TW201328776A - 奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒之製法及其在氫氣流中氧化一氧化碳之應用 - Google Patents
奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒之製法及其在氫氣流中氧化一氧化碳之應用 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201328776A TW201328776A TW101101431A TW101101431A TW201328776A TW 201328776 A TW201328776 A TW 201328776A TW 101101431 A TW101101431 A TW 101101431A TW 101101431 A TW101101431 A TW 101101431A TW 201328776 A TW201328776 A TW 201328776A
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- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- gold
- copper
- catalyst
- carbon monoxide
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- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- NASWFPUPGDWAIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu]O[Ce] Chemical compound [Cu]O[Ce] NASWFPUPGDWAIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- HKQQZYGRKQHEHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+) oxocopper oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Ce+3].[Cu]=O.[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3] HKQQZYGRKQHEHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- SKEYZPJKRDZMJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium copper Chemical compound [Cu].[Ce] SKEYZPJKRDZMJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OUFLLVQXSGGKOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper ruthenium Chemical compound [Cu].[Ru].[Ru].[Ru] OUFLLVQXSGGKOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 102100035679 Inositol monophosphatase 1 Human genes 0.000 claims 2
- 101710150697 Inositol monophosphatase 1 Proteins 0.000 claims 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VICOOLTXPHGADJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu](=O)(=O)=O Chemical compound [Cu](=O)(=O)=O VICOOLTXPHGADJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 31
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 26
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018967 Pt—Rh Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005274 electronic transitions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005394 sealing glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012070 whole genome sequencing analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種製備承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物之金觸媒方法,及一種一氧化碳在奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰之觸媒催化下,在富含氫氣環境,與氧氣反應生成二氧化碳以降低一氧化碳濃度之製程;其中氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物係以共沉澱法或是初溼含浸法依不同元素比例混合,再將金利用沉積沉澱的方法,負載在上述製備完成之擔體氧化物上。沉積沉澱法是將製備溫度控制於50-70℃,pH值則是控制於7-9之間,承載之金顆粒大小介於1-5奈米,當Au/CeO2加入CuO,不僅可以增加奈米Au與擔體間的相互作用力,也可以增加金顆粒的穩定性,進而提高觸媒的活性。本發明以含有金/氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒在一氧化碳、氧氣及氫氣存在下,氧氣/一氧化碳分子比為0.5與4之間,使用連續式填充床反應器,用於選擇性氧化一氧化碳,以去除一氧化碳至低於10 ppm,以避免一氧化碳毒化燃料電池的電極。
Description
本發明係有關承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物之金觸媒方法,及一氧化碳在奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物之觸媒催化下,在富含氫氣環境境下,與氧氣反應生成二氧化碳之製程,以去除氫氣流中之一氧化碳,此製程可用於去除燃料電池中氫氣所含的一氧化碳至低於10ppm,以避免毒化燃料電池的電極,本發明亦可應用於去除氫氣槽中的一氧化碳以提高純度。
目前新能源的開發以及有效的利用儲存是未來的研究重點,燃料電池能將化學能高效率的轉化為電能,並能方便的儲存能量,正符合這項需求。在眾多燃料電池的種類中大致可依操作溫度分類為,高溫型燃料電池(操作溫度高於650℃)及低溫型燃料電池(操作溫度低於250℃)兩種,但受限於安全及大小的考量,低溫型的則較常見。但由於這些燃料電池中的電極非常容易被一氧化碳所毒化,例如:PAFCs(phosphoric acid fuel cells)只能容忍2%一氧化碳的存在,PEMs(proton exchange membrane fuel cells)更是只能存在幾個ppm的一氧化碳,故如何獲得乾淨的氫氣來源,就成為燃料電池的研究中最重要的課題。
燃料電池中所使用的氫氣,可從幾種方法來獲得,其中甲烷及水氣的重組反應(steam reformer)是目前最經濟的氫氣來源,但缺點是需要一連串純化氫氣的步驟,另外也有採用其他碳氫化合物的裂解,或者是使用不會產生CO副產物的氨氣裂解反應生成氫氣。在重組反應中,甲烷及水氣的重組必定會生成副產物一氧化碳,而一氧化碳是降低電極效能的主因,故必須經過一連串移除一氧化碳的反應,才可將氫氣導入燃料電池中;在一連串的反應中,首先利用高溫的水氣與一氧化碳氧化反應(water gas shift reactors,WGSs)操作在350~550℃,常使用氧化鐵/氧化鉻的混和觸媒,可將一氧化碳濃度降到3%;接下來經過低溫的water-gas shift反應,使用氧化銅/氧化鋅/氧化鋁作為觸媒將一氧化碳濃度再降到0.5%,其溫度為200~300℃;最後進入選擇性氧化一氧化碳反應(preferential oxidation reactor,PROX)將一氧化碳減至<5 ppm。PROX是目前最能有效移除一氧化碳方法之一,早期常用於此類反應的觸媒,通常都同時具有高度的一氧化碳氧化能力及氫氣的氧化能力,最被廣泛使用的莫過於是白金觸媒;但是白金觸媒的反應活性雖好,卻也使得氫氣的氧化量也跟著增加,所以隨著溫度的升高一氧化碳轉化率就會下降,選擇率也隨之降低,且對於白金觸媒來說,進料中存在著水氣並不會對反應造成很大的影響。另外還有Ru、Rh、Pd等金屬觸媒應用在這個反應上,其一氧化碳轉化率如同白金觸媒一般,隨著溫度升高而遞減。早期金被視為沒有活性的鈍態金屬物質,直到日本的Haruta博士發現當奈米級的金承載到金屬擔體上時具有很高的活性,能夠在低溫環境催化一氧化碳氧化,金觸媒才逐漸被重視。
金觸媒的活性會隨製備方法、金的粒徑、形狀、反應環境及擔體而改變,目前以沉積沉澱法(Deposition-precipitation method)製備金觸媒是最容易,並可藉由控制前驅物濃度及鍛燒溫度,製備出顆粒介於2-5奈米且分布均勻的擔載金觸媒,但此方法最大的缺點是為了避免金顆粒聚集,使用較低濃度的金溶液製備時,實際負載量仍嫌過低,大約只有50-60%。
Oh及Sinketvitch等人的論文中提到[Journal of Catalysis,第142卷(1993)第245頁],應用Ru、Rh、Pd等金屬觸媒應用在這個反應上,其一氧化碳轉化率如同白金觸媒一般,隨著溫度升高而遞減。一氧化碳轉化率遞減的情況在各種觸媒中,分別為Ru/Al2O3>Rh/Al2O3>Pt/Al2O3>Pd/Al2O3(同樣在0.5%的金屬含量下)。Matralis等人的文獻中[Catalysis Today,第75卷(2002),第157至167頁],比較5 wt.% Pt/γ-Al2O3、2.9 wt.% Au/α-Fe2O3及CuO-CeO2三種不同觸媒,在反應溫度25-250℃間PROX反應的情況,發現金觸媒適合在100℃以下進行反應,銅觸媒則適合100~200℃,白金觸媒則是在200℃有100%的一氧化碳轉化率,並且發現反應氣體中二氧化碳的存在會降低一氧化碳的轉化率,尤其是金觸媒更為明顯。相較於白金觸媒,金觸媒不但能在低於100℃下具有很高的活性,是其他貴金屬觸媒所不能比擬的,並且金的原料也比白金便宜,其操作溫度也較適合低溫型燃料電池,不用另行加溫。
國內現有的專利有關金觸媒專利大部分都在一氧化碳氧化上的應用,並且並無使用氧化銅-二氧化鈰氧化物作為擔體,在100℃以下進行反應。由已公開專利中,未有如本發明所揭示利用奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒應用在選擇性一氧化碳氧化的方法。
在外國專利方面,應用在選擇性一氧化碳氧化反應之觸媒,大多以鉑、釕、銠及這幾類的合金為主,而本發明與這些比較,優點在於金的價格較為便宜,本發明所揭示利用奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒應用在選擇性一氧化碳氧化的方法,可以使一氧化碳氧化的選擇率及轉化率提高,並抑制氫氣氧化。且在溫度低於100℃下操作,仍然具有高活性。以下列舉近年專利,日本專利JP2004-338981(2004/12/02)揭示一種氫氣純化裝置與操作方法及一氧化碳選擇性氧化觸媒之製造方法,觸媒為負載在氧化物擔體如氧化鋁上之Pt、Rh或Pt-Rh合金,能在200~350℃下將含氫重組氣中之CO選擇性移除,但在較高溫的環境下反應。日本專利JP2004-284920(2004/10/14)揭示一種選擇性氧化反應裝置及使用該裝置移除一氧化碳的方法,使用一種含二觸媒段之選擇性氧化反應器將含氫重組氣體中之CO移除,所用之觸媒為負載在金屬氧化物擔體如氧化鋁或氧化矽上之Pt及Ru觸媒。美國專利US6787118(2004/09/07)揭示一種自氫氣流中選擇性移除一氧化碳的方法,使用之觸媒為負載在以共沉澱法製得之含鈰及其他金屬如鋯、鐵、錳、銅等混合氧化物上之Pt、Pd及Au觸媒。美國專利US6780386(2004/08/24)揭示一種一氧化碳氧化觸媒及製造含氫氣體的方法,以負載在氧化鈦及氧化鋁上之釕為觸媒,將富氫氣體中之CO濃度由0.6%降至約10 ppm。日本專利JP2004-223415(2004/08/12)揭示選擇性氧化一氧化碳之觸媒及燃料系統中降低一氧化碳濃度之方法,實施例中以負載在氧化鋁上之釕為觸媒,於149~205℃下能將富氫氣體中之CO濃度由6000 ppm降至10 ppm以下。美國專利US6673742(2004/01/06)與US6409939(2002/01/25)揭示製造一種優先氧化觸媒及製造富氫燃料氣流的方法,製得之0.5~3%Ru/Al2O3觸媒在70~130℃溫度下能選擇性氧化富氫進料中之一氧化碳(0.47%),出料氣中之CO濃度可降至50 ppm。美國專利USP 6559094(2003/05/06)揭示一用於選擇性氧化一氧化碳之催化材料的製備方法,典型使用的觸媒為5%Pt-0.3%Fe/Al2O3。美國專利USP 6531106(2003/03/11)揭示一種選擇性移除一氧化碳的方法,將Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh或Ir等貴金屬負載在結晶矽酸鹽上為觸媒,於實施例中處理含0.6% CO、24% CO2、20% H2O、0.6% O2、54.8% H2之氣體,不同溫度下多數能將CO濃度降至50 ppm以下。日本專利JP2003-104703(2003/04/09)揭示降低一氧化碳的方法及燃料電池系統,實施例中製備Ru-Pt/Al2O3觸媒,能將含氫重組氣體中之CO濃度由6000 ppm降至4 ppm。美國專利USP 6287529(2001/09/11)與USP 5874041(1999/02/23)揭示選擇性催化氧化一氧化碳的裝置和方法,該裝置為多階段式CO氧化反應器,以負載在Al2O3或沸石上之Pt或Ru為觸媒,能將富氫氣流中之CO降至40 ppm以下。日本專利JP 2000-169107(2000/06/20)揭示降低一氧化碳製造含氫氣體的方法,實施例中製備負載在氧化鈦及氧化鋁擔體上之含鹼金屬或鹼土金屬之Ru觸媒,於60~160℃範圍能將含氫氣體中之CO濃度由0.6%降至50 ppm以下。歐洲專利EP0955351(1999/11/10)與日本專利JP11310402(1999/09/11)揭示一氧化碳濃度降低裝置及一氧化碳選擇性氧化觸媒的製造方法,該觸媒為以不同比例負載在Al2O3上之Pt和Ru,Pt和Ru的比例會改變選擇性氧化反應的溫度。美國專利USP 5258340(1993/11/02)揭示一種用於低溫轉化一氧化碳之混合過渡金屬氧化物觸媒的製造方法,以順序沉澱法(sequential precipitation method)製得內層含氧化鈷,外層含其他金屬如鐵、鎳、銅、鋅、鉬、鎢或錫之氧化物的層狀金屬氧化物,此層狀金屬氧化物也可擔載在二氧化矽擔體上,最後將貴金屬如金、鉑、鈀、銠或其混合物負載至層狀金屬氧化物上,所得觸媒用於低溫氧化CO,實施例1-2中顯示T50(CO轉化率達50%所需之溫度)隨觸媒組成而異,介於46~240℃之間。日本專利JP05201702(1993/08/10)揭示選擇性移除一氧化碳之方法及裝置,以Ru/Al2O3及Rh/Al2O3為觸媒,於120℃以下能將含氫氣體中之CO濃度降至0.01%以下。
本發明揭示一種製備承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物擔體之金觸媒方法,及一種一氧化碳在奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物之觸媒催化下,在富含氫氣環境下,與氧氣反應生成二氧化碳之製程;其中氧化銅及二氧化鈰係依不同元素比例混合,承載之金顆粒小於5奈米。本發明以含有金/氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒在一氧化碳、氧氣、氫氣及氦氣存在下,使用連續式填充床反應器,用以選擇性氧化一氧化碳,本發明可應用於去除燃料電池的燃料中的一氧化碳至低於10 ppm,以避免毒化電極。
實施方式一
以共沉澱法(CP)製備氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物,作為負載金的擔體。稱取所需之硝酸銅和硝酸鈰粉末加水配製溶液,再將氨水緩慢加入沉澱出銅鈰混合氧化物,在空氣中200至400℃之間之任一溫度鍛燒2至10小時並取出研磨,即生成銅鈰混合氧化物粉末。
實施方式二
以初濕含浸法(incipient-wetness impregnation)製備氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物,作為負載金的擔體,製作不同原子比的混合擔體,稱取所需之硝酸銅粉末加少量水配製為溶液,將水溶液慢慢滴入二氧化鈰中並攪拌均勻,在空氣中200至400℃之間任一溫度鍛燒2至10小時,即生成銅鈰混合氧化物粉末。
實施方式三
將金利用沉積沉澱的方法,負載在上述製備完成之氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物擔體上;稱取欲配置之等重之四氯金酸(1wt%Au),配成濃度為1×10-3 M-5×10-3 M的金溶液,將其滴入均勻混合的擔體溶液中,用氨水控制酸鹼值在7-9,並控制其溫度在50-80℃熟化,其後將濾餅過濾出來,用蒸餾水洗去氯離子,再於60至100℃之間任一溫度乾燥2至20小時、100至200℃之間之任一溫度鍛燒,便得到觸媒。
實施例一
以共沉澱法(CP)製備銅鈰混合氧化物,作為負載金的擔體。稱取所需之硝酸銅和硝酸鈰粉末加水配製溶液,再將氨水緩慢加入沉澱出銅鈰混合氧化物,在空氣中300℃煅燒4小時並取出研磨,即生成銅鈰混合氧化物粉末。將金利用沉積沉澱的方法,負載在上述製備完成之擔體氧化物上;稱取欲配置之等重之四氯金酸(1wt%Au),配成濃度為2×10-3M的金溶液,將其滴入均勻混合的擔體溶液中,用氨水控制酸鹼值在7,並控制其溫度在65℃熟化,其後將濾餅過濾出來,用蒸餾水洗去氯離子,再以100℃乾燥5小時、180℃煅燒,便得到觸媒。
使用X光繞射儀判斷其晶相,穿透式電子顯微鏡觀測金的粒徑大小,化學分析影像能譜儀量測金的電子組態。
利用穿透式電子顯微鏡可以得知觸媒形狀、粒徑大小與其粒徑分佈。圖一為利用沉積沉澱法製備之Au/CuO-CeO2觸媒,平均金顆粒直徑為3.09奈米,其顆粒大多分布在3奈米。觀察到深斑點為半球面的金奈米均勻分散在CuOx-CeO2擔體上,與XRD中無法偵測到金特徵峰的結果一致。
X-光繞射儀
由X-光繞射儀可以得知觸媒的晶型。圖二為在各種不同Cu: Ce比例之金觸媒的XRD圖譜,可以明顯地發現二氧化鈰的特徵峰:2θ=28.55°(111)、33.07°(200)、47.48°(220)、56.34(311)。而CuOx的特徵峰強度微弱,說明其在CeO2擔體的表面上有良好的分散和非晶態性質。
在所有觸媒中,有可能出現金的位置,2θ為38.18°(111)、44.39°(200)、64.58°(220)、77.55°(311)時,都未發現金的特徵峰,由此證實金顆粒的確小於4奈米。
X
-光光電子能譜儀
由X-光光電子能譜儀可求知金觸媒中金粒子的鍵結能。其中所有圖譜皆用C1s的鍵結能284.5電子伏特做校正。若將訊號峰值作解析,本研究對於金的化學狀態的描述可分為元素態和正一價金,用以定量的金主要參考其4f5/2及4f7/2兩個軌域的電子躍遷,其中元素態位置在83.9 eV及87.57 eV;正一價金的鍵結能位於88.2 eV及84.7 eV,用此做為分析金的表面組成其結果如表一。
XPS分析可取得CuOx-CeO2觸媒上金的表面狀態,XPS光譜可探討所有觸媒存在不同金物種如金屬金(Au0)和Au+的情形,即Au 4f7/2和Au 4f5/2。金屬金的峰會集中在84.0 eV(Au 4f7/2)和87.7 eV(Au 4f5/2)。Au+的峰位於86.3 eV(Au 4f7/2)和89.6 eV(Au 4f5/2)。圖九顯示金觸媒在XPS光譜上有Au 4f的鍵能偏移,表明CuOx-CeO2上金擔體有強的金屬擔體交互作用。
實施方式四
將實施方式觸媒置於直立式填充床反應器內,進行在富氫環境下選擇性氧化一氧化碳的反應,以固定床反應器進行,其進料中含有一氧化碳/氧氣為1/3,另外還有過量氫氣。
實施例二
將觸媒0.10克的觸媒粉末置於直立式填充床反應器內,進行在富氫環境下選擇性氧化一氧化碳的反應,以固定床反應器進行實驗,管內外直徑為1.2公分及0.6公分,長度57公分,中間有0.7公分之融熔石英砂,以擔載反應之觸媒,但可以透氣,另外在反應管內有一內外直徑為0.6公分及0.4公分之底部密封玻璃管,是為了放置測量觸媒表面溫度的熱電偶溫度計;其進料氣體比率為:一氧化碳/氧氣為1/1時:一氧化碳/氧氣/氫氣/氦氣體積比為1.33/1.33/65.33/32.01。混合氣體以質量流率控制器控制總流量為每分鐘50毫升,在室溫下通入反應器中,反應氣體產物以氣相層析儀(中國層析型號9800T)分析之,使用3.5公尺分子篩5A不銹鋼管柱;反應器溫度由含有熱電偶之圓筒狀加熱爐控制,其加熱爐外層長度約17公分,直徑11公分,內部鋪有4公分玻璃纖維之保溫設備,反應器溫度以每分鐘攝氏2度由攝氏25度升高,並分別在35、50、65、80、100度平衡10分鐘,並在溫度平衡5分鐘時取樣。
在選擇性氧化部份,通入空間流速為30,000 h-1之氣體(內含1.33%一氧化碳,1.33%氧氣,65.33%氫氣及36%氦氣),其中一氧化碳轉化率定義為:(進料一氧化碳濃度-出料一氧化碳濃度)÷入口一氧化碳濃度,選擇率則定義為:一氧化碳氧化需氧量÷(進料氧氣濃度-出料氧氣濃度),並根據不同一氧化碳與氧氣比,改變組成但仍維持總流量。
圖四顯示不同銅鈰莫耳比對於選擇性CO氧化反應的影響。發現添加適量的CuOx可以改善CO轉化率,觸媒反應溫度從65℃到80℃間的CO轉化率可以達到100%,當反應溫度為100℃時,CO轉化率亦在95%以上。整體而言Au/CuOx-CeO2(共沉澱法Cu:Ce原子比=5:95)的活性最佳,而Au/CuOx-CeO2(初濕含浸法Cu:Ce原子比=1:9)的活性則在高溫時較好,100℃下可達100%。
當反應溫度為80℃時,這些觸媒對CO的轉化率皆可達到96%以上。隨著溫度的上升,會造成CO的選擇率下降,代表CO與氫氣是呈現競爭性的吸附。上述實施方式之反應結果為下圖4及圖5,這些實施方法下,當反應溫度高於80℃時,反應器出口氣體中之一氧化碳濃度均低於10 ppm,由這些結果證實本發明之觸媒能有效去除氣體中之一氧化碳。
添加適量的氧化銅到Au/CeO2上,可以提高CO轉化率和抑制氫氣氧化反應。當CuOx加入Au/CeO2,不僅可以增加奈米金與擔體間的相互作用力,也可以增加金顆粒的穩定性,進而提高觸媒的活性。
Claims (2)
- 一種製作承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物之金觸媒的方法,其包括以含浸法或共沉澱法製備之氧化鎂及氧化鈦混合氧化物,以共沉澱法製備氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物,作為負載金的擔體。稱取所需之硝酸銅和硝酸鈰粉末加水配製溶液,再將氨水緩慢加入沉澱出銅鈰混合氧化物,在空氣中200至400℃之間任一溫度鍛燒2至10小時並取出研磨,即生成銅鈰混合氧化物粉末;以初濕含浸法製備氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物,作為負載金的擔體,製作不同原子比的混合擔體,稱取所需之硝酸銅粉末加少量水配製為溶液,將水溶液慢慢滴入二氧化鈰中並攪拌均勻,在空氣中200至400℃煅燒2至10小時,即生成銅鈰混合氧化物粉末;再以沉積沉澱法將金溶液與氧化銅-二氧化鈰雙氧化物放在水中,以氨水控制酸鹼值在7至9之間之任一值,及維持溫度在50至70℃之間持續攪拌,維持1至10小時後,以50℃至70℃之間以蒸餾水清洗,60℃至80℃之間任一溫度烘乾12小時,在120℃至200℃之間煅燒2至10小時,其中氧化鎂及氧化鈦混合氧化物之鎂/鈦原子比在1/99至50/50之間,金含量介於0.5至2 wt. %之間,金顆粒的粒徑為1至5奈米之間。
- 一種去除氣體中含有一氧化碳的方法,其係以如申請專利範圍第1.項所製備之含有奈米金承載於氧化銅-二氧化鈰觸媒在含有氫氣存在的氣體下,於20℃至200℃間之任一溫度下反應,使一氧化碳氧化成二氧化碳,其中反應氣體有氧氣、一氧化碳及氫氣及氦氣,其中氧/一氧化碳莫耳比為1至4之間。圖一 Au/CuOx-CeO2(共沉澱法)觸媒的TEM照片及金顆粒大小分布情況,其金的平均顆粒大小為3.09奈米。圖二 不同銅/鈰原子比的Au/CuOx-CeO2觸媒XRD圖,(a) Au/CeO2;(b) Au/CuOx-CeO2(IMP 5:95);(c) Au/CuOx-CeO2(IMP 1:9);(d) Au/CuOx-CeO2(CP 5:95);(e) Au/CuOx-CeO2(CP 1:9)(Cu: Ce by atom ratio).圖三 不用銅鈰比例的Au/CuOx-CeO2觸媒XPS Au 4f光譜,(a)IMP 5:95(b)IMP 1:9(c) CP 5:95(d) CP 1:9.圖四 Au/CuOx-CeO2不同製備與銅鈰比例擔體之金觸媒反應轉化率之比較圖五 Au/CuOx-CeO2不同製備與銅鈰比例擔體之金觸媒反應選擇率之比較
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