TW201634431A - 用於烯烴複分解之催化劑系統 - Google Patents

用於烯烴複分解之催化劑系統 Download PDF

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TW201634431A
TW201634431A TW105108487A TW105108487A TW201634431A TW 201634431 A TW201634431 A TW 201634431A TW 105108487 A TW105108487 A TW 105108487A TW 105108487 A TW105108487 A TW 105108487A TW 201634431 A TW201634431 A TW 201634431A
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catalyst
metathesis
layered double
double hydroxide
olefin
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TWI721970B (zh
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康奇特 蘇里葉
布林 肯通
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泰洛馬克馬肯克艾遜有限責任公司
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Abstract

本發明係關於一種用於烯烴複分解(olefin metathesis)的催化劑系統,該催化劑系統包含:a)一第一系統區域,其係實質上包含一層狀雙氫氧化物(layered double hydroxide);以及b)一第二系統區域,其係包含一複分解催化劑。

Description

用於烯烴複分解之催化劑系統
本發明係關於一種用於烯烴複分解(olefin metathesis)的催化劑系統,以及使用本發明催化劑系統進行的烯烴複分解製程。
複分解係於石化工業中的重要反應之一,尤其是乙烯與正丁烯的交錯複分解,其用於製造有大量需求的丙烯而具經濟意義。影響製程可行性的因素包括:轉換率、選擇率、能量消耗、及反應循環時間。
已有對於改進烯烴複分解製程整體效率的嘗試。使用了數種方法。舉例而言,美國專利第4,575,575號揭露一種乙烯與2-丁烯的複分解反應,其於負載於氧化矽的氧化鎢催化劑與氧化鎂共催化劑的存在下進行。
美國專利第3,658,929號揭露用於烯烴轉換的製程,其中烯烴進料在轉換之前藉由與氧化鎂接觸而進行預處理。
美國專利第5,120,894號亦揭露用於烯烴轉換的製程,其中反應區域為經配置的催化劑床,使得床的上游端為氧化鎂,而床的下游端為氧化鎂與氧化鎢負載於氧化矽的催化劑之混合物。
在這些揭露中,使用氧化鎂進行烯烴進料的雙鍵異構化,例如1-丁烯與2-丁烯的異構化,以達成更高的烯烴轉換率。然而,氧化鎂通常於高溫下會燒結,因此其效能經常在再生之後顯著下降。
美國專利申請公開第20100145126 A1號揭露藉由複分解反應製造烯烴的製程,其中催化反應性藉由允許氫氣共存而增進。然而,副反應可於氫與烯烴進料或產物之間發生,因而降低產物的產率。
美國專利申請公開第2008/0194903 A1號揭露用於純化初始產物的方法,包含將進料流與活化的吸附劑接觸,該吸附劑包含至少3重量%的氧化鋁以移除進料流中的一或多種雜質。吸附劑的活化在高溫下進行,因此需要大量的能量。
另一個可能於複分解催化劑效率扮演重要角色的因素在於催化劑塑形製程(shaping process)。一般而言,異相催化劑,包括複分解催化劑,起初是以粉末形式製備。在用於工業製程前,它們必須被塑形為適當的結構,例如球狀、錠狀、或擠出物。適當的結構提供良好的機械強度,較易處理,且避免高製程壓降。在催化劑塑形製程中,催化劑黏結劑通常加入催化劑中以將粉末材料黏結在一起。黏結劑的選擇可顯著影響最終的催化劑物理性質與催化效能。如果無法找出或獲得不對催化劑效率產生負面影響的合適黏結劑,則需要尋找適當的解決方式以在催化劑應用於製程中的同時恢復催化劑效率。
因此,本發明的一目的在於提供可克服先前技術缺 陷的催化劑系統,尤其是可展現高產能與良好穩定性。另一目的則在於提供一種催化劑系統,其可避免經由將催化劑粉末與黏結劑接觸而形成的催化劑之效率下降。
此目的係藉由一種用於烯烴複分解的催化劑系統而達成,該催化劑系統包含:a)一第一系統區域,其係實質上包含一層狀雙氫氧化物(layered double hydroxide);以及b)一第二系統區域,其係包含一複分解催化劑。
第1圖繪示本發明催化劑系統的兩個實施態樣。
第2圖繪示多個催化劑系統隨反應時間在流出流測量丙烯產率的結果。
根據本發明的催化劑系統,在被安裝且準備好用於烯烴複分解的目標用途時,第一系統區域位於第二系統區域的上游,較佳為直接的上游。於此,「上游」意味著與催化劑系統接觸以轉換進料流中所包含化合物的進料流會首先與第一(上游)系統區域接觸,之後再與第二(下游)系統區域接觸。在此情況下,催化劑較佳於催化劑床中使用。
包含在第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物(LDH)可置於與複分解催化劑反應器分離的反應器中,即,第一系統區域與第二系統區域空間上分離。此配置繪示於第1圖的方案1。也可能將實質包含LDH的第一系統區域與包含複分解催化劑的第二系統區域置於相同的反應器中形成層狀結構,如第1圖的方案2所繪示。
本發明的「實質包含」應理解為各自的系統區域並不另外含有任何(催化)活性的物種,或僅有不會顯著影響各自的系統區域與催化劑系統的催化性質的量。即,可能使實質包含LDH的各自的系統區域(第一系統區域)進一步包含對於各自區域與催化劑系統不具有(負面)影響的惰性物質。較佳地,第二系統區域實質包含複分解催化劑。在此情況下,第一系統區域較佳由層狀雙氫氧化物組成。相同地,第二系統區域較佳由複分解催化劑組成。
包含在第二系統區域的複分解催化劑較佳包含負載在無機載體上之過渡金屬,該過渡金屬選自元素週期表中第VIA族及VIIA族。
在本發明前後文中,用語「VIA族」指鉻族的第6族元素,即Cr、Mo、及W。同樣地,用語「VIIA族」指錳族的第7族元素,即Mn、Tc、及Re。
在一較佳實施態樣中,關於本發明催化劑組成的重量份指重量百分率。
較佳地,用於此催化劑的過渡金屬選自鉬、鎢、及錸,其於複分解反應中具高度活性。過渡金屬可以多種形式存在,包括金屬元素、以及過渡金屬的氧化物、硫化物、氫化物、及氫氧化物。尤其較佳為例如WO3、MoO3、及Re2O7的氧化物,且WO3甚至為更佳的。在一實施態樣中,本發明催化劑包含1至15重量份,較佳7至11重量份之該過渡金屬。
本技術領域中已知多種無機載體。無機載體的種類並無特別限制。在一較佳實施態樣中,無機載體係選自下列所組 成之群組:氧化矽、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鋯、及其混合物,較佳為氧化矽、氧化鋁、及其混合物。
在一較佳實施態樣中,包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑更包含0.1至60重量份之沸石。
沸石的種類並無特別限制,但可較佳選自下列所組成之群組:ZSM-5、X-沸石、Y-沸石、β-沸石、MCM-22、鎂鹼沸石(ferrierite)、或其混合物。在一較佳實施態樣中,沸石係選自下列所組成之群組:ZSM-5、Y-沸石、或鎂鹼沸石,更佳為Y-沸石。
較佳地,複分解催化劑中的沸石含量在0.5至30重量份的範圍內,更佳1至20重量份的範圍內。
在一更佳的實施態樣中,包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑更包含0.1至80重量份的層狀雙氫氧化物。
對於包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑,層狀雙氫氧化物在催化劑轉換率、選擇率、及副產物生成的效應即使在低濃度的狀況下仍可觀測到。在一實施態樣中,複分解催化劑包含0.5至50重量份,更佳1至30重量份的層狀雙氫氧化物。
第一系統區域包含層狀雙氫氧化物(LDH)。在一較佳實施態樣中,包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑較佳也包含LDH。兩者LDH各自獨立選擇,即,包含於第一系統區域的LDH和包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑的LDH可為相同或不同。本文所述LDH的較佳實施態樣,尤其是下文中的詳細描述,皆適用於兩者的LDH物種。
層狀雙氫氧化物(LDH)又稱為陰離子黏土或水滑 石類(hydrotalcite-like)材料,是一系列具有特殊結構的材料,包含具有帶正電的層與電性平衡的陰離子及水中間層。層狀雙氫氧化物的化學通式可寫作:[My+ 1-xM’z+ x(OH)2]a+(Ar-)n.b(H2O)其中M為第一金屬;M’為第二金屬;A為陰離子;x為一數值,較佳於0.1至0.9範圍;y為第一金屬的電荷數,較佳等於1或2;z為第二金屬的電荷數,較佳等於3或4;a由x、y、及z決定,較佳a=(1-x)y+xz-2;r為陰離子的電荷數;n由a及r決定,較佳n=a/r;b為水分子數,較佳於0至10範圍。
第一金屬(M)與第二金屬(M’)可為鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、過渡金屬、或其他金屬。在一較佳實施態樣中,第一金屬選自下列所組成之群組:Li、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、及其混合物,較佳Ca、Mg、Zn、及其混合物。在另一較佳實施態樣中,第二金屬選自下列所組成之群組:Al、Ga、In、Mn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、V、Ti、Zr、Y、及其混合物,較佳Al。
陰離子的實例包括氯離子、溴離子、碳酸根、碳酸氫根、磷酸氫根、磷酸二氫根、亞硝酸根、硼酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、氫氧根、氟離子、碘離子、及其混合物。在一尤 其較佳的實施態樣中,陰離子選自下列所組成之群組:碳酸根及/或硝酸根。
合成或天然的層狀雙氫氧化物材料皆可使用於本發明。
在一較佳實施態樣中,複分解催化劑更包含黏結劑。本發明複分解催化劑的適當的黏結劑包括下列群組中之材料:無機氧化物、無機氧化物溶膠、及黏土。
甚至更佳地,該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物與該包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑之重量比(層狀雙氫氧化物對複分解催化劑之比)為0.5:1至10:1,較佳1:1至5:1,更佳2:1至4:1,最佳約3:1。
較佳地,該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物包含一第一金屬,該第一金屬選自下列所組成之群組:Li、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、及其混合物,較佳:Ca、Mg、Zn、及其混合物。
較佳地,該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物包含一第二金屬,該第二金屬選自下列所組成之群組:Al、Ga、In、Mn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、V、Ti、Zr、Y、及其混合物,較佳為Al。
較佳地,該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物包含一陰離子,該陰離子選自下列所組成之群組:氯離子、溴離子、碳酸根、碳酸氫根、磷酸氫根、磷酸二氫根、亞硝酸根、硼酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、氫氧根、氟離子、碘離子、及其混合物,較佳為碳酸根 及/或硝酸根。
本發明的目的進一步藉由一種烯烴複分解製程而達成,其中包含將進料流與本發明催化劑系統接觸,該進料流包含烯烴。
較佳地,該進料流包含一直鏈烯烴,該直鏈烯烴選自下列所組成之群組:C2直鏈烯烴、C3直鏈烯烴、C4直鏈烯烴、C5直鏈烯烴、C6直鏈烯烴、及其混合物。
本發明製程較佳在溫度於100至600℃範圍,較佳200至450℃下進行操作,以及/或壓力較佳於1至50巴錶壓(bar gauge)範圍。
令人驚訝地,發明人發現藉由將層狀雙氫氧化物(LDH)的床置於複分解催化劑的上游,可增進產物選擇率、產物的產率、及反應穩定性,並且可顯著避免黏結劑與催化劑塑形製程對於催化劑效率的影響。
根據本發明的催化劑系統在經過一段反應期間之後,可被再生以去除毒性物質、煤焦(coke)、碳、及/或聚合物在催化劑表面上的累積,以恢復其活性。控制再生步驟的條件是重要的,使得可以在達成令人滿意的累積物去除程度的同時,不過度改變或破壞孔隙結構、活性位置、及其他原有的催化功能。可使用已知的異相催化劑再生方法而不受限制。本發明催化劑系統可使用的再生製程的實例可見於Applied Catalysis A:General 255(2003)133-142、美國專利申請公開第2010/0167911A1號、及美國專利第4,522,936號。
本發明可用於烯烴複分解反應,最佳於乙烯與丁烯 的烯烴複分解反應以製造丙烯。本發明的其他特點與益處將於下文中基於實施例並參照圖式的詳細敘述中說明,其中第1圖繪示本發明催化劑系統的兩個實施態樣。第2圖繪示多個催化劑系統隨反應時間在流出流測量丙烯產率的結果。
實施例1(比較)
藉由沉積9重量%的WO3於含95重量%的氧化矽及5重量%的Y-沸石的載體上,並與Mg-Al-CO3層狀雙氫氧化物以重量比10:1物理混合,獲得複分解催化劑粉末。催化劑粉末被裝載在管式反應器中,然後於350℃及22巴錶壓下供應含有乙烯與2-丁烯的進料流以製造丙烯。所達到的丙烯產率為61重量%。
實施例2
藉由將於含95重量%的氧化矽及5重量%的Y-沸石的載體上的9重量%的WO3與Mg-Al-CO3層狀雙氫氧化物以重量比10:1物理混合,獲得複分解催化劑。2.2公克的白黏土(黏結劑)與10毫升去礦質水被加入110公克的複分解催化劑中,且粉末與水隨即進行脫粒(thresh)以活化黏結劑並獲得均質濕潤的擠製前催化劑。之後,濕潤的催化劑被進料至擠製機中。然後,由擠製機獲得的催化劑擠製物在爐中以150℃乾燥3至4小時。所獲得的催化劑用於反應測試,其中以催化劑於350℃及22巴錶壓下將乙烯與2-丁烯反應形成丙烯,於其上游系統區域有下列3個選項以作為比較。
表1
由以上結果可見,在複分解催化劑的上游設置層狀雙氫氧化物催化劑床,可減輕甚至改進催化劑塑形後發生的催化劑效率下降。
實施例3
如以下表2所示,製備多種催化劑系統。
該等催化劑系統用於反應測試,其中於管式反應器中,將1.5公克第二系統區域(下游)材料作為底層,3公克第一系統區域(上游)材料作為頂層。含有約25重量%乙烯、15重量%正丁烯、5重量%異丁烯、以及剩餘量的C4烷烴(paraffin)的進料流在350℃、22巴錶壓、及3.5小時-1的每小時重量空間速度(WHSV)下被進料至反應器中,與催化劑系統接觸。測試結果如表3所示。
隨反應時間在流出流測量的丙烯產率如第2圖所示。
可見將層狀雙氫氧化物床置於複分解催化劑上游時,可顯著增進活性、選擇率、及反應穩定性。
前述說明與圖式及後附申請專利範圍所揭露的特點,可各自或以任何組合方式,成為以不同形式實踐本發明的材料。

Claims (15)

  1. 一種用於烯烴複分解(olefin metathesis)的催化劑系統,該催化劑系統包含:a)一第一系統區域,其係實質上包含一層狀雙氫氧化物(layered double hydroxide);以及b)一第二系統區域,其係包含一複分解催化劑。
  2. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該第一系統區域係位於該第二系統區域的上游處。
  3. 如請求項1或2所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑係包含一負載在一無機載體上之過渡金屬,該過渡金屬係選自元素週期表中第VIA族及VIIA族。
  4. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑更包含0.1至60重量份之沸石。
  5. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑更包含0.1至80重量份之一層狀雙氫氧化物。
  6. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑更包含一黏結劑。
  7. 如請求項1或2所述之催化劑系統,其中該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物與該包含於第二系統區域的複分解催化劑之重量比(層狀雙氫氧化物對複分解催化劑之比)係0.5:1至10:1。
  8. 如請求項3所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑的過渡金屬係選自下列所組成之群組:鉬、鎢、及錸,及其混合物。
  9. 如請求項3所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑的無機 載體係選自下列所組成之群組:氧化矽、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鋯、及其混合物。
  10. 如請求項4所述之催化劑系統,其中該複分解催化劑的沸石係選自下列所組成之群組:ZSM-5、X-沸石、Y-沸石、β-沸石、MCM-22、鎂鹼沸石(ferrierite)、及其混合物。
  11. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物係包含一第一金屬,該第一金屬係選自下列所組成之群組:Li、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、及其混合物。
  12. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物係包含一第二金屬,該第二金屬係選自下列所組成之群組:Al、Ga、In、Mn、Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、V、Ti、Zr、Y、及其混合物。
  13. 如請求項1所述之催化劑系統,其中該包含於第一系統區域的層狀雙氫氧化物及/或該複分解催化劑的層狀雙氫氧化物係包含一陰離子,該陰離子係選自下列所組成之群組:氯離子、溴離子、碳酸根、碳酸氫根、磷酸氫根、磷酸二氫根、亞硝酸根、硼酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、氫氧根、氟離子、碘離子、及其混合物,。
  14. 一種烯烴複分解製程,包含將一進料流與如請求項1至13中任一項所述之催化劑系統接觸,該進料流包含一烯烴。
  15. 如請求項14所述之烯烴複分解製程,其中,該進料流包含一直鏈烯烴,該直鏈烯烴選自下列所組成之群組:C2直鏈烯烴、 C3直鏈烯烴、C4直鏈烯烴、C5直鏈烯烴、C6直鏈烯烴、及其混合物。
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