TW328183B - Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member employs an inflatable member to provide uniform pressure so that uniform electrical contact between the current bus and the electrode can be achieved. - Google Patents
Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member employs an inflatable member to provide uniform pressure so that uniform electrical contact between the current bus and the electrode can be achieved.Info
- Publication number
- TW328183B TW328183B TW084104338A TW84104338A TW328183B TW 328183 B TW328183 B TW 328183B TW 084104338 A TW084104338 A TW 084104338A TW 84104338 A TW84104338 A TW 84104338A TW 328183 B TW328183 B TW 328183B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- inflatable member
- electrode
- current bus
- electrochemical cell
- electrical contact
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/14—Alkali metal compounds
- C25B1/16—Hydroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/22—Inorganic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
- C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0206—Metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0213—Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/247—Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0206—Metals or alloys
- H01M8/0208—Alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0223—Composites
- H01M8/0228—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/156,196 US5411641A (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1993-11-22 | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using a cation-transporting membrane |
US08/246,909 US5580437A (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1994-05-20 | Anode useful for electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
TW328183B true TW328183B (en) | 1998-03-11 |
Family
ID=22558523
Family Applications (7)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW083108667A TW490437B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1994-09-21 | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using a cation-transporting membrane |
TW084104337A TW355188B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Process and electrochemical cell for the direct production of dry halogen gas from anhydrous hydrogen halide and apparatus for recycling a released fluid from said electrochemical cell the invention relates to an electrochemical cell, system and process |
TW084104336A TW278253B (zh) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | |
TW084104339A TW356609B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Electrochemical cell having mass flow fields made of vitreous carbon low power consumption that ensures the minimizing of production cost |
TW084104338A TW328183B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member employs an inflatable member to provide uniform pressure so that uniform electrical contact between the current bus and the electrode can be achieved. |
TW084104341A TW277166B (zh) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | |
TW084104343A TW376592B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor the invention relates to an electrochemical cell which has an anode, a membrane, and a cathode, where one side of the anode is disposed in contact with one side of the membrane |
Family Applications Before (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW083108667A TW490437B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1994-09-21 | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using a cation-transporting membrane |
TW084104337A TW355188B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Process and electrochemical cell for the direct production of dry halogen gas from anhydrous hydrogen halide and apparatus for recycling a released fluid from said electrochemical cell the invention relates to an electrochemical cell, system and process |
TW084104336A TW278253B (zh) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | |
TW084104339A TW356609B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Electrochemical cell having mass flow fields made of vitreous carbon low power consumption that ensures the minimizing of production cost |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
TW084104341A TW277166B (zh) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | |
TW084104343A TW376592B (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor the invention relates to an electrochemical cell which has an anode, a membrane, and a cathode, where one side of the anode is disposed in contact with one side of the membrane |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US5411641A (zh) |
EP (2) | EP0730675B1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP2841868B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR960705959A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1077151C (zh) |
AU (2) | AU7673394A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9408169A (zh) |
CA (2) | CA2177133C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69419433T2 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2135596T3 (zh) |
RO (1) | RO115180B1 (zh) |
TW (7) | TW490437B (zh) |
WO (2) | WO1995014797A1 (zh) |
ZA (2) | ZA946657B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (108)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6183623B1 (en) | 1993-07-13 | 2001-02-06 | Lynntech, Inc. | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using an ionically conducting membrane |
US6042702A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 2000-03-28 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor comprising a conductive polymer composite material |
US5961795A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1999-10-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a resilient flow field |
US6180163B1 (en) | 1993-11-22 | 2001-01-30 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method of making a membrane-electrode assembly |
USRE37433E1 (en) | 1993-11-22 | 2001-11-06 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas using a membrane-electrode assembly or gas diffusion electrodes |
US5976346A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1999-11-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Membrane hydration in electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogen gas |
US6010612A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 2000-01-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Production of isocyanate using chlorine recycle |
US5824199A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1998-10-20 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member |
US5798036A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1998-08-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to halogens gas using a membrane-electrode assembly or gas diffusion electrodes |
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WO1996035002A1 (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1996-11-07 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor comprising a conductive polymer composite material |
AU4639896A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1996-11-21 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical conversion of anhydrous hydrogen halide to h alogen gas using a cation-transporting membrane |
AU4468296A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1996-11-21 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a current distributor comprising a carbonaceous material |
AU4421496A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1996-11-21 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member |
AU4421096A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1996-11-21 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a resilient flow field |
US5618405A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-04-08 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Removal and recovery of hydrogen halides using an electrochemical membrane |
DE19543678A1 (de) * | 1995-11-23 | 1997-05-28 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur direkten elektrochemischen Gasphasen-Phosgensynthese |
IN192223B (zh) * | 1995-12-28 | 2004-03-20 | Du Pont | |
EP0870076A1 (en) * | 1995-12-28 | 1998-10-14 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Production of carbonyl halide |
IN190134B (zh) * | 1995-12-28 | 2003-06-21 | Du Pont | |
US5833834A (en) * | 1996-04-08 | 1998-11-10 | Solar Reactor Technologies | Method for generating hydrogen from HBR |
WO1998000582A2 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | System and process for producing hydrogen gas in an electrochemical cell and fuel cell powered by the hydrogen gas |
WO1998000580A1 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | In-situ halogenation of compounds in an electrochemical cell |
WO1998000584A1 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-08 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having split fluid and current feed |
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-
1993
- 1993-11-22 US US08/156,196 patent/US5411641A/en not_active Ceased
-
1994
- 1994-05-20 US US08/246,909 patent/US5580437A/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-08-30 ES ES94927217T patent/ES2135596T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 CA CA002177133A patent/CA2177133C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-30 BR BR9408169A patent/BR9408169A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-08-30 WO PCT/US1994/009527 patent/WO1995014797A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-08-30 EP EP94927217A patent/EP0730675B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 EP EP94927218A patent/EP0730676A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-08-30 KR KR1019960702687A patent/KR960705959A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-08-30 WO PCT/US1994/009526 patent/WO1995014796A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-08-30 JP JP7515042A patent/JP2841868B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 AU AU76733/94A patent/AU7673394A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-08-30 CN CN94194839A patent/CN1077151C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-30 JP JP7515043A patent/JPH09505636A/ja active Pending
- 1994-08-30 CA CA002177134A patent/CA2177134A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-08-30 RO RO96-01038A patent/RO115180B1/ro unknown
- 1994-08-30 DE DE69419433T patent/DE69419433T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 AU AU76732/94A patent/AU7673294A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-08-31 ZA ZA946657A patent/ZA946657B/xx unknown
- 1994-08-31 ZA ZA946656A patent/ZA946656B/xx unknown
- 1994-09-21 TW TW083108667A patent/TW490437B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104337A patent/TW355188B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104336A patent/TW278253B/zh active
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104339A patent/TW356609B/zh active
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104338A patent/TW328183B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104341A patent/TW277166B/zh active
- 1995-05-01 TW TW084104343A patent/TW376592B/zh active
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1998
- 1998-06-08 US US09/093,535 patent/USRE36985E/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-08 US US09/093,468 patent/USRE37042E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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AU7673294A (en) | 1995-06-13 |
ZA946656B (en) | 1996-02-29 |
ES2135596T3 (es) | 1999-11-01 |
WO1995014797A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
JPH09505636A (ja) | 1997-06-03 |
CN1077151C (zh) | 2002-01-02 |
KR960705959A (ko) | 1996-11-08 |
TW277166B (zh) | 1996-06-01 |
JP2841868B2 (ja) | 1998-12-24 |
DE69419433T2 (de) | 1999-11-25 |
CN1141656A (zh) | 1997-01-29 |
TW278253B (zh) | 1996-06-11 |
US5411641A (en) | 1995-05-02 |
CA2177134A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
EP0730675A1 (en) | 1996-09-11 |
EP0730676A1 (en) | 1996-09-11 |
USRE36985E (en) | 2000-12-12 |
ZA946657B (en) | 1996-02-29 |
TW376592B (en) | 1999-12-11 |
US5580437A (en) | 1996-12-03 |
AU7673394A (en) | 1995-06-13 |
TW355188B (en) | 1999-04-01 |
TW356609B (en) | 1999-04-21 |
USRE37042E1 (en) | 2001-02-06 |
BR9408169A (pt) | 1997-08-26 |
EP0730675B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 |
JPH09503553A (ja) | 1997-04-08 |
TW490437B (en) | 2002-06-11 |
DE69419433D1 (de) | 1999-08-12 |
WO1995014796A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
RO115180B1 (ro) | 1999-11-30 |
CA2177133C (en) | 2000-12-26 |
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