TW202349373A - 電子彩色顯示器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本發明提供用於驅動電光顯示器的方法,該電光顯示器具有複數個顯示像素,該方法包括接收一輸入影像、處理該輸入影像以產生分色累積、以及使用臨界陣列以處理該分色累積以產生用於該電光顯示器之顏色。
Description
[相關申請案之參照]
本申請案係有關於2020年11月2日申請的第63/108,855號美國臨時申請案,並且主張其優先權。
上述申請案的全部揭露內容藉由參照的方式而併入本文。
本發明係有關於用於驅動電光顯示器之方法。更具體地,本發明係有關於用於抖動及演繹電泳顯示器上之影像的驅動方法。
本發明係有關於用於演繹彩色影像的方法及裝置。更具體地,本發明係有關於一種用於多色抖動的方法,其中色彩強度之組合被轉換為多色表面覆蓋度。
「像素」(pixel)一詞在此以其在顯示技藝之習知意義中使用,係指能夠產生顯示器本身可以顯示之所有顏色的顯示器的最小單元。
半色調在印刷工業已經使用了幾十年,藉由使用黑色墨水覆蓋白紙之每一像素的不同比例來呈現灰色調。類似的半色調方式可被用於CMY或CMYK彩色印刷系統,其顏色通道彼此獨立變化。
然而,有許多彩色系統,其中的顏色通道不能彼此獨立變化,因為每一像素可以顯示有限組原色之任何一者(此種系統在下文中可稱作「有限調色盤顯示器」或「LPD」);ECD專利彩色顯示器屬於這種類型。要產生其他顏色,必須在空間上對原色進行抖動以產生正確的色感。
電子顯示器通常包括主動式矩陣背板、主控制器、本地記憶體以及一組通訊及介面埠。主控制器透過通訊/介面埠接收資料或從裝置記憶體中取回資料。一旦資料在主控制器中,資料被翻譯成用於主動式矩陣背板的一組指令。主動式矩陣背板接收來自主控制器的這些指令並且產生影像。在彩色裝置的情況下,在裝置上的(on-device)色域計算可要求具有增加之計算能力的主控制器。如上所述,彩色電泳顯示器的演繹方法通常是計算密集的(computational intense),儘管如下所詳述的,本發明本身提供了用於減少由演繹所施加的計算負載的方法,演繹(抖動)步驟與整體演繹處理的其他步驟仍可能對裝置計算處理系統施加主要負載。
影像演繹所需的增加之計算能力削弱了電泳顯示器在某些應用中的優勢。特別是,當主控制器係構造成執行複雜演繹演算法時,製造裝置的成本增加,裝置功耗也增加。此外,控制器所產生的額外熱量需要熱管理。因此,至少在某些情況下,例如當需要在短時間內演繹非常高解析的影像或大量的影像時,可能需要具有一個有效率的方法來抖動多色影像。
因此,在一個態樣,本文提出的標的提供一種用於驅動一電光顯示器的方法,該方法可以包括接收一輸入影像、處理該輸入影像以產生分色累積以及以一抖動函數與該分色累積相交以抖動該輸入影像。
在一些實施例中,該抖動函數係為一臨界陣列。
在另一個實施例中,該臨界陣列係為一藍雜訊遮罩(Blue Noise Mask,BNM)。
在又一實施例中,該處理步驟係由一查找表實現。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供了一種電光顯示器,其構造成實現用於驅動一電光顯示器的方法之方法,該電光顯示器包括一電泳顯示器。
在一些實施例中,該電光顯示器包括旋轉雙色構件、電致變色或電潤濕材料。
在一些其他實施例中,該電光顯示器包括一電泳材料,其包括複數個帶電粒子,該等帶電粒子係配置於一流體中並能在一電場影響下移動通過該流體。
在另一個實施例中,該等帶電粒子與該流體係侷限於複數個膠囊或微胞中。
在又一實施例中,該等帶電粒子與該流體係以被一連續相包圍的複數個離散液滴形式存在,該連續相包括一聚合物材料。
標準的抖動演算法,例如誤差擴散演算法(其中藉由列印一特定顏色之像素而引入的「誤差」係分佈在相鄰的像素之間,以便整體產生正確的色感,其中該特定顏色係不同於該像素理論上所需的顏色)可以搭配有限調色盤顯示器使用。有大量關於誤差擴散的文獻;有關評論,請參見Pappas, Thrasyvoulos N. "Model-based halftoning of color images," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 6.7 (1997): 1014-1024。
本申請亦有關於美國專利案5,930,026;6,445,489;6,504,524;6,512,354;6,531,997;6,753,999;6,825,970;6,900,851;6,995,550;7,012,600;7,023,420;7,034,783;7,061,166;7,061,662;7,116,466;7,119,772;7,177,066;7,193,625;7,202,847;7,242,514;7,259,744;7,304,787;7,312,794;7,327,511;7,408,699;7,453,445;7,492,339;7,528,822;7,545,358;7,583,251;7,602,374;7,612,760;7,679,599;7,679,813;7,683,606;7,688,297;7,729,039;7,733,311;7,733,335;7,787,169;7,859,742;7,952,557;7,956,841;7,982,479;7,999,787;8,077,141;8,125,501;8,139,050;8,174,490;8,243,013;8,274,472;8,289,250;8,300,006;8,305,341;8,314,784;8,373,649;8,384,658;8,456,414;8,462,102;8,514,168;8,537,105;8,558,783;8,558,785;8,558,786;8,558,855;8,576,164;8,576,259;8,593,396;8,605,032;8,643,595;8,665,206;8,681,191;8,730,153;8,810,525;8,928,562;8,928,641;8,976,444;9,013,394;9,019,197;9,019,198;9,019,318;9,082,352;9,171,508;9,218,773;9,224,338;9,224,342;9,224,344;9,230,492;9,251,736;9,262,973;9,269,311;9,299,294;9,373,289;9,390,066;9,390,661;以及9,412,314;以及美國專利申請公開案2003/0102858;2004/0246562;2005/0253777;2007/0091418;2007/0103427;2007/0176912;2008/0024429;2008/0024482;2008/0136774;2008/0291129;2008/0303780;2009/0174651;2009/0195568;2009/0322721;2010/0194733;2010/0194789;2010/0220121;2010/0265561;2010/0283804;2011/0063314;2011/0175875;2011/0193840;2011/0193841;2011/0199671;2011/0221740;2012/0001957;2012/0098740;2013/0063333;2013/0194250;2013/0249782;2013/0321278;2014/0009817;2014/0085355;2014/0204012;2014/0218277;2014/0240210;2014/0240373;2014/0253425;2014/0292830;2014/0293398;2014/0333685;2014/0340734;2015/0070744;2015/0097877;2015/0109283;2015/0213749;2015/0213765;2015/0221257;2015/0262255;2015/0262551;2016/0071465;2016/0078820;2016/0093253;2016/0140910;以及2016/0180777。這些專利案和申請案在下文中為方便起見可統稱為「MEDEOD」(用於驅動電光顯示器的方法)申請案,並藉由參照的方式全體併入本文。
ECD系統呈現出某些特殊性,其在設計用於此類系統的抖動演算法時必須考慮到。像素間之偽影是此類系統中的共同特徵。一種類型的偽影是由所謂「暈光」(blooming)所造成;在單色與彩色系統中,像素電極所產生的電場傾向於影響比像素電極本身更寬的電光介質區域,使得實際上,一個像素的光學狀態擴展至相鄰像素的部分區域。當驅動相鄰像素帶來最終的光學狀態時,會經歷另一種串擾,在不同於任一像素本身所達到的區域之像素之間的區域中,這種最終光學狀態是由像素間之區域所經歷的平均電場引起的。在單色系統中會經歷類似的效果,但由於此類系統在色彩空間中是一維的,像素間之區域通常顯示介於兩個相鄰像素狀態之間的灰階狀態,而且這樣的中間灰階狀態不會大幅影響區域的平均反射率,或者可以很容易地被模擬為有效的暈光。然而,在彩色顯示器中,像素間之區域可以顯示相鄰像素中未呈現的顏色。
彩色顯示器之上述問題對於顏色的色域和線性度具有嚴重的後果,這些顏色是藉由在空間上抖動原色所預測的。考慮使用從ECD顯示器主調色盤之飽和紅色和黃色在空間上抖動之圖案,來嘗試創造所欲之橙色。在沒有串擾的情況下,創造橙色所需的組合可以藉由使用線性加色混合定律,在遠場中完美地被預測。由於紅色和黃色位於色域邊界上,所預測的橙色也應該在色域邊界上。然而,如果上述效應在相鄰的紅色和黃色像素之間的像素間區域中產生(例如)藍色帶,產生的顏色將比預測的橙色更為中性。如此導致色域邊界出現「凹痕」,或者,更準確地說,因為邊界實際上是三維的,扇貝形。因此,單純的抖動方法不僅無法準確預測所需的抖動,而且在這種情況下,可能會產生一種不能使用的顏色,因為它在可實現的色域之外。
可能希望能夠藉由廣泛的圖案測量或進階模擬來預測可實現的色域。如果裝置原色的數量很大,或是如果串擾誤差相較於藉由將像素量化為原色所引入的誤差來的大,這可能是不可行的。本發明提供了一種抖動方法,其結合了暈光/串擾誤差模型,使得在顯示器上實現的顏色更接近於所預測的顏色。此外,該方法在所欲的顏色落在可實現色域之外的情況下,穩定了誤差擴散,因為當抖動至原色凸包外的顏色時,通常誤差擴散將產生無邊界的誤差。
在一些實施例中,可以使用附圖之圖1中所示的誤差擴散模型來進行影像的再現。圖1中所示的方法開始於輸入102,其中顏色值x
i,j被饋送到處理器104,在那裡被加到誤差濾波器106的輸出,以產生修改之輸入u
i,j,以下可以稱之為「誤差修改之輸入顏色」或「EMIC」。修改後的輸入u
i,j被饋送至量化器108。
在一些實施例中,使用基於模型的誤差擴散的過程可能變得不穩定,因為輸入影像被假設位於原色(即色域)的(理論)凸包中,但由於點重疊(dot overlap)造成的色域損失,實際上可實現的色域可能更小。因此,誤差擴散演算法可能嘗試去實現在實務上無法實際實現的顏色,並且誤差隨著每次連續「校正」而持續增加。已建議藉由裁剪或以其他方式限制誤差來遏制此問題,但這會導致其他誤差。
實際上,有一種解決方案是在進行源影像的色域映射時對可實現的色域進行更好的非凸(non-convex)估計,使得誤差擴散演算法可以一直實現其目標顏色。可以從模型本身對此進行近似,或者憑經驗確定。在一些實施例中,量化器108檢查原色以了解選擇每一原色對誤差的影響,並且量化器選擇具有最小(藉由某種度量)誤差的原色(如果被選擇)。然而,饋送到量化器108的原色並非系統的自然原色,{P
k},而是一組經過調整的原色,{P
~ k},其允許至少一些相鄰像素的顏色,以及由於暈光或其他像素間之相互作用對被量化之像素的影響。
上述方法之一實施例可以使用標準的Floyd-Steinberg誤差濾波器,並以光柵順序處理像素。假設,如習知技藝,顯示器係從上到下且從左到右處理,使用所考慮之像素的上方和左邊主要相鄰像素來計算暈光或其他像素間之效應是合乎邏輯的,因為這兩個相鄰像素已經確定。以此方式,所有由相鄰像素引起的模擬誤差都被考慮在內,因為當檢視那些相鄰像素時,右邊與下方相鄰像素串擾被考慮在內。如果模型只考慮上方和左邊相鄰像素,調整後之原色的集合必須是這些相鄰像素和所考慮的原色之狀態的函數。最簡單的方式是假設暈光模型是可加的,亦即由左邊相鄰像素所引起的顏色偏移以及由上方相鄰像素所引起的顏色偏移係獨立且和可加的。在這種情況下,只有「N選2」(等於N*(N-1)/2)個模型參數(顏色偏移)需要確定。對於N=64或更少,這些可以藉由從測量中減去理想混合定律值,從所有這些可能的原色對之棋盤圖案的比色測量中估計出來。
舉個具體的例子,考慮具有32個原色的顯示器的情況。如果只考慮上方和左邊的相鄰像素,對於32個原色,一給定之像素有496個可能的相鄰原色集合。由於模型是線性的,只需要儲存這496種顏色偏移,因為兩相鄰像素的相加效應可以在運行時產生,而無需太多成本。因此,例如,如果未調整的原色集包括(P1…P32)並且目前的上方和左邊的相鄰像素是P4和P7,修改後的原色(P
~ 1…P
~ 32),饋送到量化器之調整後的原色如下式所示:
其中dP
(i,j)是顏色偏移表中憑經驗確定的值。
更複雜的像素間之交互作用模型當然是可能的,例如非線性模型、考慮角(對角)相鄰像素的模型、或使用非因果鄰域的模型,其中每一像素的顏色偏移隨著更多相鄰像素已知而更新。
量化器108將調整後的輸入u’
i,j與調整後的原色{P
~ k}進行比較,並且將最適合的原色y
i,k輸出到輸出。可以使用任何適合的方法來選擇適合的原色,例如線性RGB空間中的最小歐幾里德距離量化器;這具有比一些替代方法需要更少計算能力的優點。
來自量化器108的y
i,k輸出值不僅可以饋送到輸出,也可以饋送至鄰域緩衝器110,在那裡它們被儲存以用於產生用於後續處理之像素的調整之原色。修改後的輸入u
i,j值和輸出y
i,j值都提供給處理器112,其計算:
並以與上述參考圖1相同的方式將此誤差訊號傳遞至誤差濾波器106。
然而,實際上,基於誤差擴散的方法對於某些應用可能很慢,因為其不易並行化。在前一個像素的輸出變得可用之前無法完成下一個像素的輸出。可替代地,可以採用基於遮罩的方法,因其簡單性,其中每一像素之輸出僅取決於像素的輸入及查找表(LUT)的值,意味著每一輸出可以完全獨立於其他輸出而被計算。
現在參考圖2,其例示一例示性的黑白抖動方法。如圖所示,藉由在每一輸出處比較對應的輸入暗度和抖動臨界值,抖動具有0(白色)和1(黑色)之間的正規化暗度值之輸入灰階影像。例如,如果輸入影像的暗度u(x)高於抖動臨界值T(x),則將輸出位置標記為黑色(即,1),否則將其標記為白色(即,0)。圖3例示了根據本文所揭露的標的之一些遮罩設計。
實際上,當執行多色抖動時,假設輸入至抖動演算法的顏色可以被表示為多原色的線性組合。這可以藉由使用色域角在源空間中進行抖動或者藉由將輸入色域映射至裝置空間色域而被實現。圖4例示了使用一組權重Px創造顏色分離的一種方法。其中每一顏色C定義為
其中這些權重的部分總和稱為分離累積,
,其中
實際上,對多顏色的抖動包括將顏色的相對累積量與抖動函數(例如,圖5的臨界陣列T(x)502)相交。現在參考圖5,在此所例示之範例係為一種使用4種不同顏色墨水C
1512、C
2514、C
3516與C
4518進行列印的方法。在輸出像素圖之每一像素處,顏色分離給予每一基本顏色之相對百分比,例如顏色C
1512之d
1、顏色C
2514之d
2、顏色C
3516之d
3與顏色C
4518之d
4。其中的顏色之一,例如C
4518,可以是白色。
將抖動延伸到多顏色包括將顏色的相對累積量Ʌ
1(x) 504=d
1,Ʌ
2(x) 506=d
1+d
2,Ʌ
3(x) 508=d
1+d
2+d
3,和Ʌ
4(x) 510=d
1+d
2+d
3+d
4與臨界陣列T(x)相交,如圖5所示。圖5所示的是一個抖動範例,用於解釋提出的標的。在Ʌ
1(x)504>T(x)502的區間內,輸出位置或像素區域將被列印基本色C
1512(例如黑色);在Ʌ
2(x) 506>T(x)502的區間內,輸出位置或像素區域將顯示顏色C
2514(例如黃色);在Ʌ
3(x) 508>T(x)502的區間內,輸出位置或像素區域將顯示顏色C
3516(例如,紅色);在Ʌ
4(x) 510>T(x)502且Ʌ
3(x) 508≤T(x)502之剩餘區間內,輸出位置或像素區域將顯示顏色C
4518(例如,白色)。因此,本文提出的多色抖動將把顏色C
1512、C
2514、C
3516與C
4518的相對量d
1、d
2、d
3、d
4轉換為相對覆蓋百分比,並藉由構造確保有貢獻之顏色係並排列印。
在一些實施例中,可以根據本文揭露的標的利用如圖6所例示的多色演繹演算法。如圖所示,影像資料im
i,j可以首先被饋送通過銳化濾波器602,其在一些實施例中可能是可選的。當臨界陣列T(x)或濾波器不如誤差擴散系統銳利時,在某些情況下,此銳化濾波器602可能是有用的。此銳化濾波器602可能是一個簡單的有限脈衝響應(FIR)濾波器,例如3x3,其可以很容易地計算出來。隨後,可以在顏色映射步驟604中對顏色資料進行映射,並且可以藉由本技術領域中通用的方法,例如使用重心坐標法,在分離產生步驟606中產生顏色分離,而且此顏色資料可以被使用於索引CSC_LUT查找表,其每個索引可以具有N個條目,其以基於遮罩的抖動步驟(例如,步驟612)所直接需要的形式給予所欲之分離資訊。在一些實施例中,此CSC_LUT查找表可以藉由結合所欲之顏色增強及/或色域映射以及所選擇之分離演算法來建立,並且被構造成包括輸入影像之色值與分色累積之間的映射。以這種方式,查找表(例如,CSC_LUT)可以被設計成快速地並且基於遮罩的抖動步驟(例如,具有量化器612的步驟)所直接需要的形式提供所欲之分離累積資訊。最後,分離累積資料608係與臨界陣列610一起使用,以使用量化器612產生輸出y
i,j,以產生多種顏色。在一些實施例中,顏色映射604、分離產生606和累積608步驟可以被實現成單一內插CSC_LUT查找表。在這種配置中,分離階段並非藉由在多原色的四面體化找到重心坐標來完成的,而可能是藉由查找表來實現,其允許了更多的彈性。此外,藉由這裡說明的方法所計算的輸出係完全獨立於其他輸出而被計算的。再者,這裡使用的臨界陣列T(x)可以是藍雜訊遮罩(BNM),其中各種BNM設計係呈現於圖7至圖10中。
對本領域技術人士來說顯而易見的是,在不脫離本發明範圍的情況下,可以對上述發明的具體實施例進行各種變更與修改。因此,上述的全部內容係解釋為例示性的,而非限制性的。
102:輸入
104:處理器
106:誤差濾波器
108:量化器
110:鄰域緩衝器
112:處理器
602:銳化濾波器
604:顏色映射
606:分離產生
608:累積
610:臨界陣列
612:量化器
專利或申請文件包含至少一彩色圖式。本專利或專利申請公開之帶有彩色圖式的副本將依請求並支付必要費用後由專利局提供。
附圖的圖1係為根據提出的標的之影像演繹模型;
圖2係為根據提出的標的之使用遮罩的例示性黑白演繹方法;
圖3例示了根據提出的標的之各種遮罩設計;
圖4例示了根據揭露的標的之色域映射;
圖5例示了根據揭露的標的之使用遮罩的多色抖動方法;
圖6例示了根據揭露的標的之使用遮罩的多色抖動演算法;以及
圖7至圖10係為根據提出的標的之用於多色抖動的各種遮罩設計。
102:輸入
104:處理器
106:誤差濾波器
108:量化器
110:鄰域緩衝器
112:處理器
Claims (9)
- 一種電子彩色顯示器,包括: 顯示面板,包含耦合到電光介質的主動式矩陣的像素,該顯示面板能夠在每個像素處產生四種顯示顏色; 裝置記憶體,包括經儲存的影像資料, 主控制器,耦合到該顯示面板及該裝置記憶體,且構造成藉由執行以下步驟向該主動式矩陣的像素提供像素顏色指令: 從該裝置記憶體接收每個像素的影像資料; 使用查找表(LUT)將像素的該影像資料轉換為分色累積; 將該分色累積值與臨界陣列進行比較; 確定該像素的顯示顏色;及 將確定的該顯示顏色的像素顏色指令發送到該像素。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中該臨界陣列係為一藍雜訊遮罩(Blue Noise Mask,BNM)。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中該電光介質包括複數個帶電粒子,該等帶電粒子係配置於流體中並能在電場影響下移動通過該流體。
- 如請求項3之電子彩色顯示器,其中該等帶電粒子與該流體係侷限於複數個膠囊或微胞中。
- 如請求項3之電子彩色顯示器,其中該等帶電粒子與該流體係以被連續相包圍的複數個離散液滴形式存在,該連續相包括聚合物材料。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中該顯示面板包括旋轉雙色構件、電致變色材料或電潤濕顯示器。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中確定的步驟是利用量化器來完成。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中查該找表(LUT)包含從影像資料顏色到分色累積的色域映射。
- 如請求項1之電子彩色顯示器,其中該臨界陣列包括用於該電光顯示器的色彩空間中的每個原色的臨界。
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