TW200932888A - Production of diesel fuel from biorenewable feedstocks with lower hydrogen consumption - Google Patents

Production of diesel fuel from biorenewable feedstocks with lower hydrogen consumption Download PDF

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TW200932888A
TW200932888A TW097136153A TW97136153A TW200932888A TW 200932888 A TW200932888 A TW 200932888A TW 097136153 A TW097136153 A TW 097136153A TW 97136153 A TW97136153 A TW 97136153A TW 200932888 A TW200932888 A TW 200932888A
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hydrogen
stream
reaction
reaction zone
isomerization
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TW097136153A
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TWI383040B (zh
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Terry Louise Marker
Peter Kokayeff
Suheil Fares Abdo
Franco Baldiraghi
Luigina Maria Flora Sabatino
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Uop Llc
Eni Spa
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    • C01B3/12Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
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    • C10G3/42Catalytic treatment
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    • C01B2203/0465Composition of the impurity
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    • C10G2300/00Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
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    • C10G2300/00Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/20Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
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    • C10G2300/00Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
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    • C10G2400/02Gasoline
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    • C10G2400/00Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
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    • C10G2400/00Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/28Propane and butane
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02P30/00Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
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  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
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Description

200932888 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於由諸如植物油、魚油、動物脂肪、及油月旨 等材料中所發現之諸如甘油酯及游離脂肪酸等可再生原料 製造可用作柴油沸程燃料之烴之方法。該方法涉及在一或 - 多個反應器中實施加氫作用、脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及 加氫去氧作用,隨後視需要實施異構化作用。添加含硫組 份至去氧反應混合物中以相對於發生加氫作用及加氫去氧 〇 作用之量增加發生脫羧作用及脫羰基作用之量,由此降低 氫消耗。 【先前技術】 隨著世界範圍内對柴油沸程燃料及燃料摻合組份之需求 • 增加,人們對除石油原油外之用於製造柴油沸程燃料之來 源愈加關注。一此種來源係稱為可再生來源者。該等可再 、油菜籽油、芥花油、
生來源包括(但不限於)諸如玉米油 大豆油及海藻油等植物油,諸如丰
°舉例而言,美國專 曰日石夕is酸鹽沸石將諸如玉米 烴及諸如對二甲苯等化學物 134508.doc 200932888 質。美國專利第4,992,6〇5號揭示了藉由加氫處理諸如芥花 油或葵花油等植物油來製造柴油沸程烴產物。最後,美國 專利第2GG4/0230085 A1號揭示了藉由加氫去氧作用及隨後 之異構化作用來處理生物源烴組份之製程。 申請者已研發出包含一或多個步驟對可再生原料實施加 . 氫、脫羧、脫羰基、(及/或加氫去氧)及異構化之製程。藉 . 由促使更多轉化經由脫羧作用及脫羰基作用(與加氫作用 及加氫去氧作用不同,其不消耗氫)來進行可降低去氧反 ® 應區中之氫消耗。添加至少一種含硫組份,且相對於加氫 作用及加氫去氧作用之量,該組份之添加量足以增加脫羧 作用及脫羰基作用之量。含硫組份亦可用於將觸媒維持在 ' 硫化狀態。 【發明内容】 本文揭示由可再生原料製造富含異鏈烷烴之柴油沸程產 物之加氫轉化製程,其中該製程包含於反應區中在大於 _ 1000 ppm含硫組份存在下藉由在反應條件下對可再生原料 實施加氫及去氧來處理可再生原料以提供包含烴餾分(其 包含正構鏈烷烴)之第一反應產物。與加氫作用及加氫去 氧作用相比’含硫組份係以足以優先促進脫羰基作用及脫 羧作用之量存在。在集成熱高壓汽提塔中使用氫作為汽提 氣體自第一反應產物中去除第一反應區中作為副產物產生 之二氧化碳及水。將經氫汽提之第一反應產物視需要引入 加氫異構化作用反應區中。回收異構化產物。 【實施方式】 134508.doc 200932888 如上所述,本發明係關於由諸如源自植物或動物之生物 可再生原料等可再生原料製造可用作柴油沸程燃料或燃料 摻合組份之烴流之製程。術語「可再生原料」意欲包括除 了自石油原油所獲得之彼等以外之原料。可用於本發明之 可再生原料包括任何包含甘油酯及游離脂肪酸(FFA)之彼 等原料。大多數甘油酯可為甘油三酯,但亦可存在及處理 單甘油酯及甘油二酯。該等可再生原料之實例包括(但不 限於)芥花油、玉米油、豆油、油菜籽油、大豆油、菜籽 油、妥爾油(tall oil)、葵花油、大麻子油、撖欖油、亞麻 籽油、椰子油、蓖麻油、花生油、棕櫚油、芥子油、牛 脂、黃色及褐色油脂、豬脂、鯨油、麻風籽油、牛奶中脂 肪、魚油、海藻油、污泥及諸如此類❶可再生原料之其他 實例包括來自包含麻風樹(Jatropha curcas)(Ratanjoy、野生 蓖麻、Jangli Erandi)、紫荊木精油(Madhuca indica) (Mohuwa)、水黃皮(Pongamia pinnata) (Karanji Honge)、 及印度棟(Azadirachta indica)(蒜棟)之群之非食用植物 油。典型植物或動物脂肪之甘油酯及FFA在其結構中含有 具有8至24個碳原子之脂肪族烴鍵,其中大多數脂肪及油 類含有高濃度的具有16及18個碳原子之脂肪酸。可再生原 料與石油衍生烴之混合物或共進料亦可用作原料。其他可 用之原料組份(尤其用作與上文所列原料組合之共進料組 份)包括廢機油及工業潤滑劑、廢鏈烷烴、自煤、生物 質、或天然氣之氣化及之後的諸如費-托技術(Fischer-Tropsch technology)等下游液化步驟所獲得之液體、自廢 134508.doc 200932888 塑料(例如聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯、及低密度聚乙烯)之熱 或化學解聚作用獲得之液體、及作為副產物自石油化學及 化學製程產生之其他合成油類。上述原料之混合物亦可用 作共進料組份。使用共進料組份之一個優點係可將來自以 石油為主之製程或其他製程且已視為廢產物者轉化為對目 • 前製程有價值之共進料組份。 . 可用於本發明之可再生原料可含有各種雜質》舉例而 言,妥爾油係木材處理工業之副產物且除FFA外妥爾油含 © ㈣及松香酸。松香酸係環狀叛酸。可再生声料亦可含有 諸如鹼金屬(例如鈉及鉀)、亞磷、及固體、水及洗滌劑等 污染物。可選第-步驟係盡可能多地去除該等污染物。一 個可旎的預處理步驟涉及使可再生原料與離子交換樹脂在 .預處理區中於預處理條件下接觸。離子交換樹脂係諸如 AmberlystTM-15等酸性離子交換樹脂且可用作反應器中原 料向上或向下流經之床。反應器之作業條件已為業内所熟 知。 去除污染物之另一可能的方法係輕度酸洗。此可藉由使 原料與酸(例如硫酸、硝酸或鹽酸)在反應器中接觸來實 施。酸與原料可在間歇或連續過程中接觸。一般於環境溫 度及大氣壓下用稀釋酸溶液來完成接觸。若接觸係以連續 方式完成,則其-般係以逆流方式完成。自原料中去除金 屬污染物之又-可能方法係經由使用已為業内所熟知之保 護床來實施。該等可包括具有或不具有脫金屬觸媒(例如 鎳或鈷)之氧化鋁保護床。過濾及溶劑萃取技術係可使用 134508.doc •10· 200932888 之其他選擇。例如USAN 11/77M26所閣述之加氫處理係 可使用之又一預處理技術。 可再生原料流至第—反應區中,其在―或多個反應器中 包含-或多個觸媒床。術語「原料」意欲包括未經處理以 去除污染物之原料及在預處理區中純化之彼等原料。在第 一反應區中,在氫存在下於加氫作用條件下使原料與加氫 作用或加氫處理觸媒接觸以氫化正構鏈烷烴鏈之烯烴或不 飽和部分。加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒係任何已為業内所熟 知之彼等,例如大表面積載體上所分散之鎳或鎳/鉬。其 他加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒包括大表面積載體上所分散之 一或多種貴金屬催化元素。貴金屬之非限制性實例包括分 散於γ-氧化銘上之Pt及/或Pd。加复作用條件包括4〇。(;至 400 C之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(1〇〇 psia)至13,790 kPa絕 對壓力(2000 psia)之壓力。在另一實施例中’加氫作用條 件包括200°C至300°C之溫度及1379 kPa絕對壓力(2〇〇 psia) 至4826 kPa絕對壓力(700 psia)之壓力。加氫作用區之其他 作業條件已為業内所熟知。 上文所列舉之加氫作用或加氫處理觸媒亦能催化原料之 脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及/或加氫去氧作用以去除氧。 脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及加氫去氧作用在本文中通稱作 去氧反應。脫羧作用條件包括3447 kPa (500 psia)至6895 kPa (1000 psia)之相對低壓、200°C至400°C之溫度及0.5-10 hr·1之液時空速。在另一實施例中,脫羧作用條件包括 3447 kPa (500 psia)至 6895 kPa (1000 psia)之相同的相對低 134508.doc 200932888 壓、288°C至345°C之溫度及1-4 hr·1之液時空速。由於加氫 作用係放熱反應’故在原料流經觸媒床時溫度升高且開始 進行脫羧作用及加氫去氧作用。因此,可設想所有反應同 時發生在一個反應器中或一個床中,且此係在本發明範圍 内。或者,可控制該等條件以使加氫作用主要在一個床中 發生,且脫羧作用、脫羰基作用、及/或加氳去氧作用在 第二個床中發生β當然’若僅使用一個床,則加氫作用主 要在床前部發生,而脫羧作用/加氫去氧作用主要在床中 & 部及底部發生。最後,可在一個反應器中實施所期望加氳 作用,而可在單獨反應器中實施脫羧作用及/或加氫去氧 作甩。 加氫去氧反應消耗氫且產生水副產物,而脫羰基及脫幾 反應產生CO或C〇2卻不消耗氫。生產或採購氫材料皆很昂 貴’因此使氫的消耗降至最低具有經濟上的優點。影響發 生在去氧作用區中之每一反應之相對量以促進不消耗氫之 g 彼等反應,此使得可以較小氫消耗產生相同量產物且由此 降低成本。出乎意料地,添加大於1000_2500 wt._ppm之含 硫組份可改變脫羰基作用、脫羧作用、與加氫去氧作用反 應之相對比,從而促進脫羰基作用及脫羧作用並減少加氫 去氧作用反應。無論是何種含硫化合物,皆按元素硫來量 測硫。儘管所有三個反應繼續發生,但大部分產物係經由 不消耗氫之脫羰基作用及脫羧作用路徑而形成。從而達成 總成本的節約。在另一實施例中,將11〇〇_25〇〇 wt._ppm含 硫化合物添加至去氧作用區之進料或反應混合物中。在又 134508.doc •12· 200932888 一實施例中,將1500-2500 wt.-ppm含硫化合物添加至去氧 作用區之進料或反應混合物中。適宜含硫組份包括(但不 限於)二甲基二硫醚、二丁基二硫醚、及硫化氫。含硫組 伤可為氫流(例如來自加氫裂解單元或加氣處理單元之氮) 之部分’或可為自煤油或柴油所去除之硫化合物,及自脫 硫單元(例如Merox™單元)所去除之二硫化物油類。作為 附加優點’含硫組份亦可用於將去氧作用觸媒維持在硫化 狀態’但通常較少將硫用於將觸媒維持在硫化狀態。大於 1000 ppm含硫組份超過將觸媒維持在硫化狀態通常所需之 量’但出乎意料地,其可用於改變競爭反應與不消耗氫之 彼等反應之比。可將硫添加至原料中或可以獨立於原料之 方式將其引入去氧反應器中。 與加氫去氧作用反應相比,較低作業壓力亦有利地促進 脫羧基及脫羰基反應。使用下述一個實施例可達成的較低 作業壓力與添加足夠含硫化合物之組合甚至可在進一步減 少氣消耗的同時仍產生足夠轉化產物。 在另一實施例中,亦較佳為將水添加至可再生原料中。 虽、、、由於作業溫度較高,水將呈蒸氣流形式。物流中可 匕含5-30質量%或1〇2〇質量%之原料。吾人認為藉由實 際上反應於原位產生氫反應物,該物流仍具有進一步降低 去氧^用區中之氫消耗之作用。& 了去氧反應以外,去氧 作用區中所用觸媒亦可催化水-氣體轉換反應。當脫羰基 生 氧化兔時,若反應混合物中存在過量水,則一 氧化妷可與過量水發生水氣體轉換反應,且產生二氧化碳 134508.doc 13 200932888 及氫。然後氫可用於加氫作用及加氫去氧作用。在另一實 施例中,可將水作為驟冷劑添加至去氧作用區中。可將水 添加至入口處或中間位置處,或同時添加至該兩個位置。 來自去氧反應之反應產物可包含液體部分及氣體部分。 液體部分包含主要為正構鏈烷烴且具有高十六烷數之烴餾 分。氣體部分包含氫、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸氣、丙 统及硫組份(例如硫化氫)。無需進一步反應即可能分離並 收集液體部分作為柴油產物。然而,在大多數情況中,至 少部分正構鏈烷烴液體烴镏分將需要異構化以含有某些分 支鏈-鏈烷烴。因此,通常可視需要選用下述熱高壓氫汽 提塔及異構化區’以形成含有某些分支鏈燒烴且具有較佳 冷流性之柴油產物。 可將來自去氧作用反應器之流出物引入熱高壓氫汽提塔 中。熱高壓氫汽提塔之一個目的係自流出物之液體部分分 離出流出物之氣體部分。由於氫係昂貴資源,為節約成 本’將所分離氫再循環至含有去氧作用反應器之第一反應 區。此外,若未自流出物去除水、一氧化碳'及二氧化 碳’可導致異構化作用區中觸媒性能較差。於熱高壓氫汽 提塔中使用氫時’可選擇性汽提水、一氧化碳、二氧化 碳、任何氨或硫化氫。可將溫度控制於限定範圍内,以達 成所期望之分離,且可將壓力維持在兩個反應區大致相同 之壓力下’以達最低投資及作業成本。熱高壓氫汽提塔可 於下列條件範圍下作業:689 kPa絕對壓力(l00 psia)至 ^,790 kPa絕對壓力(2〇〇〇 pSia)之壓力、及4〇°c至35〇。〇之 134508.doc • 14 · 200932888 溫度。在另一實施例中,熱高壓氫汽提塔可於下列條件範 圍下作業:1379 kPa絕對壓力(2〇〇 pSia)至4826 kPa絕對壓 力(700 psia)、或 2413 kPa絕對壓力(350 psia)至 4882 kPa 絕 對壓力(650 psia)之壓力、及50°C至350°C之溫度。 流出物進入熱高壓汽提塔且氫汽提氣體攜帶有氣體組份 •並將其分離至塔頂流出物中。額外氫可用作汽提氣體。自 熱高壓氫汽提塔底部移出去氧作用流出物流之剩餘部分且 其含有具有諸如正構烴(具有8至24個碳原子)等組份之液體 ® 烴餾分。在熱高壓氫汽提塔底部部分此液體烴餾分可用作 如下文所闡述之再循環烴。 在至少某些上述反應中,氫係反應物,且為達成生效目 的’溶液中必須存在足量氫以最有效地參與催化反應。先 前製程在高壓下作業以在溶液中達成所期望氫數量並可容 易地應用於反應。然而’與在較低壓力下實施相同作業相 比’尚壓作業之構建及作業係較昂貴的。本發明之一個優 點係作業壓力可在1379 kPa絕對壓力(200 psia)至4826 kPa 絕對壓力(700 psia)範圍内,該壓力低於其他先前作業中所 發現之壓力《在另一實施例中,作業壓力範圍係2413 kPa 絕對壓力(350 psia)至4481 kPa絕對壓力(650 psia),且在另 一實施例中,作業壓力範圍係2758 kPa絕對壓力(400 psia) 至41 37 kPa絕對壓力(600 psia)。此外,反應速率增加導致 在給定時間段内經過反應器之材料通過量增加。 在一個實施例中’於較低壓力下藉由使用大量烴循環於 溶液中保持期望量之氫。由於反應係放熱反應,其他製程 134508.doc -15· 200932888 可使用再循環烴以控制反應區中之溫度。然而,本文所用 再循環烴與原料比之範圍並非取決於溫度控制需求,而係 基於氫溶解度需求。氫在烴產物中之溶解度大於其在原料 中之溶解度。藉由使用大量烴循環可大大提高反應區内液 相中之氫溶解度,且不需較高壓力來提高溶液中之氫量。 • 在本發明之一實施例中,再循環烴與原料之體積比係2:1 - 至8:1。在另一實施例中,比率範圍係3:1至6:1,且在又一 實施例中’比率範圍係4:1至5:1。
A 儘管此烴餾分可用作柴油沸程燃料,但由於其實質上皆 為正構鏈烷烴,故其將具有較差冷流性。若期望改善液體 烴餾分之冷流性,則可在異構化條件下將整體反應產物與 可選異構化觸媒接觸以至少部分地將正構鏈烷烴異構化為 刀支鏈烷烴。第二反應區(即異構化區)之流出物係富含分 支鏈烷烴之物流。術語「富含」意指流出物流較進入異構 化區之物流具有更高濃度的分支鏈烷烴,且較佳包含大於 ❹ 質量/〇之刀支鏈貌烴。可設想異構化作用區流出物可含 有70、80、或90質量%之分支鏈烷烴。異構化作用可在上 . 文闡述相同反應區之單獨床(即相同反應器)中實施,或異 構化作用可在單獨反應器中實施。為易於說明,下文將閣 述實施例’其中第二反應器係用於異構化反應。在氫存在 下且於異構化條件下’將烴流(去氧反應區t氫汽提產物) 與異構化作用觸媒接觸以將正構鍵院烴異構化為分支鍵烧 煙。僅需要最低程度分支化即足以克服正構鏈烷烴之冷_ 流問題。由於高度分支化之企圖產生不期望裂化之危險程 134508.doc •16· 200932888 度很高,故主要的異構化產物係單分支化烴。 可以業内所熟知之任何方式或藉由使用任何業内所熟知 之適宜觸媒來完成鏈烷烴產物之異構化作用。可使用一或 多個觸媒床。較佳以並流作業模式來操作異構化作用。所 填裝液體在固定床、喷淋床中之向下流動模式、或在固定 床中之向上流動模式二者均係適宜的。亦參見,例如’美 國專利第2004/0230085 A1號。適宜觸媒包含週期表之VIII 族金屬(IUPAC 8-10)及載體材料。適宜VIII族金屬包括銘 © 及鈀,其每一種均可單獨或組合使用。載體材料可為非晶 形或晶形。適宜載體材料可包括非晶形氧化銘、非晶形二 氧化矽氧化鋁、鎂鹼沸石、^1"0-31、8^0-11、8^0-31、SAPO-37、SAPO-41、SM-3、MgAPSO-31、FU-9、 NU-10、NU-23、ZSM-12、ZSM-22、ZSM-23、ZSM-35、 ZSM-48、ZSM-50、ZSM-57、MeAPO-11、MeAPO-31、 MeAPO-41、MeAPSO-11、MeAPSO-31、MeAPSO-41、 MeAPSO-46 、ELAPO-11 、ELAPO-31 、ELAPO-41 、 ELAPSO-11、ELAPSO-31、ELAPSO-41、濁沸石、詞霞 石、鉀沸石、輝沸石之氫形式、絲光沸石之鎂或鈣形式、 及潘諾霞石之鎂或鈣形式’其中每一種均可單獨或組合使 用。ALPO-31係闡述於美國專利第4,310,440號中。8^0-11、SAPO-3 1、SAPO-37、及SAPO-41係闡述於美國專利 第4,440,871號中。SM-3係闡述於美國專利第4,943,424 號、美國專利第5,087,347號、美國專利第5,158,665號、及 美國專利第5,208,005號中。MgApsc^ MeAPS〇,其係金 134508.doc -17- 200932888 屬矽墙酸鋁分子篩之縮寫,其中該金屬Me係鎂(Mg)。適 宜MeAPSO_3 1觸媒包括MgAPSO_3 1。MeAPSO係闡述於美 國專利第4,793,984號中,且MgAPSO係闞述於美國專利第 4,75 8,419號中。Mg APS 0-3 1 係較佳 Mg APSO ’ 其中 31 意指 MgAPSO具有結構類裂3 1。許多具有初始低孔徑之天然沸 石(例如鎂鹼沸石)可藉由銨離子交換及焙燒去除所結合鹼 . 金屬或驗土金屬而轉化為適合於稀經骨架異構化作用之形 式以製造實質上之氫形式,如美國專利第4,795,623號及美 β 國專利第4,924,027號中所教示。骨架異構化作用之其他觸 媒及條件係揭示於美國專利第5,510,306號、美國專利第 5,082,956號、及美國專利第5,741,759號中。 異構化作用觸媒亦可包含選自由下列組成之群之變性 • 劑:鋼、飾、錯、敍、彭、亂、试、及其混合物’如美國 專利第5,716,897號及美國專利第5,851,949號中所闡述。其 他通宜載體材料包括ZSM-22、ZSM-23、及ZSM-35 ’在美 國專利第5,246,566號及標題為"New molecular sieve ❹ process for lube dewaxing by wax isomerization"且由 S,J, Miller所撰寫(Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 439-449)之 文章中闡述其可用於脫蠟。美國專利第4,310,440號、美國 專利第4,440,871號、美國專利第4,793,984號、美國專利第 4,758,419號、美國專利第4,943,424號、美國專利第 5,087,347號、美國專利第5,158,665號、美國專利第 5,208,005號、美國專利第5,246,566號、美國專利第 5,716,897號、及美國專利第5,851,949號之教示係以引用方 134508.doc • 18 - 200932888 式併入本文中。 美國專利第5,444,032號及美國專利第56〇8134號教示適 宜雙功能觸媒,其係由非晶形二氧化矽氧化鋁凝膠及一 或多種屬於VIIIA族之金屬構成且在含有多於15個碳原子 之長鏈正構鍵烧烴之加氫異構化中有效。美國專利第 5,981,419號及美國專利第5,968,344號教示包含以下之適宜 ❹
雙功能觸媒:(a)與選自硼-矽酸鹽(B〇R B)及硼鋁-矽酸 鹽(A1-BOR-B)之β-沸石等結構之多孔結晶材料,其中 SiOyAhO3之莫耳比大於300:1 ; (b) 一或多種屬於乂⑴八族 且選自鉑及鈀之金屬,其數量在〇 〇5_5重量%範圍内。
Article V. Calemma 等人,App· Catal. A : Gen.,190 (2000),207教示又一適宜觸媒。 異構化作用觸媒可為任何業内所熟知之彼等,例如上文 所闡述及引用之彼等。異構化作用條件包括15〇充至36〇。<: 之溫度及1724 kPa絕對壓力(250 pSia)至4726 kPa絕對壓力 (700 psia)之壓力H實施例中,異構化作用條件包括 300 C至360 C之溫度及3102 kPa絕對壓力(450 psia)至3792 kPa絕對壓力(550 psia)之壓力。異構化作用區之其他作業 條件已為業内所熟知。 / 現在經由一或多個分離步驟處理最終流出物流(即實施 所有反應後所獲得之物流)以獲得可用作柴油沸程燃料之 經純化烴流。由於最終流出物流包含液體組份及氣體組份 二者,欲對各個部分實施再循環,且可使用多步分離= 驟。舉例而言,在異構化作用流出物分離器中可首先分離 134508.doc -19_ 200932888 ❹ ❹ 出氫,其中所分離氫隨塔頂流出物移出。異構化作用流出 物分離器之適宜作業條件包括(例如)23(rc之溫度及侧 kPa絕對壓力_ psia)之壓力。若存在低濃度氧化碳或 已去除氧化碳,則氫可再循環回熱高麗氣汽提塔,以用作 汽提氣體及與剩餘部分合併作為塔底流出物。將剩餘部分 輸送至異構化作用反應區且因此氫變為異構化作用反應區 進料流之組份,以為反應器提供必需氳分壓。氫亦係去氧 作用反應器中之反應物,且不同原料將消耗不同量之氣。 異構化作用流出物分離器使得製程即使在第—反應區中消 耗較大量氫時亦可靈活作業。此外,可將異構化作用流出 物分離器之至少部分剩餘部分或塔底流出物再循環至異構 化作用反應區中以提高異構化作用程度。 、去除氫後最終流出物之剩餘部分仍具有液體及氣體組 伤,且藉由諸如空氣冷卻或水冷卻等技術將其冷卻並輸送 至低溫分離器中’其中液體組份與氣體組份分離。低溫分 離器之適宜作業條件包括(例如)2Q_6(rc之溫度及3 絕對壓力(560 psia)之壓力。亦分離出水副產物流。在冷卻 並與氣體組份分離後’至少部分液體組份可再循環回異構 化作用區以提高異構化作用程度。 液體組份含有可用作柴油沸程燃料之烴及較小量石腦油 及咖。可回收所分離之液體組份作為柴油彿程燃料或在 ,^提塔中將其進一步純化’該產物汽提塔將較低滞點 、且刀及所溶解氣體與含有C8至C24正烷烴及單-分支鏈烷烴 柴由產物刀離。產物汽提塔之適宜作業條件包括20-200 134508.doc -20- 200932888 °C之塔頂溫度及〇-i379 kPa絕對壓力(0_200 psia)之壓力。 在脫丁烷塔或脫丙烷塔中可進一步分離LPG/石腦油物流 以將LPG分離至塔頂流出物中,將石腦油留在塔底流出物 中。此單元之適宜作業條件包括20_20(rc之塔頂溫度及〇_ 2758 kPa絕對壓力(0-400 psia)之壓力。LPG可作為有價值 產物銷售且可用作供至氫生產設備之進料。同樣,石腦油 可用作供至氫生產設備之進料。 產物分離器中所分離之氣體組份主要包含來自脫羧反應 之氫及二氧化碳。亦可能存在其他組份,例如一氧化碳、 丙烷、及硫化氫或其他含硫組份。期望將氫再循環至異構 化作用區,但若未去除二氧化碳,其濃度將迅速增大並影 響異構化作用區之作業。二氧化碳可藉由業内所熟知之方 法(例如用胺吸收、與熱碳酸鹽溶液反應、變壓吸收等)自 氫中去除。若需要,可藉由再生廢吸收介質來回收實質上 純淨之二氧化碳。 同樣,可存在含硫組份(例如硫化氫)以同時維持去氧作 用觸媒之硫化狀態及控制相對於加氫去氧反應之脫羧反應 及脫羰基反應之量,該三種反應皆係在去氧作用區中發 生。控制硫量以使其足以影響競爭反應之比,且因此在存 在過量硫時可在氫再循環之前去除所有或至少過量硫,以 使得可以恰當的量再循環含硫組份。可使用諸如用胺吸收 或鹼洗等技術去除含硫組份。當然,依據所用技術,可在 單一分離步驟(例如氫選擇性膜)中去除二氧化碳及含硫組 份、及其他組份。 134508.doc -21· 200932888 去除至少二氧化碳及含硫化合物後可將所剩餘之氫再循 環至主要發生加氫作用之反應區中,及/或再循環至任何 後續床/反應器中。可將再循環流引入反應區之入口及/或 任何後續床/反應器中。烴再循環之一個益處係控制跨越 各床之溫升。然而,如上所述,再循環烴之量可根據反應 區中所期望氫溶解度來確定而不基於溫度控制。增大反應 混合物中氫溶解度使得可在較低壓下成功作業,且因此降 低成本。 下述實施例係用於說明本發明且不意欲作為對申請專利 範圍中所述本發明廣泛範圍之不適當限制。首先,參考圖 1概述製程。然後,參考圖2更詳細地描述製程。 參考圖1,將1100 wt· ppm呈硫化氫形式之硫100注入可 再生原料102中,其稍後與再循環氫126 一起進入去氧反應 區104中。在熱氫汽提塔1〇8中使用氫114&汽提去氧產物 106。用塔頂流出物11〇中之氫將氧化碳及水蒸氣移除。將 經A提去氧產物115與補充氫η 4b —起輸送至異構化作用 區116中。將異構化產物118與塔頂流出物11〇合併並輸送 至產物回收區120中。自產物回收區12〇中移出氧化碳流 128、輕餾分流130、水副產物流124、氫流126、及富含分 支鏈烷烴之產物122。可收集富含分支鏈烷烴之產物122用 作柴油沸程燃料且將氫流128再循環至去氧反應區1〇4及異 構化作用區116二者中。 參考圖2 ’製程開始於將丨1〇〇 wt. ppm呈硫化氫形式之硫 1注入可再生原料2中之,可再生原料2可經由可選進料收 134508.doc -22· 200932888 集器輸送。將原料流與再循環流丨6合併以形成經合併進料 流20 ’其與反應器流出物發生熱交換後被引入去氡作用反 應器4中。原料含有大於1〇〇〇 ppm諸如硫化氫等含硫組 份。可將含硫化合物添加至原料中,或可直接添加至含有 反應混合物之反應器中。熱交換可於再循環烴與進料合併 之前或之後發生。去氧作用反應器4可含有顯示於圖2中之 多層床,例如4a、4b及4c。去氧作用反應器4含有至少一 種能催化原料之脫叛作用、脫幾基作用、及加氫去氧作用 之觸媒以去除氧。自去氧作用反應器4中移出含有去氧反 應產物之去氧反應器流出物流6且使其與含有供至去氧反 應器之進料之物流20發生熱交換。流6包含主要含有柴油 沸程正構鏈烷烴之液體組份及主要含有氫、氣態水、一氧 化碳、二氧化碳及丙烷之氣體組份。 將去氧反應器流出物流6引導至熱高壓氫汽提塔8中。將 管線10中之補充氫分為兩部分,物流1〇a及1〇b。亦將物流 l〇a中之補充氫引入熱高壓氫汽提塔8中。在熱高壓氫汽提 塔8中’使用補充氫H>a及再循環氫28將去氧反應器流出物 6之氣體組份與去氧反應器流出物6之液體組份汽提分離。 將包含氫、氣態水、-氧化碳、二氧化碳及(可能)某些丙 烷之氣體組份分離至熱高壓氫汽提塔塔頂流出物14中。移 出主要包含正構鏈烧烴(碳原子數為8至24且十六院值為6〇 至100)之S氧反應器流出物6之剩餘液體組份作為熱高壓 氫汽提塔塔底流出物12。 部分熱高廢氫汽提塔塔底流出物形成再循環流16並與可 134508.doc •23- 200932888 再生原料流2合併’產生合併進料2〇。可將再循環流16之 另一部分、可選用物流16a直接輸送至去氧反應器4_,並 將其引入級間位置(例如床4a與4b之間及/或床4b與4c之 間),以(例如)輔助溫度控制。將流12中熱高壓氫汽提塔塔 底流出物之剩餘部分與氫流l〇b合併,形成輸送至異構化 作用反應器22之合併物流18。物流18可與異構化作用反應 器流出物24進行熱交換。
將含有氫及丙烷之氣體部分及富含分支鍵烷烴之液體部 分之異構化作用反應器產物移出至管線24中且在可視需 要與物流18進行熱交換後,將其引入氫分離器以中。來自 氫分離器26之塔頂流出物28主要含有氫,其可再循環回熱 高壓氫汽提塔8中。使用空氣冷卻器32^氣冷卻來自氣分 離器26之塔底流出物3〇,並將其引入產物分離器34中。在 產物分離器34中,將包含氫、一氧化碳、硫化氫、二氧化 碳及丙烷之物流之氣體部分移出至物流刊中,同時將流之 液體烴部分移出至物流38中。亦可自產物分離器Μ中去除 水副產物流40。將物流38引入產物汽提糾中其中將具 有較高相對揮發性之組份分離至物流44中絲剩餘柴油 範圍組份自產物汽提塔42中抽出至管線46。將物流料引入 分镏器48中’其操作分離LpG至塔頂流出物$时留下石 腦油塔底流出物52。可視需要選用任何㈣72、^H 以將至少部分異構化作用區流出物再循環回異構化作用 區,以提局異構化為分支鏈院烴之正㈣㈣之量。 來自產物分離器34之蒸氣流36含有異構化作用流出物之 134508.doc -24- 200932888 氣體部分,其至少包含氫、一氧化碳、硫化氫、二氧化碳 及丙烷。由於氫成本高,故期望將氫及(可能)硫化氫再循 環至去氧反應器4中,但不期望循環二氧化碳。因此,在 蒸氣流36再循環之前先分離出二氧化碳較佳。可將蒸氣流 36中之氫及硫化氫再循環至去氧反應區中。 下述實例表現發生於去氧作用區中之競爭反應之轉換。 出乎意料地’添加大於1000-2500 ppm含硫化合物改變脫 Ik基作用、脫叛作用与加氫去氧作用反應之相對比以促進 脫羰基作用及脫羧作用並減少加氫去氧作用反應。脫羧及 脫羰基反應產生作為產物之二氧化碳。與使用加氫去氧反 應所產生烴相比,形成二氧化碳可減少自脫羧及脫羰基反 應所產生之烴中之碳原子數。因此,在此實例中,可經由 監控所產生正構-Cn鏈烷烴與所產生正構_Cl8鏈烷烴之比 來量測反應之相對量^量測發生反應之相對量之另一方式 係監控所產生氧化碳,因為僅脫羧及脫羰基反應產生氧化 碳’而加氫去氧作用產生水。 於1 hr·1 LHSVff下使含有2500 ppm硫(呈二甲基二硫醚 形式)之芥花油原料與分散於活性氧化鋁上之鎳及鉬(於3 16 C及3347 kPa表壓(500 psig)下之觸媒)接觸。在測試之第 一部分中’氫與芬花油之比係4〇〇〇 SCF/B新鮮進料,且然後 在測試之剩餘部分中,將該比改變為5〇〇〇 SCF/Β新鮮進料。 在1900操作小時後’以存於原料中之僅5〇〇 ρριη硫(亦呈二 甲基二硫驗之形式)重新啓動測試。去氧產物與原料之再 循環比係4:1。 134508.doc -25- 200932888 圖3顯示與僅含有5〇〇 ppm硫之部分試驗相比原料中含 有2500 PPm硫之部分測試之驚人結果。原料中之硫量一旦 減少,nC^/nCu之比即開始降低,此表明與原料中存在 2500 ppm硫時相比,相對於nC”產生更多nC^ ^加氫去氧 反應產生nC^ ’且該增加表明現在更多原料係經由加氫去 氧反應來轉化。加氫去氧反應消耗氫且因此係比不消耗氫 之脫羰基及脫羧反應更昂貴的製造所期望烴之方法。圖3 表明咼含量硫改變競爭反應之平衡從而促進脫羰基及脫羧 反應並減少加氫去氧作用反應。 圖4係來自相同實驗之數據圖,然而,在圖4中針對操作 小時標繪一氧化碳與二氧化碳之百分比。同樣,該圖顯示 一旦將原料中之硫自2500 ppm減少至500 ppm,則氧化碳 之量急劇降低,其表明相對於去氧作用反應器中所發生之 加氫去氧作用’脫羰基作用及脫羧作用之量降低。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1及圖2係本發明一個實施例之示意圖。圖1係較簡化 的示意圖,而圖2較詳細。 圖3係nC 1 VnC 1 s比對操作小時之圖,其對應於實例且顯 示在具有2500 ppm硫之情況與具有500 ppm硫之情況相比 時’與加氫去氧作用相比脫羧作用及脫羰基作用增加之意 外結果。 圖4係所產生氧化碳百分比對操作小時之圖,其對應於 實例且顯示在具有2500 ppm硫之情況與具有500 ppm硫之 情況相比時,與加氫去氧作用相比脫羧作用及羰基化作用 134508.doc • 26 - 200932888 增加之意外結果。 【主要元件符號說明】 1 硫 2 可再生原料 4 去氧作用反應器 ' 4a 床 - 4b 床 4c 床 ⑩ 6 去氧作用反應器流出物流 8 熱高壓氫汽提塔 10 管線 10a 補充氫流 ' 10b 補充氫流 12 熱高壓氫汽提塔塔底流出物 14 熱高壓氫汽提塔塔頂流出物 ❹ 16 再循環流 16a 可選流 18 合併物流 20 經合併進料流 22 異構化作用反應器 24 異構化作用反應器流出物 26 氫分離器 28 塔頂流出物 30 塔底流出物 134508.doc •27- 200932888
32 空氣冷卻器 34 產物分離器 36 蒸氣流 38 流 40 水副產物流 42 產物汽提塔 44 流 46 管線 48 分餾器 50 塔頂流出物 52 石腦油塔底流出物 72 可選管線 74 可選管線 76 可選管線 100 硫 102 可再生原料 104 去氧反應區 106 去氧產物 108 熱高壓氫汽提塔 110 塔頂流出物 114a 氫 114b 補充氫 115 經汽提去氧產物 116 異構化作用區 134508.doc -28 · 200932888 118 120 122 124 126 128 • 130 ❿ 異構化產物 產物回收區 富含分支鏈烷烴之產物 水副產物流 氫流 氧化碳流 輕餾分流 ❿ 134508.doc -29-

Claims (1)

  1. 200932888 十、申請專利範圍: 1· 一種由可再生原料製造富含鏈烷烴之柴油產物之方法, 其包含於第一反應區中,由原料在反應條件下且在氫及 至V種3硫組伤(其中以元素硫量測該含硫組份含量大 於1000 wt.-ppm硫)存在下,使用觸媒進 • 應,來處理該原料,以提供包含氮、二氧化碳、= • 具有8至24個碳原子之鏈烷烴之烴餾分之第一反應區產 物流,。 ❹2.如請求項丨之方法,其進—步包含在熱高廢氫汽提塔 中,自該第一反應區產物流中分離出包含氫、及至少部 分水及氧化碳之氣體流,並將至少包含正構鏈烷烴之剩 餘部分流引人第二反應區中,以在異構化作用條件下與 異構化作用觸媒接觸,使至少部分該等鏈烷烴異構化, 並產生富含分支鏈烷烴之物流。 3.如請求項2之方法,其進一步包含: a) 將該富含分支鏈烷烴之物流與該氣體流合併形成 Θ 合併物流; b) 冷卻該合併物流並將至少包含氫及二氧化碳之氣體 組份與液體烴組份分離;及 c) 回收該液體烴組份。 4.如請求項2之方法’其進一步包含自該富含分支鏈烷烴 之物流中去除至少—部分氫,並將該自富含分支鏈院烴 之物流中去除之氫再循環至該熱高壓氫汽提塔中。 5·如請求項2之方法’其進—步包含使至少包㈣等鍵院 134508.doc 200932888 焓之剩餘物流之_部份再循環至該第一反應區中其中 再循環與原料之體積比為2:1至8:1之範圍内。 請求項1之方法,其中在該第一反應區令之該等反應 條件包括40 C至400。(:之溫度及689 kPa絕對壓力(1〇〇 psia)至 13,790 kPa絕對壓力(2〇〇〇 psia)之壓力。 7. 如請求項3之方法,其進一步包含將該液體烴組份分離 為LPG及石腦油物流與柴油沸程物流並將該LpG及石 g 腦油物流分離成LPG流及石腦油物流。 8. 如明求項2之方法,其進一步包含將至少部分該石腦油 物流或至少部分該富含分支鏈烧烴之物流再循環至該第 二反應區中。 9. 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含在該第一反應區中處 理石油衍生烴及該可再生原料。 134508.doc
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US20090193709A1 (en) 2009-08-06
WO2009039347A1 (en) 2009-03-26
EP2190956A1 (en) 2010-06-02
US7982075B2 (en) 2011-07-19
CL2008002757A1 (es) 2009-11-27
EP2190956A4 (en) 2012-11-28
TWI383040B (zh) 2013-01-21
ES2677000T3 (es) 2018-07-27
AR068492A1 (es) 2009-11-18
EP2190956B1 (en) 2018-05-30

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