TW201408765A - 潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物 - Google Patents

潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物 Download PDF

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TW201408765A
TW201408765A TW102126984A TW102126984A TW201408765A TW 201408765 A TW201408765 A TW 201408765A TW 102126984 A TW102126984 A TW 102126984A TW 102126984 A TW102126984 A TW 102126984A TW 201408765 A TW201408765 A TW 201408765A
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refrigerating machine
base oil
acid
hfc
machine oil
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Masanori Saito
Ken Sawada
Takeshi Okido
Kuniko ADEGAWA
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Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp
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Abstract

本發明之潤滑油基油係含有由以下成分所合成之酯:選自具有2~4個羥基之多元醇中之至少1種的第一成分;選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種的第二成分;及選自碳數4~18之一元醇及碳數2~12之一元脂肪酸中之至少1種的第三成分。又,本發明之冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物含有上述潤滑油基油。

Description

潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物
本發明係關於一種潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物。
於冷凍.空調之領域中,當前廣泛使用氫氟碳(HFC)即1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R134a)或者二氟甲烷(R32)與五氟乙烷(R125)之以質量比計1/1之混合冷媒的R410A等作為冰箱、汽車空調、室內空調、工業用冷凍機等之冷媒。
然而,雖然該等之HFC冷媒係臭氧層破壞係數(ODP)為零者,但因其全球暖化係數(GWP)為1000以上較高,故藉由以地球環境保護為目標之所謂F-氣體管制而被限制使用。
作為GWP較高之冷媒之替代,對2,3,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234yf)或單獨二氟甲烷(R32)就其熱力學特性而言作為候補進行研究。又,對該等之冷媒與其他冷媒之混合冷媒亦保持GWP與各種特性之平衡進行研究。作為HFC冷媒之替代,必須為低GWP者,HFO-1234yf之GWP為4較低。R32之GWP為675雖然稍許偏高,但因氣體之壓力較高,為高效率冷媒,故而作為有力候補進行研究(例如,參考專利文獻1)。
又,已於冰箱用實用化之異丁烷(R600a)或丙烷(R290)之烴冷媒係GWP為20以下較低,並且物性值合適者,因此雖然其有可燃性,但仍作為替代冷媒進行研究。
使用替代冷媒候補中之R32、或者含有R32之混合冷媒等壓力變高之冷媒時,因壓縮機之噴出溫度變高,用以潤滑壓縮機內之冷凍機油之油膜變薄,成為嚴格之潤滑條件,故而必需要潤滑性及穩定性良好之冷凍機油。
又,烴冷媒之情形係因於烴分子內無提高潤滑性之氟,而與HFC冷媒等不同,無法期待藉由冷媒而提高潤滑性效果,又,因烴冷媒之對冷凍機油之溶解度較高,降低油之黏度,故潤滑條件變得更嚴格,對冷凍機油要求有超過先前之較高之耐磨性。
[先前技術文獻] [專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2009-221375號公報
本發明之目的在於提供一種與先前之潤滑油基油相比,即便於嚴格之潤滑條件下,耐磨效果亦較佳,且穩定性良好且長期可靠性優異之潤滑油基油,以及使用該潤滑油基油之冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物。
本發明者等人發現由特定之多元醇、多元酸、二元醇、一元醇所合成之含有複合酯之潤滑油基油之耐磨性較高,穩定性良好,可長期穩定地使用,從而完成本發明。
即,本發明係提供一種如下述[1]~[7]之潤滑油基油、如[8]~[14]之冷凍機油及如[15]之冷凍機用作動流體組合物。
[1]一種潤滑油基油,其含有由以下成分所合成之酯:選自具有2~4個羥基之多元醇中之至少1種的第一成分;選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種的第二成分;以及選自碳數4~18之一元醇及碳數2~ 12之一元脂肪酸中之至少1種的第三成分。
[2]如[1]之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種。
[3]如[1]或[2]之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括:選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇之至少1種的第一醇;及選自除新戊二醇以外之碳數2~10之二元醇中之至少1種的第二醇。
[4]如[1]~[3]中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括選自新戊二醇及三羥甲基丙烷中之至少1種。
[5]如[1]~[4]中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第二成分包括選自己二酸及癸二酸中之至少1種。
[6]如[1]~[5]中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括丁二醇。
[7]如[1]~[6]中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第三成分包括選自碳數8~10之一元醇中之至少1種。
[8]一種冷凍機油,其含有如[1]~[7]中任一項之潤滑油基油。
[9]如[8]之冷凍機油,其與含有選自氫氟碳、氫氟烯烴、碳數2~4之烴及二氧化碳中之至少1種之冷媒一起使用。
[10]如[8]或[9]之冷凍機油,其與全球暖化係數為1000以下之冷媒一起使用。
[11]如[8]~[10]中任一項之冷凍機油,其與全球暖化係數為700以下之冷媒一起使用。
[12]如[8]~[11]中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有二氟甲烷之冷媒一起使用。
[13]如[8]~[12]中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有丙烷或者異丁烷之冷媒一起使用。
[14]如[8]~[12]中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有氫氟丙烯之至少 一種之冷媒一起使用。
[15]一種冷凍機用作動流體組合物,其包括:冷凍機油,其含有如[1]~[7]中任一項之潤滑油基油;及冷媒,其含有選自氫氟碳、氫氟烯烴、碳數2~4之烴以及二氧化碳中之至少1種。
本發明之潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物與先前之潤滑油基油、冷凍機油及冷凍機用作動流體組合物相比,發揮如下之特別效果:即便於嚴格之潤滑條件下,耐磨性亦較高,穩定性良好,可長期穩定地使用於冷凍‧空調設備。
以下就本發明之適合之實施形態進行詳細說明。
[第1實施形態:潤滑油基油]
本發明之第1實施形態之潤滑油基油係含有由以下所示之第一成分、第二成分及第三成分所合成之酯(以下根據情況亦稱為「本實施形態之複合酯」)。
第一成分:選自具有2~4個羥基之多元醇中之至少1種;第二成分:選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種;第三成分:選自碳數4~18之一元醇及碳數2~12之一元脂肪酸中之至少1種。
再者,所謂之「第一成分」、「第二成分」及「第三成分」之用語係方便之總稱,含於各成分之化合物可為1種亦可為2種以上。
第一成分係包括選自具有2~4個羥基之多元醇中之至少1種。作為該多元醇,可列舉新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、進而可列舉除新戊二醇以外之碳數為2~10之二元醇等。
較佳為第一成分包括選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種之多元醇(以下根據情況亦稱為「(A)成分」)。藉由使用(A)成分作為第一成分,與不使用(A)成分之情形相比,可對作為基油之所得之酯賦予適合之黏度。於此處,若使用選自新戊二醇及三羥甲基丙烷中之至少1種作為(A)成分,則與使用4元醇即季戊四醇之情形相比,可降低黏度,又,可獲得更優異之低溫特性。進而,若使用新戊二醇,則可大幅度地調整黏度,故而更佳。
又,較佳為第一成分包括上述(A)成分及除新戊二醇以外之碳數為2~10之二元醇(以下根據情況亦成為「(B)」)。藉由使用(B)成分,與不使用(B)成分之情形相比,可提高所得之酯之潤滑性。作為(B)成分,可列舉乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、戊二醇、己二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇、2,2-二乙基-1,3-戊二醇等。較佳為所合成之基油之特性平衡較佳之丁二醇,丁二醇有1,2-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、2,3-丁二醇等,就特性方面而言,更佳為1,3-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇。
第二成分包括選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種(以下根據情況亦稱為「(C)成分」)。作為該多元酸,可列舉己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、鄰苯二甲酸、偏苯三甲酸等。較佳為所得之基油之潤滑性與穩定性之平衡優異,獲取性較佳之己二酸、癸二酸,其中,更佳為己二酸。
第三成分包括選自碳數4~18之一元醇及碳數2~12之一元脂肪酸中之至少1種。
作為碳數4~18之一元醇(以下根據情況亦稱為「(D)成分」),可列舉丁醇、戊醇、庚醇、辛醇、壬醇、癸醇、十二烷醇或油醇。該等之一元醇可為直鏈醇或者支鏈醇之任一者。較佳為碳數為8~10之一元醇,其中,辛醇之支鏈型即2-乙基己醇或壬醇之支鏈型即3,5,5-三 甲基己醇,就所合成之複合酯之良好之低溫特性方面而言較佳。
作為碳數2~12之一元脂肪酸(以下根據情況亦稱為「(E)成分」),具體而言可列舉乙酸、丙酸(亦稱為propanoic acid)、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之丁酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之戊酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之己酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之庚酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之辛酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之壬酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之癸酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之十一烷酸、直鏈狀或者支鏈狀之十二烷酸。作為(E)成分,較佳為於α位及/或β位具有支鏈之脂肪酸,較佳為異丁酸、2-甲基丁酸、2-甲基戊酸、2-甲基己酸、2-乙基戊酸、2-甲基庚酸、2-乙基己酸、3,5,5-三甲基己酸等,其中特佳為2-乙基己酸及/或3,5,5-三甲基己酸。
作為本實施形態之複合酯之較佳態樣,可列舉由以下所合成之酯:(A)選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種的第一醇;(B)選自除新戊二醇以外之碳數2~10之二元醇中之至少1種的第二醇;(C)選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種之多元酸;(D)及選自碳數4~18之單醇中之至少1種的第三醇。
本實施形態之複合酯之合成方法並無特別限定。例如,作為由上述(A)~(D)成分所合成之酯之較佳合成方法,可例示以下之方法。
首先,使(A)成分、(B)成分及(C)成分進行反應,獲得第一酯中間物。此時,於所得之第一之酯中間物中,以源於(B)成分之羧酸基(-COOH)存在之方式,調整(A)成分、(B)成分及(C)成分之莫耳比。
繼而,使上述第一酯中間物與(D)成分進行反應,藉由(D)成分(碳數為4~18之一元醇)酯化第一酯中間物之羧酸基(-COOH),獲得目標之酯(本實施形態之複合酯)。
上述各步驟中之酯化反應可按照常用方法進行,又,酯化反應之反應條件可適當選擇。
再者,包含一元酸之複合酯(調整多元酸與多元醇之莫耳比而製成殘留有醇之羥基之酯中間物,藉由一元脂肪酸酯化該羥基而成者)作為結構成分之情形,於用作冷凍機油時,由於水解而產生比較強之酸,有穩定性不充分之虞。相對於此,由上述(A)、(B)、(C)及(D)成分所合成之酯由於不含有一元脂肪酸作為結構成分,因此與複合酯作為結構成分相比,具有更高之穩定性。
本實施形態之複合酯可較佳用作冷凍‧空調用冷凍機之潤滑油即冷凍機油之基油。再者,如下所述,本實施形態之冷凍機油可進而包含除本實施形態之複合以外之基油、以及各種添加劑。
[第2實施形態:冷凍機油]
本發明之第2實施形態之冷凍機油係含有由如下成分合成之酯(以下根據情況亦稱為「本實施形態之複合酯」):選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種的第一醇;選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種的多元酸;選自除新戊二醇以外之碳數2~10之二元醇中之至少1種的第二醇;及選自碳數4~18之一元醇中之至少1種的第三醇。再者,因該複合酯與上述第1實施形態之複合酯相同,故此處省略重複之說明。
本實施形態之冷凍機油可為僅包括本實施形態之複合酯者(即以冷凍機油總量基準計,本實施形態之複合酯之含量為100質量%),又,亦可進而含有除本實施形態之複合酯以外之潤滑油基油及/或添加劑。
本實施形態之冷凍機油進而含有本實施形態之複合酯以外之潤滑油基油及/或添加劑之情形,將冷凍機油總量作為基準,上述複合酯之含量較佳為10質量%以上,更佳為20質量%以上,進而較佳為30 質量%以上。
作為除本實施形態之複合酯以外之潤滑油基油,可列舉礦物油系基油、以及除本實施形態之複合酯以外之合成系基油。
於本實施形態之冷凍機油中,於無損本發明之目的之範圍內,為進一步提高性能,可包含抗氧化劑、摩擦調整劑、耐磨添加劑(包括耐磨劑、極壓劑)、防銹劑、金屬減活劑、消泡劑等添加劑。
例如,作為抗氧化劑,可列舉如二-第三丁基對甲酚之酚系化合物、如烷基二苯胺之胺系化合物等;作為摩擦調整劑,可列舉脂肪族胺、脂肪族醯胺、脂肪族醯亞胺、醇、酯、酸性磷酸酯胺鹽、亞磷酸酯胺鹽等;作為耐磨劑,可列舉二烷基二硫代磷酸鋅等;作為極壓劑,可列舉硫化烴烯、硫化油脂等;作為防銹劑,可列舉烯基琥珀酸酯或者部分酯等;作為金屬減活劑,可列舉苯并三唑等;作為消泡劑,可列舉矽酮化合物、聚酯化合物等。
又,為進而提高本實施形態之冷凍機油之耐磨性,可應用耐磨添加劑。作為較佳之耐磨添加劑,可列舉磷酸酯,其中作為較佳之化合物,可列舉磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、磷酸三甲苯酯(TCP)、具有碳數3~4之烷基之磷酸烷基苯基酯(APP)。TPP及TCP分別具有單一結構。另一方面,APP通常係烷基苯基為1個(單-型)、2個(二-型)、3個(三-型)之混合物,該等混合比並無特別限定。就耐磨性之提高效果及穩定性之方面而言,較佳為將冷凍機油總量作為基準,耐磨添加劑之含量為0.1~3.0質量%。
又,作為適合之硫系添加劑有硫化物化合物。作為硫化物化合物有多種,其中較佳為單硫化物化合物。再者,例如二硫化物化合物之活性較高之硫化合物有使冷凍機油之穩定性變差,且使較多地使用於冷凍機器內部之銅變質之虞。作為硫化物化合物,特佳為亦作為抗氧化即具有自由基捕捉能力之穩定劑之硫代雙酚化合物。其耐磨效果 與磷酸酯之耐磨效果相同。較佳為將冷凍機油總量做為基準,硫化物化合物之含量為0.05~2.0質量%。若含量未達0.05質量%,則有硫化物化合物之添加效果成為不充分之虞。又,若含量超過2.0質量%,則根據氛圍而定,反而有引起腐蝕磨耗之虞。
本實施形態之冷凍機油之40℃下之動黏度較佳為3~500 mm2/s,更佳為3~300 mm2/s,進而較佳為5~150 mm2/s。
本實施形態之冷凍機油之流動點較佳為-10℃以下,更佳為-20℃以下。又,就潤滑性之觀點而言,該流動點較佳為-55℃以上。
為防止對用於冷凍機或配管之金屬之腐蝕,抑制冷凍機油自身之劣化,本實施形態之冷凍機油之酸值較佳為可設為0.1 mgKOH/g以下,更佳為可設為0.05 mgKOH/g以下。再者,所謂之本發明之酸值,意指依據JIS K2501「石油製品及潤滑油-中和試驗方法」而測定之酸值。
本實施形態之冷凍機油之黏度指數及閃點並無特別限定,較佳為動黏度為10以上,閃點較佳為120℃以上,更佳為200℃以上。又,本實施形態之冷凍機油之水分含量亦並無特別限定,較佳為200 ppm以下,更佳為100 ppm以下,最佳為50 ppm以下。特別於用於密閉型冷凍機之情形時,就對冷凍機油之穩定性或電氣絕緣性之觀點而言,要求水分含量較少。
本實施形態之冷凍機油可與各種冷媒一起使用。換言之,藉由本實施形態,提供一種包括本實施形態之冷凍機油與冷媒之冷凍機用作動流體組合物。特別是本實施形態之冷凍機油於與低GWP之冷媒一起使用之情形時,可發揮優異之效果。
於此處,若就冷媒進行詳述,則冷凍機之情形,就如上述之防止地球溫暖化之觀點而言,有自GWP較高之現行之HFC冷媒向低GWP之冷媒轉移之動向,要求有與此對應之冷凍機油。
當前,作為冰箱及汽車空調用,廣泛使用1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a、R134a),作為室內空調機,廣泛使用二氟甲烷(HFC-32、R32)與五氟乙烷(HFC-125、R125)之以質量比為1/1之混合冷媒的R410A。作為使用該等冷媒之冷凍機用之冷凍機油之基油,考慮到酯(其中不包括本實施形態之複合)、聚醚、特別是聚醇酯、聚伸烷基二醇、聚乙烯醚較適合。其原因在於,於冷凍‧空調設備之冷媒循環迴圈中,為使潤滑壓縮機之冷凍機油與冷媒一起於回圈內循環,而要求有冷凍機油與冷媒之相溶性。若冷凍機油與冷媒不相溶,則自壓縮機所噴出之冷凍機油於迴圈內變得易滯留,因此產生因壓縮機內之油量下降而潤滑不良所導致之磨耗或者閉塞毛細管等之膨脹機構之類之問題。
然而,因上述之冷媒均為GWP為1000以上較高,故預見到由於所謂F-氣體管制而被限制使用。因此,作為其替代,對作為低GWP之不飽和氫氟碳之氫氟烯烴(HFO)或二氟甲烷(R32),或者如丙烷(R290)或異丁烷(R600a)之烴冷媒,進而包含該等之混合冷媒進行研究,成為有力候補。
作為不飽和氫氟碳,有2,3,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234yf)、1,3,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234ze)、1,2,3,3,3-五氯丙烯(HFO-1225ye)等。因該等之HFO冷媒具有於分子內易分解之烴烯結構,故有GWP較低,但相反穩定性遜色之特徵。特別是於嚴格之潤滑條件下,因由金屬/金屬接觸所引起之滑動部之局部性發熱,故伴隨著磨耗而促進冷媒之分解,有導致冷媒與冷凍機油相溶之作動流體之劣化之虞,冷凍機油之潤滑性係極其重要之特性。
又,沸點較低且高壓之氫氟碳(HFC)即R32,或者較多地含有R32之混合冷媒之情形係因壓縮機之噴出溫度變高,故冷凍機油之油膜變薄,而成為嚴格之潤滑條件。又,如丙烷(R290)之烴冷媒之情形係因於烴分子內無有助於提高潤滑性之氟以及對冷凍機油之溶解度較高, 故冷凍機油之黏度降低,而成為嚴格之潤滑條件。作為如此之低GWP之冷媒候補,因就潤滑性之觀點而言均成為嚴格條件,故於所使用之冷凍機油中要求有較高之潤滑性。
本實施形態之冷凍機油係充分具備上述之要求特性者,可與各種冷媒一起使用。
本實施形態之冷凍機油較佳作為含有選自氫氟碳(HFC)、氫氟烯烴(HFO)、碳數2~4之烴(HC)及二氧化碳(CO2)中之至少1種之冷媒用之冷凍機油。又,較佳作為全球暖化係數(GWP)為1000以下之冷媒用,進而較佳作為GWP為700以下之冷媒用。
作為HFC冷媒,可列舉碳數1~3之氫氟碳,較佳為碳數1~2之氫氟碳。具體而言例如可列舉三氟甲烷(HFC-23)、五氟乙烷(HFC-125)、1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134)、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)、1,1,1-三氟乙烷(HFC-143a)、1,1-二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)、氟乙烷(HFC-161)、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)、1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236ea)、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236fa)、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)、及1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc),或者該等之2種以上之混合物。該等冷媒根據用途或要求性能而適當選擇,作為較佳例例如可列舉單獨HFC-32;單獨HFC-23;單獨HFC-134a;單獨HFC-125;HFC-134a/HFC-32=60~80質量%/40~20質量%之混合物;HFC-32/HFC-125=40~70質量%/60~30質量%之混合物;HFC-125/HFC-143a=40~60質量%/60~40質量%之混合物;HFC-134a/HFC-32/HFC-125=60質量%/30質量%/10質量%之混合物;HFC-134a/HFC-32/HFC-125=40~70質量%/15~35質量%/5~40質量%之混合物;HFC-125/HFC-134a/HFC-143a=35~55質量%/1~15質量%/40~60質量%之混合物等。進而具體而言可列舉HFC-134a/HFC-32=70/30質量%之混合物;HFC-32/HFC-125=60/40質量%之混合物;HFC-32/HFC- 125=50/50質量%之混合物(R410A);HFC-32/HFC-125=45/55質量%之混合物(R410B);HFC-125/HFC-143a=50/50質量%之混合物(R507C);HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a=30/10/60質量%之混合物;HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a=23/25/52質量%之混合物(R407C);HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a=25/15/60質量%之混合物(R407E);HFC-125/HFC-134a/HFC-143a=44/4/52質量%之混合物(R404A)等。
作為不飽和氫氟碳(HFO)冷媒,較佳為氟數為3~5之氟丙烯,較佳為下述任一者之1種或2種以上之混合物:1,2,3,3,3-五氯丙烯(HFO-1225ye)、1,3,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234ze)、2,3,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234yf)、1,2,3,3-四氯丙烯(HFO-1234ye)、及3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)。就冷媒物性之觀點而言,較佳為選自HFO-1225ye、HFO-1234ze及HFO-1234yf中之1種或2種以上。
作為碳數2~4之烴冷媒,可列舉乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、丙烷(R290)、環丙烷、正丁烷、異丁烷、環丁烷、甲基環丙烷或該等之2種以上之混合物。該等之中,較佳為使用以25℃、1氣壓計之氣體,較佳為丙烷、正丁烷、異丁烷、2-甲基丁烷或者該等之混合物。
實施例
以下基於實施例及比較例而對本發明進行進一步具體說明,但本發明完全不受以下之實施例限定。
[實施例1:酯(A-1)之製造]
使新戊二醇、1,4-丁二醇及己二酸以新戊二醇/1,4-丁二醇/己二酸=1/0.3/2.4(莫耳比)進行反應而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中不使用觸媒、溶劑,以新戊二醇/3,5,5-三甲基己醇=1/2.5(莫耳比)進而使3,5,5-三甲基己醇進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度67.8 mm2/s,黏度指數145,流動點-50℃,以下稱為酯(A-1))。
[實施例2:酯(A-2)之製造]
使新戊二醇、1,3-丁二醇及癸二酸以新戊二醇/1,3-丁二醇/癸二酸=1/0.2/2.4(莫耳比)進行反應,而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,不使用觸媒、溶劑,以成為新戊二醇/正辛醇=1/2.6(莫耳比)之方式進而使正辛醇進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度59.0 mm2/s,黏度指數158,流動點-50℃,以下稱為「酯(A-2)」)。
[實施例3:酯(A-3)之製造]
使三羥甲基丙烷、1,4-丁二醇及己二酸以三羥甲基丙烷/1,4-丁二醇/己二酸=1/0.2/2.4(莫耳比)進行反應,而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,不使用觸媒、溶劑,以成為三羥甲基丙烷/正庚醇=1/1.6(莫耳比)之方式進而使正庚醇進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度75.8 mm2/s,黏度指數148,以下稱為「酯(A-3)」)。
[實施例4:酯(A-4)之製造]
使三羥甲基丙烷與己二酸以三羥甲基丙烷/己二酸=1/2.4(莫耳比)進行反應,而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,以成為三羥甲基丙烷/2-乙基己醇=1/1.9(莫耳比)之方式進而使2-乙基己醇進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度68.8 mm2/s,黏度指數120,以下稱為「酯(A-4)」)。
[實施例5:酯(A-5)之製造]
使新戊二醇與己二酸以新戊二醇/己二酸=1/0.8(莫耳比)進行反應而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,以成為新戊二醇/3,5,5-三甲基己酸=1/0.5(莫耳比)之方式進而使3,5,5-三甲基己酸進行反應,藉由 蒸餾去除殘留之脂肪酸。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(動黏度71.5 mm2/s,黏度指數114,以下稱為「酯(A-5)」)。
[實施例6:酯(A-6)之製造]
使新戊二醇、1,4-丁二醇及己二酸以新戊二醇/1,4-丁二醇/己二酸=1/0.1/1.2(莫耳比)進行反應而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,不使用觸媒、溶劑,進而使3,5,5-三甲基己醇以新戊二醇/3,5,5-三甲基己醇=1/0.3(莫耳比)進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度275.9 mm2/s,黏度指數117,流動點-35℃,以下稱為酯(A-6))。
[實施例7:酯(A-7)之製造]
使新戊二醇、1,4-丁二醇及己二酸以新戊二醇/1,4-丁二醇/己二酸=1/0.4/3.1(莫耳比)進行反應而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,不使用觸媒、溶劑進而使3,5,5-三甲基己醇以新戊二醇/3,5,5-三甲基己醇=1/3.5(莫耳比)進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度32.2 mm2/s,黏度指數161、流動點-55℃,以下稱為酯(A-7))。
[實施例8:酯(A-8)之製造]
使新戊二醇與己二酸以新戊二醇/己二酸=1/0.8(莫耳比)進行反應而獲得酯中間物。於該酯中間物中,不使用觸媒、溶劑進而使3,5,5-三甲基己酸以新戊二醇/3,5,5-三甲基己酸=1/0.3(莫耳比)進行反應,藉由蒸餾去除殘留之醇。然後,於最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質,獲得酯(40℃下之動黏度300 mm2/s,黏度指數114,流動點-35℃,以下稱為酯(A-8))。
酯(A-1)~(A-8)之動黏度及黏度指數係依據JIS K2283而測定或者 計算。又,流動點係依據JIS K 2269-1987而測定。
[實施例9~67、比較例1~45:冷凍機油之製造及評估]
於實施例9~67中,將上述酯(A-1)~(A-8)之任一者作為基油,於其中調配作為抗氧化劑之二-第三丁基對甲酚(DBPC)0.1質量%(冷凍機油總量基準),製備冷凍機油。
於比較例1~45中,分別將以下所示之(b-1)~(b-3)、(c-1)、(c-2)之任一者作為基油,於其中調配作為抗氧化劑之二-第三丁基對甲酚(DBPC)0.1質量%(冷凍機油總量基準),製備冷凍機油。
用於實施例9~67及比較例1~45之基油之種類如表1~16所示。
<基油>
(b-1)季戊四醇,與2-甲基丙烷酸及3,5,5-三甲基己酸以質量比1:1而成之混合酸之酯(40℃下之動黏度69.4 mm2/s,黏度指數95,流動點-45℃)
(b-2)二季戊四醇,與正丁酸及3,5,5-三甲基己酸以質量比7:3而成之混合酸之酯(40℃下之動黏度68.1 mm2/s,黏度指數90)
(b-3)三羥甲基丙烷與油酸之酯(40℃下之動黏度50.3 mm2/s,黏度指數176)
(b-4)季戊四醇與戊酸、3,5,5-三甲基己酸之酯(40℃下之動黏度31.4 mm2/s,黏度指數118,流動點未達-55℃)
(c-1)聚α-烴烯(PAO)(40℃下之動黏度34.0 mm2/s,黏度指數170,流動點未達-55℃)
(c-2)聚α-烴烯(PAO)(40℃下之動黏度68.0 mm2/s,黏度指數94,流動點未達-55℃)
基油(b-1)~(b-4)、(c-1)、(c-2)之動黏度及黏度指數係依據JIS K2283而測定並計算。又,關於該等基油中之(b-1)~(b-4),係於製造之最終步驟中進行吸附處理(白土處理)而去除微量之雜質。
繼而,使用實施例9~67及比較例1~45之冷凍機油,進行以下之試驗。
(潤滑性試驗)
使用可形成與真實壓縮機類似之冷媒氛圍之神鋼造機(股)製造之高壓氛圍摩擦試驗機(旋轉葉片材料與固定圓盤材料之旋轉滑動方式),進行潤滑性試驗。試驗條件係將每個冷媒種類設為下述之潤滑性試驗-(1)~(4)之任一者。
潤滑性試驗-(1):使用R32作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為3.1 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(2):使用HFO-1234yf作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為1.6 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(3):使用R410A作為冷媒(以質量比計R32/R125=1/1),試驗容器內壓力為3.1 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(4):相對於油以容積20%計而調配正己烷(n-C6)並進行試驗(R290等之烴冷媒係有安全方面之不穩定,作為替代而使用)。壓力為稍微高於常壓之程度。
潤滑性試驗-(5):使用R404A(以質量比計HFC-125/HFC-134a/HFC-143a=44/4/52)作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為1.6 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(6):使用R407C(以質量比計HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a=23/25/52)作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為1.6 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(7):使用R134a作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為1.6 MPa
潤滑性試驗-(8):使用CO2作為冷媒,試驗容器內壓力為1.6 Mpa
除上述以外之試驗條件,潤滑性試驗-(1)~(8)之全部均與油量600 ml、試驗溫度110℃、旋轉數500 rpm、負載荷重80 kgf、試驗時間1小時共通。又,與使用SKH-51作為葉片材料,使用FC250作為圓盤材料之方面亦共通。
再者,因圓盤材料之磨耗量極其少,故耐磨之評估係根據葉片材料之磨耗深度而進行。所得之結果示於表1~16。
(穩定性試驗)
秤取將水分含量調整至100 ppm之冷凍機油90 g至高壓釜中,填充觸媒(鐵、銅、鋁之線均為外徑1.6 mm×50 mm)與以下之冷媒10 g:實施例9~16及比較例1~6:R32、實施例17~24及比較例7~12:HFO-1234yf、實施例25~30及比較例13~16:R410A、實施例31~35及比較例17~21:正己烷、實施例36~43及比較例22~27:R404A、實施例44~51及比較例28~33:R407C、實施例52~59及比較例34~39:R134a、實施例60~67及比較例40~45:CO2
後,加熱至175℃,對100小時後之試樣油之外觀進行觀察以及對酸值進行測定。所得之結果示於表1~16。
再者,穩定性試驗前之試樣油(新油)之酸值全為0.01 mgKOH/g。
使用R32之評估結果示於表1、2中,使用HFO-1234yf之評估結果示於表3、4中,使用R410A之評估結果示於表5、6中,使用正己烷之 評估結果示於表7、8中,使用R404A之評估結果示於表9、10中,使用R407C之評估結果示於表11、12中,使用R134a之評估結果示於表13、14中,使用CO2之評估結果示於表15、16中。
可知實施例9~59之冷凍機油之耐磨性良好,且穩定性亦較佳。
[產業上之可利用性]
因本發明之潤滑油基油及冷凍機油係即使於嚴格之潤滑條件下耐磨性及穩定性亦優異之冷凍機油,可使用於具有壓縮機、冷凝器、節流閥裝置、蒸發器等且使冷媒於該等之間循環之冷卻效率較高之冷凍‧空調系統中,特別是可適用於具有旋轉型、擺動型、渦捲型等之壓縮機之系統中,可使用於室內空調、櫃式空調、冰箱、汽車空調、工業用冷凍機等領域。

Claims (15)

  1. 一種潤滑油基油,其含有由以下成分所合成之酯:選自具有2~4個羥基之多元醇中之至少1種的第一成分;選自碳數6~12之多元酸中之至少1種的第二成分;以及選自碳數4~18之一元醇及碳數2~12之一元脂肪酸中之至少1種的第三成分。
  2. 如請求項1之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種。
  3. 如請求項1或2之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括:選自新戊二醇、三羥甲基丙烷及季戊四醇中之至少1種的第一醇;及選自除新戊二醇以外之碳數2~10之二元醇中之至少1種的第二醇。
  4. 如請求項1至3中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括選自新戊二醇及三羥甲基丙烷中之至少1種。
  5. 如請求項1至4中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第二成分包括選自己二酸及癸二酸中之至少1種。
  6. 如請求項1至5中任一項之潤滑油基油,其中上述第一成分包括丁二醇。
  7. 如請求項1至6中任一之潤滑油基油,其中上述第三成分包括選自碳數8~10之一元醇中之至少1種。
  8. 一種冷凍機油,其包括如請求項1至7中任一項之潤滑油基油。
  9. 如請求項8之冷凍機油,其與含有選自氫氟碳、氫氟烯烴、碳數2~4之烴及二氧化碳中之至少1種之冷媒一起使用。
  10. 如請求項8或9之冷凍機油,其與全球暖化係數為1000以下之冷 媒一起使用。
  11. 如請求項8至10中任一項之冷凍機油,其與全球暖化係數為700以下之冷媒一起使用。
  12. 如請求項8至11中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有二氟甲烷之冷媒一起使用。
  13. 如請求項8至12中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有丙烷或者異丁烷之冷媒一起使用。
  14. 如請求項8至12中任一項之冷凍機油,其與含有氫氟丙烯之至少一種之冷媒一起使用。
  15. 一種冷凍機用作動流體組合物,其包括:冷凍機油,其含有如請求項1至7中任一項之潤滑油基油;及冷媒,其含有選自氫氟碳、氫氟烯烴、碳數2~4之烴及二氧化碳中之至少1種。
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