TW201419385A - 形成p型擴散層的組合物和p型擴散層的製造方法,及製備光伏電池的方法 - Google Patents
形成p型擴散層的組合物和p型擴散層的製造方法,及製備光伏電池的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201419385A TW201419385A TW103103033A TW103103033A TW201419385A TW 201419385 A TW201419385 A TW 201419385A TW 103103033 A TW103103033 A TW 103103033A TW 103103033 A TW103103033 A TW 103103033A TW 201419385 A TW201419385 A TW 201419385A
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Abstract
本發明提供一種形成p型擴散層的組合物和p型擴散層的製造方法,以及一種光伏電池的製造方法。所述組合物在使用矽基板製備光伏電池的製程中能夠形成p型擴散層,而不引起矽基板中的內應力和基板的翹曲。根據本發明的形成p型擴散層的組合物含有含受體元素的玻璃粉末和分散介質。p型擴散層和具有p型擴散層的光伏電池通過下列方法製備:塗佈形成p型擴散層的組合物,隨後進行熱擴散處理。
Description
本發明涉及一種用於形成光伏電池(photovoltaic cell)的p型擴散層(p-type diffusion layer)的組合物,一種p型擴散層的製造方法,和一種光伏電池的製造方法。更具體地,本發明涉及一種用於形成p型擴散層的技術,其能夠減小用作半導體基板的矽的內應力,從而可以抑制對晶粒界(crystal grain boundary)的損害,並且可以抑制晶體缺陷(crystal defects)的增加和抑制翹曲。
以下描述矽光伏電池的習知製程。
首先,為了通過促進光學侷限效應(confinement effect)來實現高效率,製備其上形成有紋理(texture)結構的p型矽基板,並且隨後將該p型矽基板在三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮氣和氧氣的混合氣體氣氛下,在800至900℃的溫度進行處理幾十分鐘,從而
均勻形成n型擴散層。根據此習知技術方法,由於磷的擴散使用混合氣體進行,因此n型擴散層不僅形成在該表面上,而且形成在其側面和後表面上。由於這些原因,需要側蝕刻(side etching)製程來移除在側面上的n型擴散層。此外,需要將後表面的n型擴散層轉變成p+型擴散層,因此,將鋁膏印刷到後表面的n型擴散層上,然後燒結,以實現n型擴散層至p+型擴散層的轉變並同時獲得歐姆觸接觸。
然而,鋁膏具有低的電導率,因此通常必須在燒結以後在整個後表面上形成約10至20μm的厚鋁層,以減小片電阻(sheet resistance)。此外,鋁的熱膨脹係數與矽的熱膨脹係數顯著不同,因此這種差別導致在燒結和冷卻過程中在矽基板中產生大的內應力,這促進了對晶粒界的損害,晶體缺陷的增加,以及翹曲。
為了解決此問題,存在通過減少要塗布的膏狀組合物的量來降低後表面電極的厚度的方法。然而,當減少膏狀組合物的塗布量時,從p型矽基板的表面擴散到內部部分的鋁的量不足。結果,沒有得到期望的BSF(背面電場(Back surface Field))效應(其中產生的載子(carrier)的收集效率(collection efficiency)歸因於p+型層的存在而增大的效應),從而導致光伏電池性質降低的問題。
由於這些原因,例如,已經提出了一種包含鋁粉末、有機媒劑(organic vehicle)和無機化合物粉末的膏狀組合物,所述無機化合物粉末的熱膨脹係數低於鋁的熱膨脹係數,並且其熔融
溫度、軟化溫度和分解溫度中的至少一項低於鋁的熔融溫度(例如,參見日本專利公開(JP-A)2003-223813)。
然而,存在著即使使用了記載於特開2003-223813號公報的膏狀組成物亦無法充分地抑制翹曲的情況。
本發明是考慮到由背景技術提出的以上問題而進行的,並且本發明的目的是提供一種形成p型擴散層的組合物,p型擴散層的製造方法,以及一種光伏電池的製造方法,其中該組合物在使用矽基板製備光伏電池的製程中能夠形成p型擴散層,而不引起矽基板中的內應力和基板的翹曲。
上述問題通過下列手段解決。
<1>一種形成p型擴散層的組合物,所述組合物含有含受體元素(acceptor element)的玻璃粉末和分散介質。
<2>如<1>所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物,其中所述受體元素是選自硼(B)、鋁(Al)或鎵(Ga)中的至少一種受體元素。
<3>如<1>或<2>所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物,其中所述含受體元素的玻璃粉末含有選自B2O3、Al2O3、及Ga2O3中的至少一種含受體元素的材料,以及選自SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、
ZrO2及MoO3中的至少一種玻璃成份材料。
<4>一種p型擴散層的製造方法,所述方法包括:在半導體基板上塗佈如前述<1>至<3>中任一項所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物的步驟;以及進行熱擴散處理的步驟。
<5>一種光伏電池的製造方法,其中該光伏電池的製造方法包括:在半導體基板上塗佈如前述<1>至<3>中任一項所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物的步驟;以及進行熱擴散處理以形成p型擴散層的步驟;以及在所形成之p型擴散層上形成電極的步驟。
本發明使得在使用矽基板製備光伏電池的製程中能夠形成p型擴散層,而不引起矽基板中的內應力和基板的翹曲。
為讓本發明之上述特徵和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉實施例,並配合所附圖式作詳細說明如下。
首先,將描述根據本發明的形成p型擴散層的組合物,
然後將描述使用所述形成p型擴散層的組合物的p型擴散層的製造方法和光伏電池的製造方法。
在本說明書中「步驟(process)」的用語不僅包含獨立的步驟,亦包含在無法與其他步驟區別的情況下,若該步驟能達成所預期的作用,亦被包含於本用語中。此外,本說明書中用「~」所表示的數值範圍代表包含被記載於「~」的前後且分別代表最小值與最大值的數值的範圍。
根據本發明的形成p型擴散層的組合物至少包含含受體元素的玻璃粉末(以下,通常簡稱為“玻璃粉末”)和分散介質,並且考慮到可塗布性等,根據需要還可以含有其他添加劑。
如本文中所使用的“形成p型擴散層的組合物”是指這樣的一種材料:該材料含有含受體元素的玻璃粉末並且能夠在將該材料塗佈到矽基板上以後通過受體元素的熱擴散形成p型擴散層。根據在玻璃粉末中含受體元素的形成p型擴散層的組合物的使用確保了將形成p+型擴散層的步驟與形成歐姆接觸的步驟分開,從而拓展了對用於形成歐姆接觸的電極材料的選擇,並且還拓展了對電極結構的選擇。例如,當將低電阻材料如Ag用於電極時,可以得到具有薄的膜厚度和低電阻的電極。此外,不需要在整個表面上形成電極,因此可以部分地形成電極,例如梳狀電極。如上所述,藉由形成薄的電極或如梳狀電極的部分電極,可以在抑制矽基板中的內應力和基板翹曲的同時形成p型擴散層。
因此,當使用根據本發明的形成p型擴散層的組合物時,
抑制了在常規廣泛使用的方法中出現的矽基板中的內應力和基板翹曲,所述常規廣泛使用的方法即為這樣的方法:其中將鋁膏塗佈到n型擴散層上,然後燒結以將n型擴散層轉變成p+型擴散層,同時還形成歐姆接觸。
再者,由於玻璃粉末中的受體成分在燒結中亦難以昇華(sublimation),可抑制p型擴散層因昇華氣體的產生而形成於期望的區域以外。下面將更詳細地描述根據本發明的含受體元素的玻璃粉末。
如在本文中使用的“受體元素”是指能夠通過將其在矽基板上摻雜而形成p型擴散層的元素。作為受體元素,可以使用週期表的第XIII族元素。受體元素的實例包括B(硼)、鋁(Al)和鎵(Ga)。
用於將受體元素引入到玻璃粉末中的含受體元素的材料的實例包括B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3。優選使用選自B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3中的至少一種。
此外,必要時,可以通過調節組分比來控制含受體元素的玻璃粉末的熔融溫度,軟化點,玻璃化點,化學耐久性等。此外,優選含有以下所述玻璃組分物質(constituent matter)。
玻璃組分物質的實例包括SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、.SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2、WO3、MoO3、MnO、La2O3、Nb2O5、Ta2O5、Y2O3、TiO2、GeO2、TeO2和Lu2O3。優選使用選自下列各項中的至少一項:SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、
SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2以及、、MoO3。
含受體元素的玻璃粉末的具體實例可列舉包含前述含受體元素的物質以及前述玻璃組成物質兩者,含受體元素的玻璃粉末可列舉B2O3-SiO2系(以含受體元素的物質-玻璃組分物質的順序記載,以下相同)、B2O3-ZnO系、B2O3-PbO系、B2O3單獨系等的包含作為含受體元素的B2O3的系、Al2O3-SiO2系等的包含作為含受體元素的Al2O3的系、Ga2O3-SiO2系等的包含作為含受體元素的Ga2O3的系等。
此外,如同Al2O3-B2O3系、Ga2O3-B2O3系等般,玻璃粉末也可以包含兩種類以上的含受體元素。
儘管在以上示出了含有一種或兩種組分的複合玻璃,含有三種以上的物質的玻璃粉末如B2O3-SiO2-Na2O等也是可以的。
玻璃組分材料在玻璃粉末中的含量優選考慮熔融溫度、軟化點、玻璃化點和化學耐久性而適當地設置。通常,玻璃組分材料的含量優選為0.1質量%以上至95質量%以下,並且更優選為0.5質量%以上至90質量%以下。
考慮到在擴散處理過程中的擴散性以及滴落(dripping),玻璃粉末的軟化點優選在200℃~1000℃的範圍內,並且更優選在300℃~900℃的範圍內。
作為玻璃粉末的形狀,可列舉大體上球狀,扁平狀,塊狀,板狀,以及鱗片狀等,基於作為形成n型擴散層的組成物的情況下對基板的塗佈性以及擴散性的點來考量,較佳為大體上球狀,扁平狀,
或板狀。
玻璃粉末的粒徑優選為50μm以下。當使用粒徑為50μm以下的玻璃粉末時,可以容易地得到平滑的塗膜。此外,玻璃粉末的粒徑更優選為10μm以下。又,下限並無特別的限制,較佳為0.01μm以上。
此處,玻璃的粒徑是表示平均粒徑,可藉由雷射散射繞射法(laser scattering diffraction method)粒徑分布(particle size distribution)的測定裝置來進行測定。
含受體元素的玻璃粉末根據下列步驟製備。
首先,將原料稱重並且放入坩堝中。坩堝可以由鉑,鉑-銠,銥,氧化鋁,石英,碳或類似物製成,其考慮到熔融溫度,氣氛,與熔融材料的反應性等而適當地選擇。
接著,將原料加熱到對應於電爐中的玻璃組合物的溫度,從而製備熔化液。此時,優選施加攪拌以使熔化液變得均勻。
隨後,使所獲得的熔化液在氧化鋯基板或碳基板等上流動以致使熔化液的玻璃固化。
最後,將玻璃粉碎成粉末。所述粉碎可以通過使用已知方法例如噴射磨、珠磨或球磨進行。
含受體元素的玻璃粉末在所述形成p型擴散層的組合物中的含量考慮到可塗佈性、受體元素的擴散性等而確定。通常,玻璃粉末在所述形成p型擴散層的組合物中的含量優選為0.1質量%以上至95質量%以下,並且更優選為1質量%以上至90質量%以下。進一步
優選為1.5質量%以上至85質量%以下,並且最優選為2質量%以上至80質量%以下。
以下,將描述分散介質。
分散介質是將玻璃粉末分散在組合物中的介質。具體地,將粘合劑、溶劑等用作分散介質。
例如,粘合劑可以適當地選自:聚乙烯醇,聚丙烯醯胺類,聚乙烯基醯胺類,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚環氧乙烷類,聚磺酸,丙烯醯胺烷基磺酸,纖維素醚類,纖維素衍生物,羧甲基纖維素,羥乙基纖維素,乙基纖維素,明膠,澱粉和澱粉衍生物,藻酸鈉類,蒼耳烷,瓜耳膠和瓜耳膠衍生物,硬葡聚糖,黃蓍膠或糊精衍生物,(甲基)丙烯酸類樹脂,(甲基)丙烯酸酯類樹脂(例如烷基(甲基)丙烯酸樹脂、二甲基胺基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸樹脂等),丁二烯類樹脂,苯乙烯類樹脂及它們的共聚物,矽氧烷樹脂等。這些化合物可以單獨使用或以它們的兩種以上的組合使用。
粘合劑的分子量不受特別限制並且優選考慮到所述組合物的所需粘度而適當地調節。
溶劑的實例包括:例如丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基正丙基酮、甲基-異丙基酮、甲基-正丁基酮、甲基-異丁基酮、甲基-正戊基酮、甲基-正己基酮、二乙基酮、二丙基酮、二-異丁基酮、三甲基壬酮、環己酮、環戊酮、甲基環己酮、2,4-戊二酮、丙酮基丙酮、γ-丁內酯和γ-戊內酯等酮系溶劑;例如二乙基醚、甲基乙基醚、甲基-正丙基醚(methyl--n-propyl ether)、二-異丙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二
噁烷(dioxane)、二甲基二噁烷、乙二醇二甲基醚、乙二醇二乙基醚、乙二醇二正丙基醚、乙二醇二丁基醚、二甘醇二甲基醚、二甘醇二乙基醚、二甘醇甲基乙基醚、二甘醇甲基正丙基醚、二甘醇甲基正丁基醚、二甘醇二正丙基醚、二甘醇二正丁基醚、二甘醇甲基正己基醚、三甘醇二甲基醚、三甘醇二乙基醚、三甘醇甲基乙基醚、三甘醇甲基正丁基醚、三甘醇二正丁基醚、三甘醇甲基正己基醚、四甘醇二甲基醚、四甘醇二乙基醚、四二甘醇(tetradiethylene glycol)甲基乙基醚、四甘醇甲基正丁基醚、二甘醇二正丁基醚、四甘醇甲基正己基醚、四甘醇二正丁基醚、丙二醇二甲基醚、丙二醇二乙基醚、丙二醇二正丙基醚、丙二醇二丁基醚、一縮二丙二醇二甲基醚、一縮二丙二醇二乙基醚、一縮二丙二醇甲基乙基醚(dipropylene glycol methyl ethyl ether)、一縮二丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、一縮二丙二醇二正丙基醚、一縮二丙二醇二正丁基醚、一縮二丙二醇甲基正己基醚、三丙二醇二甲基醚、三丙二醇二乙基醚、三丙二醇甲基乙基醚、三丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、三丙二醇二正丁基醚、三丙二醇甲基正己基醚、四丙二醇二甲基醚、四丙二醇二乙基醚、四二丙二醇(tetradipropylene glycol)甲基乙基醚、四丙二醇甲基正丁基醚、一縮二丙二醇二正丁基醚、四丙二醇甲基正己基醚和四丙二醇二正丁基醚等的醚系溶劑;例如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸異丙酯、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸異丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、乙酸正戊酯、乙酸仲戊酯、乙酸3-甲氧基丁酯、乙酸甲基戊酯、乙酸2-乙基丁酯、乙酸2-乙基己酯、乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯、乙酸苄酯、乙酸環己酯、乙酸甲基環己酯、乙酸壬酯、乙醯乙酸甲酯、乙醯
乙酸乙酯、二甘醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇單正丁基醚乙酸酯、一縮二丙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、一縮二丙二醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇二乙酸酯、甲氧基三甘醇乙酸酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸正丁酯、丙酸異戊酯、草酸二乙酯、草酸二-正丁酯、乳酸甲酯、乳酸乙酯、乳酸正丁酯、乳酸正戊酯等的酯系溶劑;例如乙二醇甲基醚丙酸酯、乙二醇乙基醚丙酸酯、乙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇甲基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇乙基醚乙酸酯、二甘醇-正丁基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇丙基醚乙酸酯、一縮二丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯和一縮二丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯等醚乙酸酯系溶劑;例如乙腈、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-乙基吡咯烷酮、N-丙基吡咯烷酮、N-丁基吡咯烷酮、N-己基吡咯烷酮、N-環己基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、N,N-二甲亞碸等非質子(proton)性極性溶劑;例如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇、正丁醇、異丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、正戊醇、異戊醇、2-甲基丁醇、仲戊醇、叔戊醇、3-甲氧基丁醇、正己醇、2-甲基戊醇、仲己醇、2-乙基丁醇、仲庚醇、正辛醇、2-乙基己醇、仲辛醇、正壬醇、正癸醇、仲十一烷醇、三甲基壬醇、仲十四烷醇、仲十七烷醇、苯酚、環己醇、甲基環己醇、苄醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、二甘醇、一縮二丙二醇、三甘醇和三丙二醇等醇系溶劑;例如乙二醇甲基醚、乙二醇乙基醚、乙二醇單苯基醚、二甘醇單甲基醚、二甘醇單乙基醚、二甘醇單正丁基醚、二甘醇單正己基醚、乙氧基三甘醇、四甘醇單正丁基醚、丙二醇單甲基醚、一縮二丙二醇單甲基醚、一縮二丙二醇單乙基醚、
和三丙二醇單甲基醚等甘醇單醚系溶劑;例如α-萜品烯、α-萜品醇、月桂油烯、醯化別羅勒烯(allo-ocimene)、檸檬烯、雙成烯、α-一烯蒎、β-一烯蒎、萜品醇(terpineol)、香旱芹酮、蘿勒萜(ocimene)、水芹烯等萜(terpene)系溶劑;水等。這些材料可以單獨使用或以它們的兩種以上的組合使用。
分散介質在所述形成p型擴散層的組合物中的構成及含量考慮到可塗布性和受體濃度而確定。
以下,將描述根據本發明的用於製備p型擴散層和光伏電池的方法。
首先,將鹼性溶液塗佈於作為p型半導體基板的矽基板上,藉此移除受損(damage)層,並且通過蝕刻得到紋理結構。
具體地,在從錠料切下時所致的矽表面的受損層通過使用20質量%的苛性鈉移除。然後,通過用1質量%的苛性鈉與10質量%的異丙醇的混合物進行蝕刻以形成紋理結構。通過在受光側(表面)上形成紋理結構以促進光學侷限效應,從而光伏電池獲得高的效率。
接著,通過在三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮氣和氧氣的混合氣體氣氛下,在800至900℃的溫度進行處理幾十分鐘,從而形成n型擴散層。此時,根據使用三氯氧化磷的方法,由於磷的擴散是側面及後面,因此n型擴散層不僅形成在表面上,而且還形成在側面和後表面上。由於這些原因,需要實施側蝕刻製程來移除側面的n型擴散層。
此外,將形成p型擴散層的組合物塗佈在形成於後表面即非光接受表面上的n型擴散層上。在本發明中,儘管對塗佈方法沒有
限制,但是例如可以使用印刷法,旋塗法,刷塗,噴塗,刮刀法,輥塗機法,噴墨法等。
作為前述形成p型擴散層的組成物的塗佈量並無特別的限制,例如基於玻璃粉末量,可以為0.01g/m2~100g/m2,較佳為0.1g/m2~10g/m2。
此外,取決於形成p型擴散層的組合物的組成,必要時,在其塗佈以後,可能需要使組合物中含有的溶劑揮發的乾燥製程。在此情況下,乾燥在80℃~300℃的溫度進行,當使用電熱板時,進行1至10分鐘,或當使用乾燥器或類似裝置時,進行10至30分鐘。由於這些乾燥條件取決於形成p型擴散層的組合物的溶劑組成,因此本發明不特別限於上述條件。
對塗佈了形成p型擴散層的組合物的半導體基板在600至1200℃的溫度進行熱處理。此熱處理導致受體元素向半導體基板中的擴散,從而形成p+型擴散層。熱處理可以使用已知的連續爐、間歇爐或類似裝置進行。
由於在p+型擴散層的表面上形成了由磷酸玻璃或類似物構成的玻璃層,因此通過蝕刻移除磷酸玻璃。蝕刻可以通過使用已知方法進行,所述已知方法包括將目標物浸入到酸如氫氟酸中的方法,將目標物浸入到鹼如苛性鈉中的方法等。
在常規製備方法中,將鋁膏塗佈到後表面上,然後燒結,從而將n型擴散層轉變成p+型擴散層,同時還形成歐姆接觸。然而,由於鋁膏具有低的電導率,因此為了降低片電阻,通常必須在整個後
表面上形成在燒結以後為約10至20μm的厚鋁層。而且,鋁的熱膨脹係數與矽的熱膨脹係數顯著不同,因此這種差別導致在燒結和冷卻製程中在矽基板中產生大的內應力,這促進了矽基板的翹曲。
內應力導致對晶粒界的損害問題,從而導致功率損失增加。翹曲使得光伏電池易於在模組化處理中的電池的運輸過程中損壞,或在與稱為分支線路(tub line)的銅線連接過程中損壞。最近,歸因於切割技術的進步,持續使得矽基板的厚度變更薄,從而電池更容易破裂。
然而,根據本發明的製備方法,採用形成p型擴散層的組合物將n型擴散層轉變成p+型擴散層,然後另外在p+型擴散層上製備電極。因此,用於後表面的材料不限於鋁。例如,還可以使用Ag(銀),Cu(銅)或類似物,從而後表面的電極的厚度可以相對於現有技術進一步減小,並且另外,不需要在整個後表面上形成電極。結果,可以抑制在燒結和冷卻過程中在矽基板中形成內應力以及翹曲。
在n型擴散層上形成抗反射膜。抗反射膜通過使用已知技術形成。例如,當抗反射膜是氮化矽膜時,抗反射膜通過使用SiH4和NH3的混合氣體作為原料的等電漿(plasma)CVD方法形成。在此情況下,氫擴散到晶體中,和擴散到沒有貢獻於矽原子的結合的軌道中,即懸鍵(dangling bond)與氫結合,這使得缺陷不活潑(氫鈍化)。
更具體地,抗反射膜在下列條件下形成:混合氣體NH3/SiH4流量比為0.05~1.0,反應室壓力為0.1托(torr)至2托,成膜溫度為300℃至550℃,和電漿放電的頻率為100kHz以上。
通過絲網印刷法將用於表面電極的金屬膏印刷並塗佈在表面(受光側)的抗反射膜上,隨後通過乾燥以形成表面電極。用於表面電極的金屬膏含有金屬粒子和玻璃粒子作為主要組分,並且必要時含有樹脂粘合劑、其他添加劑等。
然後,在p+型擴散層上也形成後表面電極。如之前所述,後表面電極的構造材料和形成方法在本發明中並沒有特別限制。例如,後表面電極還可以通過下列方法形成:塗佈含有金屬如鋁、銀或銅的後表面電極膏,隨後乾燥。在此情況下,後表面的一部分還可以提供有用於形成銀電極的銀膏,用於在模組化處理中電池之間的連接。
將電極燒結以完成光伏電池。當燒結在600℃~900℃的溫度進行若干秒至若干分鐘時,表面側經歷作為絕緣膜的抗反射膜的熔融,這歸因於在電極形成金屬膏中含有的玻璃粒子,並且矽表面也部分熔融,由此所述膏中的金屬粒子(例如,銀粒子)形成與矽基板的接觸,隨後固化。以此方式,在形成的表面電極和矽基板之間形成電傳導。這種製程稱為燒透(fire-through)。
以下,描述表面電極的形狀。表面電極由匯流條電極和與所述匯流條電極交叉的指狀電極(finger electrode)構成。
表面電極可以例如通過下列方法形成:上述的金屬膏的絲網印刷,或電極材料的鍍敷,在高真空下電極材料通過電子束加熱的沉積,或類似方法。由匯流條電極和指狀電極構成的表面電極是眾所周知的,因為它被典型用作光接受表面側的電極,並且可以應用用於形成光接受表面側的匯流條電極和指狀電極的已知方法。
在用於製備p型擴散層和光伏電池的以上方法中,為了在用作p型半導體基板的矽上形成n型擴散層,使用三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮氣和氧氣的混合氣體。然而,可以將用於形成n型擴散層的組合物用於形成n型擴散層。用於形成n型擴散層的組合物含有週期表的第XV族的元素如磷(P),銻(Sb)或類似元素作為給體元素。
在使用用於形成n型擴散層的組合物的方法中,為了形成n型擴散層,首先,將用於形成n型擴散層的組合物塗佈在作為光接受表面的p型半導體基板的前表面上,將形成p型擴散層的組合物塗佈在後表面上,然後在600℃~1200℃進行熱處理。此熱處理導致給體元素擴散到p型半導體基板的前表面中以形成n型擴散層,並且導致受體元素擴散到p型半導體基板的後表面中以形成p+型擴散層。除這些方法以外,根據與上述方法中相同的方法製備光伏電池。
日本申請案2010-022462號以及日本申請案2011-005312號所揭示的所有內容是作為參照而被引用於本說明書中。
本說明書中所記載的全部文獻、日本專利申請案、以及技術規格是以與具體地且個別地記載以參照的形式引用各個文獻、日本專利申請案、以及技術規格時相同的程度,作為參照而被引用於本說明書中。
[實施例]
以下,將更詳細地描述根據本發明的實施例,但是本發明不限於所述實施例。除非具體指出,否則所使用的化學品全部是試劑級的。除非具體指出,否則“%”是指“質量%”。
[實施例1]
將20g的粒子形狀呈大體上球狀、平均粒徑為4.9μm且軟化點為561℃的B2O3-SiO2-R2O(R:Na,K,Li)系玻璃粉末(商品名稱:TMX-404,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生產),0.5g乙基纖維素和10g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯利用自動研缽(mortar)捏合裝置(kneading machine)混合並製成膏狀物,以製備形成p型擴散層的組合物。
玻璃粒子的形狀是使用(公司)日立高科技(HIGHTECHNOLOGIES)製造的TM-1000型掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察來觀察而判定的。玻璃的平均粒子徑是使用BECKMAN COULTER(公司)製造的LS 13 320型雷射散射繞射法(laser scattering diffraction method)粒徑分布測定裝置(測定波長:632nm)而計算出來的。玻璃軟化點是使用(公司)島津製作所製造之DTG-60AH熱示差.熱重同時測定裝置,根據示差熱分析(DTA)曲線而求出的。
接著,通過絲網印刷,將所製備的膏狀物塗佈到其上形成有n-型層的p型矽基板表面上,並且在電熱板上在150℃乾燥5分鐘。隨後,在設定為1000℃的電爐中進行熱擴散處理30分鐘。然後,將基板浸入氫氟酸中5分鐘,以移除玻璃層,進行流水洗滌、乾燥。
在塗佈了形成p型擴散層的組合物的那一側的表面表現出190Ω/□的片電阻和通過B(硼)的擴散形成p型擴散層。
且,片電阻是使用三菱化學(公司)製的Loresta-EPMCP-T360型的低電阻率計藉由四探針法所測定。
[實施例2]
除了將玻璃粉末改變為粒子形狀呈大體上球狀、平均粒徑為3.2μm且軟化點為815℃的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻璃粉末(商品名稱:TMX-603,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生產)作為p型擴散層組成物之外,以與實施例1中相同的方式形成p型擴散層。在塗佈了形成p型擴散層的組合物的那一側的表面表現出35Ω/□的片電阻和通過B(硼)的擴散形成p型擴散層。
[實施例3]
除了將玻璃粉末改變為粒子形狀呈大體上球狀、平均粒徑為5.1μm且軟化點為808℃的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻璃粉末(商品名稱:TMX-403,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生產)作為p型擴散層組成物,以與實施例1中相同的方式形成p型擴散層。在塗佈了形成p型擴散層的組合物的那一側的表面表現出45Ω/□的片電阻和通過B(硼)的擴散形成p型擴散層。
[實施例4]
將20g的粒子形狀呈大體上球狀、平均粒徑為3.1μm且軟化點為416℃的P2O5-ZnO2-R2O(R:Na,K,Li)系玻璃粉末(商品名稱:TMX-203,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生產),0.3g乙基纖維素和7g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯利用自動研缽捏合裝置混合並製成膏狀物,以製備用於形成n型擴散層的組合物。將所製備的膏狀物塗佈到p型矽基板表面上。
隨後,將20g的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻
璃粉末(商品名稱:TMX-603,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生產),0.5g乙基纖維素和10g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯同樣地混合並製成膏狀物,以製備形成p型擴散層的組合物。將所製備的膏狀物通過絲網印刷塗佈到沒有印刷用於形成n型擴散層的組合物的p型矽基板表面上,並且在電熱板上在150℃乾燥5分鐘。
接著,在設定為1000℃的電爐中進行熱擴散處理10分鐘。然後,將基板浸入氫氟酸中5分鐘,以移除玻璃層,隨後用進行流水洗滌、乾燥。
在塗佈了用於形成n型擴散層的組合物的那一側的表面表現出35Ω/□的片電阻和通過P(磷)的擴散形成n型擴散層。在塗佈了形成p型擴散層的組合物的那一側的表面表現出47Ω/□的片電阻和通過B(硼)的擴散形成p型擴散層。
雖然本發明已以實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作些許之更動與潤飾,故本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
Claims (5)
- 一種形成p型擴散層的組合物,其中該組合物含有含受體元素的玻璃粉末以及分散介質。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之形成p型擴散層的組合物,其中該受體元素是選自硼(B)、鋁(Al)及鎵(Ga)中的至少一種受體元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之形成p型擴散層的組合物,其中該含受體元素的玻璃粉末含有:選自B2O3、Al2O3及Ga2O3中的至少一種含受體元素的材料;以及選自SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5,SnO,ZrO2及MoO3中的至少一種玻璃成分材料。
- 一種p型擴散層的製造方法,包括:在半導體基板上塗佈如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項中任一項所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物的步驟;以及進行熱擴散處理的步驟。
- 一種光伏電池的製造方法,包括:在半導體基板上塗佈如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項中任一項所述的形成p型擴散層的組合物的步驟;以及進行熱擴散處理以形成p型擴散層的步驟;以及在所形成之p型擴散層上形成電極的步驟。
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US20080230119A1 (en) * | 2007-03-22 | 2008-09-25 | Hideki Akimoto | Paste for back contact-type solar cell |
US20090092745A1 (en) * | 2007-10-05 | 2009-04-09 | Luca Pavani | Dopant material for manufacturing solar cells |
WO2009060761A1 (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-05-14 | Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd. | ドーパントホストおよびその製造方法 |
JP2009117729A (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-05-28 | Nippon Electric Glass Co Ltd | ドーパントホストおよびその製造方法 |
JP5522900B2 (ja) * | 2008-02-22 | 2014-06-18 | 東京応化工業株式会社 | 電極形成用導電性組成物及び太陽電池の形成方法 |
CN101609847B (zh) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-05-18 | 西安交通大学苏州研究院 | 太阳能电池电极形成用浆料 |
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2011
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- 2011-01-25 WO PCT/JP2011/051365 patent/WO2011096301A1/ja active Application Filing
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- 2011-01-25 TW TW100102723A patent/TWI482207B/zh active
- 2011-01-25 EP EP16164209.5A patent/EP3062336A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-25 CN CN201610524236.4A patent/CN105977143B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-01-25 EP EP13178174.2A patent/EP2662883B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-01-25 EP EP11151993.0A patent/EP2355137B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2011-01-25 TW TW103103033A patent/TWI667695B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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CN105977143A (zh) | 2016-09-28 |
CN105977143B (zh) | 2018-03-30 |
EP3062336A1 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
TW201140659A (en) | 2011-11-16 |
CN102169738A (zh) | 2011-08-31 |
EP2355137A1 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
KR20170045744A (ko) | 2017-04-27 |
TW201642321A (zh) | 2016-12-01 |
CN104835724A (zh) | 2015-08-12 |
EP2662883B1 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
EP3203500A1 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
EP2662883A1 (en) | 2013-11-13 |
JP5447397B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 |
CN102169738B (zh) | 2017-06-13 |
JP2011181901A (ja) | 2011-09-15 |
CN104835723A (zh) | 2015-08-12 |
KR20110090780A (ko) | 2011-08-10 |
TWI482207B (zh) | 2015-04-21 |
EP2355137B1 (en) | 2016-05-25 |
WO2011096301A1 (ja) | 2011-08-11 |
TWI667695B (zh) | 2019-08-01 |
CN104835723B (zh) | 2018-04-10 |
CN104835724B (zh) | 2019-01-04 |
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