CN104835724B - 形成p型扩散层的组合物和方法,及制备光伏电池的方法 - Google Patents
形成p型扩散层的组合物和方法,及制备光伏电池的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104835724B CN104835724B CN201510193767.5A CN201510193767A CN104835724B CN 104835724 B CN104835724 B CN 104835724B CN 201510193767 A CN201510193767 A CN 201510193767A CN 104835724 B CN104835724 B CN 104835724B
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
- H01L21/2225—Diffusion sources
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于形成p型扩散层的组合物和方法,以及一种用于制备光伏电池的方法。所述组合物在使用硅基板制备光伏电池的工艺过程中能够形成p型扩散层,而不引起硅基板中的内应力和基板的翘曲。根据本发明的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物含有含受体元素的玻璃粉末和分散介质。p型扩散层和具有p型扩散层的光伏电池通过下列方法制备:涂敷用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,随后进行热扩散处理。
Description
本申请是国家申请号为201110031097.9并且发明名称为“形成p型扩散层的组合物和方法,及制备光伏电池的方法”的申请的分案申请。
[技术领域]
本发明涉及一种用于形成光伏电池的p型扩散层的组合物,一种用于形成p型扩散层的方法,和一种用于制备光伏电池的方法。更具体地,本发明涉及一种用于形成p型扩散层的技术,其能够减小用作半导体基板的硅基板的内应力,从而可以抑制对晶体晶粒间界的损害,并且可以抑制晶体缺陷的增加和翘曲。
[背景技术]
以下描述硅光伏电池的相关技术程序。
首先,为了通过促进光学限制效应(confinement effect)来实现高效率,制备其上形成有纹理结构的p型硅基板,并且随后将该p型硅基板在三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮气和氧气的混合气体气氛下,在800至900℃的温度进行处理几十分钟,从而均匀形成n型扩散层。根据此相关技术方法,由于磷的扩散使用混合气体进行,因此n型扩散层不仅形成在该表面上,而且形成在侧面和后表面上。由于这些原因,需要侧面蚀刻工艺来移除在侧面上的n型扩散层。此外,需要将后表面的n型扩散层转变成p+型扩散层,因此,将铝膏涂敷到后表面的n型扩散层上,然后烧结,以实现n型扩散层至p+型扩散层的转变并且同时还形成欧姆触接触。
然而,铝膏具有低的电导率,因此通常必须在烧结以后在整个后表面上形成约10至20μm的厚铝层,以减小薄膜电阻。此外,铝的热膨胀系数与硅的热膨胀系数显著不同,因此这种差别导致在烧结和冷却工艺中在硅基板中产生大的内应力,这促进了对晶体晶粒间界的损害,晶体缺陷的增加,以及翘曲。
为了解决此问题,存在通过减少要涂布的膏状组合物的量来降低后表面电极的厚度的方法。然而,当减少膏状组合物的涂布量时,从p型硅基板的表面扩散到内部部分的铝的量不足。结果,没有得到期望的BSF(背面电场(Back surface Field))效应(其中产生的载流子的收集效率归因于p+型层的存在而增大的效应),从而导致光伏电池性质降低的问题。
由于这些原因,例如,已经提出了一种包含铝粉末、有机媒介物和无机化合物粉末的膏状组合物,所述无机化合物粉末的热膨胀系数低于铝的热膨胀系数,并且其熔融温度、软化温度和分解温度中的至少一项低于铝的熔融温度(例如,参见专利文献1)。
[现有技术文献]
[专利文献]
[专利文献1]日本专利申请公开(JP-A)2003-223813
[发明内容]
[本发明要解决的问题]
然而,当使用在专利文献1中所述的膏状组合物时,在一些情况下不能适当地抑制基板的翘曲。
本发明是考虑到由背景技术提出的以上问题而进行的,并且本发明的目的是提供一种用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,该组合物在使用硅基板制备光伏电池的工艺过程中能够形成p型扩散层,而不引起硅基板中的内应力和基板的翘曲;一种用于形成p型扩散层的方法;和一种用于制备光伏电池的方法。
[用于解决问题的手段]
上述问题通过下列手段解决。
<1>一种用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,所述组合物包含含受体元素的玻璃粉末和分散介质。
<2>根据<1>所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,其中所述受体元素是选自硼(B)、铝(Al)和镓(Ga)中的至少一种受体元素。
<3>根据<1>或<2>所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,其中所述含受体元素的玻璃粉末含有选自B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3中的至少一种含受体元素的材料,和选自SiO2,K2O,Na2O,Li2O,BaO,SrO,CaO,MgO,BeO,ZnO,PbO,CdO,V2O5,SnO,ZrO2和MoO3中的至少一种玻璃组分材料。
<4>一种用于形成p型扩散层的方法,所述方法包括:
在半导体基板上涂敷根据<1>至<3>中任一项所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物;和
进行热扩散处理。
<5>一种用于制备光伏电池的方法,所述方法包括:
在半导体基板上涂敷根据<1>至<3>中任一项所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物;
对所述基板进行热扩散处理以形成p型扩散层;和
在所述p型扩散层上形成电极。
[发明效果]
本发明使得在使用硅基板制备光伏电池的工艺过程中能够形成p型扩散层,而不引起硅基板中的内应力和基板的翘曲。
[具体实施方式]
首先,将描述根据本发明的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,然后将描述使用所述用于形成p型扩散层的组合物以形成p型扩散层的方法和制备光伏电池的方法。
在本说明书中,术语“方法”不仅是指独立方法,而且是指不能与其它方法清楚区别的方法,只要通过所述方法实现目的即可。
另外,在本说明书中,“...至...”表示包括在此表述中所描述的值的最小值和最大值中的每一个的范围。
根据本发明的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物至少包含含受体元素的玻璃粉末(以下,通常简称为“玻璃粉末”)和分散介质,并且考虑到可涂布性等,根据需要还可以含有其它添加剂。
如本文中所使用的,术语“用于形成p型扩散层的组合物”是指这样的一种材料:该材料含有含受体元素的玻璃粉末并且能够在将该材料涂敷到硅基板上以后通过受体元素的热扩散形成p型扩散层。用于形成p型扩散层的包含含受体元素的玻璃粉末的组合物的使用(其中所述受体元素被包含在玻璃粉末中)确保了将形成p+型扩散层的工艺与形成欧姆接触的工艺分开,从而拓展了对用于形成欧姆接触的电极材料的选择,并且还拓展了对电极结构的选择。例如,当将低电阻材料如Ag用于电极时,可以得到具有薄的膜厚度和低的电阻的电极。此外,不需要在整个表面上形成电极,因此可以部分地形成电极,例如梳状电极。如上所述,归因于形成薄的电极或部分电极如梳状电极,可以在抑制硅基板中的内应力和基板翘曲的同时形成p型扩散层。
因此,当使用根据本发明的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物时,抑制了在常规广泛使用的方法中出现的硅基板中的内应力和基板翘曲,所述常规广泛使用的方法即为这样的方法:其中将铝膏涂敷到n型扩散层上,然后烧结以将n型扩散层转变成p+型扩散层,同时还形成欧姆接触。
此外,由于玻璃粉末中包含的受体元素甚至在烧结过程中也几乎不挥发,因此抑制了p型扩散层归因于受体元素挥发而在除所需区域以外的区域中的形成。
下面将更详细地描述根据本发明的含受体元素的玻璃粉末。
如在本文中使用的,术语“受体元素”是指能够通过将其在硅基板上掺杂而形成p型扩散层的元素。作为受体元素,可以使用周期表的第XIII族元素。受体元素的实例包括B(硼)、铝(Al)和镓(Ga)。
用于将受体元素引入到玻璃粉末中的含受体元素的材料的实例包括B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3。优选使用选自B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3中的至少一种。
此外,必要时,可以通过调节组分比来控制含受体元素的玻璃粉末的熔融温度,软化点,玻璃化点,化学耐久性等。此外,玻璃粉末优选含有以下所述玻璃组分材料。
玻璃组分材料的实例包括SiO2,K2O,Na2O,Li2O,BaO,SrO,CaO,MgO,BeO,ZnO,PbO,CdO,V2O5,SnO,ZrO2,WO3,MoO3,MnO,La2O3,Nb2O5,Ta2O5,Y2O3,TiO2,GeO2,TeO2和Lu2O3。优选使用选自下列各项中的至少一项:SiO2,K2O,Na2O,Li2O,BaO,SrO,CaO,MgO,BeO,ZnO,PbO,CdO,V2O5,SnO,ZrO2和MoO3。
含受体元素的玻璃粉末的具体实例包括同时包含含受体元素的材料和玻璃组分材料的那些,诸如,例如,包含B2O3作为受体元素的B2O3系玻璃,例如B2O3-SiO2(含受体元素的材料和玻璃组分材料依次列出,并且以相同的顺序在以下列出)系玻璃,B2O3-ZnO系玻璃,B2O3-PbO系玻璃,单独B2O3系玻璃;包含Al2O3作为受体元素的Al2O3系玻璃,例如Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃;和包含Ga2O3作为受体元素的Ga2O3系玻璃,例如,Ga2O3-SiO2系玻璃。
含受体元素的玻璃粉末可以包含两种以上的含受体元素的材料,例如Al2O3-B2O3,Ga2O3-B2O3等。
尽管在以上示出了含有一种或两种组分的复合玻璃,但是含有三种以上的组分的复合玻璃如B2O3-SiO2-Na2O也是可以的。
玻璃组分材料在玻璃粉末中的含量优选考虑熔融温度、软化点、玻璃化点和化学耐久性而适当地设置。通常,玻璃组分材料的含量优选为0.1质量%至95质量%,并且更优选为0.5质量%至90质量%。
考虑到在扩散处理过程中的扩散性以及滴落,玻璃粉末的软化点优选在200℃至1000℃的范围内,并且更优选在300℃至900℃的范围内。
玻璃粉末的形状包括近似球形形状,扁平形状,块体形状,板形状,片屑(scale-like)形状等。考虑到涂布性质和均匀分散性质,优选球形形状,扁平形状,或板形状。
玻璃粉末的粒径优选为50μm以下。当使用粒径为50μm以下的玻璃粉末时,可以容易地得到平滑的涂膜。此外,玻璃粉末的粒径更优选为10μm以下。粒径的下限不受特别限制,并且优选为0.01μm以上。
玻璃粉末的粒径是指平均粒径,并且可以通过激光散射粒度分析仪测量。
含受体元素的玻璃粉末根据下列程序制备。
首先,将原料称重并且放入坩埚中。坩埚可以由铂,铂-铑,铱,氧化铝,石英,碳或类似物制成,其考虑到熔融温度,气氛,与熔融材料的反应性等而适当地选择。
接着,将原料加热到对应于电炉中的玻璃组合物的温度,从而制备溶液。此时,优选施加搅拌以使溶液变得均匀。
随后,使所述溶液在氧化锆或碳板或类似物上流动以导致溶液的玻璃固化。
最后,将玻璃粉碎成粉末。所述粉碎可以通过使用已知方法例如喷射磨、珠磨或球磨进行。
含受体元素的玻璃粉末在所述用于形成p型扩散层的组合物中的含量考虑到可涂敷性、受体元素的扩散性等而确定。通常,玻璃粉末在所述用于形成p型扩散层的组合物中的含量优选为0.1质量%至95质量%,更优选为1质量%至90质量%,还更优选为1.5质量%至85质量%,并且进一步优选为为2质量%至80质量%。
以下,将描述分散介质。
分散介质是将玻璃粉末分散在组合物中的介质。具体地,将粘合剂、溶剂等用作分散介质。
例如,粘合剂可以适当地选自:聚乙烯醇,聚丙烯酰胺类,聚乙烯基酰胺类,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚环氧乙烷类,聚磺酸,丙烯酰胺烷基磺酸,纤维素醚类,纤维素衍生物,羧甲基纤维素,羟乙基纤维素,乙基纤维素,明胶,淀粉和淀粉衍生物,藻酸钠类,苍耳烷,瓜耳胶和瓜耳胶衍生物,硬葡聚糖,黄蓍胶,或糊精衍生物,(甲基)丙烯酸类树脂,(甲基)丙烯酸酯类树脂(例如,(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯树脂,(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯树脂,等等),丁二烯类树脂,苯乙烯类树脂,它们的共聚物,硅氧烷树脂,等等。这些化合物可以单独使用或以它们的两种以上的组合使用。
粘合剂的分子量不受特别限制并且优选考虑到所述组合物的所需粘度而适当地调节。
溶剂的实例包括:酮溶剂,例如丙酮,甲基乙基酮,甲基正丙基酮,甲基-异丙基酮,甲基-正丁基酮,甲基-异丁基酮,甲基-正戊基酮,甲基-正己基酮,二乙基酮,二丙基酮,二-异丁基酮,三甲基壬酮,环己酮,环戊酮,甲基环己酮,2,4-戊二酮,丙酮基丙酮,γ-丁内酯和γ-戊内酯;醚溶剂,例如二乙基醚,甲基乙基醚,甲基正丙基醚,二-异丙基醚,四氢呋喃,甲基四氢呋喃,二烷,二甲基二烷,乙二醇二甲基醚,乙二醇二乙基醚,乙二醇二正丙基醚,乙二醇二丁基醚,二甘醇二甲基醚,二甘醇二乙基醚,二甘醇甲基乙基醚,二甘醇甲基正丙基醚,二甘醇甲基正丁基醚,二甘醇二正丙基醚,二甘醇二正丁基醚,二甘醇甲基正己基醚,三甘醇二甲基醚,三甘醇二乙基醚,三甘醇甲基乙基醚,三甘醇甲基正丁基醚,三甘醇二正丁基醚,三甘醇甲基正己基醚,四甘醇二甲基醚,四甘醇二乙基醚,四甘醇甲基乙基醚,四甘醇甲基正丁基醚,二甘醇二正丁基醚,四甘醇甲基正己基醚,四甘醇二正丁基醚,丙二醇二甲基醚,丙二醇二乙基醚,丙二醇二正丙基醚,丙二醇二丁基醚,一缩二丙二醇二甲基醚,一缩二丙二醇二乙基醚,一缩二丙二醇甲基乙基醚,一缩二丙二醇甲基正丁基醚,一缩二丙二醇二正丙基醚,一缩二丙二醇二正丁基醚,一缩二丙二醇甲基正己基醚,三丙二醇二甲基醚,三丙二醇二乙基醚,三丙二醇甲基乙基醚,三丙二醇甲基正丁基醚,三丙二醇二正丁基醚,三丙二醇甲基正己基醚,四丙二醇二甲基醚,四丙二醇二乙基醚,四丙二醇甲基乙基醚,四丙二醇甲基正丁基醚,一缩二丙二醇二正丁基醚,四丙二醇甲基正己基醚和四丙二醇二正丁基醚;酯溶剂,例如乙酸甲酯,乙酸乙酯,乙酸正丙酯,乙酸异丙酯,乙酸正丁酯,乙酸异丁酯,乙酸仲丁酯,乙酸正戊酯,乙酸仲戊酯,乙酸3-甲氧基丁酯,乙酸甲基戊酯,乙酸2-乙基丁酯,乙酸2-乙基己酯,乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯,乙酸苄酯,乙酸环己酯,乙酸甲基环己酯,乙酸壬酯,乙酰乙酸甲酯,乙酰乙酸乙酯,二甘醇单甲基醚乙酸酯,二甘醇单乙基醚乙酸酯,二甘醇单正丁基醚乙酸酯,一缩二丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯,一缩二丙二醇单乙基醚乙酸酯,乙二醇二乙酸酯,甲氧基三甘醇乙酸酯,丙酸乙酯,丙酸正丁酯,丙酸异戊酯,草酸二乙酯和草酸二-正丁酯;醚乙酸酯溶剂,例如,乙二醇甲基醚丙酸酯,乙二醇乙基醚丙酸酯,乙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯,乙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯,二甘醇甲基醚乙酸酯,二甘醇乙基醚乙酸酯,二甘醇-正丁基醚乙酸酯,丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯,丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯,丙二醇丙基醚乙酸酯,一缩二丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯和一缩二丙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯;非质子溶剂,例如乙腈,N-甲基吡咯烷酮,N-乙基吡咯烷酮,N-丙基吡咯烷酮,N-丁基吡咯烷酮,N-己基吡咯烷酮,N-环己基吡咯烷酮,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,N,N-二甲亚砜;醇溶剂,例如甲醇,乙醇,正丙醇,异丙醇,正丁醇,异丁醇,仲丁醇,叔丁醇,正戊醇,异戊醇,2-甲基丁醇,仲戊醇,叔戊醇,3-甲氧基丁醇,正己醇,2-甲基戊醇,仲己醇,2-乙基丁醇,仲庚醇,正辛醇,2-乙基己醇,仲辛醇,正壬醇,正癸醇,仲十一烷醇,三甲基壬醇,仲十四烷醇,仲十七烷醇,苯酚,环己醇,甲基环己醇,苄醇,乙二醇,1,2-丙二醇,1,3-丁二醇,二甘醇,一缩二丙二醇,三甘醇和三丙二醇;二醇单醚溶剂,例如乙二醇甲基醚,乙二醇乙基醚,乙二醇单苯基醚,二甘醇单甲基醚,二甘醇单乙基醚,二甘醇单正丁基醚,二甘醇单正己基醚,乙氧基三甘醇,四甘醇单正丁基醚,丙二醇单甲基醚,一缩二丙二醇单甲基醚,一缩二丙二醇单乙基醚,和三丙二醇单甲基醚;酯溶剂,例如乳酸甲酯,乳酸乙酯,乳酸正丁酯和乳酸正戊酯;萜溶剂,例如,α-萜品烯,α-萜品醇(terpinenol),月桂烯,别罗勒烯,柠檬素(imonene),二聚戊烯,α-二聚戊烯,β-二聚戊烯,萜品醇,香芹酮,罗勒烯和水芹烯;水,等。这些材料可以单独使用或以它们的两种以上的组合使用。
分散介质在所述用于形成p型扩散层的组合物中的组成和含量考虑到可涂布性和受体浓度而确定。
以下,将描述根据本发明的用于制备p型扩散层和光伏电池的方法。
首先,将碱性溶液涂敷于作为p型半导体基板的硅基板,由此移除受损层,并且通过蚀刻得到纹理结构。
具体地,在从锭料切下时所致的硅表面的受损层通过使用20质量%的苛性钠移除。然后,通过用1质量%的苛性钠与10质量%的异丙醇的混合物进行蚀刻以形成纹理结构。通过在受光侧(表面)上形成纹理结构以促进光学限制效应,从而光伏电池获得高的效率。
接着,通过在三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮气和氧气的混合气体气氛下,在800至900℃的温度进行处理几十分钟,从而均匀地形成n型扩散层。此时,根据使用三氯氧化磷的方法,由于磷双向扩散,因此n型扩散层不仅形成在表面上,而且还形成在侧面和后表面上。由于这些原因,需要侧面蚀刻工艺来移除侧面的n型扩散层。
此外,将用于形成p型扩散层的组合物涂敷在形成于后表面即非光接受表面上的n型扩散层上。在本发明中,尽管对涂敷方法没有限制,但是例如可以使用印刷法,旋涂法,刷涂,喷涂,刮刀法,辊涂机法,喷墨法等。
用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的涂布量不受特别限制,并且例如,作为玻璃粉末的量,可以为0.01g/m2至100g/m2,并且优选0.01g/m2至100g/m2。
此外,取决于用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的组成,必要时,在其涂敷以后,可能需要使组合物中含有的溶剂挥发的干燥工艺。在此情况下,干燥在80℃至300℃的温度进行,当使用电热板时,进行1至10分钟,或当使用干燥器或类似装置时,进行10至30分钟。由于这些干燥条件取决于用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的溶剂组成,因此本发明不特别限于上述条件。
对涂敷了用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的半导体基板在600至1200℃的温度进行热处理。此热处理导致受体元素向半导体基板中的扩散,从而形成p+型扩散层。热处理可以使用已知的连续炉、间歇炉或类似装置进行。
由于在p+型扩散层的表面上形成了由磷酸玻璃或类似物构成的玻璃层,因此通过蚀刻移除磷酸玻璃。蚀刻可以通过使用已知方法进行,所述已知方法包括将目标物浸入到酸如氢氟酸中的方法,将目标物浸入到碱如苛性钠中的方法,等。
在常规制备方法中,将铝膏涂敷到后表面上,然后烧结,从而将n型扩散层转变成p+型扩散层,同时还形成欧姆接触。然而,由于铝膏具有低的电导率,因此为了降低薄膜电阻,通常必须在整个后表面上形成在烧结以后为约10至20μm的厚铝层。而且,铝的热膨胀系数与硅的热膨胀系数显著不同,因此这种差别导致在烧结和冷却工艺过程中在硅基板中产生大的内应力,这促进了硅基板的翘曲。
内应力导致对晶体晶粒间界的损害问题,从而导致功率损失增加。翘曲使得光伏电池易于在模块化处理中的电池的运输过程中损坏,或在与称为分支线路(tub line)的铜线连接过程中损坏。最近,归因于切割技术的进步,持续使得硅基板的厚度变更薄,从而电池更容易破裂。
然而,根据本发明的制备方法,采用用于形成p型扩散层的组合物将n型扩散层转变成p+型扩散层,然后作为另一个工艺,在p+层上制备电极。因此,用于后表面的材料不限于铝。例如,还可以使用Ag(银),Cu(铜)或类似物,从而后表面的电极的厚度可以相对于现有技术进一步减小,并且另外,不需要在整个后表面上形成电极。结果,可以抑制在烧结和冷却工艺中在硅基板中形成内应力以及翘曲。
在n型扩散层上形成抗反射膜。抗反射膜通过使用已知技术形成。例如,当抗反射膜是氮化硅膜时,抗反射膜通过使用SiH4和NH3的混合气体作为原料的等离子体CVD方法形成。在此情况下,氢扩散到晶体中,和扩散到没有贡献于硅原子的结合的轨道中,即悬空键与氢结合,这使得缺陷不活泼(氢钝化)。
更具体地,抗反射膜在下列条件下形成:0.05至1.0的混合气体NH3/SiH4流量比,0.1托至2托的反应室压力,300℃至550℃的成膜温度,和100kHz以上的等离子体放电频率。
通过丝网印刷法将用于表面电极的金属膏印刷并涂敷在表面(受光侧)的抗反射膜上,随后通过干燥以形成表面电极。用于表面电极的金属膏含有金属粒子和玻璃粒子作为主要组分,并且任选地,含有树脂粘合剂、其它添加剂等。
然后,在p+型扩散层上也形成后表面电极。如之前所述,后表面电极的构造材料和形成方法在本发明中并没有特别限制。例如,后表面电极还可以通过下列方法形成:涂敷含有金属如铝、银或铜的后表面电极膏,随后干燥。在此情况下,后表面的一部分还可以提供有用于形成银电极的银膏,用于在模块化处理中电池之间的连接。
将电极烧结以完成光伏电池。当烧结在600至900℃的温度进行若干秒至若干分钟时,表面侧经历作为绝缘膜的抗反射膜的熔融,这归因于在电极形成金属膏中含有的玻璃粒子,并且硅表面也部分熔融,由此所述膏中的金属粒子(例如,银粒子)形成与硅基板的接触,随后固化。以此方式,在形成的表面电极和硅基板之间形成电传导。这种方法称为烧透(fire-through)。
以下,描述表面电极的形状。表面电极由汇流条电极和与所述汇流条电极交叉的指状电极(finger electrode)构成。
表面电极可以例如通过下列方法形成:上述的金属膏的丝网印刷,或电极材料的镀敷,在高真空下电极材料通过电子束加热的沉积,或类似方法。由汇流条电极和指状电极构成的表面电极是众所周知的,因为它被典型用作光接受表面侧的电极,并且可以应用用于形成光接受表面侧的汇流条电极和指状电极的已知方法。
在用于制备p型扩散层和光伏电池的以上方法中,为了在用作p型半导体基板的硅上形成n型扩散层,使用三氯氧化磷(POCl3)、氮气和氧气的混合气体。然而,可以将用于形成n型扩散层的组合物用于形成n型扩散层。用于形成n型扩散层的组合物含有周期表的第XV族的元素如磷(P),锑(Sb)或类似元素作为给体元素。
在使用用于形成n型扩散层的组合物的方法中,为了形成n型扩散层,首先,将用于形成n型扩散层的组合物涂敷在作为光接受表面的p型半导体基板的前表面上,将用于形成p型扩散层的组合物涂敷在后表面上,然后在600至1200℃进行热处理。此热处理导致给体元素扩散到p型半导体基板的前表面中以形成n型扩散层,并且导致受体元素扩散到p型半导体基板的后表面中以形成p+型扩散层。除这些方法以外,根据与上述方法中相同的方法制备光伏电池。
[实施例]
以下,将更详细地描述根据本发明的实施例,但是本发明不限于所述实施例。除非具体指出,否则所使用的化学品全部是试剂级的。除非具体指出,否则“%”是指“质量%”。
[实施例1]
将20g粒子形状为近似球形、平均粒径为4.9μm并且软化点为561℃的B2O3-SiO2-R2O(R:Na,K,Li)系玻璃粉末(商品名称:TMX-404,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生产),0.5g乙基纤维素和10g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯用自动研钵捏合机混合并制成膏状物,以制备用于形成p型扩散层的组合物。
玻璃粉末的粒子形状通过使用扫描电子显微镜(商品名:TM-1000,由HitachiHigh-Technologies Corporation制造)观察来判断。玻璃粉末的粒径用激光散射粒度分析仪(测量波长:632nm,商品名:LS 13 320,由Beckman Coulter,Inc.制造)计算。玻璃粉末的软化点通过使用热重差示热分析仪(Thermo Gravimetry Differential ThermalAnalyzer)(商品名:DTG-60H,由SHIMADZU CORPORATION制造)的差示热分析(DTA)曲线测量。
接着,通过丝网印刷,将所制备的膏状物涂敷到其上形成有n-型层的p型硅基板表面上,并且在电热板上在150℃干燥5分钟。随后,在电炉中在1000℃进行热扩散处理30分钟。然后,为了移除玻璃层,将基板浸入氢氟酸中5分钟,随后用流水洗涤。
在涂敷了用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的那一侧的表面表现出190Ω/□的薄膜电阻和通过B(硼)的扩散形成p型扩散层。
薄膜电阻是使用低电阻计(商品名:Loresta-EP MCP-T360,由MitsubishiChemical Analytech Co.,Ltd.制造)通过四探针法测量的。
[实施例2]
除了将玻璃粉末改变为粒子形状为球形、平均粒径为3.2μm并且软化点为815℃的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻璃粉末(商品名称:TMX-603,由Tokan MaterialTechnology Co.,Ltd.生产)之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式形成p型扩散层。在涂敷了用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的那一侧的表面表现出35Ω/□的薄膜电阻和通过B(硼)的扩散形成p型扩散层。
[实施例3]
除了将玻璃粉末改变为粒子形状为球形、平均粒径为5.1μm并且软化点为808℃的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻璃粉末(商品名称:TMX-403,由Tokan MaterialTechnology Co.,Ltd.生产),以与实施例1中相同的方式形成p型扩散层。在涂敷了用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的那一侧的表面表现出45Ω/□的薄膜电阻和通过B(硼)的扩散形成p型扩散层。
[实施例4]
将20g粒子形状为球形、平均粒径为3.1μm并且软化点为416℃的P2O5-ZnO2-R2O(R:Na,K,Li)系玻璃粉末(商品名称:TMX-203,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生产),0.3g乙基纤维素和7g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯用自动研钵捏合机混合并制成膏状物,以制备用于形成n型扩散层的组合物。将所制备的膏状物涂敷到p型硅基板表面上。
随后,将20g的B2O3-SiO2-RO(R:Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)系玻璃粉末(商品名称:TMX-603,由Tokan Material Technology Co.,Ltd.生产),0.5g乙基纤维素和10g乙酸2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙酯混合并制成膏状物,以制备用于形成p型扩散层的组合物。将所制备的膏状物通过丝网印刷涂敷到没有印刷用于形成n型扩散层的组合物的p型硅基板表面上,并且在电热板上在150℃干燥5分钟。
接着,在电炉中在1000℃进行热扩散处理10分钟。然后,为了移除玻璃层,将基板浸入氢氟酸中5分钟,随后用流水洗涤。
在涂敷了用于形成n型扩散层的组合物的那一侧的表面表现出35Ω/□的薄膜电阻和通过P(磷)的扩散形成n型扩散层。在涂敷了用于形成p型扩散层的组合物的那一侧的表面表现出47Ω/□的薄膜电阻和通过B(硼)的扩散形成p型扩散层。
Claims (5)
1.一种组合物,所述组合物用于通过将其涂敷到基板上并且进行热扩散处理而形成p型扩散层,所述组合物包含含受体元素的玻璃粉末和分散介质,其中所述含受体元素的玻璃粉末在所述组合物中的含量为2质量%至80质量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,其中所述受体元素是选自硼(B)、铝(Al)和镓(Ga)中的至少一种受体元素。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物,其中所述含受体元素的玻璃粉末含有:
选自B2O3,Al2O3和Ga2O3中的至少一种含受体元素的材料,和
选自SiO2,K2O,Na2O,Li2O,BaO,SrO,CaO,MgO,BeO,ZnO,PbO,CdO,V2O5,SnO,ZrO2和MoO3中的至少一种玻璃组分材料。
4.一种用于形成p型扩散层的方法,所述方法包括:
在半导体基板上涂敷根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物;和
进行热扩散处理。
5.一种用于制备光伏电池的方法,所述方法包括:
在半导体基板上涂敷权利要求1至3中任一项所述的用于形成p型扩散层的组合物;
对所述基板进行热扩散处理以形成p型扩散层;和
在所述p型扩散层上形成电极。
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