄邊緣。結果得 到未浸潰之碳複合物預製物32,其可為τ-結合32之形 狀’ I-柱38或鈹折之預製物36。厂形成之結果係產生一補 :之預製物結構,其中補強之纖維26係以樹脂浸潰,並且 二成取終硬化結構之_部份。此外,纖維%之插入製造了 可釋放及蒸發独過程中產生之氣體的通道。 ^ 〜衣k J知王奶丄r Μ生產之不同| t盖ΓΓ、在1始之浸潰與焦化之前,可將兩個碳纖, …。口成為-種T_形之構形。結果產生一種均勻硬化 …、化之結構。 弟8圖顯示τ 織及/或非編織 -形成法,與RTM浸潰法結合。藉由將編 之纖維布料層進行層壓(或以313方式編織 20 五、發明說明(21 ) 一纖維基材)以產生兩個組成部份--主基材30及一支持 件28。支持件28係置於RTM工具22中,且主元件30位在 支持件28之上。主元件30與支持件28之間之連結係藉由使 甩一縫紉工具36插入類似於基材之單種材料纖維26。縫針 係沿著平行於支持件28中之纖維的方向而插入。如第7圖 所示,缝針26亦可朝與支持件成一角度之方向。 在兩元件28、30以單種纖維26連結之後,RTM工具22 密封,並且對系統抽真空以抽空其空氣。然後將樹脂溶液 自樹脂貯槽20在壓力下(約55psi,+/- 15psi)饋入RTM工具 中。 第9圖顯示較佳之實施例,當碳-碳複合材與形成技 術結合以製造結合有絕緣層與具有彎角之支持件之ΤρΜ結 構’然後將該ΤΡΜ結構附著在飛行器之太空外殼上。 本發明之較佳實施例運用了 Τ-形成技術來結合一系列 大致直角之支持件38,使得彎角處係靠在τρμ3〇之背面, 形成了兩個自ΤΡΜ之背面以相對於該背面呈45度角之角度 凸出至太空外殼之表面之支持件。支持件係類似於皺折結 構之方式重覆,使得兩相鄰之支持件在太空外殼上相遇之 點形成一個面對ΤΡΜ背面且大致直角的角度。絕熱材料係 附著在ΤΡΜ的背面及附著在支持件上以對飛行器提供額外 的熱防護。 其它貫施例顯示於第1〇圖,其中支持件28係附著至太 空外殼40上,且其下方產生之空間係以絕熱材料%填充。 絕熱材料可為下列材料··南方研究機構(s〇uthernResea 537975 五、發明說明(η)
InSt.)之氣凝膠(Aerogel);纖維材料公司(Fiber Materials,
InC.)之纖維發泡體(Fiberfoam);或此技中已知之其它適當 之絕熱材料。 本务明之碳-碳複合材料提供了以相較此技中可獲得 5之其它碳-碳燒蝕材更低之重量及成本,提高了更高的強 度及抗氧化性。本發明之特徵包括可改變之密度及強度, 以及牦加之空隙體積及空間,以包含燒蝕性樹脂,以及較 佳之釋放燒餘性樹脂在大氣層期間產生之氣體的能力。此 外,此系統具有碳-碳與矽燒蝕系統之強化、保護及修護 10機制之優點,而能降低高熱及氧化產生之破壞性功效。 本文中雖揭露及敘述了較佳之實施例,本發明之範圍 並不受限於料實關,而應決定於後附之申請專利範 圍。 15 20 537975 五、發明說明(23) 元件編號對照表: 2a、2b、2c〜2n......布料層 6……針 12......針板 5 16……剝離板 14......床板 2……纖維 4……孔洞空間 22……RTM工具、模具 10 24……真空泵浦 20……饋料容器、樹脂貯槽 28……支持件 32……預製物、T-結合 3 8...... I柱、支持件 15 36……預製物 26……纖維、缝針 30……主基材、主元件、熱防護材料(TPM) 36......缝初工具 34……絕熱材料 20 40……太空外殼 26

Claims (1)

  1. •-種熱防護系統,用以保護一受到高的熱負載之表面, 其包含: 側,其中該外 側係面對該表 該纖維密度沿 其中該纖維係 其中該纖維基 其中該纖維基 其中該纖維基 其中該纖維基 其中該纖維基 一纖維基材,具有一外側及一相反之内 側朝向运離該表面之方向,且其中該内 面;其中該基材具有不同的纖維密度, 著從外側向内側之方向增加。 2·依據申請專利範圍第丨項之熱防護系統,
    由碳、石墨、碳化矽或陶瓷製成。 3_依據申請專利範圍第1項之熱防護系統, 10 材係由多層編織布構成。 4·依據申請專利範圍第1項之熱防護系統, 材係由多層不織布構成。 5·依據申請專利範圍第丨項之熱防護系統, 材係由多層編織布與不織布之組合構成。 15 6·依據申請專利範圍第1項之熱防護系統,
    材係由三度空間編織法形成。 7·依據申請專利範圍第丨項之熱防護系統, 材係層壓在一起。 8.依據申請專利範圍第丨、2、3、4、5、6或7項之熱防護 20 系統,其中該纖維基材在一垂直方向上以針縫綴,該 方向係從外側向内側或從内侧向外側。 9·依據申請專利範圍第8項之熱防護系統,其中該纖維基 材具有一内側及一與内側相反之外側,該纖維基材係 與一由纖維構成之支持件結合,其中該支持件具有一
    537975 六、申請專利範圍 第一側邊及一與第一側邊相反之第二侧邊,其中該支 持件之纖維係朝向一平行於第一側邊與第二側邊之方 向’其中該支持件頂靠著基材之内侧,且支持件之第 一與第二側邊與基材呈〇至180。之角度,該支持件藉 5 由插入個別補強纖維而與基材結合,該補強纖維先被 穿過基材之外側,然後從内側穿出基材,再插入支持 件中。 10.依據申請專利範圍第8項之熱防護系統,其中該基材 係以一種具有高的碳產率之有機樹脂浸潰,並焦化至 10 少一次以完成將樹脂轉化成碳。 U·依據申請專利範圍第9項之熱防護系統,其中該基材 係以一種具有高的碳產率之有機樹脂浸潰,並焦化至 少一次以完成將樹脂轉化成碳。 15 A依據申請專利範圍第10項之熱防護系統,其中該焦化 15 之基材係、以一種以石夕為主之燒钱性樹脂浸潰並且加以 熟成。 13·依據中請專利範圍第u項之熱防護系統,其中該焦化 之基材係以-種以石夕為主之燒钱性樹脂浸潰並且加以 熟成。 W 14.依據申請專利範圍第12項之熱防護系統,其中該樹脂 為一種RTV型樹脂。 15. 依據申請專利範圍第13項之熱防護系統,其中該樹脂 為一種RTV型樹脂。 受到高的熱負載之表 16. 一種熱防護系統,用以保護一 六、申請專利範圍 面,其包含: 一纖維基材,具有一外側及一相反之内側,其中該外 側朝向遠離該表面之方向,且其中該内側係面對該表 面’其中該基材沿著垂直内側與外側之平面之方向以 針縫綴。 17·依據申明專利範圍第丨6項之熱防護系統,其中該纖維 係由碳、石墨、碳化矽或陶瓷製成。 18·依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統,其中該纖維 基材係由多層編織布構成。 19·依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統,其中該纖維 基材係由多層不織布構成。 ’其中該纖維 ,。其中該纖維 ’其中該纖維 20·依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統 基材係由多層編織布與不織布之組合構成 21·依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統 基材係由三度空間編織法形成。 2 2 ·依據申請專利範圍第丨6項之熱防護系統 基材係層壓在一起。 23. 依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統,其中該基材 係以一種以矽為主之燒蝕性樹脂。 24. 依據巾請專利範圍第23項之熱防護系統,其中該樹脂 為一種RTV型樹脂。 25·依據申請專利範圍第16項之熱防護系統,其中娜 基材具有—内侧及—與内側相反之外侧,該纖維μ 係與-域維構成之支持件結合,其巾該切件具4 537975 ^、申請專利範圍 該 -第-側邊及-與第—側邊相反之第二側邊, 支持件之纖維係朝向一平行於第一側邊與第二侧邊之 方向,其中5玄支持件頂靠著基材之内侧,且支持件之 第-與第二側邊與基材呈0至18〇。之角度,該支持件 藉由插入個別補強纖維而與基材結合,該補強纖維沿 著與支持件中纖維之方向平行之方向先被穿過基材之 外側,然後從内側穿出基材,再插入支持件中。 26.依據申請專利範圍第25項之熱防護系統,#中該基材 與附著在基材内側之絕熱材料結合。 30
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