CN116348945A - 用于渲染彩色图像的方法和设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了用于驱动电光显示器的方法。一种用于驱动具有多个显示像素的电光显示器的方法,该方法包括接收输入图像,处理输入图像以创建颜色分离累积,以及使用阈值阵列处理颜色分离累积以生成用于电光显示器的颜色。
Description
相关申请的引用
本申请与2020年11月2日提交的美国临时申请63/108,855相关并要求其优先权。
上述申请的全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于驱动电光显示器的方法。更具体地,本发明涉及用于在电泳显示器上抖动和渲染图像的驱动方法。
背景技术
本发明涉及一种用于渲染彩色图像的方法和设备。更具体地,本发明涉及一种用于多色抖动的方法,其中颜色强度的组合被转换成多色表面覆盖。
术语“像素”在本文中以其在显示领域中的常规含义使用,表示能够生成显示器本身可以显示的所有颜色的显示器的最小单元。
几十年来,印刷行业一直使用半色调来表示灰色调,方法是用黑色墨水覆盖白纸的每个像素的不同比例。类似的半色调方案可用于CMY或CMYK彩色印刷系统,颜色通道彼此独立变化。
然而,有许多彩色系统,其中颜色通道不能彼此独立地变化,因为每个像素可以显示有限组原色中的任何一种(此类系统在下文中可称为“有限调色板显示器”或“LPD”);ECD专利彩色显示器就是这种类型。要创建其他颜色,必须对原色进行空间抖动以产生正确的色感。
电子显示器通常包括有源矩阵背板、主控制器、本地存储器和一组通信和接口端口。主控制器经由通信/接口端口接收数据或从装置存储器中检索数据。一旦数据进入主控制器,它就会被翻译成一组用于有源矩阵背板的指令。有源矩阵背板从主控制器接收这些指令并产生图像。在彩色装置的情况下,装置上的色域计算可能需要具有更高计算能力的主控制器。如上所述,用于彩色电泳显示器的渲染方法通常是计算密集型的,并且尽管如以下详细讨论的那样,本发明本身提供了用于减少渲染所施加的计算负荷的方法,整个渲染过程的渲染(抖动)步骤和其他步骤可能仍会对装置计算处理系统施加主要负荷。
图像渲染所需的增加的计算能力削弱了电泳显示器在某些应用中的优势。特别地,当主控制器被配置为执行复杂的渲染算法时,制造装置的成本增加,装置功耗也增加。此外,控制器生成的额外热量需要热管理。因此,至少在某些情况下,例如当需要在短时间内渲染非常高分辨率的图像或大量图像时,可能需要一种用于抖动多色图像的有效方法。
发明内容
因此,一方面,本文提出的主题提供了一种用于驱动电光显示器的方法,该方法可以包括接收输入图像,处理输入图像以创建颜色分离累积,以及通过将颜色分离累积与抖动函数相交来抖动输入图像。
在一些实施例中,抖动函数是阈值阵列。
在另一个实施例中,阈值阵列是蓝噪声掩模(BNM)。
在又一个实施例中,处理步骤通过查找表来实现。
附图说明
专利或申请文件包含至少一张彩色绘图。带有彩色附图的本专利或专利申请公开的副本将在请求和支付必要费用后由专利局提供。
附图的图1是根据本文呈现的主题的图像渲染模型;
图2是根据本文呈现的主题的使用掩模的示例性黑白抖动方法;
图3示出了根据本文呈现的主题的各种掩模设计;
图4示出了根据本文公开的主题的色域映射;
图5示出了根据本文公开的主题的使用掩模的多色抖动方法;
图6示出了根据本文公开的主题的使用掩模的多色抖动算法;以及
图7-10是根据本文呈现的主题的用于多色抖动的各种掩模设计。
具体实施方式
标准抖动算法,例如误差扩散算法(其中通过以特定颜色打印一个像素而引入的“误差”分布在相邻像素之间,以便产生整体正确的色感,其中所述特定颜色与该像素理论上所需的颜色不同)可以用于有限调色板显示器。有大量关于误差扩散的文献;有关评论,请参阅Pappas,Thrasyvoulos N."Model-based halftoning of color images,"IEEETransactions on Image Processing 6.7(1997):1014-1024。
本申请还与以下美国专利有关:美国专利No.5,930,026;6,445,489;6,504,524;6,512,354;6,531,997;6,753,999;6,825,970;6,900,851;6,995,550;7,012,600;7,023,420;7,034,783;7,061,166;7,061,662;7,116,466;7,119,772;7,177,066;7,193,625;7,202,847;7,242,514;7,259,744;7,304,787;7,312,794;7,327,511;7,408,699;7,453,445;7,492,339;7,528,822;7,545,358;7,583,251;7,602,374;7,612,760;7,679,599;7,679,813;7,683,606;7,688,297;7,729,039;7,733,311;7,733,335;7,787,169;7,859,742;7,952,557;7,956,841;7,982,479;7,999,787;8,077,141;8,125,501;8,139,050;8,174,490;8,243,013;8,274,472;8,289,250;8,300,006;8,305,341;8,314,784;8,373,649;8,384,658;8,456,414;8,462,102;8,514,168;8,537,105;8,558,783;8,558,785;8,558,786;8,558,855;8,576,164;8,576,259;8,593,396;8,605,032;8,643,595;8,665,206;8,681,191;8,730,153;8,810,525;8,928,562;8,928,641;8,976,444;9,013,394;9,019,197;9,019,198;9,019,318;9,082,352;9,171,508;9,218,773;9,224,338;9,224,342;9,224,344;9,230,492;9,251,736;9,262,973;9,269,311;9,299,294;9,373,289;9,390,066;9,390,661;和9,412,314;以及美国专利申请公开No.2003/0102858;2004/0246562;2005/0253777;2007/0091418;2007/0103427;2007/0176912;2008/0024429;2008/0024482;2008/0136774;2008/0291129;2008/0303780;2009/0174651;2009/0195568;2009/0322721;2010/0194733;2010/0194789;2010/0220121;2010/0265561;2010/0283804;2011/0063314;2011/0175875;2011/0193840;2011/0193841;2011/0199671;2011/0221740;2012/0001957;2012/0098740;2013/0063333;2013/0194250;2013/0249782;2013/0321278;2014/0009817;2014/0085355;2014/0204012;2014/0218277;2014/0240210;2014/0240373;2014/0253425;2014/0292830;2014/0293398;2014/0333685;2014/0340734;2015/0070744;2015/0097877;2015/0109283;2015/0213749;2015/0213765;2015/0221257;2015/0262255;2015/0262551;2016/0071465;2016/0078820;2016/0093253;2016/0140910;和2016/0180777。为了方便起见,这些专利和申请在下文中可以统称为“MEDEOD”(用于驱动电光显示器的方法)申请,并且通过引用将其整体并入本文。
ECD系统表现出某些特性,在设计用于此类系统的抖动算法时必须考虑这些特性。像素间伪影是此类系统中的常见特征。一种伪影是由所谓的“晕光”引起的;在单色和彩色系统中,由像素电极生成的电场倾向于影响比像素电极本身的区域更宽的电光介质区域,因此实际上,一个像素的光学状态向外扩展进入相邻像素的部分区域。当驱动相邻像素在像素之间的区域中带来最终光学状态时,经历另一种串扰,该最终光学状态不同于任何一个像素本身所达到的,这种最终光学状态是由像素间区域中经历的平均电场引起的。类似的效果在单色系统中也会出现,但是由于这种系统在颜色空间中是一维的,所以像素间区域通常显示介于两个相邻像素状态之间的灰色状态,这种中间的灰色状态不会对该区域的平均反射率的影响很大,或者它可以很容易地建模为有效的晕光。然而,在彩色显示器中,像素间区域可以显示任何相邻像素中未呈现的颜色。
彩色显示器中的上述问题对空间抖动原色预测的颜色的色域和线性度有严重后果。考虑试图使用来自ECD显示器的主调色板的饱和红色和黄色的空间抖动图案来创建所需的橙色。在没有串扰的情况下,可以通过使用线性加色混合定律在远场完美地预测创建橙色所需的组合。由于红色和黄色在色域边界上,因此这一所预测的橙色也应该在色域边界上。然而,如果上述效果在相邻的红色和黄色像素之间的像素间区域中产生(比如说)蓝色带,则生成的颜色将比所预测的橙色更中性。这会导致色域边界出现“凹痕”,或者更准确地说呈扇贝状,因为边界实际上是三维的。因此,单纯的抖动方法不仅无法准确预测所需的抖动,而且在这种情况下,它可能会尝试产生一种不可用的颜色,因为它超出了可实现的色域。
人们可能希望能够通过广泛测量图案或高级建模来预测可实现的色域。如果装置原色的数量很大,或者如果串扰误差与将像素量化为原色所引入的误差相比较大,则这可能是不可行的。本发明提供了一种抖动方法,该方法结合了晕光/串扰误差模型,使得显示器上实现的颜色更接近于预测颜色。此外,该方法在所需颜色落在可实现色域之外的情况下稳定误差扩散,因为通常误差扩散在对原色的凸包外的颜色进行抖动时会产生无界误差。
在一些实施例中,可以使用附图的图1中所示的误差扩散模型来执行图像的再现。图1中所示的方法从输入102开始,其中颜色值xi,j被馈送到处理器104,在那里它们被添加到误差滤波器106的输出以产生修改后的输入ui,j,其在下文中可以被称为“误差修改后的输入颜色”或“EMIC”。修改后的输入ui,j被馈送到量化器108。
在一些实施例中,利用基于模型的误差扩散的过程可能变得不稳定,因为输入图像被假设位于原色的(理论上的)凸包中(即色域),但实际可实现的色域可能更小,因为由于点重叠导致色域丢失。因此,误差扩散算法可能试图获得实际上无法实现的颜色,并且误差会随着每次连续的“校正”而继续增长。有人建议通过裁剪或以其他方式限制误差来包含此问题,但这会导致其他误差。
实际上,一种解决方案是在执行源图像的色域映射时对可实现的色域进行更好的非凸估计,以便误差扩散算法始终可以实现其目标颜色。可以从模型本身对此进行近似,或者根据经验确定它。在一些实施例中,量化器108检查原色以了解选择每个原色会对误差产生的影响,并且量化器选择具有最小(通过某种度量)误差的原色(如果被选择的话)。然而,馈送到量化器108的原色不是系统的自然原色{Pk},而是一组调整后的原色{P~k},它允许至少一些相邻像素的颜色,以及它们对通过晕光或其他像素间交互而量化的像素的影响。
上述方法的一个实施例可以使用标准的弗洛伊德-斯坦伯格误差滤波器并以光栅顺序处理像素。假设,按照惯例,显示器是从上到下和从左到右处理的,使用被考虑要计算晕光或其他像素间效应的像素的上和左的主要邻居是合乎逻辑的,因为这两个相邻像素已经被确定。以这种方式,由相邻像素引起的所有建模误差都被考虑在内,因为当访问那些邻居时,右和下邻居串扰被考虑在内。如果模型只考虑上和左邻居,则调整后的原色集必须是这些邻居的状态和所考虑的原色的函数。最简单的方法是假设晕光模型是加性的,即左邻居引起的颜色偏移和上邻居引起的颜色偏移是独立的和加性的。在这种情况下,只有“N选2”(等于N*(N-1)/2)个模型参数(颜色偏移)需要被确定。对于N=64或更少,这些可以通过从测量中减去理想混合定律值,从所有这些可能的原色对的棋盘图案的比色测量中估计出来。
举一个具体的例子,考虑具有32个原色的显示器的情况。如果仅考虑上和左邻居,对于32个原色,给定像素有496个可能的相邻原色集。由于模型是线性的,因此只有这496个颜色偏移需要存储,因为两个邻居的加性效应可以在运行时产生而无需太多开销。因此,例如,如果未调整的原色集包括(P1…P32),而当前的上、左邻居是P4和P7,则修改后的原色(P~1…P~ 32),馈送到量化器的调整后的原色由下式给出:
P~ 1=P1+dP(1,4)+dP(1,7);
.......
P~ 32=P32+dP(32,4)+dP(32,7),
其中dP(i,j)是色移表中根据经验确定的值。
更复杂的像素间交互模型当然是可能的,例如非线性模型、考虑角(对角线)邻居的模型、或使用非因果邻居的模型,其中每个像素的颜色偏移随着其邻居的增加而更新是已知的。
量化器108将调整后的输入u'i,j与调整后的原色{P~ k}进行比较,并将最合适的原色yi,k输出到输出。可以使用任何适当方法以选择适当的原色,例如线性RGB空间中的最小欧几里德距离量化器;与某些替代方法相比,这样做的优点是计算能力需要的更少。
来自量化器108的yi,k输出值不仅可以被馈送到输出而且可以被馈送到邻居缓冲器110,在那里它们被存储以用于为后续处理的像素生成调整后的原色。修改后的输入ui,j值和输出yi,j值都被提供给处理器112,该处理器计算:
ei,j=ui,j-yi,j
并且以与上面参考图1所描述的相同的方式将该误差信号传递到误差滤波器106。
然而,实际上,基于误差扩散的方法对于某些应用来说可能很慢,因为它们不容易并行化。其中在前一个像素的输出可用之前,下一个像素输出无法完成。可替代地,可以采用基于掩模的方法,因为它们简单,其中每个像素的输出仅取决于该像素的输入和查找表(LUT)中的值,这意味着每个输出都可以完全独立于其他输出进行计算。
现在参考图2,其中示出了示例性黑白抖动方法。如图所示,通过在每个输出位置比较相应的输入暗度和抖动阈值,对具有0(白色)和1(黑色)之间的归一化暗度值的输入灰度图像进行抖动。例如,如果输入图像的暗度u(x)高于抖动阈值T(x),则输出位置被标记为黑色(即1),否则标记为白色(即0)。图3示出了根据本文公开的主题的一些掩模设计。
实际上,在实践多色抖动时,假设抖动算法的输入颜色可以表示为多原色的线性组合。这可以通过使用色域角在源空间中抖动,或者通过将输入色域映射到装置空间色域来实现。图4示出了一种使用一组权重Px创建颜色分离的方法。其中每种颜色C定义为-
这些权重的部分和称为分离累积Λk(C),其中
实际上,对多种颜色的抖动在于将颜色的相对累积量与抖动函数(例如,图5的阈值阵列T(x)502)相交。现在参考图5,这里举例说明了一种使用4种不同颜色的墨水C1 512、C2 514、C3 516和C4 518进行打印的方法。在输出像素图的每个像素处,颜色分离给出了每种基本颜色的相对百分比,例如颜色C1 512的d1、颜色C2 514的d2、颜色C3 516的d3和颜色C4518的d4。其中一种颜色,例如C4 518,可以是白色。
将抖动扩展到多种颜色包括将颜色相对累积量Λ1(x)504=d1,Λ2(x)506=d1+d2,Λ3(x)508=d1+d2+d3,和Λ4(x)510=d1+d2+d3+d4与阈值阵列T(x)相交,如图5所示。图5中所示的是抖动示例,用于解释本文呈现的主题。在Λ1(x)504>T(x)502的区间内,输出位置或像素区域将以基本颜色C1 512(例如,黑色)打印;在Λ2(x)506>T(x)502的区间内,输出位置或像素区域将显示颜色C2 514(例如,黄色);在Λ3(x)508>T(x)502的区间内,输出位置或像素区域将显示颜色C3 516(例如,红色);并且在Λ4(x)510>T(x)502且Λ3(x)508≤T(x)502的剩余的区间中,输出位置或像素区域将显示颜色C4 518(例如,白色)。因此,本文所呈现的多色抖动将颜色C1 512、C2 514、C3 516和C4 518的d1、d2、d3、d4的相对量转换为相对覆盖百分比,并通过构造确保并排打印有贡献的颜色。
在一些实施例中,可以根据本文公开的主题使用如图6所示的多色渲染算法。如图所示,图像数据imi,j可以首先被馈送通过锐化滤波器602,这在一些实施例中可以是可选的。当阈值阵列T(x)或滤波器不如误差扩散系统尖锐时,该锐化滤波器602在某些情况下可能是有用的。该锐化滤波器602可以是简单的有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器,例如3x3,其可以容易地计算。随后,颜色数据可以在颜色映射步骤604中被映射,并且颜色分离可以在分离生成步骤606中通过本领域常用的方法生成,例如使用重心坐标方法,并且该颜色数据可以用于索引CSC_LUT查找表,每个索引可以有N个条目,以基于掩模的抖动步骤(例如,步骤612)直接需要的形式给出期望的分离信息。在一些实施例中,这个CSC_LUT查找表可以通过组合期望的颜色增强和/或色域映射以及所选择的分离算法来构建,并且被配置为包括输入图像的颜色值和颜色分离累积之间的映射。以这种方式,查找表(例如,CSC_LUT)可以被设计成快速地并且以基于掩模的抖动步骤(例如,利用量化器的步骤612)直接需要的形式提供期望的分离累积信息。最后,分离累积数据608与阈值阵列610一起使用以使用量化器612生成输出yi,j以生成多种颜色。在一些实施例中,颜色映射604、分离生成606和累积608步骤可以实现为单个内插CSC_LUT查找表。在这种配置中,分离阶段不是通过在多原色的四面体化中找到重心坐标来完成的,而是可以通过查找表来实现,这允许更大的灵活性。此外,由本文所示方法计算的输出是完全独立于其他输出而计算的。此外,本文使用的阈值阵列T(x)可以是蓝噪声掩模(BNM),图7-10中呈现了各种BNM设计。
对于本领域的技术人员来说显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,可以对上述本发明的具体实施例进行多种改变和修改。因此,整个前述描述应解释为说明性的而非限制性的。
Claims (13)
1.一种用于驱动具有多个显示像素的电光显示器的方法,所述方法包括:
接收输入图像;
处理所述输入图像以创建颜色分离累积;以及
通过将所述颜色分离累积与抖动函数相交来抖动所述输入图像。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述抖动函数是阈值阵列。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述阈值阵列是蓝噪声掩模(BNM)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,处理所述输入图像的步骤是通过查找表实现的。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,所述查找表包括所述输入图像的颜色值和所述颜色分离累积之间的映射。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在处理所述输入图像之前使所述输入图像通过锐化滤波器。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述锐化滤波器是有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,处理所述输入图像以创建颜色分离累积的步骤包括使用重心坐标方法。
9.一种被配置为执行根据权利要求1所述的方法的电光显示器,包括电泳显示器。
10.根据权利要求9所述的显示器,包括旋转双色元件、电致变色或电润湿材料。
11.根据权利要求9所述的电光显示器,包括电泳材料,所述电泳材料包括布置在流体中并且能够在电场的影响下移动通过所述流体的多个带电粒子。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电光显示器,其中,所述带电粒子和所述流体被限制在多个囊体或微单元内。
13.根据权利要求11所述的电光显示器,其中,所述带电粒子和所述流体作为被包含聚合材料的连续相围绕的多个离散液滴存在。
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